GATE AEROSPACE FORUM

GATEAEROSPACEFORUM Delhi Classes

Study Guide
Prepared by : Mr.Akhil Mulloth
Date : 11/16/2012

CONTENTS
FLUID AND AERO DYNAMICS .......................................................................................................................................... 11
1.

Fluid Dynamics ............................................................................................................................................................. 11

1.1.

Basic Concepts ..................................................................................................................................................... 11

1.1.1.

Types of fluid flows .................................................................................................................................. 11

1.1.2.

Stream line .................................................................................................................................................. 11

1.1.3.

Streak line .................................................................................................................................................... 11

1.1.4.

path line ........................................................................................................................................................ 11

1.1.5.

velocity field................................................................................................................................................ 11

1.1.6.

Newtons law of Viscosity ..................................................................................................................... 11

1.2.

Conservation Equations .................................................................................................................................. 11

1.2.1.

Continuity equation ................................................................................................................................. 11

1.2.2.

Momentum Equation .............................................................................................................................. 11

1.2.3.

Energy Equation........................................................................................................................................ 11

1.3.

Kelvins Theorem ............................................................................................................................................... 11

1.4.

Helmoltz theorem .............................................................................................................................................. 11

1.5.

Biot Savarts Law ................................................................................................................................................ 11

1.5.1.
1.6.

Vortex interaction .................................................................................................................................... 11

Potential Flows.................................................................................................................................................... 11

1.6.1.

Uniform Flows ........................................................................................................................................... 11

1.6.2.

Uniform Flow with angle of attack .................................................................................................... 11

1.6.3.

Sorce and Sink flow.................................................................................................................................. 12

1.6.4.

Doublet flow................................................................................................................................................ 12

1.6.5.

Half Body (source + uniform flow).................................................................................................... 12

1.6.6.

Rankine Oval (doublet + uniform Flow) ......................................................................................... 12

1.6.7.

Vortex flow .................................................................................................................................................. 12

2.

1.6.8.

Vortex doublet ........................................................................................................................................... 12

1.6.9.

Corner flows ............................................................................................................................................... 12

1.6.10.

Stationary cylinder................................................................................................................................... 12

1.6.11.

Rotating cylinder ...................................................................................................................................... 12

1.6.12.

Blasius theorem......................................................................................................................................... 12

1.6.13.

Stationary cylinder 2 ............................................................................................................................... 12

1.6.14.

Rotating cylinder 2................................................................................................................................... 12

1.6.15.

Corner flow + cylinderical flow........................................................................................................... 12

1.6.16.

Misc flows ................................................................................................................................................... 12

1.6.17.

Vortex combinations .............................................................................................................................. 12

Viscous flows ................................................................................................................................................................. 12

2.1.

Flow b/w 2 flat plate......................................................................................................................................... 12

2.2.

Plane coutte flow ................................................................................................................................................ 12

2.3.

Plane Poisule flow .............................................................................................................................................. 12

2.4.

Combination of Coutte & Poisulle flow .................................................................................................... 12

2.5.

Poisulle flow in polar coordinates (pipe flow) ....................................................................................... 12

2.6.

Flow b/w 2 concentric cylinders ................................................................................................................. 12

2.6.1.

Free vortex case ........................................................................................................................................ 12

2.6.2.

Forced Vortex case ................................................................................................................................... 12

2.7.

Multiple Fluid b/w 2 flat plates..................................................................................................................... 12

2.8.

Boundary Layer (external Viscous flows) ................................................................................................ 13

2.8.1.

B.L. Approximations ................................................................................................................................ 13

2.8.2.

Displacement thickness ......................................................................................................................... 13

2.8.3.

Momentum thickness.............................................................................................................................. 13

2.8.4.
3.

Von Karmen Momentum integral equation ................................................................................... 13

Gas Dynamics................................................................................................................................................................. 13
3.1.

Basic Thermodynamics.................................................................................................................................... 13

3.1.1.

Equation of state ....................................................................................................................................... 13

3.1.2.

Internal energy .......................................................................................................................................... 13

3.1.3.

Enthalpy ....................................................................................................................................................... 13

3.1.4.

Entropy ......................................................................................................................................................... 13

3.1.5.

Isentropic ..................................................................................................................................................... 13

3.1.6.

Iso baric ........................................................................................................................................................ 13

3.1.7.

