PlantDiversityChapter29

1. GeneralcharacteristicsofKingdomPlantae
a. eukaryotic,multicellular,withcellwallsrichincellulose
b. mostarephotosyntheticwithchloroplastscontainingchlorophyllsaandb
carotenoids
c. allhavealternationofgenerations
d. dominatenearlyallterrestrialcommunitiesandaremajorproducersinmost
habitats
e. sourceoffood,clothing,shelterandmuchoftheoxygenintheatmosphere
f. about300,00describedlivingspeciesin10phyla
g. Twogroups
i. nonvascularplants[agrade]
ii. vascularplants[aclade]
h. vascularplantsarefurtherdividedintothosewithoutseeds[agrade]andthose
withseeds[aclade]
2. Evolutionaryoriginandadaptationstoland
a. relatedtogreenalgae
i. similarchloroplasts
ii. celluloseincellwalls
iii. starchasenergyreserve
iv. formationofcellplateduringcelldivision
v. geneticsimilaritiesespeciallyinrRNA
vi. distinguishedfromgreenalgaebecausediploidformalwaysbegins
developmentwithinthetissuesofthehaploidformandalwayshave
heteromorphy[differentlooking]haploidanddiploidforms
vii. alsodistinguishedbyadaptationstosurvivalonland,includingprotecting
embryos
b. revisedclassification:KingdomViridiplantae
i. cladisticanalysisshowsnocleardivisionbetweenplants[traditional
KingdomPlantae]andgreenalgae[traditionalPhylumChlorophyta]
ii. Instead,traditionallandplantstogetherwithsomegreenalgaeapparently
formamonophyleticgroupcalledStreptophyta
iii. thestreptophytatogetherwiththerestofgreenalgaeapparentlyforma
monophyleticgroupcalledViridiplantae[increasinglyaccepted]
c. Evolutionarytrendfromlowertohigherplantsisareductionofthegametophyte
generationandexpansionofsporophytegenerationthathasmoreprotectionof
embryo
i. nonvascularplants[mosses,liverworts,hornworts]thegametophyteis
green,freeliving,andthedominantgeneration
ii. seedlessvascularplants[fernsandfernallies]thegametophyteisgreen
andfreelivingbutthesporophyteisdominantgeneration
iii. vascularseedplants[gymnospermsandangiosperms]thegametophyteis
nutritionallydependentonsporophyteormaybp\beSaprobic[derives
energyfromnonlivingorganicmatter]sporophyteisdominantgeneration
3. Nonvascularplants
a. plantslackingspecializedtubesforconductingwaterandnutrients
b. gametophytesarephotosyntheticandfreelivingandaredominantgeneration
c. sporophytesareattachedtoanddependentongametophytes
d. primitive,mostlikelythemostsimilartothefirstplants
e. requireexternalwaterforspermtoreacheggsforsexualreproduction[swimming
sperm]
f. notrueleaves,stems,orroots
g. small,rarelymorethan7cmtall
h. mostcommoninandmostlylimitedtomoistplaces
i. sometimescalledbryophytes
j. threephyla:
i. Hepatophytaliverworts
ii. Anthocerophytahornworts
iii. Bryophytamosses
4. Hepatophyta
a. Somehaveflattenedbodiescalledthalliwithlobesresemblingliver
i. wyrtisoldEnglishforplant:thusthenameliverworts
b. thalloidformsonly20%ofphylum,restlooklikemosses
c. simplerthanmosses
i. gametophytesdevelopalmostdirectlyfromspores[reducedprotonema]
ii. gametophtegrowthisprostrate[flat]noterect
iii. rhizoidsareonecelled
d. sexualreproductionsimilartomosseswith2smalldifferences
i. antheridiaonstalkscalledantheridiophores
ii. archegoniaonstalkscalledarchegoniophores
e. asexualreproductionoccursinthalloidformsfromGemmaewhicharesplashed
outofgemmacupsonleaves
f. about9000livingspecies
5. Anthocerophyta
a. hornworts
b. thalloidgametophyteslookmuchlikethalloidliverworts
