Lukasz Krawcynski Thesis

Queensland University of Technology
School of Natural Resource Sciences

Masters Thesis

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION
INTEGRATED WITH 3-D SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE
ANALYSIS IN AN INTRACRATONIC SETTING:
TOOLACHEE FORMATION, COOPER BASIN,
AUSTRALIA

By
Lukasz Krawczynski
B.App.Sc.Dist (QUT)

Supervisors
Dr. Gary Huftile
Queensland University of Technology (QUT)

Dr. Gregg Webb
Queensland University of Technology (QUT)

Irwan Djamaludin
Santos Ltd.

Stephen Taylor
Santos Ltd.

I
ABSTRACT

This study integrates sequence stratigraphy of the Late Permian Toolachee Formation
in the non-marine intracratonic Permian-Triassic Cooper Basin, Australia with 3-D
seismic attribute analysis to predict the extent of depositional environments identified
on wireline and well core data. The low resolution seismic data (tuning thickness 23 -
31 m) comprised of six seismic horizons allowed the successful testing of sequence
stratigraphic interpretations of the productive Toolachee Formation that were based
on wireline data. The analysis of 29 well logs and three 20 m core intervals resulted
in the identification of eleven parasequences that comprise the building blocks of an
overall transitional systems tract, characterised by a gradual increase in
accommodation. The parasequences reflect cyclic transitions between braided and
meandering fluvial systems as a result of fluctuations in sediment flux, possibly
driven by Milankovitch climatic-forcing. The seismic horizon attribute maps image
mostly the meandering fluvial bodies within the upper parts of the parasequences, but
some maps image the lower amalgamated sand sheets and show no channel
structures. Categorisation of the fluvial bodies in the overbank successions reflects a
gradual decrease in sinuosity, channel width, and channel belt width up-section,
supporting the overall increase in accommodation up-section. Similar acoustic
impedance values for shales and sands do not suggest successful seismic forward
modelling between the two lithologies. Geological interpretations suggest most
imaged channel fill to be made up predominantly of fine sediments, as channel
avulsion and abandonment is common and increases with time. Seismic forward
modelling resulted in the interpretation of carbonaceous shale as a possible channel
fill, supporting the geological interpretations. The three major identified fluvial styles;
braided, meanders, and distributaries are potential targets for future exploration.
Extensive sand sheets deposited from braided fluvial systems require structural traps
for closure. Meandering and anastomosing channel systems represent excellent
stratigraphic traps, such as the basal sands/gravels of laterally accreted point bars.

II

STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL WORK
The work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted for a degree or
diploma at any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge and
belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another
person except where due reference is made.

Signed: ..

Date: ..

III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project was made possible by Santos Ltd, providing the dataset, office space,
plotters, hardware, and softwares.

I am very grateful to my supervisors Dr Gary Huftile and Dr Gregg Webb for
invaluable guidance and support. Both have been tremendous, helping me when ever
and where ever they could.

I would also like to thank a number of people in Santos Ltd. First of all, Irwan
Djamaludin and Stephen Taylor for their time and assistance throughout the last two
years. Thank you: Patrick McEffer, Zsolt Baumgartner Hamerli, for introducing me
to the geophysical softwares. Trinetta Herdy, Olaf Kloss for reviewing my sequence
stratigraphy. Gregg Spencer, for reviewing my geophysical interpretations and
numerous drafts. Ray Spicer, for helping me to find my way around Geolog. Werner
Dutler, for training me to become the first Who wants to be a millionaire winner in
Australia. From the inventor of the first jet engine to the inventor of the radio, he
knows them all!

And of course, special thanks go to Natasha Hui who assisted and guided me with all
the above and more. Thank you for all the food, especially the home-baked biscuits.
Thank you for the lifts home. Thank you for showing me you water polo skills in the
hall ways. Thank you, Tash.

Thank you to all the people who contributed to this project and made it a valuable
experience.

1
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT.............................................................................................. I
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP...................................................... II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................. III
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................... 4
GEOLOGICAL SETTING..............................................................................................5
METHODOLOGY AND BACKGROUND........................................ 10
DATA.........................................................................................................................10
WELL LOG DESCRIPTIONS........................................................................................10
WELL CORE DESCRIPTIONS......................................................................................10
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY......................................................................................11
3-D SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS..........................................................................12
MODERN FLUVIAL ANALOGUES ...............................................................................14
CATEGORISATION OF SEDIMENTARY FEATURES.....................................................14
CROSS PLOTS............................................................................................................14
RESULTS: STRATIGRAPHIC SETTING AND CORRELATION15
WELL LOG DESCRIPTIONS........................................................................................15
WELL CORE DESCRIPTIONS......................................................................................17
INTERPRETATION OF WELL CORES AND LOGS ........................................................20
3-D SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS ........................................... 30
SEISMIC RESOLUTION ..............................................................................................30
ATTRIBUTES .............................................................................................................32
COMPARISON OF ATTRIBUTE IMAGES TO MODERN FUVIAL ANALOGUES...............32
INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY FEATURES .....................................................33
CATEGORISATION OF SEDIMENTARY FEATURES.....................................................41
CROSS PLOTS............................................................................................................43
DISCUSSION......................................................................................... 45
EXPLORATION POTENTIAL.......................................................................................50
CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................... 54
REFERENCES....................................................................................... 57

2

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 LOCATION OF THE PROJECT AREA ..................................................................6
FIGURE 2 OUTLINE AND GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF THE PROJECT AREA ..............................7
FIGURE 3 PERMIAN PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE COOPER BASIN ...................................9
FIGURE 4 WELL LOG DESCRIPTION OF JUDGA NORTH 1 ..................................................16
FIGURE 5 INTERPRETED CORE LOGS ...........................................................................18
FIGURE 6 CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK A A.................................................24
FIGURE 7 SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAM SUPERIMPOSED ON A SEISMIC TRACE.........................31
FIGURE 8 MODERN FLUVIAL ANALOGUE OF A CHANNEL BELT .........................................33
FIGURE 9 ISOCHRON, AMPLITUDE WIDTH, DIP AND TWT STRUCTURE EXAMPLES ................34
FIGURE 10 SEISMIC FEATURE 1..................................................................................36
FIGURE 11 SEISMIC FEATURES 2, 3, AND 4....................................................................37
FIGURE 14 DUPLICATE OF SEISMIC FEATURE 1 .............................................................40
FIGURE 15 CATEGORISED FLUVIAL BODIES ON P3 AMPLITUDE HORIZON MAP.....................42
FIGURE 16 ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE VS GAMMA RAY........................................................43
FIGURE 17 FORWARD MODELLING .............................................................................48
FIGURE 18 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY AND RESERVOIR GEOMETRY51

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1 LITHOFACIES DESCRIPTION...........................................................................19
TABLE 2 CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC NOMENCLATURE OF THE TOOLACHEE FORMATION AND
THEIR CORRESPONDING SEISMIC HORIZONS......................................................................30
TABLE 3 CATEGORISATION OF FLUVIAL BODIES ...........................................................41

3

LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1 FLUVIAL SYSTEMS AND MODERN FLUVIAL ANALOGUES
APPENDIX 2 SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATIONS
APPENDIX 3 SANTOS LTD. WELL CUTTINGS DESCRIPTIONS
APPENDIX 4 WELL CORE DESCRIPTIONS AND PHOTOS
APPENDIX 5 SANTOS LTD. ROCK TYPING
APPENDIX 6 TUNING THICKNESS CALCULATIONS
APPENDIX 7 HORIZON ATTRIBUTE MAPS
APPENDIX 8 CATEGORISATION OF FLUVIAL BODIES
APPENDIX 9 ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE VS GAMMA RAY CROSS PLOT DATA

4
INTRODUCTION
3-D seismic attribute maps are becoming increasingly important for interpretations of
depositional environments and sedimentary features. In the past, high to medium
resolution 3-D seismic data successfully assisted in the development of sequence
stratigraphic and reservoir models at relatively shallow depths (Posamentier, 2001;
Miall, 2002; Carter, 2003). Those authors were able to image fluvial architecture on
attribute maps, allowing testing of specific sequence stratigraphic interpretations.
However, most exploration targets occur at depths where seismic data are generated
with lower frequencies. The 3-D seismic data at the depth of the Toolachee Formation
(>2200 m) reflect more typical depths for hydrocarbon reservoirs. This work
successfully tested 3-D seismic attribute analysis from relatively low frequency
seismic data in the non-marine Upper Permian Toolachee Formation of the
intracratonic Cooper Basin, Australia against a new sequence stratigraphic
interpretation.

This study identified eleven parasequences with alternating channel sand-rich and
overbank-rich successions that correlate over the entire project area, representing the
building blocks of a larger transitional systems tract. The interpreted depositional
environments include several cyclic transitions between braided and meandering
systems, both vertically and horizontally, changing up-section to a more overbank-
and lacustrine-dominated environment. The sequence stratigraphic interpretation is
based on detailed well log and core analysis. The cyclic transitions in depositional
environment reflect relative changes between subsidence and sediment flux.
Milankovitch-induced climatic forcing may be the main driving mechanism for cyclic
sedimentation within this intracratonic setting. Images of meandering fluvial bodies
within the upper parts and continuous sand sheets within the lower parts of the
parasequences, visible on the 3-D attribute horizon maps aided in the sequence
stratigraphic interpretation. The categorisation of the fluvial bodies reflects an overall
increase in accommodation as the sinuosity of the identified fluvial bodies decreases
up-section. Geological interpretations were compared to seismic forward modelling in
order to determine possible channel fills. The combination of the results obtained
from the different methods resulted in a detailed sequence stratigraphic model for the

5
Toolachee Formation in the North Naccowlah study area that can be used for the
prediction of hydrocarbon / seal distribution within the identified fluvial bodies.
.
The results are significant in: 1) showing the value of 3-D seismic attribute analysis,
even in low frequency data generated at considerable depth; 2) documenting the
occurrence of repetitive parasequences in an intracratonic setting that was probably
not influenced by eustacy; and 3) in locating and defining different types of targets
for exploration, and in particular, isolated stratigraphic traps.

GEOLOGICAL SETTING
The intracratonic Permian-Triassic Cooper Basin is a northeast trending structural
depression covering approximately 130000 km in northeastern South Australia and
southwestern Queensland (Figure 1). The basin incorporates Permo- Triassic glacial,
fluvial, and lacustrine origin (Kantsler et al., 1983; Heath, 1989; Apak et al., 1997).
Permian strata unconformably overlie eroded Cambrian-Devonian clastics and
volcanics of the Warburton Basin and Carboniferous igneous rocks (Battersby, 1976;
Gatehouse, 1986). The Permian-Triassic sequence, which attains a maximum
thickness of 2 km, is unconformably overlain by J urassic-Cretaceous sequences of the
Eromanga Basin (Kantsler et al., 1983; Heath, 1989; Apak et al., 1997). The Cooper
Basin developed under a mild compressional regime represented predominantly by
two arcuate anticlinal trends, the northeast trending Gidgealpa- Merrimelia-
Innamincka (GMI) and the subparallel Nappacoongee-Murteree trends. Adjacent to
the trends are the Patchawarra, Nappameri and Tenappera troughs. Both types of
structural trend are related to fault-controlled basement highs that were reactivated
during Permian deposition (Hamerli, 1999). The North Naccowlah study area is
situated in the southwestern Queensland portion of the Cooper Basin. It comprises the
area covered by the North Naccowlah 3-D dataset, situated within the northern
ATP259P, 30 km east of Ballera (Figures 1 and 2).