Iso choric ...................................................................................................................................................... 13

3.1.8.

Isothermal ................................................................................................................................................... 13

3.1.9.

adiabatic ....................................................................................................................................................... 13

3.1.10.

T-S Diagrams and there variations .................................................................................................... 13

3.2.

Compressibility of any fluid ........................................................................................................................... 13

3.3.

Speed of sound .................................................................................................................................................... 13

3.4.

Pitot tube ( sub sonic compressible flow)................................................................................................ 13

3.5.

Normal shock ....................................................................................................................................................... 13

3.5.1.

Continuity equation ................................................................................................................................. 13

3.5.2.

Momentum equation ............................................................................................................................... 13

3.5.3.

Prandtl relation ......................................................................................................................................... 13

3.6.

Oblique Shocks .................................................................................................................................................... 14

3.6.1.

Theta beta M relation .............................................................................................................................. 14

3.6.2.

Interaction of Shocks............................................................................................................................... 14

3.6.3.

Prandtl Mayer relation {theta = V(M2)- V(M1)} .......................................................................... 14

3.7.

Expansion Fan ..................................................................................................................................................... 14

3.8.

Nozzles and diffusers ........................................................................................................................................ 14

3.9.

Pitot tube (supersonic case) .......................................................................................................................... 14

3.10.

Compressible potential flows and linearized theory ...................................................................... 14

3.10.1.

Basic relations ............................................................................................................................................ 14

3.10.2.

Wavy wall..................................................................................................................................................... 14

3.11.
4.

Critical Mach Number .................................................................................................................................. 14

Aerodynamics................................................................................................................................................................ 14
4.1.

Thin airfoil theory .............................................................................................................................................. 14

4.1.1.

Moment about leading edge ................................................................................................................. 14

4.1.2.

Moment about quarter Chord.............................................................................................................. 14

4.2.

High lift devices (Leading Edge and Flaps) ............................................................................................. 14

4.2.1.
4.3.

Finite wing theory .............................................................................................................................................. 14

4.3.1.
5.

Effect of slats and flaps on lift curve ................................................................................................. 14

elliptical wing plan-o-form ................................................................................................................... 14

Wind tunnel testing..................................................................................................................................................... 14

5.1.

Pressure measurement .................................................................................................................................... 15

5.2.

temperature measurement ............................................................................................................................ 15

5.3.

velocity measurement ...................................................................................................................................... 15

5.4.

Density of fluid .................................................................................................................................................... 15

5.4.1.

Shadowgraphy ........................................................................................................................................... 15

5.4.2.

Schlieren ....................................................................................................................................................... 15

5.4.3.

Interferometry ........................................................................................................................................... 15

5.5.

Flow rate measurement .................................................................................................................................. 15

PERFORMANCE AND FLIGHT MECHANICS ................................................................................................................ 15

1.

Atmosphere .................................................................................................................................................................... 15

2.

Performance................................................................................................................................................................... 15
2.1.

Equation of Motion ............................................................................................................................................ 15

2.2.

power and thrust for steady level flight ................................................................................................... 15

2.2.1.

Thrust required ......................................................................................................................................... 15

2.2.2.

Power required.......................................................................................................................................... 15

2.3.

Comparison of characteristic variables for Jet and Propeller aircrafts ....................................... 15

2.4.

Rate of Climb Characteristics of Jet and Propeller aircrafts ............................................................ 15

2.5.

Time of climb ....................................................................................................................................................... 16

2.6.

Service Ceiling of JET and Propeller aircrafts......................................................................................... 16

2.7.

Gliding Fligth ........................................................................................................................................................ 16

2.8.

Specific Fuel Consumption ............................................................................................................................. 16

2.8.1.

Range and endurance Propeller ......................................................................................................... 16

2.8.2.

Range and endurance Jet ....................................................................................................................... 16

2.9.

Takeoff and Landing ......................................................................................................................................... 16

2.9.1.

3.

Effect of altitude and weight ................................................................................................................ 16

2.10.

Level turn .......................................................................................................................................................... 16

2.11.

Pull up and Pull down .................................................................................................................................. 16

2.12.

Vn diagram ....................................................................................................................................................... 16

2.13.

Tail and Head wind ....................................................................................................................................... 16

Stability ............................................................................................................................................................................ 16
3.1.

