1) Look at the words below and write down their negative forms next to the appropriate

prefix, or prefix variant. [8]

in- incapable, inability, intolerant, inofficial
im- impractical
il- illegal
ir- irresponsible, irrational
non- non-smoker, non-athletic, non-alcoholic, non-nuclear
dis- disinclined, disagreement, disobey, disharmony, disability, dissimilar
a- aseptic
un- unhappy, unofficial, unwillingness
interested uninterested (not), disinterested (lost interest)
professional non-professional (amateur), unprofessional (bahaviour)
finite non-finite (not denote tense/person), infinite (no limit)
tonal non-tonal (no chords), atonal (not written/played in any key)
human non-human (alien), inhuman (cruel), unhuman (no human qualitiy), inhumane (cruel)
moral non-moral (not related to), amoral (not caring), immoral (not accepted)
not happ everything but happy unhapp sad, etc.
not married never been married unmarried might have been married before
un-!meri"an no characteristics non-!meri"an from another country
#e$orative forms%
direct, surprise, science, Tudor, formation, hear, treatment, English, literary, quotation
mis- misdire"t, mishear, mis&uotation
mal- malformation, maltreatment
pseudo- pseudo-s"ien"e, pseudo-literar
mo"k- mo"k-surprise, mo"k-'udor, mo"k-(nglish
)) *ele"t from the first "olumn the prefix that best "ompletes ea"h of the given root words so as
to obtain the meaning on the right% [1+]
ante- 1. -agree have unlike opinions DISAGREE
anti- 2. -tension low blood pressure HYPOTENSIN
bi- !. -liven "ake a#tive and #heer$ul EN%I&EN
#o- '. -natal happening be$ore birth PRENATA%( ANTINATA%
#o"- ). -"us#ular within a "us#le INTRA*+S,+%AR
#on- -. -title give a #hair or right to ENTIT%E
#ontra- .. -"iserate s/"pathi0e with COM*ISERATE
de- 1. -roo" s"all waiting roo" leading to larger one ANTIR*
di- 2. -lingual able to speak twolanguages $luentl/ BI%ING+A%
dis- 13. -thesis the dire#t opposite ANTIT4ESIS
e"- 11. -president $or"er e5e#utive EX-6RESI7ENT
en- 12. -bustible easil/ burned COM8+STI8%E
e5- 1!. 9#hoto"ous divided into two parts DI,4T*+S
e5tra- 1'. -#urri#ular outside regular #ourse o$ stud/ EXTRA,+RRI,+%AR
h/per- 1). -date pre#ede in ti"e ANTE7ATE
h/po- 1-. -used not being in servi#e DIS+SE7
intra- 1.. -#onta"inate re"ove dangerous substan#es $ro" DE,NTA*INATE
11. -e5ist e5ist at the sa"e ti"e or pal#e COE:IST
12. -lo#ate put out o$ pla#e DIS%,ATE
23. -"obili0e send ba#k $ro"the ar"/ DE*8I%I;E
21. -education educating boys and girls together ,-ED!"#$%&
22. -dote substan#e to stop poison working ANTI7TE
1
2!. -h/drate re"ove water $ro" DE4<7RATE
2'. -band #on#erning goods i"ported against the law CONTRA8AN7
2). -#atenate =oin together CON-,ATENATE
2-. -#riti#al too read/ to see $aults HYPER,RITI,A%
2.. -lateral between or #on#erning two parties BI%ATERA%
21. -hale breathe out EX4A%E
22. -#ontinue to stop or end DIS,NTIN+E
!3 -"ute travel regularl/ between one>s ho"e and work CO*+TE
!1. -vention? $or"al organi0ed "eeting o$ a ver/ large group CON&ENTIN
'2. -clude shut out, keep out, refuse entrance to (.!(DE
*ele"t from the listed words the one whi"h best "ompletes ea"h of the senten"es below%
1 )e was denoun"ed for helping the enemies of his country. *osu+en)
2 )ave you ever gone out ot the country on a summer night and looked up at the
infinite number of stars, *beskona-an)
' " prematurel born baby must receive special treatment. *pri.evremeno)
/ "lmost everyone predi"ts that the population of $ndia will continue to increase. *predvi+a)
0 #he child1s sickness made him apatheti" he did not even look at the toys his
father brought him. *ravnodu2an)
3 "n anonmous letter is often the product of a sick mind.
4 #he rivers and trees of the world do not belong only to us, they belong to posterit. *budu5i
nara2ta.)
6 7ome doctors believe that the success of an operation depends on postoperative care
received by the patient.
8 7he added a short posts"ript /p.s.) to the letter. *dodatak pismu)
19 $n many countries private business companies and government controlled companies
"oexist.
11 $n the old days news was pro"laimed by a town crier as he walked thorugh the
streets. *progla2en)
12 #hey were not interested in her proposition to buy their farm. *pri.edlog)
1' #he senator was angry when a speaker mis&uoted the answer he had given to a
:uestion. *pogre2no citirao)
1/ #he ;ritish are famous for their :uick anger if they see an animal being mistreated. *<lostavl.ati)
10 $n the fog, the little rowboat collided with alarge passenger ship and instantly
submerged. *potopl.en)
13 Driving a car through a red light is illegal. *ne<akonito)
0) 1hi"h of the suffixes from the list ma be added to the bases below2 [+]
-ation -ment -al -ance/ence -age -ure -y
e5#avate EXCAVATION
o##ur OCCURRENCE
spe#iali0e SPECIALIZATION
involve INVOLVEMENT
re$use REFUSAL
"o#k MOCKERY
dis#lose DISCLOSURE
attend ATTENDANCE
leak LEAKAGE
bribe BRIBERY
asse"ble ASSEMBLAGE( ASSEMBLY
ca.ole ,!3-L(45
accept !,,(#'!6,(
2
-ness -ity -(anc)y/(enc)y -(it)ude -hood -ship -ance/ence
i"partial IMPARTIALITY
$air FAIRNESS
brilliant BRILLIANCE
#ons#ious CONSCIOUSNESS
i"portant IMPORTANCE
guest GUESTHOOD
arrogant ARROGANCE
head"aster HEADMASTERSHIP
pregnant PREGNANCY
apt APTITUDE
persist PERSISTENCE
deaf 7(!86(**
9) !ssign the itali"i:ed suffixations in the following examples to appropriate semanti" "ategories.