Geologically, the area is characterised by northeast trending structures, such as the 23
km long and 5 km wide Wippo-J udga trough in the centre, the Roti-Mookoo and the
Yumba structural trends to the east, as well as the Tartulla structural trend in the

6

FIGURE 1 - Outline of the Cooper Basin showing major structural elements and exploration
blocks. Location of the Cooper Basin is indicated by the white box within the sub-map. Red
symbol represents approximate location of the North Naccowlah 3-D survey (Santos, 2004).

This figure is not available online.
Please consult the hardcopy thesis
available from the QUT Library

7

FIGURE 2 Outline and geological setting of the North Naccowlah 3-D seismic survey that
defines the study area. Inset shows major structural trends within the study area. Arrows mark
locations of seismic features within the survey. Line A A represents path of cross section from
Judga North 1 Mookoo 1; line B B from Judga 2 to Tartulla 2 (Appendix 2); and line C C
from Costa South 1 to Mookoo 1 (Appendix 2).


8
northern part. The southern part of the study area is characterised by the northwest-
trending J udga-North / Windigo fault trend (Figure 2).

The Toolachee Formation represents the beginning of the second fluviatile cycle in
the Cooper Basin (Figure 3). It consists of several sub-cycles of sandstone, shale, and
coal deposited during overall rising base level conditions (Kloss, 1999). Following
the Daralingie Uplift and erosional period that effectively peneplaned the Cooper
Basin, deposition occurred in a more tectonically quiescent environment (Apak et al.,
1997). The <200 m thick Toolachee Formation has been interpreted to represent a
meandering river floodplain environment (Kantsler et al., 1983). Hughes (1999)
interpreted the Toolachee Formation as a series of sand-rich amalgamated crevasse
splay deposits correlating over basin-wide distances within lowstand and
transgressive systems tracts. Additionally, Kloss (1999) suggested that during the
deposition of the Toolachee Formation, Daralingie transpressional structuring resulted
in the rejuvenation of older basement structures and the development of localised
topographic relief that was subsequently filled or onlapped by the various
stratigraphic units of this formation. The formation is present throughout most of the
southern Cooper Basin, except at the Murteree high and along the GMI trend where it
pinches out (Figure 1).

9
FIGURE 3 Permian / Triassic palynostratigraphy of the Cooper Basin. Palynological zones
define chronostratigraphic units of the Toolachee Formation (PC). Major unconformities
represent sequence boundaries. R* represents the Daralingie Unconformity, the base of the
Toolachee Formation. Location of seismic horizons is indicated with regards to
chronostratigraphic units of the respective formations. Subdivision of Toolachee Formation
using the nomenclature by Kloss (1999) for the Queensland sector of the Cooper Basin, but with
horizons picked for this study.

LATE CARBONIFEROUS/PERMIAN PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY
OF THE COOPER BASIN
AGE
(HARLANDETAL, 1989)
PALYNOLOGICAL
ZONE
COOPER BASIN
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY
SEQUENCE
BOUNDARIES
SEISMIC
HORIZONS
PT3
PT2
PT1
PP6
PP3.2
PP5
PP4.3
PP4.2
PP4.1
PP3.3
260
250
240
DOONMULLAMBR.
PANINGMBR.
CALLAMURRAMEMBER
TOOLACHEE FM.
N3*
R*
P
S
T
U
V
L*
P1
P2
P4
P3
N2
DARALINGIEFM.
ROSENEATH SHALE
EPSILON FM.
MURTEREE
SHALE
GILPEPPEE SHALE
WIMMASST.
N
SantosLtd, A.C.N. 007550923
CHRONOSTRATI-
GRAPHIC UNITS
PC10
PU70
PC60
PC50
PC40
PC30
PC20
PC00
TC00
TC90
TC80
TC50
TC40
TC20
LATE PERMIAN / TRIASSIC PALYNOSTRATIGRAPHY
OF THE COOPER BASIN
P
E
R
M
I
A
N

E
A
R
L
Y

DARALINGIE UNCONFORMITY

10
METHODOLOGY AND BACKGROUND
This study utilised wireline, well core, and 3-D seismic data.

DATA
The North Naccowlah 3-D seismic survey was acquired in 2001 and covers an area of
718 km with grid lines positioned at approximately 40 m spacings in two directions.
It has undergone various processing sequences to produce a high quality data set. The
fully migrated, spectrally whitened 8-60 Hz seismic volume was used for seismic
interpretation. From this volume a tuning thickness range from 23 m to 32 m was
obtained for the Toolachee Formation (Appendix 6). The data from this area also
include 29 wireline logs and well completion reports (Appendix 3), as well as three
20 m cores.

WELL LOG DESCRIPTIONS
The analysis of logs of the 29 wells located in the study area resulted in the
interpretation of a similar suite of correlatable depositional environments.
Parasequence boundaries were determined as flooding surfaces for each well. The
J udga North 1 well was described in detail and the depositional environments and
parasequences were interpreted from their gamma ray and sonic log expressions.

WELL CORE DESCRIPTIONS
The analysis of limited well cores was used to reconstruct a detailed vertical
lithological profile. Where petrophysical logs and attribute maps are available, it is
important to correlate core lithology with the geophysical data. The ground truthing
of the geophysical data resulted in an understanding of the variations seen on the
attribute maps and different gamma ray log responses on the petrophysical logs,
suggesting the causes of these patterns. However, certain limitations must be taken
into account.1) Core is not available for most intervals of interest. 2) It is not always
possible to determine sedimentary structures that are larger than the core sample from
a 10 cm diameter core.

11
20 m core intervals from Tartulla 1 and 5, and Wippo South 1 were evaluated to
identify the lithology and depositional environments of the given wells as a test of the
sequence stratigraphic interpretation (Appendix 4). The lithofacies in the Toolachee
Formation were classified using the scheme of Miall (1978) with minor modifications
and additions.

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
The concept of sequence stratigraphy has become a valuable tool for predicting the
occurrence and geometry of sedimentary strata. On the basis of studies of marine
rocks, sequence stratigraphic concepts have commonly been proposed for and applied
to fluvial-dominated non-marine basins. The sequence stratigraphy of intracratonic
basins differs from that of marine basins primarily in the source of accommodation.
Within intracratonic basins, changes in accommodation on a regional scale are
controlled by tectonism, subsidence and climate. The stratigraphy of marine basins
primarily reflects changes in eustacy. Currie (1997) proposed a terminology for
sequences in intracratonic settings that avoids reference to sea level. The
degradational systems tract that develops during times of decreased or negative
accommodation generation in intracratonic sequences is equivalent to the falling-
stage and lowstand systems tracts of marine sequences. The transitional systems tract
corresponds to the early transgressive systems tract. This systems tract is
characteristic of the beginning of accommodation generation. Fluvial styles may
undergo major architectural changes during this phase. The aggradational systems
tract is comparable to the late transgressive to highstand systems tracts. Detailed
discussions of sequence stratigraphy within non-marine basins are given by Shanley
and McCabe (1994) and Miall (1996).

For this study, three cross sections, involving 29 wells were correlated on the basis of
observed sequences (Appendix 2). Sections were chosen to run south-north, west-
east, and southwest-northeast, respectively, to cover most of the project area (Figure
2). Correlation is based on the identification and interpretation of apparent
parasequences that occur in wells over the entire project area (Figure 4). The
correlation is of great significance, as it constrained the location of horizons used for

12
the 3-D seismic attribute analysis.

Van Wagoner et al. (1988) used the term parasequences to describe the basic building
blocks of sequences. By definition a parasequence is a relatively conformable
succession of genetically related beds or bedsets bounded by flooding surfaces or
their correlative surfaces. In special positions within a sequence, parasequences may
be bounded above or below by sequence boundaries (modified from Van Wagoner et
al., 1990). Aggradation, progradation, and retrogradation of parasequences may be
related to base level change, although parasequence stacking patterns are significantly
affected by sediment supply and climate. The identification and interpretation of
depositional environments and facies from well logs assists in the correlation of
sedimentary features visible on seismic attribute maps and the determination of
parasequences and continental system tracts.

The chronostratigraphic nomenclature developed by Santos Ltd. for the Cooper Basin
has expanded on the generic palynostratigraphic scheme originally outlined by Price
et al. (1985). The naming system for key stratigraphic surfaces is alphanumeric. The
prefix is based on traditional seismic horizon nomenclature conventions in the Cooper
Basin, here (P) for Toolachee Formation. The suffix denotes the type of surface,
regional unconformity (U), regional chronostratigraphic marker (C), and local
chronostratigraphic marker (L). A number that increases with depth denotes the
relative stratigraphic position (Strong et al., 2002). The Santos terminology was
applied to the sequence stratigraphic framework developed by the author, but
chronostratigraphic horizons were picked independently for the present study.

3-D SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS
In comparison to the 2-D seismic method, the 3-D method is a different way of
gathering and presenting seismic data. Instead of showing the subsurface beneath a
profile line, 3-D displays give an areal picture from the shallowest reflector to the
deepest one that can be imaged seismically (Walton, 1972). The general aim of 3-D
surveys is to achieve a higher degree of resolution of the subsurface geology as well
as more accurate structural geometries by eliminating out of plane reflectors.

13

Seismic horizons for this study were picked as flooding surfaces in a sequence
stratigraphic framework. 3-D seismic attribute analysis was used as the major
interpretation tool. It assists in the interpretation of a sequence stratigraphic
framework, as it constrains the geometry and extent of sedimentary features, as well
as that of structural features absent from geological correlations made from well data
or isolated outcrops. Knowledge of such factors improves well locations for more
efficient hydrocarbon exploration. The ability to improve channel and sandstone body
geometry also provides a better understanding of the processes that prevailed during
deposition.

SEISMIC INTERPRETATION AND RESOLUTION. The fundamental objective of
the 3-D seismic method is increased resolution. Resolution has both horizontal and
vertical aspects of which the latter are limited compared to well logs and core data
due to the frequency content of the seismic data. Sheriff (1985) discussed in detail
seismically unresolvable stratigraphic thickness changes that are less than the tuning
thickness. Those stratigraphic changes are reflected as lateral amplitude changes that
can be barely noticeable on seismic sections. Brown (1996), however, showed that on
a horizontal section subtle and distinct changes in amplitude reflect part of an obvious
pattern that may follow a thickness or lithology change in plan view. In this study,
tuning thickness calculations were made to assess the resolution of the seismic data in
comparison to the developed sequence stratigraphic model.

SEISMIC ATTRIBUTES. The attributes applied within this project were chosen on
the basis of their outcomes in similar studies (Carter, 2003). Previous investigations
in the Cooper Basin (Hamerli, 1999; Hui, 2001), and in other basins, were studied to
select attributes that resulted in the best possible images of sedimentary features.
Two-way time structure (TWT), reflection amplitude, variance, isochron, event
width, and dip were considered to be of great success. Attributes such as two-way
time residual were rejected after unsuccessful results in preliminary tests. Two-way
time structure (TWT) of a horizon is used to define the shape of the three dimensional
surface. Reflection amplitude measured at the maximum or minimum of an identified
reflection is by far the most widely used and significant attribute. Posamentier (2001),

14
Miall (2002) and Carter (2003) successfully imaged fluvial bodies using amplitude
attribute analysis. Variance, which is a volume based attribute, was used by Hui
(2001) to image the difference between subtle changes of similar amplitudes.
Isochron is another widely used attribute that images the TWT difference of two
interpreted horizons, whereas event width measures the difference between zero
crossings of a horizon. The dip parameter is the magnitude from a local reference, of
the time gradient vector, calculated at each sample of the interpreted horizon (Rijks
and J auffred, 1991).