Wing alone ............................................................................................................................................................ 16

3.2.

Wing + tail ............................................................................................................................................................. 16

3.3.

Static margin ........................................................................................................................................................ 16

3.4.

Control surfaces .................................................................................................................................................. 16

3.5.

Stick fixed stability............................................................................................................................................. 16

3.6.

Phugoid................................................................................................................................................................... 16

3.7.

Stick force and stick gearing .......................................................................................................................... 16

3.8.

Lateral stability ................................................................................................................................................... 16

3.8.1.

Strip theory ................................................................................................................................................. 16

3.8.2.

Ailerons......................................................................................................................................................... 17

3.9.

Relation between analytical and experimental side slip ................................................................... 17

3.10.

Euler angles...................................................................................................................................................... 17

3.11.

Force and moment derivative .................................................................................................................. 17

3.12.

Types of eigen values and their significance ..................................................................................... 17

3.13.

Short period and long period approximations .................................................................................. 17

SPACE DYNAMICS ................................................................................................................................................................. 17

1.

Gravitations .................................................................................................................................................................... 17

1.

Orbits ................................................................................................................................................................................ 17

PROPULSION ........................................................................................................................................................................... 17
1.

2.

Fundamentals ................................................................................................................................................................ 17
1.1.

Important dates .................................................................................................................................................. 17

1.2.

types of propulsion systems .......................................................................................................................... 17

1.3.

Propulsive efficiency ......................................................................................................................................... 17

1.4.

Thermal efficiency ............................................................................................................................................. 17

1.5.

Overall efficiency ................................................................................................................................................ 18

1.6.

Specific impulse .................................................................................................................................................. 18

1.7.

Brayton Cycle ....................................................................................................................................................... 18

Jet propulsion ................................................................................................................................................................ 18

2.1.

Turbojet Engines (Parametric analysis) ................................................................................................... 18

2.1.1.
2.2.

Specific Thrust & Specific fuel consumption ................................................................................. 18

Turbojet Engine with After burner (Parametric analysis)................................................................ 18

2.2.1.

Specific Thrust & Specific fuel consumption ................................................................................. 18

2.3.

Turbofan Engines (Parametric analysis).................................................................................................. 18

2.3.1.
2.4.

Ramjet Engines (Parametric analysis) ...................................................................................................... 18

2.4.1.
2.5.

Specific Thrust & Specific fuel consumption ................................................................................. 18

Centrifugal Compressors................................................................................................................................. 18

2.5.1.

Work energy theorem............................................................................................................................. 18

2.5.2.

Isentropic efficiency ................................................................................................................................ 18

2.5.3.

Type of blades ............................................................................................................................................ 18

2.6.

Axial Compressors ............................................................................................................................................. 18

2.6.1.

Velocity triangle and relations ............................................................................................................ 18

2.6.2.

De Haller number ..................................................................................................................................... 19

2.6.3.

Diffusion Factor ......................................................................................................................................... 19

2.6.4.

Blockage Factor ......................................................................................................................................... 19

2.6.5.

Degree of reaction .................................................................................................................................... 19

2.6.6.

Radial equilibrium equation ................................................................................................................ 19

2.6.7.

Blade design ................................................................................................................................................ 19

2.6.8.

Flow losses in compressor .................................................................................................................... 19

2.7.

3.

Specific Thrust & Specific fuel consumption ................................................................................. 18

Turbines ................................................................................................................................................................. 19

2.7.1.

Velocity triangle and relations ............................................................................................................ 19

2.7.2.

Degree of reaction .................................................................................................................................... 19

2.7.3.

Blade design ................................................................................................................................................ 19

2.7.4.

Blade cooling .............................................................................................................................................. 19

2.8.

Combustion Chamber ....................................................................................................................................... 19

2.9.

Intakes .................................................................................................................................................................... 19

Rocket propulsion ....................................................................................................................................................... 20

MATHEMATICS....................................................................................................................................................................... 20
1.

Vector calculus .............................................................................................................................................................. 20

2.

Matrix / Linear algebra ............................................................................................................................................. 20

3.

Numerical methods ..................................................................................................................................................... 20

4.

Laplace equation .......................................................................................................................................................... 17

5.

Calculus ........................................................................................................................................................................... 20

6.