[+]
acquaintanceship, fatherhood, kingdom, trasncription, usherette, involvement,
streamlet, executrix, leafage, delivery, piglet, bakery, baptism, alcoholism,
filmdom, tigress, dullness, aviatrix, warmth, intimidation, frankness,
assignment, symbolism, storage, peasantry, eviction, stoppage
no"ina a#tionis@ assign"entA inti"idationA deliver/A involve"entA storageA stoppage
no"ina essendi@ $ranknessA $atherhoodA a#Buaintan#eshipA war"thA dullnessC
agent nouns@
instru"ent nouns@
no"ina lo#i@ kingdo"A baker/
patient(result nouns@ trans#riptionA evi#tionC
#olle#tive@ $il"do"A lea$ageA peasantr/
di"inutives@ pigletA strea"let
feminine nouns= usherette, tigress, aviatri>, e>ecutri>
residual= symbolism, baptism
;) !dd number prefixes as appropriate to form linguisti" terms. <ore than one prefix "an be
added in most "ases. (xtra points for explaining the terms. [8]
+) #rovide tree diagrams illustrating the morphologi"al stru"ture of the following items.
i"purit/ unbreakable dishonest/ ine5pressive

i"pure -it/ un- breakable dis- honest/ in- e5pressive

i"- pure break -able honest -/ e5press -ive


but#her/ $orger/ #olle#tion invest"ent
butcher -y forg -*e)ry collect -ion invest -ment
/outh$ulness reversibilit/ widowerhood
'
youthfull -ness reversible -ity widower -hood
youth -ful revers -ible widow -er
irregularity romanticism salesmanship
irregular -ity romantic -ism salesman -ship
ir- regular romance - *t)ic sale-s -man
=) (xplain and exemplif
>ase=
any morphological unit to which affi>es of any kind can be added or which can be added
to another base in compounding
has no le>ical meaning on its own
e.g. playful [play base ? root
4oot=
a morpheme which lies at the core of a comple> word form
words can have multiple roots
e.g. playfulness @playA root, @playfulA base
bus stop [bus and @stopA both roots
*tem=
reserved for inflectional processes
a form without any inflectional endings
e.g. winners @winnerA stem, @winA root
1ord-formation pro"esses%
?68L(,'?-6
when a bound grammatidcal morpheme *inflectional morpheme) is involved
it comes do a modification of a word to e>press different grammatical categories
tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case
it is the formation of grammatical variants of the same word
affixes prefi>, infi>, suffi>
e.g. cat cats= e>pressing plural
7(4?@!'?-6
when two or more le>ical morphemes are involved
used to form a new word on the basis of an e>isting word
affixes
e.g. happy unhappy, happiness
<a$or 18 pro"esses%
!88?.!'?-6A7(4?@!'?-6=
a process in which le>ical affi>es are added to the base
e.g. [duck ! ["ling [duckling
,-6@(4*!'?-6AB(4--7(4?@!'?-6%
subsumed unter affi>ation
words are formed without modifing the form of the bases
e.g. The head of the village school# has arrived#
$he will head the village school#
/
,-<#-C67?6D=
a process of combining two bases, that are both words or root morphemes
e.g. [tea ! [pot [teapot
[week ! [end [weekend
<inor 18 pro"esses%
>!,E-8-4<!'?-6%
formation of words by the deletion of actual or supposed affi>es in longer
words
often accompanied by a change of word-class
e.g. actor act% burgle burglar
,L?##?6D%
the process of shortening a word without changing its cognitive meaning
or its part of speech
normally with the effect of making it less formal
e.g. vegetable veg% professor prof% information info
>L(67?6D%
formation of new le>emes from parts of two or more other le>emes by
telecoping them
those words are called portmanteau words
e.g. smog smoke ! fog% workaholic work ! alcoholic
4(7C#L?,!'?-6%
the formation of new items by repeating some parts of the base
known as re-duplicative compounds
e.g. helter"skelter% shilly"shally% wee"wee% ding"ding ###
!>>4(@?!'?-6=
formed from the initial letters of the words in a name, titel or phrase
1) !"ronms being pronounced as if they were real words
e.g. &'T&, ()*, TE+, ###
2) !lphabetisms pronounced as strings of letters
e.g. '"-"&% ."$"&, '"/"/, ###
,-6,!'(6!'?@( 18 #4-,(**(* !88?.!'?-6%
#refixation
negative, reversative, pe.orative, privative, repetitive, causative, prefi>es of degreeBsi<e,
prefi>es of orientationBattitude, locative prefi>es, prefi>es of time and order, number
prefi>es
1) 6egative prefixes%
mostly with "d.s, but also with &s, Cs, and "dvs as bases
C6-
meaning DnotD, Dthe converse ofD
e.g. unfair, unfit, unaware, unripe, untrue, unable, uncertain, unhealthy ###
?6-
meaning DnotD, Dthe converse ofD
e.g. inconsistent, insufficient, intolerant, illogical, illegal, impossible, ###
6-6-
produces binary, non-gradable contrasts
0
e.g. non"smoker, non"target, non"abstract, non"verbal, ###
7?*-
meaning Dnot, the converse ofD
e.g. disobey, disagree, dislike, disloyal, dishonest, disorder, ###
!-
meaning Dlacking inBlack ofD
e.g. amoral, ase0ual, apolitical, anarchy, atheist, ###
)) 4eversative or privative prefixes
Eeversative meaning the undoing of a previous state of affairs
Frivative sense Dto deprive or free of GD
C6-
reversative undo, un1ip, untie, unlock, unpack, undress, ###
privative unmask, unsaddle, unglue, unlace, unveil, unbuttoned, ###
7(-
reversative=
Cs with -i<e and -ate
e.g. decentrali1e, decoloniali1e, dehumani1e, deactivation###
privative decapitate, decaffeinate, de"ice, debug, debark, deworm###
7?*-
reversative disarrange, disinfect, disunite, discharge, disconnect###
privative disarm, discourage, dislimb, disburden ###
0) #e$orative prefixes
Heaning DwronglyBbadlyD
<?*-
meaning DwronglyBbadlyBimproperlyBastrayD
e.g. miscalculate, mishear, misfire, misinform, misleading, misbelief###
<!L-
meaning Dbadly, badD
e.g. maltreat, malformed, malodorous, malnutrition, malpractice###
Heaning Dnot genuine but imitation or copyD
#*(C7--
meaning Dfalse, imitationD
