JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS 225, 630᎐640 Ž1998.

ARTICLE NO. AY986030

NOTE

´ ´
Fixed Point Theorems Related to Ciric’s
Contraction Principle
Jeong-Sheok UmeU

Department of Applied Mathematics, Changwon National Uni¨ ersity,

Changwon 641-773, Korea

Submitted by Mark Balas

Received July 15, 1997

In this paper, we prove fixed point theorems in a complete metric space using
the concept of a w-distance and more general contractive mapping than quasi-con-
´ ´
tractive mapping. These theorems improve fixed point theorems of Kannan, Ciric,
and Kada, Suzuki, and Takashi. 䊚 1998 Academic Press

1. INTRODUCTION

´ ´ w1x proved the following fixed point theorem on a com-

In 1974, Ciric
plete metric space which generalizes the Banach contraction principle: Let
X be a complete metric space and let T : X ª X be a quasi-contractive
mapping; i.e., there exists a constant q g w0, 1. such that, for all x, y g X,

d Ž Tx, Ty . F q ⭈ max  d Ž x, y . , d Ž x, Tx . , d Ž y, Ty . , d Ž x, Ty . , d Ž y, Tx . 4 .

Then
Ž1. T has a unique fixed point u in X.
Ž2. lim nT n x s u,
Ž3. dŽT n x, u. F w q nrŽ1 y q .x dŽ x, Tx . for every x g X.
Recently, Kada et al. w2x introduced the concept of w-distance on a
metric space as follows: Let X be a metric space with metric d. Then a

* E-mail: jsume@sarim.changwon.ac.kr.

630
0022-247Xr98 $25.00
Copyright 䊚 1998 by Academic Press
All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
 NOTE 631

function p: X = X ª w0, ⬁. is called a w-distance on X if the following

are satisfied:
Ž1. pŽ x, z . F pŽ x, y . q pŽ y, z . for any x, y, z g X;
Ž2. for any x g X, pŽ x, ⭈ .: X ª w0, ⬁. is lower semicontinuous;
Ž3. for any ⑀ ) 0, there exists ␦ ) 0 such that pŽ z, x . F ␦ and
pŽ z, y . F ␦ imply dŽ x, y . F ⑀ .
They also proved the following fixed point theorems: Let X be a complete
metric space, let p be a w-distance on X, and let T be a mapping from X
into itself. Suppose that there exists r g w0, 1. such that

p Ž Tx , T 2 x . F r ⭈ p Ž x, Tx .

for every x g X and that

inf  p Ž x, y . q p Ž x, Tx . : x g X 4 ) 0

for every y g X with y / Ty. Then T has a unique fixed point. Moreover,
if ¨ s T¨ , then pŽ ¨ , ¨ . s 0.
In this paper, using the concept of w-distance, we first prove fixed point
theorems in a complete metric space. Then these theorems are used to
improve Kannan’s fixed point theorem w3x, Ciric’s
´ ´ fixed point theorem w1x,
and Kada, Suzuki, and Takahashi’s fixed point theorem w2x.

2. PRELIMINARIES

Throughout this paper we denote by N the set of all positive integers

and by R the set of all real numbers.
We give some examples of w-distance
EXAMPLE 1 w2x. Let X be a metric space with metric d. Then p s d is
a w-distance on X.
EXAMPLE 2. Let X s R be a metric space with the usual metric. Then
a function p: X = X ª w0, ⬁. defined by pŽ x, y . s max< 12 x y y <, 12 < x y y <4
for every x, y g X is a w-distance on X.
DEFINITION 2.1. Ž1. A real-valued function f defined on a metric
space X is said to be lower semicontinuous at a point t in X if either
lim x ª t inf f Ž x . s ⬁ or lim x ª t inf f Ž x . G f Ž t ..
Ž2. A real-valued function f defined on a metric space X is said to
be upper semicontinuous at a point t in X if either lim x ª t sup f Ž x . s y⬁
or lim x ª t sup f Ž x . F f Ž t ..
632 NOTE