Differential And Integral Calculus ........................................................................................................................ 20

Structure ................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
1.

Solid Mechanics ............................................................................................................................................................ 20

1.1.

Stress & strain...................................................................................................................................................... 21

1.2.

Equilibrium equations...................................................................................................................................... 21

1.3.

Surface traction ................................................................................................................................................... 21

1.4.

Principal stresses ............................................................................................................................................... 21

1.5.

Principal shear stress ....................................................................................................................................... 21

1.6.

Stress transformation....................................................................................................................................... 21

1.7.

Stress to strain..................................................................................................................................................... 21

1.7.1.

Anisotropic Materials.............................................................................................................................. 21

1.7.2.

Orthotropic Materials ............................................................................................................................. 21

1.7.3.

Isotropic Materials ................................................................................................................................... 21

1.8.

Plain stress and plain strain........................................................................................................................... 21

1.9.

Compatibility equations .................................................................................................................................. 21

1.10.

relation between Bulk and Youngs Modulus .................................................................................... 21

1.11.

Airys stress function ................................................................................................................................... 21

1.12.

Torsion ............................................................................................................................................................... 21

1.13.

Prandtls stress function ............................................................................................................................. 21

1.14.

General formula for Torsion ..................................................................................................................... 21

1.15.

Torsion in circular bars............................................................................................................................... 21

1.16.

Torsion in thin rectangular bars ............................................................................................................ 21

1.17.

Torsion in thin closed section .................................................................................................................. 21

1.17.1.
1.18.

Torsion in multi cells ................................................................................................................................... 21

1.19.

Buckling ............................................................................................................................................................. 21

1.19.1.

Pin-Pin ........................................................................................................................................................... 22

1.19.2.

Fixed-Free .................................................................................................................................................... 22

1.19.3.

Fixed-Fixed .................................................................................................................................................. 22

1.19.4.

Fixed-Hinged .............................................................................................................................................. 22

1.19.5.

Slenderness Ratio ..................................................................................................................................... 22

1.19.6.

Rankine Crush vs Buckling ................................................................................................................... 22

1.20.

2.

Failure theory.................................................................................................................................................. 22

1.20.1.

Maximum Stress Theory ........................................................................................................................ 22

1.20.2.

Maximum Strain Theory ........................................................................................................................ 22

1.20.3.

Maximum Shear Stress Theory ........................................................................................................... 22

1.20.4.

Maximum Strain Energy Theory ........................................................................................................ 22

1.20.5.

Maximum Shear Strain Energy Theory ........................................................................................... 22

1.21.

Shear Force and Bending Moment ......................................................................................................... 22

1.22.

Shear flow and Shear Centre ................................................................................................................... 22

Aircraft Structure ......................................................................................................................................................... 22

2.1.

3.

Bredth Bracus theorem .......................................................................................................................... 21

Materials ................................................................................................................................................................ 22

Vibration .......................................................................................................................................................................... 22
3.1.

Springs .................................................................................................................................................................... 22

3.1.1.

Parallel .......................................................................................................................................................... 22

3.1.2.

Series ............................................................................................................................................................. 22

3.2.

Waves ...................................................................................................................................................................... 22

3.2.1.

As sum of Sin & Cos .................................................................................................................................. 23

3.2.2.

Addition of waves ..................................................................................................................................... 23

3.3.

Fundamental equation without viscous effects ..................................................................................... 23

3.4.

Fundamental equation with viscous effects (damping) ..................................................................... 23

3.4.1.

Un-damped .................................................................................................................................................. 23

3.4.2.

Under-damped ........................................................................................................................................... 23

3.4.3.

Critically-damped ..................................................................................................................................... 23

3.4.4.

Over-damped.............................................................................................................................................. 23

3.5.

Lumped masses 23

3.6.

Continuous System .20

FLUID AND AERO DYNAMICS

1. FLUID DYNAMICS
1.1.BASIC CONCEPTS
1.1.1. TYPES OF FLUID FLOWS
1.1.2. STREAM LINE
1.1.3. STREAK LINE
1.1.4. PATH LINE
1.1.5. VELOCITY FIELD
1.1.5.1.
1.1.5.2.
1.1.5.3.
1.1.5.4.