e.g. pseudo"friend, pseudo"fact, pseudo"classicism, pseudo"intellectual####
<-,E-
sth is .ust a copy or imitation of sth else
e.g. mock"childish, mock"innocent, mock",atin, mock"sadness, ###
9) 4epetitive prefix 4(-
meaning Dto do sth againD
e.g. reanalyse, reassess, rediscover, regrind, reopen###
other meanings=
Dto do again in a newBdifferent wayD repack, reorgani1e, rewrite, ###
Dprovide with sth againD rearm, refuel, restock, restool, ###
;) ,ausative prefixes conversion prefi>es
3
(6-A(<-
"d. or C basesI meaning Dto make G such as the baseD
e.g. engross, enrich, ensure, ennoble, embrown, embitter, ###
& basesI meaning Dto cause G to be in, put into, cause to haveD
e.g. empower, endanger, encage, encrown, encourage, ###
>(-
meaning Dto make G such as the baseD
e.g. belittle, benumb, befriend, bedim, befoul, ###
meaning Dto cause to have sth, to provide with, to haveBwear sthD
e.g. becloud, begrime, be2ewelled, bemoan, beda11le, besmear ###
+) #refixes of degreeAsi:eArank
!4,F-
human &sI meaning Dsupreme, mostD
e.g. archduke, archbishop, arch"enemy, arch"hypocrite, ###
,--
meaning D.ointlyBtogetherBhaving in commonD
e.g. co"heir, co"pilot, co"author, co"operate, co"e0ist, cohabit, coe0tensive###
*C#(4-
meaning Dmore than, very specialD or Don top, hierarchically superiorD
e.g. supernatural, supersensitive, superpower, superman, super"brain,
superstructure, superstratum, ###
<(D!-
meaning De>treme degreeD
e.g. megaton, megawatt, megahert1, megastar, megabid, mega"fantasy###
F5#(4-
meaning De>tremeD or pe.orative DtooD
e.g. hypersensitive, hypercritical, hypermodern, hypernatural, hyperactive ###
*C4-
meaning Dover and aboveD
e.g. surcharge, surta0, surplus, surmount, surpass, surreal ###
CL'4!-
meaning De>treme, beyondD
e.g. untra"ambitious, ultra"fashionable, ultra"liberal, ultra"distance ###
-@(4-
meaning Dsi<eBdegreeD or pe.orative De>cessiveD
e.g. overheat, overreact, over"eager, over"confident, overflow, overrun###
-C'-
meaning DsurpassingD
e.g. outnumber, outrun, outclass, outperform, outsell, outgrow ###
*C>-
meaning Dbelow, ...D, DsubordinateBsecondary...D or Dneraly, not :uiteD
e.g. subconsious, subnormal, subcategory, subclass, subdivide, ###
<?6?-A<!.?- /and <?7?-)
H$&$- meaning Dlittle, small version of...D
e.g. minibus, mini"skirt, mini"cab, mini"dress, mini"golf ###
H"G$- and H$D$-I rare ma0i"length, midi"length
<?,4--A<!,4--
4
H$!E%- meaning Dinfinitely smallD or Ddealing with sth very smallD
e.g. microchip, microcomputer, microfilm, micro"economics, ###
H"!E%- macrostructure, macro"economics ###
C67(4-
meaning Dinsufficient, too littleD *Cs) or DsubordinateD *&s)
e.g. undercharge, underplay, underdevelopment, underdone% undermanager,
under"secretary, undersherriff ###
=) #refixes of orientationAattitude
#4--
meaning Dfor, on the side of, supportingD or Don behalf ofD
e.g# pro"&merican, pro"/a1i, pro"communist, pro"liberal% pro"consul, pro"
provost, ###
!6'?-
meaning Dagainst, opposed toD
e.g. anti"social, antitraditional, anti&merican, anti"$emitic, ###
meaning Dprevent, destroyD
e.g. anti"free1e, antiknock, antiroll, anti"rust, anti"pollution, antibacterial ###
,-C6'(4-
meaning Dagainst, in opposition toD
e.g. counteract, countervote, counterattack, counterrevolution, counter"
clockwise ###
,-6'4!-
meaning Dopposite, contrastingD
e.g. contradistinction, contradict, contradiction, contrafactual ###
8) Lo"ative prefixes
may e>tend their meaning metaphorically to include locations in an abstract, figurative
sense
8-4(-
meaning Dfront, front part ofD
e.g. foreleg, forehead, forelimb, forearms, foreground, forename, ###
?6'(4-
meaning Dbetween, amongD
e.g. international, interlinear, inter"continential, inter"marry, interdependent,
interlink, inter"war (years) ###
*C>-
meaning more literal locative meaning of DunderD
e.g. subway, substructure, subsurface, subtitle, subcentral, submerge###
*C#(4-
meaning Dabove, situated above GD
e.g. superscript, superstructure, superglottal, superorbital ###
'4!6*-
meaning Dacross, from one place to anotherD
e.g. transatlantic, trans"$iberian, trans"&merica, trans"&laska, transplant###
%ther extra-, intra-, over-, in- and out-
e0tralinguistic, e0traterritorial% intra"racial, intra"party% overhead, overhang%
input, inhouse% outhouse, outstation ###
6
G) #refixes of time and order
8-4(- DbeforeD
e.g. foretell, forewarn, foreshadow, foresee, foreknowledge, foresight ###
#-*'- DafterD
e.g. post"war, post"election, post"communism, post"modernism,
post"3arwinism, post"Eli1abethan, ###
#4(- Dbefore, in advanceD
e.g. pre"war, pre"school, premarital, pre"industrial, pre"cook, pre"heat ###
(.- DformerD e.g. e0"president, e0"serviceman, e0"champion, e0"husband ###
1H) 6umber prefixes
C6?-, <-6--
e.g. unise0, unilateral, unidirectional% monoplane, monosyllabic (word with 4
syllable)% monotransitive (5% takes a $ub and a single )d)% monolingual (speaking/using
only 4 language)
>?-, 7?-
meaning DtwoD, Dhaving two GD, Doccuring every two Gs or occuring twice in
an GD
e.g. bilingual (knowing 6 languages), bise0ual, bipolar% ditransitive (5% takes a $ub and
6 )b2), biweekly, bimontly, bicentennial, biannual ###
*(<?-, 7(<?- /F(<?-) DhalfD
e.g. semivowel (saound% similar to a vowel)% semicircle% demi"god, demi"devil%
hemisphere, hemimorphic ###
'4?- DthreeD
e.g. trimaran, tricycle, trimester, tripartite, trinominal ###
#-L5-, <CL'?- DmanyD
e.g. polysemy (having more than one meaningy), polysyllabic (containing 7 ore more
syllables), polytechnic% multilingual (speaking more than 6 languges), multi"purpose,
multiracial ###
11) 4esidual prefixes
a) 6ative prefixes
!- Dto be in a state of C-ingD
e.g. asleep, astride, awash, aglow, agape, ablush% aloud, afire, aflame,
aground, ashore, aside, ###
<?7- Din the middle ofD