DEFINITION 2.2. Let X be a metric space with metric d, let p be a

w-distance on X, and let T be a mapping of X into itself. For A ; X, let
␦ Ž A. s sup pŽ x, y .: x, y g A4 and, for each x g X, let
O Ž x, n . s  x, Tx, . . . , T n x 4 , n s 1, 2, . . . ,
O Ž x, ⬁ . s  x, Tx, . . . 4 .
The following lemmas are fundamental.
LEMMA 2.3 w2x. Let X be a metric space with metric d and let p be a
w-distance on X. Let  x n4 and  yn4 be sequences in X, let  ␣ n4 and  ␤n4 be
sequences in w0, ⬁. con¨ erging to 0, and let x, y, z g X. Then the following
hold:
Ži. If pŽ x n , y . F ␣ n and pŽ x n , z . F ␤n for any n g N, then y s z. In
particular, if pŽ x, y . s 0 and pŽ x, z . s 0, then y s z;
Žii. if pŽ x n , yn . F ␣ n and pŽ x n , z . F ␤n for any n g N, then  yn4
con¨ erges to z;
Žiii. if pŽ x n , x m . F ␣ n , for any n, m g N with m ) n, then  x n4 is a
Cauchy sequence;
Živ. if pŽ y, x n . F ␣ n for any n g N, then  x n4 is a Cauchy sequence.
LEMMA 2.4. Let X be a metric space with metric d and let p be a
w-distance on X. Let T be a mapping of X into itself satisfying
p Ž Tx , Ty . F q ⭈ max  p Ž x, y . , p Ž x, Tx . , p Ž y, Ty . ,
p Ž x, Ty . , p Ž y, Tx . 4 Ž 2.1.
for all x, y g X and some q g w0, 1.. Then
Ž1. For each x g X, n g N, and i, j g N with i, j F n,
p Ž T i x, T j x . F q ⭈ ␦ Ž O Ž x, n . . .
Ž2. For each x g X and n g N, there exist k, l g N with k, l F n such
that
␦ Ž O Ž x, n . . s max  p Ž x, x . , p Ž x, T k x . , p Ž T l x, x . 4 .
Ž3. For each x g X,
1
␦ Ž O Ž x, ⬁ . . F  p Ž x, x . q p Ž x, Tx . q p Ž Tx , x . 4 .
1yq
Ž4. For each x g X, T n x 4⬁ns 1 is a Cauchy sequence.
Proof. Let x g X, n g N and let i and j be natural numbers with
i, j F n. Then T iy1 x, T i x, T jy1 x, T j x g O Ž x, n., where it is understood
 NOTE 633

that T 0 x s x. From Ž2.1., we have

p Ž T i x, T j x . s p Ž TT iy1 x, TT jy1 x .
F q ⭈ max  p Ž T iy1 x, T jy1 x . , p Ž T iy1 x, T i x . , p Ž T jy1 x, T j x . ,
p Ž T iy1 x, T j x . , p Ž T jy1 x, T i x . 4
F q ⭈ ␦ Ž O Ž x, n . . ,
which proves Ž1. of Lemma 2.4. From Ž1., it follows that, for each x g X
and n g N, there exist k, l g N with k, l F n such that
␦ Ž O Ž x, n . . s max  p Ž x, x . , p Ž x, T k x . , p Ž T l x, x . 4 ,
which proves Ž2. of Lemma 2.4. Applying a triangle inequality and Ž1. and
Ž2. of Lemma 2.4, we get
p Ž x, T k x . F p Ž x, Tx . q p Ž Tx, T k x . F p Ž x, Tx . q q ⭈ ␦ Ž O Ž x, n . .
and
p Ž T l x, x . F p Ž T l x, Tx . q p Ž Tx, x . F q ⭈ ␦ Ž O Ž x, n . . q p Ž Tx, x . .
Therefore,
1
␦ Ž O Ž x, n . . F  p Ž x, x . q p Ž x, Tx . q p Ž Tx, x . 4 .
1yq
Since n is arbitrary, the proof of Ž3. is complete.
To prove Ž4., let x be an arbitrary point of X and define x n s T n x for
every n g N. By Ž2.1., we obtain
p Ž x n , x nq1 . s p Ž Tx ny1 , Tx n .
F q ⭈ max  p Ž x ny 1 , x n . , p Ž x ny1 , x n . , p Ž x n , x nq1 . ,
p Ž x ny 1 , x nq1 . , p Ž x n , x n . 4 , Ž 2.2.
p Ž x ny 1 , x n . s p Ž Tx ny2 , Tx ny1 .
F q ⭈ max  p Ž x ny 2 , x ny1 . , p Ž x ny2 , x ny1 . , p Ž x ny1 , x n . ,
p Ž x ny 2 , x n . , p Ž x ny1 , x ny1 . 4 , Ž 2.3.
p Ž x ny 1 , x nq1 . s p Ž Tx ny2 , Tx n .
F q ⭈ max  p Ž x ny 2 , x n . , p Ž x ny2 , x ny1 . , p Ž x n , x nq1 . ,
p Ž x ny 2 , x nq1 . , p Ž x n , x ny1 . 4 , Ž 2.4.
p Ž x n , x n . s p Ž Tx ny1 , Tx ny1 .
F q ⭈ max  p Ž x ny 1 , x ny1 . , p Ž x ny1 , x n . , p Ž x ny1 , x n . ,
p Ž x ny 1 , x n . , p Ž x ny1 , x n . 4 . Ž 2.5.
634 NOTE