Steady & unsteady

1D
2D
3D

1.1.6. NEWTONS LAW OF VISCOSITY

1.2.CONSERVATION EQUATIONS
1.2.1. CONTINUITY EQUATION
1.2.2. MOMENTUM EQUATION
1.2.3. ENERGY EQUATION

1.3.KELVINS THEOREM
1.4.HELMOLTZ THEOREM
1.5.BIOT SAVARTS LAW
1.5.1. VORTEX INTERACTION

1.6.POTENTIAL FLOWS
1.6.1. UNIFORM FLOWS
1.6.2. UNIFORM FLOW WITH ANGLE OF ATTACK

1.6.3. SORCE AND SINK FLOW

1.6.4. DOUBLET FLOW
1.6.5. HALF BODY (SOURCE + UNIFORM FLOW )
1.6.6. RANKINE OVAL (DOUBLET + UNIFORM FLOW)
1.6.7. VORTEX FLOW
1.6.8. VORTEX DOUBLET
1.6.9. CORNER FLOWS
1.6.10.

STATIONARY CYLINDER

1.6.11.

ROTATING CYLINDER

1.6.12.

BLASIUS THEOREM

1.6.13.

STATIONARY CYLINDER 2

1.6.14.

ROTATING CYLINDER 2

2. VISCOUS FLOWS
2.1.1.1.
2.1.1.2.

Continuity equation in polar coordinates

Momentum equation in polar coordinates

2.1.FLOW B/W 2 FLAT PLATE

2.2.PLANE COUTTE FLOW
2.3.PLANE POISULE FLOW
2.4.COMBINATION OF COUTTE & POISULLE FLOW
2.5.POISULLE FLOW IN POLAR COORDINATES (PIPE FLOW)
2.6.FLOW B/W 2 CONCENTRIC CYLINDERS
2.6.1. FREE VORTEX CASE
2.6.2. FORCED VORTEX CASE

2.7.BOUNDARY LAYER (EXTERNAL VISCOUS FLOWS)

2.7.1. DISPLACEMENT THICKNESS
2.7.2. MOMENTUM THICKNESS
2.7.3. VON KARMEN MOMENTUM INTEGRAL EQUATION

3. GAS DYNAMICS
3.1.BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
3.1.1. EQUATION OF STATE
3.1.2. INTERNAL ENERGY
3.1.3. ENTHALPY
3.1.4. ENTROPY
3.1.5. ISENTROPIC
3.1.6. ISO BARIC
3.1.7. ISO CHORIC
3.1.8. ISOTHERMAL
3.1.9. ADIABATIC

3.2.COMPRESSIBILITY OF ANY FLUID

3.3.SPEED OF SOUND
3.4.PITOT TUBE ( SUB SONIC COMPRESSIBLE FLOW)
3.5.NORMAL SHOCK
3.5.1. CONTINUITY EQUATION
3.5.2. MOMENTUM EQUATION
3.5.3. PRANDTL RELATION

3.6.OBLIQUE SHOCKS
3.6.1. THETA BETA M RELATION
3.6.2. INTERACTION OF SHOCKS
3.6.3. PRANDTL MAYER RELATION {THETA = V(M2)- V(M1)}

3.7.EXPANSION FAN
Lift production wedge airfoil

3.8.NOZZLES AND DIFFUSERS

3.9.PITOT TUBE (SUPERSONIC CASE)
3.10.

COMPRESSIBLE POTENTIAL FLOWS AND LINEARIZED THEORY

3.10.1.

BASIC RELATIONS

3.10.2.

WAVY WALL

3.11.

CRITICAL MACH NUMBER

4. AERODYNAMICS
4.1.THIN AIRFOIL THEORY
4.1.1. MOMENT ABOUT LEADING EDGE
4.1.2. MOMENT ABOUT QUARTER CHORD

4.2.HIGH LIFT DEVICES (LEADING EDGE AND FLAPS)

4.2.1. EFFECT OF SLATS AND FLAPS ON LIFT CURVE

4.3.FINITE WING THEORY

4.3.1. ELLIPTICAL WING PLAN -O-FORM

5. WIND TUNNEL TESTING

5.1.PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
5.2.TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
5.3.VELOCITY MEASUREMENT
5.4.DENSITY OF FLUID
5.4.1. SHADOWGRAPHY
5.4.2. SCHLIEREN
5.4.3. INTERFEROMETRY

5.5.FLOW RATE MEASUREMENT

PERFORMANCE AND FLIGHT MECHANICS

1. ATMOSPHERE
2. AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
2.1.EQUATION OF MOTION
2.2.POWER AND THRUST FOR STEADY LEVEL FLIGHT
2.2.1. THRUST REQUIRED
2.2.1.1.
2.2.1.2.
2.2.1.3.