MODERN FLUVIAL ANLOGUES
Depositional environments associated with fluvial systems were reviewed (Appendix
1). This included the sedimentology of meandering and braided streams, floodplains,
lakes and peat mires. The facies characteristics and geometries associated with
modern fluvial systems were used as analogues to support the interpretation of
depositional environments in the Toolachee Formation, as developed from well logs
and horizon attribute maps.

CATEGORISATION OF FLUVIAL BODIES
Fluvial bodies identified on the 3-D horizon amplitude maps were categorised and
classified to assist in the testing and refinement of the sequence stratigraphic model
(Appendix 8).

CROSS PLOTS
The application of cross plots to this project aimed to use seismic attributes to predict
the extent and type of lithology in locations where well data are sparse. Acoustic
impedance was cross-plotted against gamma ray values to establish a possible
relationship between attributes and lithologies. Successful results were considered for
further forward modelling (Appendix 9).

15
RESULTS: STRATIGRAPHIC SETTING AND CORRELATION
WELL LOG DESCRIPTIONS
A detailed analysis of the gamma ray log (GR) and sonic log (DT) of the
J udga North 1 well was conducted to assess the basic depositional environments and
parasequences in the Toolachee Formation (Figure 4). J udga North 1 is representative
of the wells in the study area, similar features occur in the other wells.

Generally, the gamma ray and sonic values (slowness) increase gradually towards the
top of the formation indicating a change from a channel sand-rich environments to a
more overbank dominated environments. Cycles of constant cylindrical low gamma
ray pattern (70 - 80 GAPI), commonly with a bell-shaped pattern on top, are observed
within the channel sand-rich environment. The bell shaped pattern is typically defined
by a series of relatively small gamma ray spikes that show an overall increase in the
gamma ray value. The cycle is either closed by an interval of constant high gamma
ray values (>150 GAPI) or a wide spike (~3 m) of low gamma ray (60 GAPI), but
high sonic value (>130 DT). Up-section the cylindrical patterns become thinner and
are replaced gradually by more dominant bell-shaped patterns. The patterns change
towards the top of the formation with small gamma ray spikes and intervals of
constant high gamma ray values being more abundant and cyclicity becoming more
difficult to detect. Intervals of a gradual decrease in gamma ray value also occur
(Figure 4).

The constant cylindrical low gamma ray patterns were interpreted as multistorey
sands representing amalgamated channel deposits. The bell-shaped pattern indicates
the upward fining of a point bar. The overlying high gamma ray values are typical of
overbank deposits. Low gamma ray spikes in overbank deposits are linked to possible
crevasse splay deposits. Intervals of low gamma ray with high sonic values represent
coals or extensive peat mires. The high gamma ray values towards the top of the
Toolachee Formation are interpreted as overbank deposits, possibly with some
lacustrine deposits. Intervals with decreasing gamma ray values (i.e., coarsening-up)
are possible crevasse deltas in a lacustrine-dominated environment. Parasequence
boundaries are located at the top of each fining-upward cycle.

16
6856.0
6875.0
6935.0
6964.0
6995.0
7020.0
7046.0
7085.0
7135.0
7185.0
7205.0
7248.0
PC00
PC10
PC20
PL25
PL27
PC30
PL35
PL37
PC40
PL45
PL47
PU70
GR
GAPI 0 300
6900
7000
7100
7200
K
B

D
E
P
F
T
DT
US/F 140 40
MFS
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
FS
SB
2100
2150
2200
M

FIGURE 4 Identification of parasequences and architectural elements at Judga North 1 based on
the wireline character of the gamma ray (GR) and sonic logs (DT). The parasequences are
bounded by regional correlative flooding surfaces (FS). The overall transitional systems tract is
bounded by a sequence boundary (SB) at the bottom and a maximum flooding surface (MFS) at
the top. The Toolachee Formation is subdivided into a lower and upper unit.

JUDGA NORTH 1

T
R
A
N
S
I
T
I
O
N
A
L

S
Y
S
T
E
M
S

T
R
A
C
T

L
O
W
E
R

U
N
I
T

U
P
P
E
R

U
N
I
T

Amalgamated
Channels
Point Bars
Crevasse Splays
Coal
Crevasse Delta
Lacustrine Deposits

T
O
O
L
A
C
H
E
E

F
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N

K
B

17
WELL CORE DESCRIPTIONS
20 m core intervals from Tartulla 1, Tartulla 5 and Wippo South 1 were evaluated to
identify the lithology and depositional environments of the cored interval of the given
well to test interpretations based on wireline data (Figure 5 and Appendix 4). Nine
lithofacies in the Toolachee Formation were classified using the scheme of Miall
(1978) with minor modifications and additions (Table 1). Lithofacies Gm and Gmg
range in thickness from several centimetres up to 60 cm. Inverse and normal grading
of the conglomerate is observed in lithofacies Gmg. Massive bedding is absent and
crude stratification is particularly associated with distinct imbrication in lithofacies
Gm. The descriptions of lithofacies Sp, Sr, Ss and Sh were adopted from Miall
(1978), with the addition of mud rock laminations and inclusions of quartz pebbles.
Lithofacies Sn represents sandstone with no recognisable structures and with
associated soft sediment deformation and the presence of rootlets. Lithofacies Fl
represents sandy laminated mud rock. Lithofacies Fm represents massive mudrock.
The assessment of architectural elements of fluvial and overbank deposits was
restricted owing to the small amount of available core. Altogether, three major facies
association; channels (CH), crevasse splays (CS), and floodplain fines (FF) were
recognized that represent fluvial and overbank depositional environments (Figure 5),
containing different associations of lithofacies. The channels facies association was
further subdivided into braided channels (CH-BR), meandering channels (CH-ME),
and crevasse channels (CH-CV).

CHANNELS FACIES (CH). The channels identified on the well logs range from
0.6 m to 3.3 m in thickness. They are typically multistorey and are characterised by a
conglomeratic lag that typically defined as lithofacies Gm or Gmg. The bases of the
channels are either scoured or gradational, but the assessment is difficult due to the
small core diameter. The channel fill is gradational, becoming finer towards the top
and consists of lithofacies Sp, Sr, Sh and Sn. Quartz pebbles as well as mud rip-up
clasts are common. Scattered mudrock laminations within the sand bodies and soft
sediment deformation were also observed, predominantly towards the top of the
facies.

18

FIGURE 5 Interpreted well core sections of Tartulla 1 and 5, and Wippo South 1. Respective
gamma ray logs of cored intervals are shown to the left. Central column represents identified
facies. Solid and dashed black lines represent parasequence boundaries.

19

TABLE 1 Lithofacies descriptions from cores within the Toolachee Formation (modified after
Miall, 1978).

Lithofacies Lithofacies
Description
Sedimentary
Structures
Interpretation
Gm matrix supported
conglomerate
weak grading, poorly
sorted, sandy matrix,
rip up clasts of mud
coal, quartz clasts,
some imbrication,
crude stratification
high energy traction
processes, lags,
longitudinal and
transverse bars
Gmg graded matrix
supported
conglomerate
inverse +normal
grading, poorly sorted,
sandy matrix, rip up
clasts of mud +coal,
quartz clasts, some
imbrication
high energy traction
processes, lag
deposits, longitudinal
and transverse bars
Sp sandstone, fine -
very coarse, in
some cases pebbly
planar cross bedded
sand, scattered
mudrock laminations
and intraclasts
moderate energy
traction processes
Sr sandstone, fine
coarse
ripple cross laminated
sand, scattered
mudrock laminations
and intraclasts,
lower flow regime
Sh sandstone, very fine
- coarse, in some
cases pebbly
horizontally bedded
sand, parallel
laminations, scattered
mudrock laminations
and intraclasts
plane bed flow
(critical flow)

Sn sandstone, fine -
very coarse, in
some cases pebbly
massive
no interpretation
Ss sandstone, fine -
very coarse, in
some cases pebbly
shallow scours, poorly
sorted, mud and quartz
intraclasts
scour fill
Fl Sandstone, silt, mud sand-laminated mud
rock, fine laminations,
small ripples,
bioturbation, rootlets,
soft sediment
deformation
overbank, abandoned
channel, wanning
flood deposits
Fm massive mud, silt massive mud rock,
rootlets
distal overbank,
abandoned channel, or
drape deposits,

20

CREVASSE SPLAYS FACIES (CS). Sandstones identified as crevasse splays are
predominantly located within shale-dominated successions. They range in thickness
from 0.15 m to 1.8 m, and are characterised by lithofacies Sr, which is predominantly
fine to medium grained sandstone. The majority of crevasse splays do not show any
significant gradation in grain sizes. Mudrock laminations are common, and rootlets
and flasers also occur.

FLOODPLAIN FINES (FF). The floodplain fines are fine sediments represented by
lithofacies Fl and Fm. They range in thickness from 0.15 to 3.3 m. Lithofacies Fl
shows a higher sand content in comparison to lithofacies Fm, which is massive
mudrock. Both lithofacies are associated with rootlets. Soft sediment deformation is
observed in lithofacies Fl, and scattered quartz pebbles occur within the floodplain
fines.

INTERPRETATION OF WELL LOGS AND CORES
INTERPRETATION OF CHANNELS (CH). The majority of channel facies
identified in cores represent braided and meandering deposits, whereas crevasse
channel deposits represent the minority. The channel facies, including Wippo South 1
core (7445 ft - 7466 ft), were interpreted as a braided depositional environment. The
interval is characterised by seven stacked channels averaging ~1 m in thickness. The
channel lags consist of lithofacies Gm and Gmg. The channel fill consists mainly of
lithofacies Sl with minor lithofacies Sp and Sh present. Planar cross-bedded sands
range in thickness from 0.15 m to 1.5 m and are predominantly observed overlying
channel lags. Mud laminations within the channel fills are rare to absent. Mud rip-up
clasts are located within lithofacies Gm and Gmg. Quartz pebbles are common. The
abundance of conglomeratic fill, absence of mudrock between and within the
channels, and the shallow depth and tabular cross bedding suggest a high energy
environment most resembling that of a shallow perennial braided system (Miall,
1996). This interpretation is consistent with the respective cylindrical gamma ray
expression that suggests amalgamated channels. The intervals between 7820 - 7830 ft
and 7340 - 7858 ft of Tartulla 5 core are also interpreted as braided fluvial deposits.

21
That interpretation is supported by the low argillaceous content (2.5 - 5 %) and
constant cylindrical pattern of low gamma ray values of those intervals, which are
typical for braided sands. A transition from a braided to meandering environment is
evidenced in Tartulla 5 at 7340 ft. The sands become finer and are dominated by
lithofacies Sr, eventually grading upward into overbank-dominated successions.

The depositional environment between 7947 ft and 7955 ft in Tartulla 1 is interpreted
as a point bar deposit within a meandering river system. It exhibits a bell shaped
gamma ray pattern reflecting a conglomeratic lag grading into sandstone and
eventually floodplain fines. The sandstone is predominantly made up of lithofacies Sr,
which is characteristic of a low to moderate energy environment such as a
meandering channel point bar. The increased content of fine material towards the top
supports the interpretation. The channel fills located at the bottom of the cores of
Tartulla 1 and 5 represent similar depositional environments (Figure 5). The gradation
from lithofacies Sp into lithofacies Sr is associated with a drop in energy. Although a
typical fining upward pattern was not obvious in the core, the respective gamma ray
log exhibits a bell-shaped pattern.

