f"

+
,:,
g
Iligrrre 2-7 A BJT: (o)
slmbol, (ti i*p characlcristics. (c) idealized characrerisrics.
l"
c
+
ucE
;
l'"
c
(b)
Figure 2-6 Darlington configurations:
(o) Darlington,
() triple Darlirrgton'
uDs o
Ftgure 2-9
y'f-channel
lfosFET:
(a) svmbol, {b)
i-a characteristics'
lc) idealizeil
charncteristics.
'11
'J
"*Ja
.,*_l
lt)
+
uDs
uos=7v
28
tAprER
t
(bt
kt
Figure
2-I2
An ICBT: (c)
svmbol.
{b)
i-acharacreristics,
(c)
idealied
characteristics.
OIER\IIEIV
OF
c
E',
i
L
I
:i
l
:' .:
L
F
F:
F,,'-.
L.
b

I
t.
L"
b:t. :
l-: ,::
::
i
:
GHd'""
GH""
lft)
Flgurt
2-lB An MCT: (a)
circuir e1.mbols, ()
characreristics.
k)
i
d-u characterisric, (c) idealized
POII,'EB
SEI{ICONDLICTOR
"l
1"
lJ
*
"Jn,'
+ l-
uos
I
_,
(el
J,,
+
UAN
:rj
Figure
2-t0
A CTO: (a)
s.rnbol,
(bl
(b) i-a characteristio,
(r) idealized
charactcristics.
. tst
(b,
lit*':t1
Gate turn-off transint characteristics: (c) snubler circuir, () GTO run-off
cnaractertsttc.
30 CHAPTER
2 O\ER\IIE\\'
PO\IER SEI{IC0NDUCT0R
S}\TICHES
Voltage
Frequency
Figurc 2-14 srltnran'
of
'liln'cr
serlricrrdtctor
device capahilities'
All dei'ir:ts errtrt
thc
!\tCT har.e a relati'elr.'rature
recnelo-cr'.
o,r o,rlt crolutionar.'itttrr<'ttttertts.ill
tlc
de.ice capabitities
".;;;;;;i;",.J;',
,r.,i
',*,
f"o'i*u"'
I{':o't'er'
i\iCT rcch'rt'logv
is in a
sra(e of rapitl e.rpa"[.
""
*gnilicant
i,t,lro,'entents
in tlc tle'ice carabilities
are
p"tt;ftl-. o'. iu,li"ul.,l br- the e-*pansion
arron' il the diagran'
R
ll Pulso corto
*
Volrrie de
cofItgt rl
.[flffi
lbl Pubo lergo
(dl
Tren de pulsos
con macanismo de fompo y lgc AND
Aislmicnto por lransforrnador
de pulso.
(cl
C*-,s6s e lren de plsos
Figura 4-26
le
R
1
r
l-
I
I
I
I
I
L
f
L
R
Acoplador
ptico
- - - -J
Irigurl tl-42 Aislamicnro dc la compucrta
fxrr
copttd(rr (ptico.
Irl
-,t'
';
'l .
'i
,
'I
t
ldeal-
r'i
%n----J
l.*
Qi
Soorcc Lod
t=rt-Q"
I
(c)
(s)
5:-\
(-'
/
*t'-
'/j-'
Figurc 3-2
(b) .--
Figure 3'{ Nonsinusoidal waveforms in stcadv state.
Sinusoidal steadv $tate.
vm
0
i,
lTl
I
I
I
I
I
&
I
I
I
?r
I
I
I
0
{al Djagrarna @ c,lrcallo
tigurl 3-l{ l{cciifictkrr ronof:isict
<Jc
(bl Form de onda
ncdia <tn<h.
1 ]'=-"-"
"
R
l.
*
|
ll f,ligrrn e cicuito
*o-
lL
I
l:
I
(bl Form da onda
Dt conduco
D- conducg
(cl formas de onda
Rcctific;xtrr clc nlctli;l on?l con c:vga RL'
l:igu r:r 3- I6
I
I
I
I
I
ll
l;
"- -l
{al Diograrna de circuio
-
?v-
lbl Formas de onda
it
I
Ffure 3-lt Rcctificador {c on{a ctlmplcre con {nsformedor c<rn dcrivacjn ccntfal'
-
i*
t:
(rl
Oirgrrrnr do circuilo
I.'lgura 3-19 RectificatJor
pucnts dc ond complcta'
l!
t. '
l
[",
D3
R
VL
_E-
L
)""
t
\D.
Dzi
V
Vt.
0
L
1..,""
l
lmi^
0 On
1
.
r n+0
{b} Formas de onda lal Circuito.
l'igura 3-2I Rcctifica<los' dc ptrcntc complcto con carga r?1.
L=1.
-v.
o
-
l
{l Oigrm ds crcuiro
(b)
Form do ond
I;igura 3-20 Rcctificn<krr
l)lrcrttc
rlc onrta cotrrrlcla con c':rrga clc nlolor ccl.
L
f
+
i",
ol D:
J
D?q
D
62
Circuitos dc diodos y rectificadores Cap. 3
,d
L. ?,
I1
,"1
\L
)
+
(
P".