CD,0 =CD,i (for TR,min)

V (TR,min) and variation with altitude and weight
TR,min variation with altitude and weight

2.2.2. POWER REQUIRED

2.2.2.1.
2.2.2.2.
2.2.2.3.
2.2.2.4.
2.2.2.5.

3*CD,0 = CD,i (for PR,min)

V (PR,min) and variation with altitude and weight
PR,min variation with altitude and weight
V (PR,min) and V (TR,min) Relation
PR,min and TR,min Relation

2.3.COMPARISON OF CHARACTERISTIC VARIABLES FOR JET AND PROPELLER AIRCRAFTS

2.4.RATE OF CLIMB CHARACTERISTICS OF JET AND PROPELLER AIRCRAFTS

2.5.TIME OF CLIMB
2.6.SERVICE CEILING OF JET AND PROPELLER AIRCRAFTS
2.7.GLIDING FLIGTH
2.8.SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION
2.8.1. RANGE AND ENDURANCE PROPELLER
2.8.2. RANGE AND ENDURANCE JET

2.9.TAKEOFF AND LANDING

2.9.1. EFFECT OF ALTITUDE AND WEIGHT

2.10.

LEVEL TURN

2.11.

PULL UP AND PULL DOWN

2.12.

VN DIAGRAM

2.13.

TAIL AND HEAD WIND

3. STATIC STABILITY
3.1.WING ALONE
3.2.WING + TAIL
3.3.STATIC MARGIN
3.4.CONTROL SURFACES
3.5.STICK FIXED STABILITY
3.6.PHUGOID
3.7.STICK FORCE AND STICK GEARING
3.8.LATERAL STABILITY
3.8.1. STRIP THEORY

3.8.2. AILERONS

3.9.RELATION BETWEEN ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL SIDE SLIP

3.10.

EULER ANGLES

3.11.

FORCE AND MOMENT DERIVATIVE

4. DYNAMIC STABILITY

SPACE DYNAMICS
1. GRAVITATIONS .. ( KEPLAR LAWS, TWO PARTICLE SYSTEM ,
POTENTIAL , FORCE THEIR REATIONS , ESCAPE VELOCITY , TOTAL
ENERGY CONCEPT )

2. ORBITS .. ( TYPES OF ORBIT, THEIR CHARACTERISTICS, ENEGY ,

ECCENTRICITIES, MATHEMATICAL BEHAVIOUR, HOFFMANN
TRANSFER)

PROPULSION
1. FUNDAMENTALS
1.1.IMPORTANT DATES
1.2.TYPES OF PROPULSION SYSTEMS
1.3.PROPULSIVE EFFICIENCY
1.4.THERMAL EFFICIENCY

1.5.OVERALL EFFICIENCY
1.6.SPECIFIC IMPULSE
1.7.BRAYTON CYCLE

2. JET PROPULSION
2.1.TURBOJET ENGINES (PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS)
2.1.1. SPECIFIC THRUST & SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION
2.1.1.1.

Burner temperature ratio for max Specific thrust

Thrust augmentation
Liquid Injection
Afterburner

2.2.TURBOJET ENGINE WITH AFTER BURNER (PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS)

2.2.1. SPECIFIC THRUST & SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION

2.3.TURBOFAN ENGINES (PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS)

2.3.1. SPECIFIC THRUST & SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION

2.4.RAMJET ENGINES (PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS)

2.4.1. SPECIFIC THRUST & SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION

2.5.CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS
2.5.1. WORK ENERGY THEOREM
2.5.2. ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY
2.5.3. TYPE OF BLADES
2.5.3.1.
2.5.3.2.
2.5.3.3.