Previous studies of the Tartulla Field by Hughes (1999) interpreted all of the channel
facies as small channels and amalgamated crevasse deposits in an overall meandering
floodplain. However, due to the high abundance of lithofacies Gm and Gmg
representing conglomeratic channel lags, other possible depositional environments
must be considered. The study of crevasse splays and crevasse channel deposits has
been limited; quantitative and architectural aspects are not well known. Fielding
(1986), Eberth and Miall (1991), Mjoes et al. (1993), and Farrell (2001) studied
crevasse deposits in outcrop sections. Scattered conglomeratic crevasse channel lags
described in those studies consist predominantly of overbank rip-up clasts as well as
organic debris. Such channel lags occur in Tartulla 1 at 7941 ft, and in Wippo South 1
at 74875 ft. Crevasse channel deposits were also interpreted between 7469 and 7479
ft at Wippo South 1. However, the conglomeratic fill of the majority of channel lags
consists of well rounded quartz clasts. The maturity of these lags does not support an
interpretation of a crevasse channel deposit. Neither can it be assumed that any major
distributary channel was capable of carrying the conglomeratic bed load at bankfull

22
depth. Detailed rock typing of core chips and cuttings of Tartulla 1 and 5 conducted
by Santos Ltd. show a low argillaceous content (2.5 - 5 %) in the sandstones that
make up the channel fills (Appendix 5). Crevasse deposits generally contain high
argillaceous content as deposition is sudden during flooding events. Hence, the lower
argillaceous content also supports the interpretation of most channels as braided
stream deposits. The high correlability of the sands is also more consistent with a
braided stream interpretation. The channel sands consistently correlate across the
entire study area.

The sequence stratigraphic framework of the North Naccowlah study area is based on
the correlation of parasequences that reflect the alternation between those braided and
meandering fluvial deposits. Hughes (1999) interpreted the channel packages as
major splay complexes and crevasse facies that correlate over the entire Tartulla Field
within a degradational systems tract. That interpretation is rejected for reasons
outlined and because crevasse deposits are generally limited in lateral extent. The
interpretation of an amalgamated crevasse splay depositional environment is also
disfavoured because channels tend to rework such deposits, limiting the degree to
which they can be multistorey. If accommodation decrease is rapid, channels will
incise and with time, flooding events are less likely to breach the banks. Reworking
of crevasse splay deposits should also occur during an overall transitional systems
tract. The sequence stratigraphic model shows the lower Toolache Formation to have
occupied a paleohigh around the Tartulla and Wippo area, being less susceptible to
flooding events, but more inclined to reworking of sediments. This is also indicated
by the absence of well developed coals around these areas at that time.
Hence, stacked crevasse splays deposits are unlikely to have developed.

INTERPRETATION OF CREVASSE SPLAYS (CS). Crevasse splay deposits occur
on floodplains where rising floodwaters breach natural levees. They are delta-like
deposits that form adjacent to the margins of main channels. As the sediments enter
the floodplain through crevasse channels, deposition takes place as a result of flow
expansion and loss of power forming lens-shaped bodies up to 10 km long, 5 km wide
and 2 - 6 m thick (Boggs, 1995; Miall, 1996). Crevasse splay deposits interpreted
from the cores are fine to medium grained sandstones that interfinger with floodplain

23
fines. The interbedded laminae of mudrock and the abundance of ripple cross
laminations indicate a low energy environment such as that of a floodplain, with the
scattered presence of rootlets supporting the interpretation. Crevasse splays that
consist of finer grained sandstone and greater abundance of mudrock laminations are
more distal to the main crevasse channel. Proximal crevasse splay deposits such as at
Wippo South 1 (7469 - 7479 ft) are composed of coarser material that contains mud
rip-up clasts. The higher energy is also reflected by the presence of lithofacies Sp.

INTERPRETATION OF FLOODPLAIN FINES (FF). Floodplain fines are fine
grained sediments that settle out of suspension from floodwaters carried into the
floodbasin. They are sheet-like units many hundreds of metres or even several
kilometres in lateral extent. Sedimentation generally takes place in separate
increments representing individual flood events or by continual slow settling of fine
grained sediment from suspension in permanent swamps or ponds (Boggs, 1995;
Miall, 1996). The sediments interpreted as floodplain fines consist of lithofacies Fl
and Fm. The thinly interbedded sandstones within lithofacies Fl are associated with
flooding events that introduce coarser sediments into the floodbasin. The proximal
overbank environment is the site of a greater abundance of flooding events as well as
crevasse splay deposits such as at Tartulla 1 (7955 - 7977 ft). The distal part of the
floodbasin shows little to no influx of sand, being characterised of massive mudrock
deposits such as lithofacies Fm. Rootlets, which are common within the floodplain
fines, represent interfluve vegetation during periods of quiescence.

INTERPRETATION OF PARASEQUENCES. Altogether, eleven parasequences
were identified by the author in the Toolachee Formation of the North Naccowlah 3-
D survey (Figures 4 and 6, Appendix 2). They are separated by flooding surfaces and
each parasequence basically represents a fining up succession with channel sands at
the base and overbank fines and coals at the top. The analysis of palynological data
shows that the regional PC 50 and PC 60 sequences are absent within the North
Naccowlah study area (Kloss, 2004). Deposition of the Toolachee Formation
commenced after a period of active uplift in the Cooper Basin, which generated the
Daralingie Unconformity (PU 70), the lower sequence boundary.

24
FIGURE 6 Chronostraigraphic framework A A for the North Naccowlah study area based
on sequence stratigraphic principles. Chronostratigraphic markers represent bounding surfaces
of eleven parasequences that can be correlated on a regional scale. The wireline logs are gamma
ray (left column) and sonic (right column) logs. Gamma ray response is measured in API units
(GAPI). The sonic log is recorded in microseconds per foot (/F).

25
The uplift generated negative accommodation resulting in incision and erosion of the
underlying siltstones, fine grained sandstones, shales and coals of the Patchawarra
Formation by Toolachee braided channel systems (Beaumont-Smith, 1999). The
lowest parasequence, PL 47, occurs just above the lower sequence boundary.

Parasequence PL 47. Amalgamated channels interpreted from the electronic logs (e-
logs) for the base of the PL 47 parasequence reflect medium to coarse grained
channel sandstones that were interpreted as braided river deposits. Initial
sedimentation was restricted to the low-lying areas such as Windigo, Roti, Costa and
J udga, reaching thicknesses up to 15 m. The absence of PL 47 in the wells located in
the northern part of the study area is caused by its onlap onto the Tartulla, Wippo,
Mookoo, and Yumba paleohighs (Figure 2). The PL 47 chronostratigraphic marker at
the top of the parasequence represents the first flooding surface within the study area,
and is marked by an extensive coal that reaches its maximum thickness (~3 m)
towards the south.

Parasequence PL 45. Continuous infilling of the low areas allowed deposition onto
the paleohighs. However, onlapping of the PL 45 still occurred at Yumba and partly
around the Wippo area, which was characterised by amalgamated channels at that
time. The depositional environment differed slightly from that of PL 47, with finer
sediments being deposited on the floodplains, and some coal seams indicating
flooding events at the top of the parasequence. Maximum thicknesses of around 11 m
were attained at Costa, J udga and Carney. Meandering channels migrated across the
floodplains, appearing on the logs as isolated fining up sandstone intervals
interbedded with siltstones and coals, as seen around the Roti and Raworth areas. The
upper part of the PL 45 parasequence is present in the core obtained from Tartulla 1.
The gamma ray log of that interval shows a bell shaped pattern characteristic of the
point bar of a meandering stream. The interpretation of the core supports that
interpretation. The sandstone contains a greater abundance of mudrock and organic
materials towards the top indicating a drop in energy such as that of channel avulsion
and abandonment. The overlying floodplain fines grade from a proximal to more
distal overbank environment with a decrease in sand content. The PL 45 flooding
surface is indicated by a coal in the south and southwest, whereas in the remaining

26
area it shows up as a maximum gamma ray inflection in overbank deposits.

Parasequence PC 40. A similar sequence of conditions prevailed throughout the
deposition of the PC 40, which onlaps onto the Yumba high. The thickest sections of
the PC 40 parasequence (~16 m - 21 m) correspond to amalgamated channels visible
on the logs, which represent the major depocentres in the southwest. The upper part
of the PC 40 represents an increase in the deposition of finer sediments. The PC 40
marker is picked above a coal in the southwest and north, and as a maximum gamma
ray inflection in the remainder of the study area.

Parasequence PL 37. The PL 37 covers the entire study area and represents a time of
high sediment flux, as shown by thick amalgamated sandstone beds seen on the logs,
and attaining maximum thicknesses of 20 m around the Windigo and Wippo areas. In
comparison to the underlying PC 40, the depositional environment is more sand-
dominated. Bell-shaped gamma ray patterns occur above multistorey amalgamated
sandstone beds reflecting point bars of meandering rivers observed at the base of the
overbank successions at the Costa, J udga, Roti and Mookoo areas. The PL 37
flooding surface is determined primarily on a maximum gamma ray inflection, with
the exception of the Tartulla and Costa areas, where it was picked on top of a coal.

Parasequence PL 35. The initial depositional environment of the PL 35 parasequence
is similar to that of PL 37 being characterised by multistorey amalgamated channel
deposits. A decrease in energy is apparent by the increase of finer sediments towards
the top of PL 35. The character of the sandstone intervals changes from one
dominated by amalgamated channel systems to more isolated channels up section,
reflecting a change to a meandering fluvial system, except in the Wippo area where
the amalgamated system prevails. In the very southern and central part of the study
area, the flooding surface is represented by a well developed coal. Where the coal is
absent, the flooding surface reflects the boundary between the overbank and
subsequent fluvial environments.

27
Parasequence PC 30. The deposition of the PC 30 parasequence is associated with a
transition from channel sands at the base to an overbank-dominated depositional
environment towards the top. The extensive coal seam at the top of the PC 30 can be
correlated over the entire survey, representing an extensive flooding event. The
considerably thinner sandstones present at the base of the PC 30 show an isolated to
amalgamated channel pattern.

Parasequences PL 27 - PC 00. The parasequences from PC 00 to PL 27 are
dominated by fine grained sediments and coals with scattered minor isolated channel
and crevasse splay or delta deposits, characterised by an overall fining up succession.
The PC 00 marker represents the maximum flooding surface that marks the top of the
Toolachee Formation. The base of the overlying Nappamerri Formation was
interpreted as lacustrine shale and siltstone (Battersby, 1976), which represents the
beginning of an aggradational systems tract. Isolated meandering channels that are
represented by gradually fining up sandstones are predominantly located within the
PL 27 and PL 25 parasequences. Channel abundance decreases gradually through the
remaining parasequences towards the top of the formation. The coal seams within the
upper parasequences are particularly well developed along the western part of the
study area around the Costa, Wippo and, to a lesser extent, J udga and Tartulla areas.
They are limited in their lateral extent and do not correlate over a broad area on
wireline logs. The upper unit of the Toolachee Formation shows a gradual increase in
gamma ray values, suggesting possible shaley lacustrine depositional environments at
the top. The flooding surfaces of the respective parasequences were in some cases
difficult to determine due to the overbank-dominated environment, and are primarily
represented by maximum gamma ray inflections.

