AIM

TO STUDY ABOUT LOGIC GATES

INTRODUCTION
Logic gates are related with Boolean algebra, which differ fro both ordinar! and binar!
algebra" In this the #ariable $eritted to ha#e onl! #al%es tr%e offalse %s%all! written as & or '" The
o$eration of logic gates is norall! done b! logic digital integrated circ%its (IC)s*" In another word
digital IC)s are logic circ%its" The b%ilding bloc+ of digital co$%ters and calc%lators" The basic digital
circ%its are rather si$le and will ser#e as an introd%ction to digital IC)s
CE,TI-ICATE
This is certified that SA.ITA /E0O0 is a st%dent of this instit%tion and the wor+ on her $ro1ect has
been co$leted %nder ! s%$er#ision"
(,A2 3U/A,*
CO0TE0TS
&" AI/
4" AC30O5LEDGE/E0T
6" CE,TI-ICATE
7" I0T,ODUCTIO0
8" LOGIC CI,CUIT
9" SY/BOLS -O, .A,IOUS GATES
:" LOGIC GATES
(A* O, GATE
(B* 0OT GATE
(C* A0D GATE
;" CO0CLUSIO0
CO0CLUSIO0
The Logic Gates (O, Gate, A0D Gate and 0OT Gate* are the basic %nits
Of Digital Electronic Circ%it"
AC30O5LEDGE/E0T
In $resenting this in#estigator! $ro1ect, I wish to e<$ress ! than+s to ! =h!sics Teacher /r,
SA02EE. BA0SAL who has s%$$lied all the re>%ired inforation incor$orated in the $ro1ect"
I ha#e $%t in ! best efforst to a+e the $ro1ect ost a%thentic" -inall!, I shall be failing in !
d%t! if I do not $a! than+s to ! $ro1ect g%ide whose constant g%idance and enco%rageent has hel$ed
e a lot in the $re$aration of this $ro1ect and also to /r" ???????" The lab Asstt"
B! @
SA.ITA /E0O0
Class @ AII B B
,oll 0o @ C
Session@ 4''&C4''4
0OT GATE
The not gate is a de#ice which ha#e one in$%t and one o%t$%t" Basicall! 0OT Gate is a in#erter"
If we gi#e the in$%t low, will be high And if the in$%t gi#en is high then o%t$%t is low" 0OT gate
can be realiDed a+ing %se of transistor"
Th%s the o$eration of 0OT gate is based on the following r%le @C
The o%t$%t of a 0OT gate is & if in$%t is ' and #iceC#ersa"
TABLE @C
T,UTE TABLE O- 0OT GATE
I0=UT OUT=UT
A Y
' &
& '
Boolean S!bol F Y F A
SV
1
0
C
R
Y
SV
SV
A0D GATE
Loo+ at two in$%t of A0D gate at fig%re (A*" 5hen both switches are in the gro%nd $osition both
diode are cond%cting and the o%t$%t is low" If SI is switched to G8 # and SCII is left in gro%nd
$osition then the o%t$%t is still low beca%se DC4 still cond%cts contin%o%sl!" If SCI is in gro%nd
$osition and SCII is at G8# both diodes are $%lled %$ to the s%$$lied #oltage beca%se there is no
c%rrent thro%gh at the load resistance"
It is an all or nothing gate" I"e, All in$%ts %st be high to get high o%t$%t" Transistors, /osfets
and other de#ices can also be %sed in the constr%ction of A0D Gates"
Th%s o$eration of an A0D Gate is based on the r%le @C
The o%t$%t of an and gate ass%es &, onl! if all the in$%ts ass%e &"
TABLE 4 @C
T,UTE TABLE O- A0D GATES
I0=UT OUT=UT
A B Y
' ' ' Boolean S!bol F ! F A"B"
' & '
& ' '
& & &
O, GATE
-ig%re (A* shows two in$%ts O, gate when both switches are in the gro%nd $osition" The
diodes are nonCcond%cting and the o%t$%t is low" If either switches is set to G8#, then its diode
cond%cts and the o%t$%t is a$$ro<iatel! 7"6 #" Infact both switches can be at '# and o%t$%t will
be low"
Th%s o$eration of O, gate is based on the following r%les @C
&" The o%t$%t of an O, gate ass%es &, If one or ore in$%ts ass%es &"
4" The o%t$%t of an O, gate ass%es ', If both in$%ts ass%es '"
The action of logic circ%its is %s%all! s%ariDed in the for of tr%th tables, which shows the
o%t$%t for the cobinations of the in$%t signals"
I0=UT OUT=UT
A B Y
' ' '
' & & Boolean S!bol F Y F AGB
& ' &
& & &
LOGIC GATE
Alost allCdigital circ%its are designed for two straight o$erations" This eans %sing onl! two
nonCad1acent $oints on the load line t!$icall! satr%rated and c%t off" As a res%lt the o%t$%t #oltage has
onl! two states, either low or high"
Gate is a digital circ%it with one or ore in$%t #oltages b%t onl! one o%t$%t #oltage" The ost
basic gates are called the 0OT gate the O, gate H the A0D gate" B! connecting these gates in different
wa!s we can b%ild circ%its that $erfors arithetic and other f%nctions associated with the h%an brain"
Beca%se the! sti%late ental $rocesses, gates are often called logic circ%its"
LOGIC CI,CUITS
5e +now the %nidirectional characteristics of a solid state sei cond%ctor diode" 5hen forward
biased this diode acts li+e a closed switch, i"e" it $erits c%rrent to flow in a co$lete circ%it, when
re#erse biased it acts li+e an o$en switch" In digital electronics a gate is a logic circ%its with one o%t$%t
and one or ore in$%ts" An o%t$%t signal occ%rs for certain cobinations of in$%t signals"
/odern co$%ters do a! 1obs fro scientific co$%tation to b%siness acco%nting" Co$%ters
are also %sed in the a%toatic control of an%fact%ring $rocessors" These de#ices $erfor highl!
co$le< 1obs" The! consist of arrangeent of si$le logic circ%its"
To sol#e $robles, a co$%ter has to a+e decisions as it $rograe thro%gh the ste$s in the
$roble sol#ing" Co$%ter circ%its that a+e decisions and co$arisons are called logic circ%its"