Substituting Ž2.3. ᎐ Ž2.5. into Ž2.2., proceeding in this manner and following
Ž1. and Ž2. of Lemma 2.4 give

p Ž x n , x nq1 . F q 2 ⭈ max  p Ž x i , x j . : n y 2 F i F n, n y 1 F j F n q 1 4

F q 3 ⭈ max  p Ž x i , x j . : n y 3 F i F n, n y 2 F j F n q 1 4
..
.
F q ny 1 ⭈ max  p Ž x i , x j . : 1 F i F n, 2 F j F n q 1 4

q ny 1
F ⭈ aŽ x . , Ž 2.6.
1yq
where aŽ x . s pŽ x, x . q pŽ x, Tx . q pŽTx, x .. If n - m, then by Ž2.6.
p Ž x n , x m . F p Ž x n , x nq1 . q ⭈⭈⭈ qp Ž x my1 , x m .
myny1
s Ý p Ž x nq k , x nqkq1 .
ks0

myny1 q nq ky1
F Ý ⭈ aŽ x .
ks0 1yq

q nq 1
F 2
⭈ aŽ x . . Ž 2.7.
Ž1 y q.
From Lemma 2.3, T n x 4 is a Cauchy sequence. This is the proof of Ž4..
LEMMA 2.5. Let X be a complete metric space with metric d and let T be a
mapping from X into itself. Suppose T is a quasi-contraction, i.e., there exists
r g w0, 1. such that
d Ž Tx, Ty . F r ⭈ max  d Ž x, y . , d Ž x, Tx . , d Ž y, Ty . , d Ž x, Ty . , d Ž y, Tx . 4
for all x, y g X. Then, for e¨ ery y g X with y / Ty,
inf  d Ž x, y . q d Ž x, Tx . : x g X 4 ) 0.
Proof. Assume that there exists z g X with z / Tz and inf dŽ x, z . q
dŽ x, Tx .: x g X 4 s 0. Then there exists a sequence  z n4 in X such that
lim  d Ž z n , z . q d Ž z n , Tz n . 4 s 0.
nª⬁

Since dŽ z n , z . ª 0 and dŽ z n , Tz n . ª 0, we have Tz n4 converges to z. By

hypothesis
d Ž Tz , Tz n . F q ⭈ max  d Ž z, z n . , d Ž z, Tz . , d Ž z n , Tz n . , d Ž z, Tz n . , d Ž z n , Tz . 4 .
 NOTE 635

Hence we have dŽTz, z . F qdŽ z, Tz . - dŽ z, Tz .. This is a contradiction.

Therefore, for every y g X with y / Ty,
inf  d Ž x, y . q d Ž x, Tx . : x g X 4 ) 0.
LEMMA 2.6. Let X be a metric space with metric d and let p be a
w-distance on X. Let T be a mapping of X into itself satisfying

p Ž Tx , T 2 y . F q ⭈ max  p Ž x, Ty . , p Ž Tx, T 2 y . , p Ž x, T 2 y . 4

for all x, y g X and some q g w0, 1.. Then

Ž1. For each x g X, n g N, and i, j g N with 2 F n, i F n, and
2 F j F n,
p Ž T i x, T j x . F q ⭈ ␦ Ž O Ž x, n . . .
Ž2. For each x g X and n g N with 2 F n, there exist k, l, r g N with
k, r F n and 2 F l F n such that