INTERPRETATION OF SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
The depositional system represented by the Toolachee Formation involves the gradual
infilling of an alluvial basin. Within the area of the North Naccowlah 3-D survey
sedimentation occurred in eleven cycles or parasequences that can be correlated over
the entire project area (Appendix 2). The parasequences can be further subdivided
into sand-rich channel facies and overlying overbank-dominated facies. Previous

28
studies by Hughes (1999) on the Tartulla Field and Hui (2001) on the Central Fields
(Figure 1) areas interpreted the Toolachee Formation to have been deposited within
degradational, transitional and aggradational systems tracts. The high abundance of
amalgamated channels above the Daralingie Unconformity (PL 45 - PU 70) (Figures
4 and 6) resembles the pattern of a late degradational systems tract. However, the
regular occurrence of well developed coal seams and overbank deposits within this
interval is more characteristic of an early transitional systems tract, where base level
begins to rise. Within several of the interior basins of Argentina, Mancilla et al.
(1988), Legarreta and Gulisano (1989), Kokogian (1991), and Legarreta and Uliana
(1991) characterised transitional systems tracts as a mixture of bed load and
suspension load deposits arranged as upward fining and upward thinning bedsets.
The overall gradual increase in accommodation throughout the deposition of the
Toolachee Formation is typical of such a transitional systems tract. Additionally, the
change in channel pattern from braided to meandering, and increase in finer
sediments in successive parasequences, reflects increasingly isolated channels that
reflect frequent channel avulsion due to flooding, especially above the PC 30. Hence,
the Toolachee Formation in the study area can be subdivided into two units: 1) a
lower channel-dominated unit (PC 30 - PU 70), where multistorey sands represent
mostly braided streams; and 2) an upper overbank-dominated unit (PC 00 - PC 30),
where most channels represent isolated meandering streams. The PC 00 represents the
maximum flooding surface marking the change to an aggradational systems tract of
primarily lacustrine facies (Figures 4 and 6). The depositional environments of the
lower unit reflects transitions between braided and meandering systems within each
parasequence vertically, as well as laterally within some parasequences.

Previous studies on terrestrial channel patterns have shown that changes depend
primarily on discharge, sediment load, and slope (Leopold and Wolmann, 1957).
From past work (Kloss, 1999) and the presence of onlaps evident in the sequence
stratigraphic framework of the Toolachee Formation, it is known that local low
topographic highs, such as Tartulla and Wippo areas existed. A comparison of the
channel patterns within the PL 45 and PL 47 parasequences between wells in high-
and low-lying areas does not show any substantial difference, suggesting that the
slope was too gentle to cause major changes. Although no significant channel pattern

29
changes were observed, sedimentation in the paleotopographically higher areas
resulted in thinner deposits. A high channel-sand to overbank ratio in the Tartulla and
Wippo areas suggests the bypassing and reworking of sediments to low-lying areas.

Relative changes in the ratio of accommodation and sediment flux are thought to be
the main driving mechanisms for the changes in channel patterns that occurred during
the deposition of the Toolachee Formation. The quiet tectonic phase that prevailed
during deposition (Apak et al., 1997) is consistent with an overall gradually subsiding
basin, with little or no differential subsidence. Transitions between the two systems
are considered primarily a result of changes in sediment flux, possibly driven by
Milankovitch climatic-forcing. Cyclic changes in subsidence are unlikely. An
increase in sediment load relative to accommodation causes channels to choke and
braiding to develop, as bed load is reworked. Lower sediment flux relative to
accommodation results in meandering channel development in a larger floodplain that
supports vertical accretion of fines. Carson (1984) documented in his studies of rivers
in the Canterbury Plains area of New Zealand a transition from meandering to braided
systems caused by an increase in sediment supply, and Smith and Smith (1984)
demonstrated a change in fluvial pattern in the William River from meandering to
braided where a large bed load is introduced as channels flow through an eolian dune
field.

The high gamma ray values and regular gamma ray spikes of the upper unit of the
Toolachee Formation represent overbank environments with scattered crevasse
splays, coal seams and minor channels, as well as lacustrine deposits. The gradual
decrease in sediment flux relative to accommodation caused an increase in flooding
events. The scattered bell shaped gamma ray patterns, observed on the logs reflect
isolated meandering systems, typical for this environment. Generally, the sandstones
are poorly developed indicating the short duration of channel-flow due to channel
avulsion and abandonment.

30
3-D SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS
SEISMIC RESOLUTION
The sequence stratigraphic model developed from the correlation of well logs yields
12 chronostratigraphic horizons within the Toolachee Formation. The tuning
thicknesses calculated for the North Naccowlah 3-D survey range from 23 m in Roti 1
to 32 m in Tartulla 4 (Appendix 6), resulting in six seismic horizons, three peaks and
three troughs (Table 2, Figure 7, Appendix 7). In areas of thicker deposits, additional
horizons are resolved. As those horizons are of limited extent, they were not
considered to be of great assistance in the interpretation of a depositional
environment. Because of the low seismic resolution, the seismic horizons do not
follow particular chronostratigraphic horizons from the sequence stratigraphic
framework, but are the closest reflectors to those horizons. The following table lists
the chronostratigraphic nomenclature and the equivalent seismic horizons of the
Toolachee Formation in the North Naccowlah study area.

TABLE 2 Chronostratigraphic nomenclature and the corresponding seismic horizons of the
Toolachee Formation in the North Naccowlah study area.
Chronostratigraphic Unit Seismic Horizon
PC00 P
Trough Below P (TBP)
PC30 P2
Trough Below P2 (TBP2)
PC40 P3
Trough Below P3 (TBP3)

The P, P2, and P3 horizons are identified as peaks on the zero phase seismic data and
are caused by the low impedance of coals. In the North Naccowlah 3-D data, negative
reflection coefficients are associated with peaks (blue) and positive reflection
coefficients with troughs (red). The TBP, TBP2, and TBP3 horizons represent the
adjacent troughs below the peaks. The troughs are thought to be dominated by the
side lobes of the strong peaks.

31

FIGURE 7 Wippo South 1 synthetic seismogram, gamma ray log, and sonic log on to a 2-D
seismic reflection profile. The P, P2, and P3 horizons are the closest reflectors of the
corresponding chronostratigraphic markers (Table 2). TBP, TBP 2, and TBP 3 are the adjacent
troughs. Peaks (negative RC) are colour coded as blue, whereas troughs (positive RC) are red.

P
TBP
P2
TBP 2
P3
TBP 3
SONIC
LOG
GAMMA
RAY
LOG
SYNTHETIC
SEISMOGRAM
- - + +

32
ATTRIBUTES
A seismic attribute is defined as the characteristic of the seismic reflection event from
either a geological interface or over a constant geological interval that holds
important clues as to the geological setting and / or rock properties as well as time
surfaces (Sheriff, 1991; Hui 2001).

Currently, more than 300 attributes can be imaged. Similar projects in the Cooper
Basin as well as in other basins were studied to select attributes that resulted in the
best possible images of sedimentary features. The most successful attributes were
applied to the imaged seismic horizons within the Toolachee Formation.

COMPARISON OF ATTRIBUTE IMAGES TO MODERN FLUVIAL ANALOGUES
The analysis of modern fluvial analogues assisted in the identification of fluvial
bodies visible on attribute maps (Appendix 1). Not only did it aid in the identification
of these features, but also in the interpretation of the associated depositional
environments.

Lang et al. (2002) used the Ob River in Western Siberia as a modern depositional
analogue for the Cooper Basin (Figure 8). The rationale for selecting this modern,
high latitude, cool temperate, peat forming fluvial system is based mainly on
similarities with the paleolatitude and paleoclimatic situation of the Cooper Basin in
the Permian (Veevers, 2000). In this study, satellite and areal images of fluvial
elements from the Ob River as well as other modern fluvial systems were compared
directly to the 3-D seismic attribute maps from the North Naccowlah area. The
comparison assisted in the identification of such features as meanders and hence in
the interpretation of depositional environments in the study area.

33

FIGURE 8 - Possible channel belt identified on a horizon amplitude map (a). Modern analogue
from the Ob River (b) (Lang, 2002) for a. Black dashed line on the amplitude map indicates
boundaries of the channel belt. Red dashed line represents an interpreted meandering channel
within the channel belt.

INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENTARY FEATURES
Each attribute was applied to the six resolvable seismic horizons, resulting in different
images. Attributes such as dip, TWT structure, and variance proved to be good
indicators of structural features (Figure 9), whereas amplitude and isochron identified
sedimentary features best. Event width also showed some good examples of well
defined sedimentary features. Distinct sedimentary bodies such as major fluvial
channels were captured by each attribute.


34
ISOCHRON, TWT STRUCTURE, DIP, AND EVENT WIDTH

FIGURE 9 Sedimentary and structural features identified in the study area on (a) isochron, (b)
TWT structure, (c) dip, and (d) event width horizon maps. (a) Isochron map of P3 horizon
images meandering channels due to greater vertical time thickness caused by the thickness of low
impedance channel fill. (b) TWT structure map of P2 horizon identifies faults as abrupt lateral
changes in two way travel time. (c) Faults on P2 dip horizon map are being displayed as
features with greatest dip. (d) Event width (peak) map of P horizon shows a channel belt that is
caused by greater differences in travel times between zero crossings. Vertical colour scales show
an increase in value towards the bottom for each respective attribute map.

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Meanders
Faults
Channel Belt
Faults

35
AMPLITUDE. The sedimentary features observed on the attribute maps are best
characterised by lateral changes in amplitude. Structural features show up as linear
amplitude anomalies. The amplitude anomalies represent either higher or lower
amplitude values in comparison to their surroundings (Figure 10). The identified
sedimentary features are interpreted as channels, channel belts, point bars and
oxbows, whereas the structural features are restricted to faults. Specific seismic
features identified on attribute maps are described and interpreted below.

Seismic feature 1 (SF 1) was extracted from the P3 horizon and appears as a high
amplitude sinuous body in the northern central part of the study area (Figures 2 and
10). The feature is surrounded by an area of variable, but generally lower amplitudes.
It trends 110 and is approximately 150 m wide. The width of the feature increases
towards the curved edges.

Seismic feature 1 is interpreted as a meandering channel. The part enclosed by the
highest curvature represents a possible point bar. This is supported by the increase of
channel width indicating lateral migration of the meandering system. Figure 10b
shows the location of SF 1 in a seismic reflection profile, which is indicated by the
yellow line in figure 10a. The identified lenticular geometry is characteristic of a
channel.

36

FIGURE 10 Seismic Feature 1 (SF 1) on P3 horizon amplitude map (a) and seismic reflection
profile (b) indicated by red line X-X. Figure 10a shows lateral extent of SF 1, indicated by larger
amplitude values (higher RC) (blue) of the peaks in comparison to the surroundings (light blue
and red). Figure 10b shows the amplitude changes as lighter or darker shades of blue.

SF 1
(a)
(b)
P3 Horizon
SF 1 - Channel
X
X

37
Seismic features 2, 3, and 4 appear as sinuous bodies in the central part of the study
area, just north of Roti field (Figures 2 and 11). They are visible on the P horizon as
low amplitude features surrounded by generally higher amplitudes. The bodies trend
110 and are 100 m wide. Overlapping is observed between SF 2 and SF 3.
Seismic features 2, 3, and 4 are interpreted as meandering channels within a channel
belt. The approximate outline of the channel belt is marked by the red dashed-dotted
lines which are roughly 1.5 km apart. The observed overlapping of the channels is
characteristic of a meandering channel that migrates laterally within a channel belt.