Figure 5-20 Practical diode-bridgc rectifier *.ith a filtcr
capacitor.
.d
+
+
C* u
E*d
4
Itrl
Figure 5-21 Equivalcnt
circuit of fi. 5-20.
Figurc
5-23
Starcbrns
in rhe circuit of 5-20, obtained in
'!
/;i\.
7,t^{ "J
i?ii,
ftrn
/
/'"..\
ti
\.
\:,.'
l'. /
'r\.
,//
l.x
t
\)'.
,//
\ ir*/
\n-47
F
Figurc
5-2{
Distoned
line corrcnr
in tlc rccrificr
of Fig. 5_30.
us
k'
':"tr'
/,'
,t/ Iroo
N.
,/f
\
h)
tigure 5-9 Line cuirenr r, in the idealized case.
Flguro 5-2*i Voltage waveform at the point of cornrnon coupting in the
circuit of Ft. 5-25.
**r
f''l
,;ir,,
dfri"
rl--:,i,,
(s)
Figure 5-33 Line currenr in a three-phase rectifier in
a constant dc current.
,.:
,'j
'
.: i
-';i..
'"
}i
r:,i. -.
\
tu
H
\(
H
I
$
d
a
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f
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t
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.
&
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X
a
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I
lla
dg
k
H .9
f!
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F
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o
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o ...
ok
oo
oi:
3
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k6
F r.
tal
ta
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N
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a
f&
o
fllr L
oa I
.-
o. ! :
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at
r.l
T ES
E,
lET b
E"E E
Vag r
o!{ .
.3
E
Js fl
)"5.2 'c
o .o a
co
4,r^ E
.8". &
:;i
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.4
ts
I
d
o
L
g,
.
l*
$
,.,..
rt
c
3
o
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taI
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.j
;
o
o 9'::
r I
ooo
>uk
--_lx
,-f
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lY"
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t';r:tt:
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'tf'."
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:
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,
l
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t--'
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+
l
c
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Pimaio
Secundaio lol
*
ur%
b
lc
Dr lD r D'
n
io.
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\ L_-
\l^_^a
It
iDs
r------:-
(
r;-
-
I,ol
iD
Ifigurl 3.25 Rcctificqdor pucnrc trifsico.
f)od'oa
*ldos
v-
.0
-{3
v,o
Y
{5 vn"
0
l3
l5 v-
a
5n
3
4n
3
2*.
3
Znr
33i
rrl -rt
v,n
R
ldr
:..! ..
-&
d
o
d
o
()
.tt
q
d
q

o
(J
6
ft
*
{)
FI
(E

vu
tr
IU
'F
U.
EE
OE
o
et
+.
E
8F
r^
$
frv
^+j
(,)
.i
\l!(]
dls
"i6
.)
f{>
!i'=
o
kFl l
"e)
f

t3
.... .';:;... .
'
'i l. .i;,:il. ..11
.:',.',
":
.'
t:
GI
a
a
s
a
u
t.-
b
a
a
r{-
a
"l
1
I -rl
Li
i{
!t
e
Fine
l-20 Tro Thrcc-Phrse Bridgs, Dclte-Wye
Sccondries in Scries
Figrre
l-21 Two Three-phsc
Brid6e,
Delt_\{ye
Secoodarics
in
pamllii-'
T
d
1
T"
E
_l
i
I
i
t z t+AC
Flgtrra 1-22 Two Doubtc-lfJes, [tt-Wyo
primrry
55X 3
Jx
li
3
o