␦ Ž O Ž x, n . . s max  p Ž x, x . , p Ž x, Tx . , p Ž x, T l x . , p Ž T k x, x . , p Ž T r x, Tx . 4 .
Ž3. For each x g X,
1
␦ Ž O Ž x, ⬁ . . F  p Ž x, x . , p Ž x, Tx . q p Ž T 2 x, x . q p Ž T 2 x, Tx . 4 .
1yq
Ž4. For each x g X, T n x 4 is a Cauchy sequence.
Proof. By method similar to Lemma 2.4, the results follow.
LEMMA 2.7. Let X be a metric space with metric d and let p be a
w-distance on X. Let T be a continuous mapping of X into itself satisfying

p Ž Tx , T 2 y . F q ⭈ max  p Ž x, Ty . , p Ž Tx, T 2 y . , p Ž x, T 2 y . 4

for all x, y g X and some q g w0, 1.. Then, for e¨ ery y g X with y / Ty,
inf  p Ž x, y . q p Ž x, Tx . : x g X 4 ) 0.
Proof. By method similar to Lemma 2.5, the results follow.
LEMMA 2.8. Let X be a metric space with metric d and let p be a
w-distance on X. Let T be a continuous mapping of X into itself satisfying

p Ž Tx, T 2 x . F q ⭈ max  p Ž x, Tx . , p Ž x, T 2 x . 4

for all x g X and some q g w0, 1.. Then, for e¨ ery y g X with y / Ty,
inf  p Ž x, y . q p Ž x, Tx . : x g X 4 ) 0.
636 NOTE

Proof. By method similar to Lemma 2.5, the results follow.

3. MAIN RESULTS

THEOREM 3.1. Let X be a complete metric space with metric d and let p
be a w-distance on X. Let T be a mapping of X into itself satisfying Ž2.1. and
inf  p Ž x, u . q p Ž x, Tx . : x g X 4 ) 0
for e¨ ery u g X with u / Tu. Then
Ž1. lim nT n x s y,
Ž2. pŽT n x, y . F w q ny 1rŽ1 y q . 2 x ⭈ aŽ x . for e¨ ery x g X,
Ž3. T has a unique fixed point y in X and pŽ y, y . s 0.
where aŽ x . s pŽ x, x . q pŽ x, Tx . q pŽTx, x ..
Proof. Let x g X and let x n s T n x for every n g N. Then, by Ž4. of
Lemma 2.4,  x n4 is a Cauchy sequence. Since X is complete,  x n4 con-
verges to some point y g X. This is the proof of Ž1.. From Ž2.7. and Ž1. of
Definition 2.1, we have
q ny 1
p Ž x n , y . F lim inf p Ž x n , x m . F 2
⭈ aŽ x . , Ž 2.8.
mª⬁ Ž1 y q.
which proves Ž2.. To prove Ž3., assume that y / Ty. Then, by hypothesis
Ž2.6. and Ž2.8., we have
0 - inf  p Ž x, y . q p Ž x, Tx . : x g X 4
F inf  p Ž x n , y . q p Ž x n , Tx n . : n g N 4
Ž 2 y q . ⭈ aŽ x .
F 2
inf  q ny 1 : n g N 4
Ž1 y q.
s 0.
This is a contradiction. Therefore we have y s Ty. If ¨ s T¨ , we have
pŽ ¨ , ¨ . s pŽT¨ , T¨ . F qpŽ ¨ , ¨ . and hence pŽ ¨ , ¨ . s 0.
To prove uniqueness, let u s Tu and ¨ s T¨ . Then, by Ž2.1., we have
p Ž u, ¨ . s p Ž Tu, T¨ . F q ⭈ max  p Ž u, ¨ . , p Ž ¨ , u . 4
and
p Ž ¨ , u . s p Ž T¨ , Tu . F q ⭈ max  p Ž u, ¨ . , p Ž ¨ , u . 4 .
Thus we obtain pŽ u, ¨ . s pŽ ¨ , u. s 0. By Lemma 2.3, we have u s ¨ .
 NOTE 637