c. cellstypicallyhavesinglechloroplastmuchlikechloroplastofgreenalgae
d. sporophyteispartiallyindependentfromgametophyte
i. greenandphotosynthetic
ii. functionalstomata
iii. stillembeddedingametophyteandgetssomenutritionfromit
e. about100livingspecies
6. Bryophyta
a. mosses
b. smallleavesarrangedspirallyoralternatelywoundastemlikeaxis
c. anchoredtosubstratewithrootlikerhizoids
i. nottrueroots,novasculartissue,verylittlewaterabsorption
d. mostwatertravelsupoutsideofplantbycapillaryaction
e. sexualreproduction
i. maleantheridiaandfemalearchegoniaonsameorseparateplants
ii. spermmaedeinantheridiaswimtoarchegoniausingflagellathroughdew
orrainwater
iii. spermuniteswithegginArchegoniumformingdiploidzygote
iv. zygoteundergoiesmitosisanddevelopsintosporophyte
1. Slenderstalkswithswollencapsule[sporangium]attip
2. baseembeddedingametophyte
3. dependentongametophytefornutrients
v. sporemothercellsinsporangiumproducehaploidspores
vi. atmaturitytheoutercoveringofsporangiumpopsoffreleasingthespores
vii. ifsporeslandlandinrightenvironment[moist]theygrowintoprotonemata
[singularisprotonema]
viii. budsfromaprotonemabecomeanewgametophyteplant
f. about15,000livingspecies
g. cansurivesomedroughtconditions[notfoundindeserts]
h. mostareverysensitivetoairpollutionsocanbeagoodindicatorofairquality
i. importantproducersinhabitatssuchasbogs,arctic,andantarctic
j. mostabundantplantsinArcticandAntarctic
k. peatmoss[sphagnummaoss]foundinpeatbogs
i. bogsarewetlandswithveryacidic,waterloggedsoils
ii. inbogs,sphagnummossbuildsupaspeat
iii. peatbogsareabundant
1. about1billionacrusofpeatbogsinworld[mostareinNorthern
hemisphere]
2. coverabout1%ofearthslandsurface
iv. harvestingpeatisanimportantindustryinCanada
v. peatisusedassoilconditioner
1. canhold25%ofweightinwater
vi. canalsobeusedasfuel
vii. slowdecompositioninpeatbogsmakesthemexcellentarcheological
sites
1. boidesandartifactsburriedinbogsareusuallywellpreserved[bog
people]
7. Vascularplants
a. plantswithxylemandphloem
b. abletodominantemostterrestrialhabitatsbecauseofvasculartissue,waxy
cuticle,stomata
c. conductingtissues[xylemandphloem]arecalledvasculartissue
i. Cylindricalorelongatedcellsthatformanetworkthroughtheplant
ii. xylem
1. conductswateranddissolvedmineralupward
2. typicallydeadcells
3. atleatpartiallylignified[ligninisahighlybranchedpolymersthat
makescellwallmorerigid]
iii. phloem
1. transportscarbohydratesinsolutionupanddown
2. livingcells
iv. onlywithvasculartissueyouhavetrueLeaves,stems,androots
d. sporophyteisdominant
e. vasculartissueusuallyfoundonlyinsporophytegeneration
f. seeds[whenpresent]arehighlyresistantstructuresthatincreaseabilityof
developingembryostosurviveonland
g. dividedintoseedlessandseedforminggroups
8. seedlessvascularplants
a. fernsandfernallies
b. sporophyteisdominantandcangrowindependentofgametophyte
c. gametophyteissmallandreducedbutgrowsindependentofsporophyte
d. dominatedthelandduringCarboniferousperiod[354290millionyearago]
becomingasourceofcoal
i. coalisincompletelydecomposed,highlycompressed,carbonrichrock
derivedmainlyfrombodiesofancientseedlessvascularplants[fossilfuel]
ii. over1/2ofUSelectricityproductionfromcoal
e. atleat3extinctphylainfossilrecord[PhylumRhyniophyta]
f. 4phyla,withlivingmembers
i. Lycophyta
ii. Pterophyta
iii. Psilophyta
iv. Arthrophyta