FIGURE 11 Seismic features 2 (SF 2), 3 (SF 3), and 4 (SF 4) on the P horizon. The seismic
features are characterised by lower amplitude values (lower RC) (white light blue) to their
surroundings (dark blue). The dashed line indicates the boundaries of the channel belt.

SF 2
SF 3
SF 4

38
Seismic feature 5 is a high amplitude sinuous body that occurs between the wells
Yumba 1 and Mookoo 1 to the northern end of the data set (Figures 2 and 12). It
appears on the P horizon as an 150 m-wide, high amplitude anomaly surrounded by
generally lower amplitudes. The high sinuosity of the feature, which is close to a
complete closed oval, suggests it is an oxbow lake that was cut off from the main
channel by neck cut off.

FIGURE 12 Seismic Feature 5 (SF 5) on the P horizon. The feature is identified by high
amplitude values (high RC) (dark blue).

SF 5

39
Seismic feature 6 appears as a low amplitude linear to curved body on the P3 horizon
(Figure 13). It is located around the Wippo and Tartulla areas in the northwestern part
of the study area and is trending approximately 300 west and 40 east of Tartulla 5
(Figure 2). The greatest width (~500 m) is observed at Tartulla 5. The area
surrounding SF 6 is characterised by relative low amplitude values with no major
sedimentary features observed. The abrupt change in amplitude and linear geometry
suggests that SF 6 is a fault. The featureless area surrounding the fault is interpreted
as possibly continuous sand sheets deposited by the braided channels characteristic of
that area. Hence, no individual channels were imaged.

The majority of the sedimentary features identified on the P, P2, and P3 amplitude
horizon maps are characteristic of higher amplitudes values in comparison to their
surroundings. The amplitude maps of the adjacent troughs display the same seismic
features, with some minor alterations in relation to the amount of features and their
amplitude values.
FIGURE 13 Seismic feature 6 (SF 6) on the P3 horizon. The feature is identified by an abrupt
change in amplitude values (dark red). The surrounding area is characterised by relatively low
amplitude values (low RC) (light blue) and does not contain obvious channel features.
SF 6

40
Figure 14 shows a duplicate of SF 1 (Figure 10) on the TBP3 horizon. The
duplicate is characterised by higher amplitude values (grey) to its surroundings
(yellow). The sedimentary features imaged on the horizons caused by the troughs
(TBP, TBP2, TBP3) appear as successive features of the sedimentary features imaged
on the respective overlying peaks (P, P2, P3).

FIGURE 14 Duplicate of seismic feature 1 (SF 1) on TBP3 horizon. The feature is identified by
higher amplitude values (grey) in comparison to its surroundings (yellow). It is a successive
feature of SF1, imaged on the overlying P3 horizon.

Duplicate of SF 1

41
The images of the two most significant attributes, isochron and amplitude were
overlain to trace each identifiable fluvial body for each given horizon. The traced
channels from the seismic horizons were labelled and measured for length, width,
sinuosity, trend, and channel belt width. Channels that were at least one wavelength
in length were classified (Table 3, Appendix 8). Seismic reflection profiles were used
to verify the existence of the channels, especially for subtle images. The verification
also assisted in the differentiation between sedimentary and structural features, such
as faults. The identified features were then colour coded (Figure 15). The seismic
horizons that are associated with the seismic troughs were not categorised as they
tend to image mostly duplicate channels, which appear on successive horizon slices.

TABLE 3 Categorisation of fluvial bodies

Horizon

Features

Length
(km)
Width
(m)
Sinuosity
(P)
Trend

Ch Belt
Width
(km)
P 7 8 115 1.22 W-E & N-S 1.75
P2 11 8.9 127 1.6 W-E & N-S 2.35
P3 14 10.41 138 1.9 W-E 3.47
Table 3 shows the averaged values of channel length, width, sinuosity, trend, and
channel belt width for the three peak horizons. An obvious pattern emerges that
shows a gradual decrease in sinuosity, channel width, and channel belt width towards
the top of the Toolachee Formation. No pattern is recognisable in regards to the
lengths and trends of the fluvial bodies, which is a result of the low resolution seismic
data. The application of Rusts (1978) classification of alluvial channels by geometric
characteristics classifies the identified channels within the P horizon (P =1.2 - 1.5) of
lower intermediate sinuosity. The channels in the P3 and P2 horizons are classified as
high sinuosity, as P is greater than 1.5 (Rust, 1978). The observations are consistent
with the sequence stratigraphic interpretation, suggesting a relative increase in
accommodation with successive parasequences.

42

FIGURE 15 P3 horizon amplitude map showing identified fluvial bodies. Majority of fluvial
bodies is imaged due to higher amplitude values of the peaks (yellow) than their surroundings,
areas of generally lower amplitude values (dark grey). The identified fluvial bodies are colour
coded, a solid red line for distinct channels; a dashed red line for subtle channels; a solid blue
line for faults, and a solid green line for successive channels.

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N

43
CROSS PLOTS
Acoustic Impedance (AI) vs Gamma Ray (GR). Anacoustic impedance versus gamma
ray cross plot was generated to show variations in acoustic impedance and gamma ray
values between the four major lithologies, especially sand and shale (Figure 16,
Appendix 9). If successful, forward modelling of acoustic impedance logs would
show a variation in amplitude between sand and shale allowing them to be
independently differentiated in seismic data. The acoustic impedance values of the
lithologies were then cross-plotted against the equivalent gamma ray values. The
values were obtained from the PC 30 and PC 40 parasequences of 22 well logs in the
study area, which contained both logs.

Acoustic Impedance (AI) vs Gamma Ray (GR)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
0 50 100 150 200 250
Gamma Ray (GR)
A
c
o
u
s
t
i
c

I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(
A
I
)
Coal
Sand
Shale
Carbon. Shales
FIGURE 16 Acoustic Impedance versus Gamma Ray cross plot; circles indicate the dominant
values for each lithology

The cross plot shows that the lithologies are partly distinguishable on their gamma ray
values. A clear difference is seen between the gamma ray values of the sands (30 - 60
GR) and shales (140 - 210 GR). This difference is very vague between the sands and
coals, as they are characterised by gamma rays of similar values. The gamma ray
values of the carbonaceous shales range between that of the sands and the coals (60 -
140 GR). Overlapping of gamma ray values between the carbonaceous shales and the
other lithologies is linked to the respective contents of sand, shale, and

44
carbonaceous material. The acoustic impedance values indicate that carbonaceous
shales range between 16000 and 28000, representing a continuum between the coals
(7000 - 16000 AI) and the shales and sands. The acoustic impedance range for the
sands and shales is almost identical, with sands ranging between 30000 and 37000,
and shales between 33000 and 38000. These similar values are caused by the shaley
sands, sandy shales, and tighter sands. Hence, reflection amplitude will not
discriminate between the two lithologies. The results of the cross plot imply that, with
regards to this study, it is not possible to distinguish between sand and shale on the
horizon amplitude maps due to the similar acoustic impedance values. But sands and
shales may be distinguished from carbonaceous shales and coals.

45
DISCUSSION
3-D seismic attribute analysis was used to test a sequence stratigraphic interpretation
for the Toolachee Formation of the North Naccowlah 3-D survey. The chosen
attributes successfully imaged a large number of sedimentary features, primarily
including meandering channels, associated channel belts and oxbows. The fluvial
bodies are visible due to either higher or lower amplitude values in comparison to the
surrounding amplitudes and by variations in amplitude width. Brown (1996)
successfully imaged meandering channels on amplitude horizon maps in the Gulf of
Mexico region, caused by amplitude anomalies that reflected lateral changes in
lithology. A similar cause of amplitude variations is considered here.

The fluvial bodies visible on amplitude maps that were extracted from the seismic
troughs (TBP, TBP2, TBP3) are duplicates of the fluvial bodies that are imaged on
the overlying peaks (P, P2, P3), but with the opposite sense of polarity. Generally, the
amplitude maps derived from the troughs show the same features with some minor
variations. The fluvial bodies imaged on the peaks are mostly defined by greater
amplitudes (higher RC) in comparison to their surroundings. A similar image is
observed in the horizon amplitude maps extracted from the troughs.

The average tuning thickness at target depth in the study area approximates 25 m,
yielding six resolvable horizons. The large acoustic impedance contrast between the
coals and the other lithologies observed in the wells is assumed to have generated the
peaks. However, the coal seams are much thinner than the tuning thickness. The
majority of the coals range from 1 to 8 m. Therefore the peaks and troughs do not
align with the top and bottom interfaces of the seams. Because of the large tuning
thickness relative to bed thickness the troughs are thought to be dominated by the side
lobes of the adjacent strong peaks. This effect can be observed on the respective
horizon amplitude maps in the form of duplicates.

Establishment of a direct relationship between lithologies and seismic reflection
attributes was not possible. The acoustic impedance properties of shale and sand are
too similar to allow discrimination between these lithologies (Figure 16).
Additionally, no well penetrates any imaged channel feature. Therefore, sequence

46
stratigraphic concepts were applied to assess the possible lithologies within the
channels.

The chronostratigraphic framework developed for the North Naccowlah 3-D survey
shows that the Toolachee Formation was deposited in an overall transitional systems
tract in eleven cycles defined as parasequences (Figures 4 and 6) that represent high
to low sediment flux / accommodation cycles. In the lower unit of the Toolachee
Formation, individual parasequences reflect transitions in depositional environment
from braided to meandering fluvial systems. The horizon amplitude maps of the P2
and P3 horizons, which reflect the extensive coals within the PC 30 and PC 40
parasequences, image predominantly meandering channels from the upper part of
those parasequences. The depositional environment above the coal is characteristic of
amalgamated sandstones that reflect the braided system of the PL 37 parasequence. In
the Holocene deposits of the Rhine-Meuse delta Trnqvist (1993, 1994) and
Trnqvist et al. (1993) demonstrated that a rapid increase in accommodation led to
the development of a distributary fluvial style with a high avulsion frequency,
whereas a lower rate of accommodation generation resulted in the reworking of
meandering channel systems. The abandoned channels are expected to be filled with
fine sediments such as shale, carbonaceous shale or coal, whereas long-lived low
accommodation amalgamated meandering channel systems are sand filled, owing to
lateral reworking of bed load, which should lead to sand-choking and development of
braiding.

Altogether, two orderss of cyclicity are evident in the sequence stratigraphic
interpretation; 1) The Toolachee Formation as a whole reflects a gradual increase in
accommodation. Increased flooding events and channel avulsion are suggested by the
greater abundance of isolated channels towards the top of the formation that
eventually becomes lacustrine-dominated. 2) However, the eleven identified
parasequences that make up the building blocks of the Toolachee Formation reflect
variations in sediment flux. Increase in sediment flux at the base of a given
parasequence results in the choking and thus braiding of channels, leading to
deposition of laterally continuous multistorey sand sheets. Successive decrease in
sediment flux towards the top of parasequences causes meandering in an overbank-

47
dominated environment. The fluctuations in sediment flux represent more likely
Milankovitch climatic-forcing than tectonic control, as tectonic quiescence prevailed
during deposition of the Toolachee Formation. Unfortunately, biostratigraphic
resolution will not allow the duration of cycles to be determined to test for
Milankovitch periodicity.