e.g. mid"air, mid"ocean, mid"channel% midnight, midmorning, mid"hour###
b) ,lassi"al and neo-"lassi"al
!C'-- DselfD
e.g. autosuggestion, autobiography ###
6(-- Dnew, revivedD
e.g. neo"classicism, neo"8othic, neo"/a1i, ###
#!6- Dall, world-wideD
e.g. pan"&frican, pan"&merican, pan"&nglican, pan"8erman ###
'(L(- DdistantD
e.g. telecommunications, telephoto, telecommuter ###
@?,(- DdeputyD
e.g. vice"chairman, vice"admiral, vice"governer, vice"consul ###
8
*uffixation
6oun suffixation%
1) !"t nominali:ationA6omina a"tionis
Daction or process of C-ingD
-?6D Dactivity connected with &D or Dan occasion of C-ingD
farming, cricketing, blackberrying% christening, wedding, ###
-!'?-6A-tion, -ion, -ition, -ution
e.g. neutrali1ation, derivation, adaptation, e0ploitation ###
amplify amplification% codify codification, qualify qualification, imply
implication
ascribe ascription, receive reception, reduce reduction, resume
resumption% rebel rebellion, adhere adhesion ###
add addition, define definition ###
revolve revolution, resolve resolution ###
-<(6'
e.g. embarrassment, embe11lement% beda11lement, beseechment% accomplishment,
astonishment% attachment% acknowledgement, management, arrangement ###
-!L
e.g. arrival, betrayal, denial, dismissal, disposal, potrayal, ###
-!6,(A-(6,(
e.g. attendance, conference, confidence% acceptance, assistance% utterance,
entrance ###
-!D(
e.g. assemblage, carriage, leakage, cleavage, coinage, drainage, shrinkage,
storage, usage ###
-C4(
e.g. departure, disclosure, enclosure, erasure, e0posure, sei1ure ###
-(45
e.g. buffooneries, fooleries, knavery, snobberies ###
-5
e.g. delivery, discovery, entry, flattery% cookery, robbery, ###
)) *tate nounsA6omina essendi
D:ualityBstate of being GD
-6(**
e.g. frankness, sadness, freshness% thoughtfullness, selfishness% preparedness,
tiredness% black"and"blueness, free"and"easiness, matter"of"factness ###
-?'5 /-'5, -5)
e.g. acceptability, adaptability% brutality, cordiality% familiarity% authenticity,
eccentricity% collectivity% fertility% curiosity% avidity%
certainty, cruelty% falsity, morbidity, singularity, accuracy ###
-/!6,)5A-/(6,)5A-!6,(A-(6,(
e.g. discrepancy% ad2ecency, decency% elegance, e0uberance% persistance,
patience, intelligence ###
complacence complacency% consistence consistency,
stridence stridency ###
19
DstateBoffice of &D accountancy, agency, presidency ###
-/!,)5
e.g. adequacy, delicacy, immediacy, intimacy, legitimacy, ###
DrankBoffice of &D advocacy, candidacy, curacy, prelacy ###
-/?')C7(
e.g. aptitude, e0actitude, promptitude, certitude, gratitude ###
-?*<
e.g. cynicism, e0oticism, lyricism, romanticism ###
-F--7
Dstate of being GD, Drank of &D or Dperiod of time in which a state obtainsD
e.g. fatherhood, manhood, widowhood% falsehood, likelihood% knighthood%
babyhood, childhood ###
-7-<
DstateBcondition or ranke of being GD
e.g. bachelordom, chiefdom, dukedom, earldom, hippiedom% boredom, wisdom, ###
-!D(
denoting stateBrank
e.g. baronage, companionage, knightage, orphanage, peerage, ###
-*F?#
e.g. citi1enship, directorship, leadership, ownership, studentship ###
Dthe artBskill of &D craftsmanship, horsemanship, salesmanship ###
Drelation between peopleD acquaintanceship, friendship, kinship ###
-/()45
DstateB:uality of bein &D foolery, knavery, rivalery, slavery, snobbery###
Dart of being & *GJer)D carpentry, pottery, saddlery ###
-'F
e.g. coolth, truth, warmth
0) #la"e namesA6omina lo"i
-7-<
denotes areas, countries, parts of countries, etc.
e.g. 'hristendom, dukedom, earldom, fiefdom, kingdom, princedom ###
-!D(
DplaceBhouse where & livesBworksD cooperage, orphanage, parsonage,
vicarage ###
Dplace for C-ingD anchorage, storage ###
-(45
Dplace where & worksD, Dplace where & livesD, Dplace where & is raisedD, Dplace
where & is madeBsoldD or Dplace where one C-sD
e.g. pottery, saddlery, bakery% nunnery, rookery% swannery, orangery, nursery%
creamery, perfumery, pottery, winery% bakery, bindery, distillery, refinery,
brewery, tannery, eatery ###
-?6D
Dplace where one C-sBplace for C-ingD
e.g. crossing, landing, lodging(s), parking
-eteria or -s"ape basketeria, caketeria, candyteria% landspace, moonscape###
11
9) !gent and instrument nominali:ations *ub$e"t nominali:ations
-(4
humans or animals baker, brewer, challenger, invader, printer, retriever,
teacher ###
instrument &s blotter, booster, borer, copier, curler, free1er ###
--4
agent actor, contributor, conqueror% agitator, collaborator, coordinator%
commentator, competitor, successor ###
instrument accelerator, calculator, denotator% collector, compressor ###
-!6'A-(6'
agent celebrant, emigrant% aspirant assistant% correspondent, president,
resident% opponent, student ###
substances contaminant, lubricant, saturant, absorbant, pollutant ###
-((
agent adaptee (adapts to sth), attendee, divorcee, embarkee, escapee ###
-((4
Dpersons concerned with &D
agent auctioneer, gadgeteer, mountaineer, pamphleteer, profiteer ###
-!4
agent beggar, burglar, bursar, liar, pedlar ###
-?*'
Dpersons driving, playing, producing, selling &D
agent rapist, typist% motorist, scooterist% guitarist, violinist% cartoonist,
novelist% tobacconist, druggist% biologist, physicist ###
related to &s in -ism atheist (a 9 who supports atheism), imperialist, hedonist,
3arwinist, nationalist, :uddhist
-?!6
Dpersons connected with a trade, profession or habitD
agent logician, magician, musician, mathematician, physician ###
;) #atient and result nominali:ation
-((
Da person that has been C-edD
e.g. addresee, appointee, depositee, detainee, interviewee, ###
-!6'
denoting persons or ob.ects
e.g. inhalant, arrestant, insurant ###
-!45
e.g. depositary (place, where things are deposited)
-(4
cooker (fruit suitable for cooking), reader ...