Backward
Radial
Forward

2.6.AXIAL COMPRESSORS
2.6.1. VELOCITY TRIANGLE AND RELATIONS

2.6.2. DE HALLER NUMBER

2.6.3. DIFFUSION FACTOR
2.6.4. BLOCKAGE FACTOR
2.6.5. DEGREE OF REACTION
2.6.5.1.
2.6.5.2.
2.6.5.3.

degree of reaction
Reaction
Impulse

2.6.6. RADIAL EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION

2.6.7. BLADE DESIGN
2.6.7.1.
2.6.7.2.
2.6.7.3.
2.6.7.4.

Free vortex blading

Constant reaction
Exponential blading
Forced vortex blading

2.6.8. FLOW LOSSES IN COMPRESSOR

2.7.TURBINES
2.7.1. VELOCITY TRIANGLE AND RELATIONS
2.7.2. DEGREE OF REACTION
2.7.2.1.
2.7.2.2.
2.7.2.3.

degree of reaction
Reaction
Impulse

2.7.3. BLADE DESIGN

2.7.3.1.
2.7.3.2.

Free vortex blading

Constant nozzle blade design

2.7.4. BLADE COOLING

2.7.4.1.
2.7.4.2.
2.7.4.3.

Impingement
Film
Internal

2.8.COMBUSTION CHAMBER
2.9.INTAKES

3. ROCKET PROPULSION

MATHEMATICS
1. VECTOR CALCULUS
2. MATRIX / LINEAR ALGEBRA
3. NUMERICAL METHODS
4. LAPLACE EQUATIONS
5. CALCULUS
6. DIFFERTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS

STRUCTURE
Text Books:
Solid Mechanics (4-6 Marks)
R K Bansal; Sadhu Singh; Khurumi
Aircraft Structure (4-6 Marks)
C T Sun; Megson; Brook
Vibration (4-6 Marks)
S. S. Rao; V. P. Singh.

1. SOLID MECHANICS

1.1.STRESS & STRAIN

1.2.EQUILIBRIUM EQUATIONS
1.3.SURFACE TRACTION
1.4.PRINCIPAL STRESSES
1.5.PRINCIPAL SHEAR STRESS
1.6.STRESS TRANSFORMATION
1.7.STRESS TO STRAIN
1.7.1. ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS
1.7.2. ORTHOTROPIC MATERIALS
1.7.3. ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

1.8.PLAIN STRESS AND PLAIN STRAIN

1.9.COMPATIBILITY EQUATIONS
1.10.

RELATION BETWEEN BULK AND YOUNGS MODULUS

1.11.

AIRYS STRESS FUNCTION AND ITS DERIVATION

1.12.

TORSION

1.13.

PRANDTLS STRESS FUNCTION

1.14.

GENERAL FORMULA FOR TORSION

1.15.

TORSION IN CIRCULAR BARS

1.16.

TORSION IN THIN RECTANGULAR

1.17.

TORSION IN THIN CLOSED SECTION

1.17.1.

BARS

BREDTH BRACUS THEOREM

1.18.

TORSION IN MULTI CELLS

1.19.

BUCKLING

1.19.1.

PIN-PIN

1.19.2.

FIXED-FREE

1.19.3.

FIXED-FIXED

1.19.4.

FIXED-HINGED

1.19.5.

SLENDERNESS RATIO

1.19.6.

RANKINE CRUSH VS BUCKLING

1.20.

FAILURE THEORIES AND

THEIR ENVELOPES

1.20.1.

MAXIMUM STRESS THEORY

1.20.2.

MAXIMUM STRAIN THEORY

1.20.3.

MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS THEORY

1.20.4.

MAXIMUM STRAIN ENERGY THEORY

1.20.5.

MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAIN ENERGY THEORY

1.21.

SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

1.22.

SHEAR FLOW AND SHEAR CENTRE

2. AIRCRAFT STRUCTURE
2.1.MATERIALS

3. VIBRATION
3.1.SPRINGS
3.1.1. PARALLEL
3.1.2. SERIES

3.2.WAVES

3.2.1. AS SUM OF SIN & COS

3.2.2. ADDITION OF WAVES

3.3.FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION WITHOUT VISCOUS EFFECTS

3.4.FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS (DAMPING)
3.4.1. UN-DAMPED
3.4.2. UNDER-DAMPED
3.4.2.1.
3.4.2.2.

Logarithmic decrease of amplitude

Dissipation energy

3.4.3. CRITICALLY-DAMPED
3.4.4. OVER-DAMPED

4. LUMPED MASSES SYSTEMS

5. CONTINUOUS SYSTEMS