1.

0 Introduction

COMPUTER NETWORK
A computer network is a system of interconnected computers and peripheral devices. For
example, it may connect computers, printers, scanners and cameras. Using hardware and
software, these interconnected computing devices can communicate with each other through
defined rules of data communications. In a network, computers can exchange and share
information and resources.

A computer network may operate on wired connections or wireless connections. When two or
more networks are linked or connected and are able to communicate with one another using
suitable hardware and software, it is called an internetwork.


COMMUNICATIONS
Communications is about the transfer of information from a sender, across a distance, to a
receiver. Using electricity, radio waves or light, information and data in the form of codes are
transmitted through a physical medium such as wire, cable, or even the atmosphere.

Therefore, in order to make communications possible from computers, across telephones and
radios and back to computers and other digital devices again, there must be a signal translator,
which we call a modem. The modem, which is short for modulator or demodulator, converts
digital signals into analog and back again into digital signals for information to move across the
telephone line.





2.0 Mobile Computing
2.1 Defination
Mobile computing is humancomputer interaction by which a computer is expected to
be transported during normal usage. Mobile computing involves mobile communication,
mobile hardware, and mobile software. Communication issues include ad hoc and
infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats and
concrete technologies. Hardware includes mobile devices or device components. Mobile
software deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications.

Mobile Computing is "taking a computer and all necessary files and software out into the
field". Mobile computing is any type of computing which use Internet or intranet and
respective communications links, as WAN, LAN, WLAN etc. Mobile computers may
form a wireless personal network or a piconet


















2.2 Specification, services and frequencies of Mobile Computing

Apple iPhone 5S
Specification -HSDPA: 42 Mbps
: 21 Mbps
-HSUPA : 5.76 Mbps
-LTE : 100 Mbps
-Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n, dual-band, Wi-Fi hotspot
-iOS 7, upgradable to iOS 7.1.1, planned upgrade to iOS 8
Services -A-GPS support and GLONASS
-iMessage, SMS (threaded view), MMS, Email, Push Email
-Bluetooth v4.0 with A2DP
- Twitter and Facebook integration
-TV-out, iCloud cloud service, Image viewer/editor
-iBooks PDF reader, Document viewer/editor ((Word, Excel, PowerPoint)
Frequencies -2G Network, GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 - all models
CDMA 800 / 1700 / 1900 / 2100 - A1533 (CDMA),

-3G Network, HSDPA 850 / 900 / 1700 / 1900 / 2100 - A1533 (GSM),
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO - A1533 (CDMA), A1453
HSDPA 850 / 900 / 1900 / 2100 - A1457, A1530

-4G Network, LTE- all models



3.0 Internet Technology and Services
3.1 VoIP
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a methodology and group of technologies for the
delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP)
networks, such as the Internet. Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony,
Internet telephony, voice over broadband (VoBB), broadband telephony, IP communications,
and broadband phone service.
VoIP systems employ session control and signaling protocols to control the signaling, set-up,
and tear-down of calls. They transport audio streams over IP networks using special media
delivery protocols that encode voice, audio, video with audio codecs, and video codecs as
Digital audio by streaming media. Various codecs exist that optimize the media stream based
on application requirements and network bandwidth; some implementations rely on
narrowband and compressed speech, while others support high fidelity stereo codecs. Some
popular codecs include -law and a-law versions of G.711, G.722, which is a high-fidelity
codec marketed as HD Voice by Polycom, a popular open source voice codec known as
iLBC, a codec that only uses 8 kbit/s each way called G.729, and many others.
VoIP is available on many smartphones, personal computers, and on Internet access devices.
Calls and SMS text messages may be sent over 3G or Wi-Fi.