- ?6D
e.g. carving, cutting, drawing, painting, earnings, findings ###
-!D(
12
e.g. coinage, wrechage, wastage ###
-!L
e.g. proposal
-/!)'?-6
e.g. alteration, publication, quotation, transcription ###
-<(6'
e.g. arrangement, establishment, investment, replacement ###
+) ,olle"tive names
-7-<
Dpeople producing &Bworking in &D
e.g. artistdom, bachelordom, beggardom, cockneydom, theatredom ###
-!D(
e.g. baronage, clientage, knightage% branchage, flowerage, fruitage ###
-/()45
e.g. citi1enry, merchantry, peasantry% machinery, gadgetry, crockery ###
-/!,)5
denoting bodies of people, mainly from army ranks
e.g. colonelcy, generalcy, marshalcy, ###
-?6D
e.g. carpeting, panelling, planking, plating ###
-F--7
e.g. knighthood, manhood, brotherhood, priesthood ###
-*F?#
e.g. acquantanceship, leadership, membership, readership ###
=) 8emale names
-(**
actress, adulteress, countess, hostess% lioness, pantheress, tigeress% authoress,
poetess, editress, entertainess, paintress ###
-(''(
usherette, announcerette, chaufferetete, conductorette, farmerette, ###
-'4?.
e0ecutri0, interlocutri0, prosecutri0, spectatori0, testatri0 ###
8) 7iminutives
tend to be marked as informal andBor pe.orative
-L('
informal booklet, coverlet, cutlet, droplet, flatlet, leaflet, playlet, rivulet,
starlet, streamlet, wavelet ####
pe.orative, meaning DpettyD kinglet, princelet, bosslet, dukelet, lordlet###
young animals piglet, goslet, crablet, dovelet, froglet, owlet, birdlet, fishlet###
ornamentsBpieces of .ewellery bracelet, leglet, anklet, armlet, wristlet ###
-L?6D
DsmallBpettyD kinling, lordling, squireling, courling, manling ###
Dadherent of &D softling, weakling, tenderling ###
1'
young animals and plants seedling, fatling, porkling, kidling, rockling,
nestling ###
-(''(
featurette, kitchenette, leaderette, novelette, statuette, dinette ###
G) 4esidual nominal suffixes
-?*< and -?*'
-$7H DreligiousBphilosophicalBpoliticalBscientific beliefBbehaviourD
e.g. 'atholicism, 3arwinism, behaviourism, idealism% colonialism, vulgarism###
-?'(
Dpersons believingBsupporting the principles, etc. of &D ,uddite,
Thatcherite, :enthamite ###
Dinhabitants, citi<ensD :rooklynite, 3urhamite, *anhattanite ###
-(*(
Dthe inhabitants of these placesBcountriesD 'hinese, 5iennese, 9ortugese,
'antonese, *altese,
:alinese ###
pe.orative officialese, 2ournalese, computerese, &mericanese ###
-8CL
things that Dcan contain or carry thingsD
armful, bagful, bottleful, bo0ful, handful, mouthful, roomful, spoonful ###
-(''(
Dsth that is fake, an imitationD
leatherette, flannelette, satinette ###
-*'(4
Da person involved in &DI often pe.oratively
trickster, gamester, gangster ###
1) Dive an ad$e"tive and a noun related to ea"h of the verbs listed below.
admire admirable admiration
apologi:e apologetic apology
attend attentive attention
"on"lude conclusive conclusion
de"eive deceptive deception
deepen deep depth
dispose disposable disposition
ex"lude e>clusive e>clusion
exhaust e>haustive e>haustive
explain e>planatory e>planation
explode e>plosive e>plosion
1/
foresee foreseeable foresight
hasten hasty haste
impress impressive impression
know knowledgeable knowledge
persist persistent persistence
prote"t protective protection
remove removable removal
suggest suggestive suggestion
var variable variation
)) Dive the noun "ompound that "orresponds to ea"h of the di"tionar definitions.
1) a small ball made of strong-smelling substance used for keeping away the moth
H%#);"((
2) a sale of used clothes and other things to get money for some good work such as helping
the poor KH;(E 7"(E
') the enclosed place where the .ury sit during a law case KEL ;%G
/) the light given by the stars 7#"E($M)#
0) the day on which wages are paid F"LD"L
3) the end of a finger N$&MEE#$F
4) an ob.ect to keep birds away from crops 7!"EE!E%O
6) a person who works on a farm, farm labourer N"EH)"&D
8) a small container to hold an egg boiled in its shell, so that it can be eaten EMM!F
19) a key that can open different locks H"7#EEPEL
11) person whose .ob is to take care of wild animals in a game reserve M"HEPEEFEE
12) a book with a lot of pictures F$!#EE;%%P
1) a storm during which hail falls from the sky )"$(7#%EH
2) a flow of blood that comes from the nose &%7E;(EED
') the round spinning surface on which a record is placed to be played #E&#";(E
/) person whose .ob is collecting the ta> that peopleBorgani<ations must pay #"G !%((E!#%E
0) a wealthy young man who lives mainly for pleasure F("L;%L
3) a door in sections that can be folded back N%(D$&M D%%E
4) an ob.ect to keep birds aways from crops. 7!"EE!E%O
6) an attempt to keep pay from rising F"L7#%F
8) anyone who gets most of the blame or punishment 7!"FEM%"#
19) a key that can open different locks H"7#EEPEL
11) thick paper on a roll, used for cleaning up li:uid, food, etc. in kitchen P$#!)E& F"FEE
12) city or part of a city that has been specially designed to have alot of open spaces, parks and
gardens M"EDE& !$#L
0) #rovide tree diagrams illustrating the stru"ture of the following items.
10
9) 7etermine the snta"to-semanti" tpe of the following "ompounds and provide appropriate
paraphrases%
13
e.g. searchlight= verb J *instrument) adverbial, QG searches with a lightR
book review= ob.ect J deverbal noun, QG reviews a bookR
work-ben"h= verb J adverbial, DL works with a benchD
grindstone= verb J adverbial, DG grinds with a stoneD
drummer-bo= sub.ect and complement, Ddrummer is a boyD
hone-bee= sub.ect and ob.ect, Dbee produces honeyD
nightfall= sub.ect J deverbal noun, Dthe night fallsD
damage "ontrol= ob.ect J deverbal noun, DG controls damageD
stinkweed= verb J sub.ect, Dweed stinksD
fling ma"hine= verbal noun in -ing J sub.ect, Dthe machine fliesD
;) (xplain and exemplif%
,ompounds=
le>ical units consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and
semantically as a single word
e.g. dogfish, dog"collar
they usually have two bases only, but they can have more=
e.g. motor J cycle J factory motorcycle factory
'pes of "ompounds%
&oun compounds
"d.ective compounds
6-C6 ,-<#-C67*%
'pe Isub$e"t and verbI
[!] S7&,E$7E= sub.ect J deverbal noun *cr 1#he sun risesS). #his is a very productive type=
*14) bee-sting catcall daybreak earth:uake
frostbite headache heartbeat landslide