6
6

t&

ri
t
isl
o

o
Er
k
o
,
0,
o
o
E

vt
t'l
I
U
.6

b0
Ei
;
Ct_.OOqO
'.o-tC}io
I
EJ..,
a
I
-3
s
e
a
t
T
3
rJ
a
o
g
3
e
iJ
a
Ir
i-=--'
sj'
f
.E
f
s
t'-
FF
15'
-6
/.)
L
*l
I: '
'
I
.
(c,
Forra3 &.nde
Figura 5-1 Conujdo,
monoffsico
de drbrtr, om carga resistivr
l.
_lr
V.p
Acli-
vado
v
0
v-V-nd
I
Corrienle de carga
trl
I
I
I
I
(bl
Cudrnre
l.
o
l
_lr
lcl Formas de onda
Figr
-a
5-3 Convcrridor
monofsico
complero.
h) Circuito
t
irl-
l:J=
/
iTt
:lr.|
le
2
iT.
lcf Circuito
i
3-...
i:'

(b)
Cudrne
-
T
-l*-T'
.1.
Tr
-l
.
T,
.f .
t,
.{
v1
Ys
va
=
V sen &
I
I
aor.un," de carga
I
t^
-
LOrf le
gn
I I
ol
G-*,
f
*,
'.
3r
.
(cl
Para cargas inductiva
Figura 5-7 Convcrridor rrifsico dc mcdia onda.
f-ltr

l
nL;'
r
tc

5
lr-lr
ir
T!
\
T3 T5
T
\
v^
ln br
rga
c \
T{
ir.
iT
lal Circuito
l.
Caga shament
inductiva
Actvedo
f-!l
,
r'.rn*l r,,r,
,.
rrr-
.
T'.T.-l* r..rs.f
.
t"t
*!
.ra
lTo
lrz lT.
Corrienle de carga
T6
{
T3
I
Y&
I
6
5
E-
to
11r
-E-
*o
.
I
(b) Fomas de onda
Figurr 5-10 Convenidor rifsico complerc.
d- tl3
Sec.5-9
Convertidores
trifiicos compl eGI
159
-+ THItEE.PFI,\SE CON\.ERTIRS r{1
(f)
o= 15o'
(g)
a=!8o'
Figure 6-?1 The dc-side voltage waveforrns as a
function of a vhere l/ao
=
L/(ztl3). (From ref. 2
with permission.)
6.+ THREE.PH..1,5E CONVERTERS 1,T3
(a)
a=O

(b)
e=3O'
(c)
a=6
(d)
c-9()"
(.J
d,= LzO"
(f)
a=Lso'
I
Figure 6-23 Line current
a" a funcdon of c. (\fith
pennission frorn ref. 2.)
L.
2
!'
c
a
b
c
a
b
c
Acivado
I
tr.t.
I
t,.t"
I
r,.r,
I
r.r
I
rr.T.
I
r..t,
I
rr.r.
I
r-r-l._
--t-t--r--r
la Carculo
-
vo2
t*"'
vil
Salid del converlidor 1 para ci
=
6t"
3
2
2
srl;du del convetdor 2 para oQ
=
17o"
v
voltaie del duclor
t-rt
l---";*li'
Figura 5-12 Convcrtidor trfsico duaJ.
i
b
Tl
T3
*f-
T5
T2
fv,
lio
;t
:-J
v3
I rz' I Ts' T.'
i.'
(r'
c
t'
r.
T.
e
T6
ri
\
. T3' Tr'
lb) Formas de onda
165"-
.'riii:.:.',,., :: Los rectificadores.contfolsdos,' cap. 5
tir'r(!)
(a)
llgune
t-9 kuert-r'avc n'itching.
{c)
Figure E-2{ Square-u'ave
inverter
(three phasc)'
(b)
Vu,t
v
1.2
1.0
o.8
o.6
o.4
0.2
o
ts79tl13
+
r
.-/-.-d
'-----rvrr.ff.i
VA,.
w
t{otch3
rl-
l{otch
llr
fiotch2
I
findnedcd
{"-rC
l(Ecr)
(.
-.a)
I
llplctrr
ht
(bt
Figure
E-3{ Prograrnrncd
harmonic elimination of fifth and sevcnth harmonics.
tl
Notch5 llotctt6
a
t
-