Beresford (2002) analysed the effect of different coal thicknesses and underlying
lithologies in regards to the amplitude responses observed on horizon maps (Figure
17). The results of that work shows that the effects on amplitude are less significant
with an increase in coal thickness as it approaches tuning thickness. Figure 16a shows
a seismic response to a 1 m thick coal, overlain by shale and underlain by a laterally
repetitive pattern of carbonaceous shale and sand, where odd traces represent the sand
response and even traces the carbonaceous shale response. The seismic responses are
of reverse polarity to Santos seismic data. The model clearly shows that the
underlying lithologies contribute to the amplitude and shape of the coal peak. If the
coal is underlain by carbonaceous shale, the amplitude value increases and becomes
more distinct in comparison to an amplitude response related to an underlying sand or
shale. At the same time the maximum amplitude shifts downwards and broadens, and
the trough below decreases in amplitude. The following figures, 17b, 17c, and 17d
show that the effect on the amplitude of the peak diminishes with an increase in coal
thickness. The troughs below are also affected, but the changes in their responses
between the carbonaceous shale and shale traces are more recognisable than the
changes in amplitude of the peaks above.

The downward shift or time sag of the peak is related to seismic resolution. In the
case of a 1 m thick coal (well below tuning thickness) that is underlain by
carbonaceous shale, the low seismic resolution and similar acoustic impedance values
do not allow for separation between the two lithologies. The coal peak appears to be
thicker and the point of symmetry of the peak is shifted downwards. The increase
in amplitude of the peak is caused by the increase in thickness of the relatively low
impedance coal-carbonaceous shale package. As the coal approaches tuning
thickness the amplitude becomes greater. Above tuning thickness, the amplitude
reaches its maximum value. At and above tuning thickness the top and the bottom

48


49
interfaces of the coal would eventually become resolved, showing amplitude
variations between the troughs due to the two different lithologies underlying the
coal.

The discussed model is very simplified and has to be applied carefully with some
alterations to the observations made on the seismic horizon maps from the North
Naccowlah 3-D survey. The thickness of the coals responsible for the peaks is well
below tuning thickness representing the scenario in figure 17a and possibly 17b.
Meandering channels and oxbows that are defined by larger amplitude values of the
peaks in comparison to the surroundings are thought to be infilled by carbonaceous
shales after abandonment. As these features are located within the upper parts of the
parasequences, sequence stratigraphic interpretation supports this interpretation. The
lateral contrast of the amplitude values reflects the lateral change in lithology between
a shale prone overbank environment and the carbonaceous shale-plugged channel.
The channels observed within channel belts are characterised by lower amplitude
values in contrast to their surroundings. A possible explanation could be related to the
thinning of the coals above the channel belts, due to either differential compaction
between the sands and the coals or a change in depositional environment as channel
belts tend to be more sand-rich environments. In contrast to the proposed models, the
channels observed on the seismic amplitude maps extracted from the troughs are
defined by higher amplitude values. This is because in this sub-tuning seismic setting
a decrease in amplitude of a dominant peak will tend to increase the amplitude of the
adjacent trough. Beresford (2002) used a broadband wavelet resulting in higher
resolution, thus decreasing the side lobe effects on the troughs in his study. The ringy
wavelets typical of the Toolachee Formation have a significant effect on the side
lobes of the peaks. Because of the low resolution relative to bed thickness and
separation, the troughs will increase with an increase in the amplitude of the peaks.

50
EXPLORATION POTENTIAL
Exploration and development in the Cooper Basin has predominantly focused on
structural traps. However, exploration for the traditional four and three-way dip
closure plays in the Cooper Basin is now at a mature stage. Stratigraphic plays have
received the least exploratory emphasis to date. Thus, stratigraphic and combination
traps have significant potential for future exploration in this mature basin.

The sequence stratigraphic framework developed for the Toolachee Formation in the
North Naccowlah 3-D survey identified several different sedimentary features that
indicate locations of potential stratigraphic traps, or allow predictions of reservoir by
analogy. The primary sedimentary features that were identified on the wireline logs
and 3-D seismic attribute maps include channel systems such as meandering and
braided streams.

Figure 18 shows the relationship between channel morphology and reservoir
geometry for the channel systems identified within the Toolachee Formation of the
North Naccowlah 3-D survey. The greatest interconnectivity of sandstone bodies is
associated with braided systems that deposit continuous sheets of laterally extensive
sandstones (Figure 18c). The sequence stratigraphic framework of the study area
shows that the braided systems were deposited as amalgamated channels at the base
of parasequences located in the lower unit of the Toolachee Formation. The overall
high sand to shale ratios indicate good reservoir continuity. Individual braided
channels are not imaged on the seismic attribute maps because the constant lateral
reworking of the sands due to limited accommodation did not allow lateral facies with
different seismic responses to develop. Therefore, the continuous extensive sand
sheets do not show any lateral changes in lithology that could be reflected on the
seismic attribute maps. Hence, sand sheets are imaged on maps, but do not show the
meandering channels of the shale prone setting. Images of sand sheets are
predominantly associated with the Tartulla and particularly Wippo Fields on the
seismic attribute maps. The high sand to shale ratios identified within the wells of this
part of the study area support this interpretation. Hence, the potentially large reservoir
sizes that are sealed by overlying overbank-rich succession for each parasequence are

51

52
excellent exploration targets. However, structural traps are considered to be the prime
targets for those reservoirs as they provide the required closure.

The presence of meander belts is associated with increased accommodation and
decreased sandstone interconnectivity (Figure 18b). The lateral migration of the
channels within fine grained overbank facies and low sand to shale ratios observed on
the wireline logs indicate poor reservoir connectivity. However, the seismic attribute
maps show large meandering belts up to 3 km wide located within the transitional
systems tracts of individual parasequences throughout the Toolachee Formation.
Possible sites for exploration may be laterally accreted point bars on the inside of
meander bends such as shown by Wellington 1 in the J uno / Baryulah complex. Such
reservoirs would be smaller than the amalgamated sand sheets, but they represent
stratigraphic traps that may not require structural control for closure.

Distributary channels of low sinuosity were interpreted from the wireline logs as
poorly developed isolated sands predominantly located within the upper part of the
Toolachee Formation. The low sinuosity of those channels reflects the high
accommodation that prevailed during that time (Figure 18a). These isolated features,
up to 150 m wide, are not intersected by any well in the project area and hence may
possibly contain different stratigraphic packages than any interpreted from wireline
logs. Predictions for potential stratigraphic play types in intervals of low sandstone
interconnectivity must be based solely on principles of sedimentology and sequence
stratigraphic models, because forward seismic modelling to establish a relationship
between lithologies and seismic attributes was not possible due to the very similar
acoustic impedances of the shales and sands.

In summary, 3-D seismic attribute analysis can be used as a powerful exploration tool
to test sequence stratigraphic models. The seismic horizon attribute maps extracted
from the 3-D seismic North Naccowlah survey assisted in the interpretation of the
depositional environments of the Toolachee Formation. The sedimentary features
imaged on the seismic attribute maps are positive support for the initial sequence
stratigraphic hypothesis that was based on wireline data. The prominent meandering
channels reflect the depositional environment within the transitional and

53
aggradational systems tracts of the respective parasequences. The fluvial bodies show
a decrease in sinuosity up-section, supporting the interpretation of an overall increase
in accommodation through the larger sequence. Areas where little or no features are
visible, such as the Tartulla Field, represent depositional environments of high sand
contents such as amalgamated channels of a braided system. Comparison of seismic
amplitudes with forward modelling of the amplitude responses to coal thickness
changes suggest channel abandonment and successive infilling by carbonaceous
shales. 3-D seismic attribute analysis allows observation of the extent and type of
lithology, which results in a better understanding of the relationship between
hydrocarbon reservoirs and fluvial bodies.

54
CONCLUSIONS
Altogether, eleven parasequences were identified by the author in the Toolachee
Formation of the North Naccowlah 3-D survey, comprising the building blocks of a
transitional systems tract (Figures 4 and 6). They are separated by flooding surfaces
and each parasequence basically represents a fining up succession with channel sands
at the base and overbank fines and coals at the top. Based on seismic horizons
mapped on those flooding surfaces, seismic horizon attribute maps image the
depositional environments interpreted from the wireline and well core data.

The Toolachee Formation in the study area can be subdivided into two units. A lower
channel-dominated unit (PC 30 - PU 70), where multistorey sands represent mostly
braided streams; and an upper overbank-dominated unit (PC 00 - PC 30), where most
channels represent isolated meandering streams. The PC 00 represents the maximum
flooding surface marking the change to an aggradational systems tract of primarily
lacustrine facies.

The depositional environment of the lower unit is reflected by transitions between
braided and meandering systems within each parasequence, vertically but also
laterally in some cases. The transition reflects the cyclicity of the parasequences,
where braiding is followed by meandering within a given parasequence. Relative
changes in the ratio of subsidence and sediment -flux are thought to be the main
driving mechanisms for the changes in channel patterns that occurred during the
deposition of the Toolachee Formation. The quiet tectonic phase (Apak et al., 1997)
that prevailed during deposition is consistent with an overall gradually subsiding
basin, with little or no differential subsidence. Transitions between the two systems
are considered to be a result of changes in sediment flux rather than changes in
subsidence, possibly driven by Milankovitch climatic-forcing. An increase in
sediment load relative to accommodation causes channels to choke and braiding to
develop, as bed load is reworked. Lower sediment flux relative to accommodation
results in meandering channel development and vertical accretion on the floodplain.
.

55
The high gamma ray values and regular gamma ray spikes of the upper unit of the
Toolachee Formation represent an overbank-dominated environment with scattered
crevasse splays / deltas, thin coal seams and minor channels as well as lacustrine
deposits. The scattered bell shaped gamma ray patterns observed on the logs reflect
meandering channels, typical for this environment. Generally, the sandstones are
poorly developed indicating short-lived channels with common channel avulsion and
abandonment.

The analysis of well cores supports the interpretation of a transition in depositional
environments between braided and meandering systems within parasequences. The
abundance of mature conglomeratic channel lags, low argillaceous contents in the
sandstones (2.5 %), and regional correlation of the parasequences, contradict previous
interpretations of the multistorey sand horizons as amalgamated crevasse splay
deposits.

Tuning thicknesses calculated for the North Naccowlah 3-D survey range from 23 -
32 m, resulting in six seismic horizons. Attributes such as dip, TWT structure, and
variance proved to be good indicators of structural features, whereas amplitude and
isochron data imaged sedimentary features best. However, distinct fluvial channels
were captured by each attribute. The sedimentary features observed on the attribute
maps are amplitude anomalies that represent either higher or lower amplitude values
in comparison to their lateral surroundings. The identified sedimentary features
include channels, channel belts, point bars and oxbows; whereas the structural
features are restricted to faults and appear as nearly linear features.

The vertical progression of fluvial bodies imaged from the upper parts of successive
parasequences shows a gradual decrease in sinuosity, channel width, and channel belt
width towards the top of the Toolachee Formation. Channels within the P horizon
(P =1.2 - 1.5) are of intermediate sinuosity. The channels in the P2 and P3 horizons
are classified as high sinuosity, as sinuosity (P) is greater than 1.5. The changes in
channel patterns are consistent with gradually increasing accommodation through
Toolachee time.

56
The acoustic impedance range for the sands and shales is almost identical with the
sands ranging between 30000 and 37000, and shales ranging between 33000 and
38000. The similarity in impedance values of the two lithologies strongly suggests
that amplitude values or seismic inversion would not be a feasible way to distinguish
between the two lithologies. Forward seismic modelling of amplitude responses due
to varying coal thicknesses suggests that fluvial bodies that are defined by high
amplitude values and peak width are filled with carbonaceous shale. Fluvial bodies
characterised by low amplitude are possibly filled with sand.