nightfall rainfall sound change toothache
[>] SE"##(E ,7&"PE= verb J sub.ect *cf 1#he snake rattlesS). #his type is only weakly
productive=
*16) crybaby driftwood drip coffee flashlight
glowworm hangman playboy popcorn
stinkweed tugboat turntable watchdog
[,] SD"&!$&M,M$E(= verbal noun in -ing J sub.ect *cf 1#he girl dancesS)I very productive=
*18) cleaning woman firing s:uad flying machine
investigating committee wading bird washing machine working party
'pe Iverb and ob$e"tI
[!] S;(%%D,#E7#= ob.ect J deverbal noun *cf 1G tests bloodS). #his is a moderately pro-ductive
type. $elf is a common first constituent. 7ome compounds denote an activity *handshake),
some the result of an activity *book review), and some could be either *meat delivery)=
*29) birth-control dress-design meat delivery self-control
word-formation book review haircut office management
self destruction crime report handshake suicide attempt ta> cut
[>] SN"(#-,N$&D$&M= ob.ect J verbal noun in -ing *cf 1G finds fault*s)1). #his type is very
productive=
14
*21) air-conditioning book-keeping book-reviewing brainwashing
dressmaking housekeeping letter-writing oath-taking
sightseeing story-telling town-planning
[,] S#"G-,F"LEE= ob.ect J agential noun in -er *cf 1G pays ta>*es)S). #his is a very pro-ductive
type, and designates concrete *usually human) agentsI note however dishwasher, lawn"
mower, penholder, record player=
*22) cigar smoker computer-designer crime reporter
gamekeeper hair-splitter language teacher
matchmaker radio-operator songwriter
stockholder window-cleaner
[7] SF&!),!"ED= verb J ob.ect *cf 1G punches the cardS)=
*2') call-girl drawbridge pin-up girl punchball
push-button scarecrow treadmill
[(] S!)EO$&M,MH= verbal noun in -ing J ob.ect *cf 1G chews gumS)I very productive=
*2/) cooking apple boiling fowl T;rE roasting .oint
drinking-water reading material braising steak
eating apple spending money
'pe Iverb and adverbialI
[!] S7O$HH$&M,F%%(= verbal noun in -ing J adverbial *consisting of a prepositional phraseI cf
1G swims in the poolS). #his is a very productive type. 7everal adverbial relations are
involved=
F("!E=
*20) diving board drinking cup free<ing point frying pan T;rEU
hiding-place living-room typing paper waiting room
$&7#EHE&#"(=
*23) adding machine baking powder carving knife sewing machine
walking stick washing machine
[>] SD"L,DEE"H$&M= adverbial J verbal noun in -ing *cf 1G dreams during the dayS). #his is a
moderately productive type=
F("!E=
*24) churchgoing horse riding tight-rope walking sun-bathing
#$HE=
*26) sleepwalking
$&7#EHE&#"(=
*28) fly-fishing handwriting
%#)EE=
*'9) shadow-bo>ing
[,] S;";L,7$##EE= adverbial J agential noun in -er *cf 1G sits with the babyS). #his is a
moderately productive type=
F("!E=
*'1) backswimmer city-dweller factory-worker gate-crasher housebreaker
playgoer tight-rope walker sun-bather theatre-goer
#$HE=
*'2) daydreamer
[7] S)%HE,O%EP= adverbial J deverbal noun *cf 1G works at homeS). #his is also a mod-erately
productive type=
F("!E=
*'') boat-ride field-work table talk moon walk
16
#$HE=
*'/) daydream night flight
$&7#EHE&#"(=
*'0) gunfight
%#)EE=
*'3) smallpo> vaccination ta>-e>emption telephone call
[(] S7E"E!),($M)#= verb J adverbial *cf 1G searches with a lightS). #here are several ad-verbial
relations involved here=
F("!E=
*'4) dance hall springboard workbench
$&7#EHE&#"(=
*'6) grindstone plaything
@(4>L(** ,-<#-C67*
'pe Isub$e"t and ob$e"tI
[!] SO$&D,H$((= noun1 J noun2 *cf 1noun1 @powersBoperatesA noun21I 1the wind powers the millS)=
*'8) air-brake air rifle cable car coal fire motor-cycle
steam engine gas cooker hydrogen bomb
[>] 1#%L ,N"!#%EL= noun1 J noun2 *cf 1noun2 @producesByieldsA noun1S, 1the factory produces
toysS)=
*/9) honey-bee oil well power plant silkworm
tear gas te>tile mill water pistol gold mine
[,] S;(%%D,7#"$&= noun1 J noun2 *cf 1noun1 @producesByieldsA noun2S, 1the blood pro-duces
stainsS)=
*/1) bloodstain cane sugar food poisoning gaslight
hay fever sawdust tortoise-shell whalebone
[7] SD%%E,P&%;= noun1 J noun2 *Vnoun1 @hasA noun2W, Vthe door has a knobW). #his is a very
productive type. &oun1 is inanimate. Oith animate nouns, a noncompound genitive phrase
is used *the ;table ,leg vs the ,boy;s ;leg)=
*/2) arrowhead bedpost bottleneck cartwheel piano keys
shirt-sleeves table leg telephone receiver television screen window-pane
[(] 7ES!E$#L,%NN$!EE= noun1 J noun2 *Vnoun2 @controlsBworks in connection withA noun1W,
cf V#he officer looks after securityW)=
*/') chairperson deckhand fireman gasman motorman police-officer postman
'pe Isub$e"t and "omplementI
[!] SM$E(,NE$E&D= noun1 J noun2 *cf Vnoun2 @isA noun1W, Vthe friend is a girlW). &oun1 often refers
to a subset of the class denoted by noun2=
*//) blinker light drummer boy feeder bus killer shark
manservant oak tree pine tree tape-measure
[>] SD"EP,E%%H= ad.ective J noun *cf Vnoun @isA ad.ectiveW, Vthe room is darkW)=
*/0) blackboard blackbird blueprint double-talk
dry dock greyhound grey matter handyman
highchair hothouse longboat madman
18
[,] SNE%M,H"&= noun1 J noun2 *cf Vnoun2 @is likeA noun1W, Vthe man is like a frogW). #his is a
very productive type=
*/4) butter-bean catfish dragonfly goldfish
kettledrum sandwich man tissue paper
[7] S7&%O,N("PE= noun1 J noun2 *cf Vnoun2 @is of, consists ofA noun1W, Va flake of snowW)=
*/6) breadcrumb chocolate bar dustheap raindrop sand dune soap flake
[(] S"7),#E"L= noun1 J noun2 *cf Vnoun2 @is forA noun1W, Vthe tray is for ashW). #his is a highly
productive type e>pressing purpose=
*/8) birdcage breakfast time cowshed doghouse fish-pond
flowerbed tearoom coffee time cough drops facecloth
fire engine flypaper safety belt
>ahuvrihi ,ompounds%
the term 1bahuvrihiS refers not to their pattern of formation but to the relation they have with
their referents
e.g. sabretooth it is neither a sabre nor a tooth, but a feline with sabre-like teeth
birdbrain, blockhead, bluebell, butterfingers, egghead, fathead, featherbrain, featherweight,
hardback, hardtop, heavyweight, hunchback, loudmouth, paleface, paperback
!73(,'?@( ,-<#-C67*
'pe Iverb and ob$e"tI
SH"&-,E"#$&M= ob.ect J -ing participle *cf VG eats menW). #his is a very productive type.
$elf is a fre:uent first constituent but takes secondary stress.