The following example shows that all conditions in Theorem 3.1 are
satisfied and hence T has a unique fixed point.
EXAMPLE. Let X s R be a metric space with the usual metric and let
p: X = X ª w0, ⬁. be a mapping such that pŽ x, y . s max< 12 x y y <, 12 < x y y <4
for all x, y g X. Define T : X ª X by Tx s qx for all x g X. Then, clearly
X, p, and T satisfy all conditions in Theorem 3.1 and T has fixed point 0
in X.
THEOREM 3.2. Let X be a complete metric space, let p be a w-distance on
X, and let T be a mapping from X into itself. Suppose that there exists
q g w0, 1. such that
p Ž Tx , T 2 y . F q ⭈ max  p Ž x, Ty . , p Ž Tx, T 2 y . , p Ž x, T 2 y . 4
for e¨ ery x, y g X and that
inf  p Ž x, u . q p Ž x, Tx . : x g X 4 ) 0
for e¨ ery u g X with u / Tu. Then
Ž1. lim nT n x s y,
Ž2. pŽT n x, y . F w q ny 1rŽ1 y q . 2 x ⭈ bŽ x . for e¨ ery x g X,
Ž3. T has a unique fixed point y in X and pŽ y, y . s 0,
where bŽ x . s pŽ x, x . q pŽ x, Tx . q pŽT 2 x, x . q pŽT 2 x, Tx ..
Proof. Using Lemma 2.6 and by a method similar to Theorem 3.1, the
results follow.
THEOREM 3.3. Let X be a complete metric space, let p be a w-distance on
X, and let T be a continuous mapping from X into itself. Suppose that there
exists q g w0, 1. such that
p Ž Tx , T 2 y . F q ⭈ max  p Ž x, Ty . , p Ž Tx, T 2 y . , p Ž x, T 2 y . 4
for e¨ ery x, y g X. Then T has a unique fixed point. Moreo¨ er, if ¨ s T¨ ,
then pŽ ¨ , ¨ . s 0.
Proof. By Lemma 2.7 and Theorem 3.2 the results follow.
THEOREM 3.4. Let X be a metric space with metric d and let p be a
w-distance on X. Let T be a mapping of X into itself satisfying
Ž i. p Ž Tx, T 2 x . F q ⭈ max  p Ž x, Tx . , p Ž x, T 2 x . 4
for all x g X and some q g w0, 1.,
p Ž x, T 2 x . 1
Ž ii . sup
xgX
½ p Ž x, Tx . 5 -
q
,

Ž iii . inf  p Ž x, y . q p Ž x, Tx . : x g X 4 ) 0
638 NOTE

for e¨ ery y g X with y / Ty. Then T has a unique fixed point. Moreo¨ er, if
¨ s T¨ , then pŽ ¨ , ¨ . s 0.
Proof. Let

p Ž x, T 2 x .
␤ s sup
xgX
½ p Ž x, Tx . 5
and k s max q, ␤ q4 . By Ži. and Žii., we have pŽTx, T 2 x . F kP Ž x, Tx . for all
x g X and k g w0, 1..
Let u g X and define u n s T n u for all n g N. Then we have, for all
n g N,

p Ž u n , u nq1 . F kp Ž u ny1 , u n . F ⭈⭈⭈ F k ny 1 p Ž u1 , u 2 . .

So, if m ) n,

p Ž u n , u m . F p Ž u n , u nq1 . q ⭈⭈⭈ qp Ž u my1 , u m .

myny1
s Ý p Ž x nq i , x nqiq1 .
is0
myny1
F Ý k nq iy1 p Ž u1 , u 2 .
is0

k ny 1
F p Ž u1 , u 2 . .
Ž1 y k.
By Lemma 2.3,  u n4 is a Cauchy sequence. Since X is complete,  u n4
converge to some point y g X. Then since  u n4 converges to y and
pŽ u n , ⭈ . is lower semicontinuous, we have

k ny 1
p Ž u n , y . F lim inf p Ž u n , u m . F p Ž u1 , u 2 . .
mª⬁ Ž1 y k.
Assume that y / Ty. Then, by hypothesis, we have

0 - inf  p Ž x, y . q p Ž x, Tx . : x g X 4
F inf  p Ž u n , y . q p Ž u n , u nq1 . : n g N 4
k ny 1
F inf ½ Ž1 y k .
p Ž u1 , u 2 . q k ny1 p Ž u1 , u 2 . : n g N 5
s 0.
 NOTE 639