3.2 BLOG
A blog (a truncation of the expression web log) is a discussion or informational site
published on the World Wide Web and consisting of discrete entries ("posts")
typically displayed in reverse chronological order (the most recent post appears first).
Until 2009 blogs were usually the work of a single individual, occasionally of a small
group, and often covered a single subject. More recently "multi-author blogs"
(MABs) have developed, with posts written by large numbers of authors and
professionally edited. MABs from newspapers, other media outlets, universities, think
tanks, advocacy groups and similar institutions account for an increasing quantity of
blog traffic. The rise of Twitter and other "microblogging systems helps integrate
MABs and single-author blogs into societal newstreams. Blog can also be used as a
verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.

Many blogs provide commentary on a particular subject; others function as more
personal online diaries; others function more as online brand advertising of a
particular individual or company. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to
other blogs, Web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to
leave comments in an interactive format is an important contribution to the popularity
of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (art
blogs), photographs (photoblogs), videos (video blogs or "vlogs"), music (MP3
blogs), and audio (podcasts). Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring
very short posts. In education, blogs can be used as instructional resources. These
blogs are referred to as edublogs.





4.0 Types of network
4.1 PAN
A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for data transmission among
devices such as computers, telephones and personal digital assistants. PANs can be used for
communication among the personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or for
connecting to a higher level network and the Internet (an uplink).
A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a personal area network a network for
interconnecting devices centered on an individual person's workspace in which the
connections are wireless. Wireless PAN is based on the standard IEEE 802.15. The two kinds of
wireless technologies used for WPAN are Bluetooth and Infrared Data Association.
A WPAN could serve to interconnect all the ordinary computing and communicating devices
that many people have on their desk or carry with them today; or it could serve a more
specialized purpose such as allowing the surgeon and other team members to communicate
during an operation.

4.2 VPN
A virtual private network (VPN) extends a private network across a public network, such as
the Internet. It enables a computer to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if
it is directly connected to the private network, while benefiting from the functionality, security
and management policies of the private network. A VPN is created by establishing a virtual
point-to-point connection through the use of dedicated connections, virtual tunneling protocols,
or traffic encryptions.
Through VPN you can access your private network over Internet.
A virtual private network connection across the Internet is similar to a wide area network (WAN)
link between sites. From a user perspective, the extended network resources are accessed in the
same way as resources available within the private network.
VPNs allow employees to securely access their company's intranet while traveling outside the
office. Similarly, VPNs securely connect geographically disparate offices of an organization,
creating one cohesive network. VPN technology is also used by Internet users to connect to
proxy servers for the purpose of protecting personal identity and location.

4.3 WLAN
A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some wireless
distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually providing a
connection through an access point to the wider Internet. This gives users the ability to move
around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network. Most modern WLANs
are based on IEEE 802.11 standards, marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name.
Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of installation, and in commercial
complexes offering wireless access to their customers; often for free. New York City, for
instance, has begun a pilot program to provide city workers in all five boroughs of the city with
wireless Internet access.




4.4 WIMAX
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communications
standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, with the 2011 update
providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX
Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the
standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery
of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL".

WiMAX can provide at-home or mobile Internet access across whole cities or countries. In many
cases this has resulted in competition in markets which typically only had access through an
existing incumbent DSL (or similar) operator.
Additionally, given the relatively low costs associated with the deployment of a WiMAX
network (in comparison with 3G, HSDPA, xDSL, HFC or FTTx), it is now economically viable
to provide last-mile broadband Internet access in remote locations.

5.0 Conclusion
We can conclude that computer networks and communication makes our life easier to
communicate with each other and the world using the computer


Reference
http://ictsmksh.blogspot.com/2010/07/introduction-to-computer-networks-and.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_computing
http://www.gsmarena.com/apple_iphone_5s-5685.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_over_IP
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_network
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX
http://www.scribd.com/doc/18422189/Computer-Networks-and-Communication-Form-4











Name : Amer Firdaus Bin Mohd Rasid
IC : 970817-10-5657
Group member : Amir Arman Bin Mohd Khalid
Class : 5 Sains 3
Lab A

Title : The Latest Development in Networks and
Communications