*01) breathtaking fact-finding heart-breaking life-giving record-breaking
'pe Iverb and adverbialI
[!] S%!E"&-,M%$&M= adverbiaA J -ing participle *cf VG goes across oceansW)=
*02) fist-fighting law-abiding lip-sucking
[>] S)E"E#,NE(#= adverbial J -ed participle *cf VG feels it in the heartW). #he type is par-
ticularly productive when the noun has agential meaning and consists of self= self styled,
self appointed, self employed, self taught *but a self addressed envelope is one that is ad-
dressed to oneself)=
*0') airborne cost-led custom-built home-brewed home-made language-retarded
typewritten thunder-struck town-bred handmade suntanned weather-beaten
[,] ,)"ED-SO%EP$&M= adverbBad.ective J -ing participle *cf VG works hardW)=
*0/) easy-going everlasting far-reaching good-looking high-sounding sweet-smelling
well-meaning
[7] ,X$!P-SNE%YE&= ad.ectiveBadverb J -ed participle *cf VG was fro<en :uicklyW)=
*00) dry-cleaned long-awaited Snew-,laid Swide,spread
'pe IverblessI
[!] ,N%%#S,7%EE= noun-based adverbial of respect J ad.ective *Vsore in respect to *oneWs) feetW).
#his pattern is very productive, particularly with some ad.ectives that e>hibit com-
plementation by FFs=
*03) airsick air-tight camera-ready carsick dustproof duty-free fireproof foolproof
homesick oven-ready ta>-free war-weary
29
[>] ,ME"77-SMEEE&= noun *denoting basis of comparison) J ad.ective *cf Vas green as grassW).
#his is a fairly productive type and the items formed can usually be used also as nouns= stress
is variable, but phrasal stress is usual=
*04) age-old ash-blonde bottle-green brick red .et black midnight blue rock-hard sea-
green
[,] ,MEEL-SMEEE&= ad.ective J ad.ective in a coordinating relation but where the phrasal stress
pattern implies that the first is relatively thematic, the second focal and hence seman- tically
dominant.
6-6- ,-6,!'(6!'?@( 1-47 8-4<!'?-6 #4-,(**(*
,onversionABero derivation%
a word-formation strategy in which words are formed without modifying the form of the input
words that serve as bases
e.g. The head of the village school has arrived#
$he will head the village school#
8ull "onversion transposing a word form from one word class into another
#artial "onversion a word of one class appears in a function characteristic of
another word
'pes of "onversion a""ording to target and sour"e word%
,onversion to noun
7(@(4>!L nouns produced by conversion from verbs
1) *ub$e"t of @= derived from verbs that denote negative activities or activities performed
professionally *bore, cheat, coach, tease, guide, help, flirt, sneak, runawayZ)
2) -b$e"t of @= award, catch, bet, find, grant, toast, pullover, slipover, convert, pervert
') ?nstrument of @= cover, paper, wrench, wrap, hoist, rattle,stamp, dye, garnish, polish
/) #la"e where . @s= dump, hide, lick, stop, check-out, hang-out
0) *tate, pro"ess= desire, dismay, love, smell, taste, da<e, decay, glow, pu<<le, worry
3) (ventAa"tivit of @-ing= attempt, clean, call, draw, fall, hit, laugh, look, move, nod, release,
search, swimI shut-down, walk-out, blow-out, breakthrough
7(-!73(,'?@!L- &ouns derived by conversion from ad.ectives that denote persons, things or
abstract entities that e>hibit properties referred to by the ad.ective
E>amples= black, imbecile, intellectual, progressive, red, white, young, married*s),
!olouredsI empties, heavies, chemical, weekly, monthly
<inor "onversion tpes to nouns%
Nrom closed-class words and affi>es=
*1') a. )is arguments contain too many ifs and buts.
b. #his book is a must for the student of aerodynamics.
c. $t tells you about the how and the why of flight.
d. Fatriotism, nationalism, and any other isms youSd like to name.
Nrom phrases=
*1/) a. have-nots, wanna-be, has-been, free-for-all,
b.Ohenever $ gamble, my horse is one of the also"rans.
,onversion to @erb
7(6-<?6!L conversion from nouns which takes simple bases
1) -rnative *to provide withBto put onI cover withI surroundI flavour withI fill with)=
*10) a. label, cushion, mu<<le, saddle
b. asphalt, butter, grease, plaster, plate, tar, varnish
21
c. fence, hedge, rail, wall
d. butter, cream, curry, pepper, salt, sugar
e. anger, awe, panic
)) #rivative *to deprive ofBremove from)=
*13) core, cream, dust, gut, husk, louse, peel, skin, stone, weed
0) 4esultative=
*14) a. ditch, hole, tunnel, beam, flame, smoke, steam, spark
b. campaign, compromise, counterattack, e>periment, .ourney, lecture, tour
9) ,ausative= i. make & of GBmake G into &
*16) beggar, cripple, cuckold, orphan, widow
ii. convert into &=
*18) coke, compost, cash
iii. form into=
*29) ball, bundle, corral, package, terrace
iv. make & of G, represent G in &=
*21) caricature, cartoon, film, picture
;) Lo"ativeA7ire"tional *to put inBon &, go into &, be in &, keepBstore in &)=
*22) bottle, carpet, corner, catalogue, list, blacklist, floor, garage, position, shelve,
dock, land, .ail, pocket, camp, tent, kennel, stable
+) !s"riptive *beBact as &, act like &)=
*2') a. captain, censor, chaperon, father, model, mother, nurse, profiteer, pilot,
referee, star, witness
b. ape, fo>, hawk, parrot
c. bolt, dart, flake, rocket, telescope
=) ?nstrument = a. comb, hammer, iron, mop, saw, towel
b. elbow, finger, shoulder, hand
c. belt, button, clasp, nail , pin, screw, tack
d. cane, bayonnet, knife, bomb, gun, machine-gun, mortar, stone
e. bicycle, canoe, parachute, motor, ship skate, ski, sledge, yacht
f. drum, fiddle, harp, trumpet
7(-!73(,'?@!L !onversion to verbs from ad.ectival bases can be interpreted inchoatively
*Vto become "B"-erW) or causatively *Vto make "B"-erW)=
*20) dry, empty, grey, narrow, sour, tense, thin, warm, yellow
*23) blind, clean, dirty, empty, grey, humble, lower, narrow, soundproof
<inor "onversion tpes to verbs
!losed-class items and nonle>ical items may be sources in informal language=
*24) a. #hey downed tools in protest.
b. 7he will off and do her own thing.
c. $f you uh"uh again, $ wonSt go on with my story.
22
,onversion to ad$e"tives
7(6-<?6!L &ouns used as ad.ectives can be considered conversions only when the item in
:uestion occurs in both predicative and attributive position=
*26) a. a brick garage - #he garage is brick.
b. reproduction furniture - #his furniture is reproduction.
c. Oorcester porcelain - #his porcelain is Oorcester.