This is a contradiction. Therefore we have y s Ty. If ¨ s T¨ , we have

p Ž ¨ , ¨ . s p Ž T¨ , T 2 ¨ . F p Ž ¨ , T¨ . s kp Ž ¨ , ¨ .
and hence pŽ ¨ , ¨ . s 0.
The proof of uniqueness of the fixed point is the same as in Theorem
3.1.
THEOREM 3.5. Let X be a metric space with metric d and let p be a
w-distance on X. Let T be a continuous mapping of X into itself satisfying
p Ž Tx, T 2 x . F q ⭈ max  p Ž x, Tx . , p Ž x, T 2 x . 4
for all x g X and some q g w0, 1., and
p Ž x, T 2 x . 1
sup
xgX
½ p Ž x, Tx . 5 -
q
.

Then T has a unique fixed point. Moreo¨ er, if ¨ s T¨ , then pŽ ¨ , ¨ . s 0.

Proof. By Lemma 2.8 and Theorem 3.4, the results follow.
COROLLARY 3.6 w2x. Let X be a complete metric space, let p be a
w-distance on X, and let T be a mapping from X into itself. Suppose that there
exists r g w0, 1. such that
p Ž Tx , T 2 x . F r ⭈ p Ž x, Tx .
for e¨ ery x g X and that
inf  p Ž x, y . q p Ž x, Tx . : x g X 4 ) 0
for e¨ ery y g X with y / Ty. Then T has a unique fixed point. Moreo¨ er, if
¨ s T¨ , then pŽ ¨ , ¨ . s 0.
Proof. By Theorem 3.4, the results follow.
COROLLARY 3.7 w2x. Let X be a complete metric space with metric d and
let p be a w-distance on X. Let T be a continuous mapping of X into itself
satisfying
p Ž Tx , T 2 x . F q ⭈ p Ž x, Tx .
for e¨ ery x g X and some q g w0, 1.. Then there exists z g X such that
z s Tz. Moreo¨ er, if ¨ s T¨ , then pŽ ¨ , ¨ . s 0.
Proof. From Theorem 3.5, the results follow.
COROLLARY 3.8 w1x. Let X be a complete metric space with metric d and
let T be a mapping from X into itself. Suppose T is a quasi-contraction; i.e.,
there exists q g w0, 1.
d Ž Tx, Ty . F q ⭈ max  d Ž x, y . , d Ž x, Tx . , d Ž y, Ty . , d Ž x, Ty . , d Ž y, Tx . 4
for e¨ ery x, y g X. Then T has a unique fixed point.
640 NOTE

Proof. From Lemma 2.5 and Theorem 3.1, the results follow.
COROLLARY 3.9. Let X be a complete metric space with metric d and let p
be a w-distance on X. Let T be a mapping of X into itself satisfying

p Ž Tx, Ty . F ␣ ⭈  p Ž x, Tx . q p Ž y, Ty . 4

for all x, y g X and some ␣ g w0, 12 .. For e¨ ery y g X with y / Ty,

inf  p Ž x, y . q p Ž x, Tx . : x g X 4 ) 0

Then T has a unique fixed point. Moreo¨ er, if ¨ s T¨ , then pŽ ¨ , ¨ . s 0.

Proof. By Theorem 3.1, the results follow.
COROLLARY 3.10 w3x. Let X be a complete metric space with metric d, and
let T be a mapping from X into itself. Suppose T is a Kannan mapping; i.e.,
there exists ␣ g w0, 12 . such that

d Ž Tx, Ty . F ␣  d Ž x, Tx . q d Ž y, Ty . 4

for all x, y g X. Then T has a unique fixed point.

Proof. By Lemma 2.5 and Corollary 3.9, the results follow.

REFERENCES

´ ´ A generalization of Banach’s contraction principle, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 45

1. L. J. Ciric,
Ž1974., 267᎐273.
2. O. Kada, T. Suzuki, and W. Takahashi, Nonconvex minimization theorems and fixed point
theorems in complete metric spaces, Math. Japonica 44 Ž1996., 381᎐391.
3. R. Kannan, Some results on fixed points, II, Amer. Math. Monthly 76 Ž1969., 405᎐408.