c
fa
t
t

-
E
u
o
2
20aog)
Frrdornntl
es e percnle3e
ol
,rnrinrm lDdtroentrl
wltage
204 CllAl'TEn I S\\lTClf-ltlODE
dc-ac IN\EIITIIRS: dc
*r
SINUSOIDAL
c
u lri
url,
lrldrnenll =
(uJf
orr)
T
Y!
Yt
2
l_
(b)
;
=
O.6. nl
=
Ls
(u;.t+A {2n+
.
HrrPnics hal
h
'-'--+
(cl
Figure 8-5 Putse-c'idth modulation.
1.2
t.o
0.8
o.6
o.{
o.2
o.o
(3m + 2)
tv,J
Y/2
216 CI{APTIn B S'\ITICI.I-MODE dc-nc Itr1'ERTEIIS: dc
*+
SlNlJSOtrD,tL rc
Ts+4
on
,/
utri
uo&lrd
(-u"u.*.)
>
r.o
o..
o.6
o.4
o.2
o
ue
1=
uAN
-
ugxl
-vd
aBN
o
rYJ*
vd
ml
,'/*
,*
#
(2nt
-
t) (2n + L)
le)
l"igure 8-15 P\\'l\l r,itlr urripolur voltogc swirclring
(si,,glc ptrusc).
) ul'*
(harmonics of /r)
,k
-'--
I
Futd.anental
0.2 0.1
0.2 0-4 0.6 0.8
0.8 t.0
1.0
0.6
n.t 4
mtl
! 2
?nr! I
?tnrt 3
!r
fur-!.2
fur! 4
1tryt I
luVt 3
k!! 5
t.242 l. t5 t.006
'0.8
t8 0.601
0.016 0.061 0.131 0.220 0.318
0. t 90 0,326
:0.370
0.3 14 0. I 8l
0.024 $.071 0.139 0.2t2
0.335.0.1?3 0.ffi3 0.r71 0.113
0.044 0.139 0.!m b.rro 0.062
0.012 CI.ot? o.lCIfr 0. t57
0.163 0.157 o.ffi 0.ffi5 o.fx8
0.0t2 0.0m 0.132 0.n5 0.009
CI.034 0"ffi4 o.ug
?nrt 5
0.013 0.033
Mr!6
o.CI16 0.014
1rr.-r 7
o.CIr? 0.050
Feorc:
trf;.lf Vl-
{f*i)Ltivrl t WrO * u ru,r* *rL.
Tablc E-2 Generalized Harmonics of a_ lot a l,arge and Odd
nrThat Ia a Multiple of 3.
me
mrt2
mr!4
Znrt I
?tnf t 5
3mt
q-
2
wt1
4fiif
+
I
h't 5
1mt*.7
0.0r0
0.1 l6
o.ozl
0. t00
0.037
0.200
0.085
0.007
0.096
0.080
o.22'r
0.t24
0.o29
0,05
0.02r
0.135 0.t95
0.m5 0.0il
0.192 0.1I I
0.008 0.021
0.1o8 O.cll
0.(f o.0-:
0.64 0.i 2
0.051 0.0'3
0.010 0,030
l{oe; (Yrr)y'Y arc tabulaicd as a funclion iif mo whcrc
(Y.f. rc c rm
vhcc of $e hermonic voltages,
0.2 0.1 0.6 0.8 t.0
wv
o
ug=tt-a3,
lv,fl
_T;
l'O
o.8
0.6
o.{
o.2
o
(m + 2)
Zmr
\
'
(2m
+ 1) (3n + 2)
Harmonics of
/
(c)
Figurc 8-22 Three-phase PVlvf waveforms ancl harmonic spectrum,

=
O.8. nl
=
ts
Figurc E-14 Tl.* <lc-side cumenr in a singh-prwsc ioverrer wirrr
pIM
bipolar voitege
switchrng.
Figure 8-l Tle dc-side current in a sing[e-phase invcrter witl
P\\/M unipolar voltagc switclring.
'.1
Irigurc 8-27 Input dc currcnt in a tlrrcc-rlasc ir'crrcr.
,-4