9. ExtinctPhylumRhyniophyta
a. oldestvascularplantfossils
b. branchingaxiswithnoleavesorroots
c. sporangiaatendofbranches
d. looklikemodernWhiskferns
e. homosporous:onlyonesporetype,soonlyonegametophytetype
10. PhylumLycophyta
a. clubmosses
b. about1000livingspecies,mostintropicsandmanyareendangered
c. includesresurrectionplants
d. apparentlyevolvedseparatelyfromtheotherseedlessvascularplants
e. small,resemblingmosses,butvascularwithadominantsporophyte
f. leafystemsusually<30cmlong
g. leavesalsocalledmicrophyllswithverylittlevasculartissue[singlevein]
h. homosporousandheterosporousGenera
i. heterosporous:plantmakestwotypesofmeiosporesresultingintwo
typesofgametophytes
ii. megasporeisthelargerofthetwoandgrowsintothefemalgametophyte
iii. microsporegrowsviamitosisintomakegametophyte
i. sexualreproductionsimilartothatofferns
j. sporangiagrowfromspecializedleavescalledsporophylls
i. clusteredinaconelikestrobilus
11. PhylumPterophyta
a. ferns
b. about12,000livingspecies
i. 3/4ofthemaretropical
c. mostleafysomearetreeferns
d. mosthomosporous,fewheterosporous
e. lifecycleSimilartomossexceptdecreasedgametophyte,independentand
dominantsporophyte
i. gametophyte
1. germinatingsporedividesbymitosisandformsmulticellular
protonema
2. protonemagrowsintomaturegametophytecalledprothallus
a. heartshaped
b. mostlyonecellthickandhasrhizoids
ii. gametesproducedinmaleantheridiaandfemalearchegoniaonsameor
separate
iii. Prothallispermswimtoarchegoniausingflagellasotheyrequireawater
sourcetoswimin
iv. spermuniteswitheggformingdiploidygote
v. zygoteundergoesmitoticdivisionstoformsporophyte
vi. sporophytegrowsoutofthegametophyteandtakesover
1. larger,vascular,photosynthetic,andresponsibleforitsown
nutrition
vii. typicallyhashorizontalundergroundstemcalledrhizome
viii. leaves[fronds]developfromrhizomeascoiledfiddleheads
ix. formstalkedsporangiainclusterscalledsori,usuallyonthebacksofthe
fronds
x. sporemothercellsinsporangiumproducehaploidspores
xi. atmaturity,outercoveringofsporangiumsnapsoff,catapultingthespores
xii. ifsporeisinrightenvironmentitgerminates[moist]
12. PhylumPsilophyta
a. whiskferns
b. simplestlivingplants
i. notruerootsorleaves
ii. forkinggreenstems[phototsynthetic,truestems]
c. sexualreproductionllikeferns[antheridiaarchegonia,swimmingsperm]
d. allhomosporous
e. sporophytedominantgeneration
f. gametophytessmall,colorless
i. insoilbeneathsporophytes
ii. assoc,withfungi
iii. saprobicorparasitic
iv. somehaveelementsofvasculartissue[onlygametophytesknownto
havethis]
g. tropicalnadsubtropical
h. only6knownlibingspecies
13. PhylumArthrophyta
a. horsetails
b. 15knownlivingspecies
c. most<1Mtall,some3mtall
d. widelyscatteredindampregionsthroughoutworldsporophytedominant
i. branchingundergroundrhizomeswithrootsatthenodes
ii. hollow,ribbed,jointedphotosyntheticstems
iii. whorlsofscalelikenonphotosyntheticleavesatnodesonstems
iv. stemshollow
v. silicadepositsinsomeepidermalcells[stiffens,protectsfrompredators]
vi. somearecalledscouringrushesbecausetheywereusedbypioneers
forscrubbingdishes
e. mostarehomosporous
f. sexualreproductionsimilartoferns
g. sporangiaonundersideofstalkedstructurescalledSporangiophores
h. sporangiaonundersideofstalkedstructurescalledSporangiophores
i. Sporangiophoresclusteredinaconelikestructurecalledstrobilusattip