<inor tpes of "onversion to ad$e"tive
Nrom closed-class items=
*28) #hatWs how the Nieldings ne>t door do it, but itWs not :uite us.
Nrom phrases=
*'9) a. an up"in"the"air feeling b. an upper"class manner
,onversion with formal modifi"ation
%ccasionally, conversion is accompanied by certain phonological changes affecting pronunciation
*andBor spelling) or stress pattern.
#he most important kinds of alteration are=
a. voicing of final consonants, and
b. shift of stress
1) >!,E-8-4<!'?-6
formation of words by deletion of actual or supposed affi>es in longer words, often
accompanied by a change of word-class
e.g. verb edit from editorI act from actor...
)) 4(7C#L?,!'?-6
formation of new items by repeating some part of the base
the difference between the two constituents may be=
a. in the initial consonants, as in=
*2) walkie-talkie
b. or in the medial vowels=
*') criss-cross
- #he most common uses of reduplicatives *sometimes called 1$inglesJ) are=
i. to imitate sounds, eg=
*0) a. rat-a-tat @knocking on doorA
b. tick-tock @of clockA
c. ha ha @of laughterA
d. bow-wow @of dogA
ii. to suggest alternating movements=
*3) a. seesaw
b. flip-flop
c. ping-pong
iii. to disparage by suggesting instability, nonsense, insincerity, vacillation, etc=
*4) a. higgledy piggledy
b. hocus pocus
c. wishy-washy
d. dilly-dally
e. shilly-shally
iv. to intensify, eg=
a. teeny-weeny
b. tip-top.
2'
0) ,L?##?6D
process of shortening a word without changing its cognitive meaning or its part of speech,
though fre:uently with the effect of making it stylistically less formal
ad from adSvertisement *also adverStisement in "mE)
advert *;rE)
Scosec BSkausekB from cosecant BkauSsi=kantB *in trigonometry)
Sdemo from demonSstration *but in ;rE chiefty in the political
7enseI in "mE Va demonstration carW)
eS>am from *academic) e>amiSnation *but not the verb e;0amine
or e>amiSnation in the medical sense
Nrench fries *esp "mE) from Nrench fried potatoes *esp "mE)
gents from gentlemenSs *especially [ gentlemenSs lavatory)
lab from laSboratory *;rE),Slabora,tory *"mE)
lib from libeSration *but only in le>icali<ations like OomenSs
(iberation Hovement)
Smemo from memoSrandum
Hike from Smicro,phone
Sphoto from Sphotograph *but not phoStography)
prof from proSfessor
pseud *;rE) from ,pseudo- *,intelSlectual)
pub from ,publicShouse
Sstereo from ,stereoSphonic
telly *;rE) from ,teleSvision
(ess commonly, the clipped form has resulted from discarding the initial part of a word, as in=
*2) phone from Stelephone
plane from Sairplane, Saeroplane
%ccasionally, syllables have been discarded at both ends of a word, as in=
*') flu from ,influSen<a
fridge *esp ;rE) from reSfrigerator
9) >L(67?6D
formation of new le>ems from parts of 2 or more other le>emes by telescoping them, i.e.
taking the e>treme parts of the words involved, often by splitting morphemes
e.g. sma1e smoke J ha1eI elecrocute electro J e0ecute...
;) !>>4(@?!'?-6*
!"ronm
"cronyms are words formed from the initial letters of words that make up a name which are
pronounced as real words, often not knowing what the letters stand for
laser lightwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
&"#% the &orth "tlantic #reaty %rgani<ation
radar radio detecting and ranging
&E7!% the nited &ations Educational, 7cientific and !ultural %rgani<ation
O"7F Ohite "nglo-7a>on Frotestant *"mE, informal)
2/
!lphabetisms
"bbreviations which are pronounced as se:uences of letters *also called 1alphabetismsS), e.g.
'#)#3# B,si= au Sdi=B, are most like ordinary abbreviations and hence most peripheral to word-
formation
i. #he letters may represent full words=
*2) cBo *in) care of @used on envelopesA
!.%.D. cash on delivery
D$L *informa$ ;rE) do-it-yourself @used of self help repairs, etcA
EE! European Economic !ommunity
eg e>empli gratia @(atin, Vfor e>ampleWA
E7F e>tra-sensory perception
N;$ Nederal ;ureau of $nvestigation
ie id est @(atin, 1that is1A
H$# Hassachusetts $nstitute of #echnology
F! personal computer
C$F very important person
ii. #he letters represent constituents in a compound or .ust parts of a word=
*') M)X Meneral )ead:uarters
$D identification *card)
#; tuberculosis
#C television
"lphabetisms are sometimes given a :uasi-phonetic written form=
*/) a. H.!. vs Emcee @Haster ef !eremoniesA
b. DK vs dee.ay @Disc KockeyA
#rodu"tivit in word formation
#4-7C,'?@?'5 is a general term used in linguistics to refer to the creative capacity of language
users to produce and understand an indefinitely large number of linguistic
constructionsI may be &FE%D!#$CE or &%&-FE%D!#$CE
,reativit is the native speakerSs ability to e>tend the language system in a motivated, but
unpredictable *&%&-E(E-M%CEE&ED) way.
*(<?-#4-7C,'?@( patterns or rules are those where there is a limited or occasional po-tential for
the production of further instances of the same type.
*56'!,'?, ,-6*'4!?6'* syntactic restriction on the productivity of word formation rules
may be defined as one affecting the rules, configurations andBor features which lead to the generation
of a string made up of a base and an affi> or process marker
#4!D<!'?, ,-6*'4!?6'* a le>eme will not be coined to denote an itemBactionB :uality
which does not e>-istI the le>eme must denote something which is nameable
*(<!6'?, ,-6*'4!?6'* re:uiring the presence or absence of certain se-mantic propertiesI
e.g. 7uffi> Jee is added only to certain transitive verbs, i.e. to transitive verbs that take animate direct
or indirect ob.ects
L(.?,!L ,-6*'4!?6'* certain word-formation processes are triggered or limited by the
individual roots= e.g. bishop bishopricI curious curiosity
>L-,E?6D phenomenon of the non-occurence of a comple> le>ical form because of the e>istence
of another form
<-4#F-L-D?,!L ,-6*'4!?6'* roots and formatives may behave differently with respect
to the presence of other roots or formatives or with respect to cer-tain morphological processes
#F-6-L-D?,!L ,-6*'4!?6'* attachment of a particular affi> is determined by certain
phonological properties of the potential base or the derivative, such as, for instance, base-final
segments and clusters, syllable structure and stress contour
?6#C' ,-6*'4!?6's or ,-67?'?-6s, which affect the phonology of the base, and -C'#C'
,-6*'4!?6's or ,-67?'?-6s, which have access to the phonetic manifestations of the
derivative
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