3-D seismic attribute analysis in conjunction with sequence stratigraphy allows the
prediction of the extent and type of lithology, which results in a better understanding
of the relationship between potential hydrocarbon reservoirs and fluvial bodies. The
three major identified fluvial styles; braided, meanders, and distributaries are
potential targets for future exploration. Extensive sand sheets deposited from braided
fluvial systems show good reservoir continuity and require structural traps for
closure. Meandering and distributary fluvial systems represent excellent stratigraphic
traps, such as the insides of laterally accreted point bars.

57
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APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1

FLUVIAL SYSTEMS AND MODERN FLUVIAL
ANALOGUES
Fluvial Systems and Modern Fluvial Analogues

Braided Rivers
Braided rivers are characterized by numerous channels separated by bars and small
islands. Low sinuosity and coarse sediments associated with both bed load and
suspended load modes of sediment movement are also highly characteristic of braided
rivers (Fig. 45) (Miall, 1977).
Deposition of sediments occurs in the form of channel shifting and bar aggradation on
relatively steep slopes and width/depth ratios that may exceed 300. Some bars are
relatively stable and develop vegetation, which can be inundated during floods (Davis
J r, 1992).
Braiding is inhibited in vegetated areas due to the cohesive strength of the sediments,
whereas the opposite is the case in areas of loose sediments.
Generally, many variables control the stream channel pattern, including discharge,
sediment load, channel shape, velocity, and bed roughness as well as climate.
A combination of slope and bank full discharge can be used to distinguish between
braided and meandering streams. Braided streams can develop on steeper slopes than
meandering streams for a given discharge (Davis J r, 1992). Thus, for a given slope, a
river changes from meandering to braided as discharge is increased.

Fig. 45: Block diagram model of a braided stream reach, showing principal
environments, where 1 is bars and channels; 2 sand bars; 3 vegetated bar and 4
island with abundant spruce (Williams and Rust, 1969)

Meandering Rivers
Meandering occurs in all fluid systems as a result of turbulence, internal shear, and
bank and bed friction (Miall, 1996). They may be also caused by variations in
sediment, slope or gradient, bed roughness, and other factors (Schumm, 1977).
Meandering streams are characterized by a lack of gravel, modest suspended loads
and channels with a broadly meandering pattern. Point bars, levees, crevasse splays,
and floodplain sediments are closely associated with meanders.
In contrast to multi channel braided streams, meanders are typical of single channels
and are located downstream from braided streams on a gentler slope. The
predominant geological setting is that of a coastal plain.
The discharge varies and generally includes a period of overbank flooding, which
typically occurs seasonally and may take place less than once each year (Davis J r,
1992).The most characteristic feature of a meandering river is its asymmetric bend
with one side quite steep in comparison to the other (Fig. 46). Lateral erosion is taking
place at the steep side, whereas sediments accumulate at the opposite, the gentle
sloping side. The resulting migration of the channel is accompanied by channel
shifting or channel abandonment leading to the development of a new channel. This is
usually caused by processes like chute cutoff, neck cutoff, or avulsion which will be
discussed in detail on the following pages.

Fig. 46: Facies distribution and sedimentary sequences of a meandering stream
(Fraser, 1989).

Geometries in Fluvial Systems

Channels
Channels host the coarse deposits in fluvial systems. The geometry of channels is
defined by depth, width/depth ratio, sinuosity, and sand body thickness. They are also
characteristic of concave-up erosional bases, erosional or gradational tops, and
channel margins which become gentler in slope with increasing channel width.
Channel margins in form of steep banks are associated with high vegetation, whereas
lower margin slopes are due to unconsolidated material.The channel cross section
geometry depends on the slope, discharge, load, and the sediment into which the
channel is cut. Channels are filled by simple vertical aggradation commonly show
fining upward successions, reflecting one of two processes; progressive abandonment
or the plugging action (flash floods) (Miall, 1996).

Point Bars
Point bars are closely associated with meandering streams, and form on the convex
side of the meander loop. The helical flow that is established in a meandering stream,
carries sediment across the stream channel up to the sloping bank of adjacent point
bars, where it is deposited under lower velocity conditions. Only the coarsest
sediment accumulates as a lag deposit in the deeper part of the channel. The
remaining sediment eroded from the concave bank of the meander bend is transported
laterally across the stream, as the zone of maximum current velocity shifts back and
forth from one outside bend to the next, and coarser bedload sediment is deposited by
lateral accretion on the next downstream point bar (Fig. 47). This process causes both
lateral and downstream migration of the meanders (Boggs J r, 1995).

Fig. 47: Meander bend diagram showing fining upward lateral accretion
deposits of the point bar and fluid flow patterns (Allen, 1970)

Neck Cutoffs and Oxbow Lakes
Continued enlargement of a meander loop results in increased sinuosity. Eventually a
cutbank may incise into an adjacent reach of the channel. This typically occurs at the
neck of a meander and results in a neck cut-off. Flow is diverted through the break,
and the channel reach between the points of the cutoff is abandoned. Fine grained
floodplain sediments or new point bar deposits then seal off the ends of the abandoned
channel to form an oxbow lake (Fig. 46) (Miall, 1992).

Levee Deposits
Natural levee deposits form primarily on the concave or steep bank side of meander
loops immediately adjacent to the channel as a result of sudden loss of competence of
streams as they overtop their banks (Fig. 46). These deposits are thickest and coarsest
near the channel bank and become thinner and finer grained toward the flood basin
(Boggs J r, 1995)
Sedimentary structures consist of rhythmically bedded units of silty, ripple-laminated
sand a few centimetres thick with common bioturbation. Levees can be up to 3 km
wide and 9 m high (Mississippi), and 700 m long (Bahmaputra). Dips of 2-4 are
common (Miall, 1996).

Crevasse Splays
Crevasse splays are delta like deposits, and occur on floodplains where rising flood
waters breach natural levees (Fig. 46). The scale of the crevasse channel which form
delta like distributary systems depends on the scale of the river They can be up to 10
km long, 5 km wide, and 2-6 m thick.
Crevasse channel fills constitute of ribbon like bodies typically consisting of fine
medium grained sandstone with trough cross bedding and ripple cross lamination
becoming shallower away from the main channel. Internal scours are common.
Generally, crevasse splays are like delta deposits. However, upward fining occurs
where abandonment takes place (Miall, 1996).

Floodplain
The floodplain environment is located away from the channels. It is characterized by
fine grained sediments that settle out of suspension from flood waters carried into the
broad flood plain (Fig. 46).
The flood basin is a major feature on the flood plain and is characterized by low
relief, poor drainage, and fine, organic rich sediments. These sediments commonly
contain considerable plant debris and may be bioturbated by land-dwelling organisms
or plant roots (Miall 1996, Boggs J r., 1995).

Modern fluvial analogues
The use of analogues allows more confident mapping of sand trends in fluvial
reservoirs, by providing an order of magnitude for channel belt widths, thickness to
width ratios, and similar geometric parameters (Fig. 50).
Modern fluvial analogues studies, such that of Fielding (1986), Olsen et al.(1995),
Ashley et al.(1993), and Lang et al.(2000) were studied to get familiar with the
sedimentology of meandering and braided streams, floodplains, lakes, peat mires, and
crevasse splays. The facies characteristics and geometries associated with modern
fluvial systems will be used as analogues to support the interpretation of depositional
environments in the Toolachee Formation.

Fig. 48: Babbage River, Yukon Territory showing the laterally accreted point
bars of a meandering channel (Hui, 2001)

Yukon River, Alaska
1
0

m
Thin distally over 250m
Approximately 700 km to the
west, at its junction with the
Koyukuk River, the Yukon no
longer has a braided pattern.
Instead, meander scrolls and
anastomosing side channels
dominate the lower Yukon.
The dissected plateau on the
eastern side of the image is
underlain by Mesozoic
sedimentary rocks. The highly
sinuous Black River traverses
this plain in a relatively
narrow valley. Where it
emerges on the alluvial
plains, the Black River
floodplain widens and
displays numerous cutoffs and
oxbow lakes.
Yukon River, Alaska
1
0

m
Active braided rivers
Yukon River - the largest river in
Alaska. Rivers range from
braided to meandering with
anastomosing side channels in
the Lower Yukon. Floodplain is
forested with numerous thaw
lakes. The river transports a
large volume of very coarse
sediments.
Yukon River, Alaska
1
0

m
A typical forested floodplain of the Yukon in the Yukon Flats. The Yukon Flats display numerous thaw
lakes, presumably formed by subsidence as ground ice melted in the permafrost that underlies this
region. Beaded drainage also indicates melting of permafrost ground ice, resulting in the transformation
of a formerly continuous stream channel into a linear chain of thaw lakes. Other prominent lakes appear
to have developed when outwash fans such as the Sheenjek advanced, blocking meltwater flow from
adjacent uplands.
Brahmaputra River, Tibet
Stacked crevasse
splays on coal
1
0

m
The main river channel displays a
braided and anastomosing channel
pattern. The photo to the left
illustrates this type of channel
morphology, showing part of a
midchannel island with large bed
forms in an active distributary of
the Brahmaputra River.
The rises and falls of the river lead to a dynamic
sequence of channel adjustment throughout the
year. Several varieties of bank failure occur
during these flow changes, resulting in channel
movement as great as 800 m (2600 ft) per year.
The most significant bankline modifications occur
during falling river stage, when excess bedload
(predominantly fine sand) is deposited as channel
bars, inducing changes in local flow direction and
migration of the thalweg in a classic braided
pattern.
Squamish River,
British Columbia
1
0

m
The transition from braided, through
wandering, to meandering styles in
the Squamish River, British
Columbia, Canada.
Fluvial Analogue models

APPENDIX 2

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATIONS

A A JUDGA NORTH 1 MOOKOO 1
B B JUDGA 2 TARTULLA 2
C C COSTA SOUTH 1 RAWORTH 1

Chronostraigraphic frameworks and sequence stratigraphic interpretations for
stratigraphic sections A A, B B, and C C for the North Naccowlah study area
(Figure 2). Chronostratigraphic markers (ie, PC40) represent bounding surfaces
(flooding surfaces) of eleven parasequences that can be correlated on a regional scale.
The wireline logs are gamma ray (left column) and sonic (right column) logs. Gamma
ray (GR) response is measured in API units (GAPI). The sonic log (DT) is recorded in
microseconds per foot (/F). The lithologic colours are yellow/green = sand, blue =
coal, = mudrock, and green = siltstone.

APPENDIX 3

SANTOS LTD. WELL CUTTINGS DESCRIPTIONS
Ballat 1 6130 - 6372
PC00 - PC30 Siltstone with interbedded coals and minor thin sandstone
6130 - 6314 siltstone: dark grey - black, argillaceous, very carbonaceous, grades to silty coal, arenaceous in part
carbonaceous flecks and laminae, subblocky to subfissile, firm - moderately hard
coal: black, subvitreous, blocky - hackly, silty in part, grades into carbonaceous siltstone, brittle
moderately hard
sandstone: off white - light brown, clear - milky, fine - medium, moderately sorted, subang.-subround
light brown argillaceous matrix, moderate siliceous cement, common carbonaceous fragments,
common lithics, firm - moderately hard, very poor visual porosity, no fluorescence
PC30 - PL35 Fining upwards sandstone with minor siltstone
6314 - 6356 sandstone: light brown - light brown grey, clear - medium grey, fine - medium, coarsening (very) with
depth, poorly sorted, subang - subround, oil stained, argillaceous/siliceous matrix, moderate - strong
siliceous cement, trace qtz overgrowths, abundant lithics, firm - hard, poor - fair visual porosity
PC40 Siltstone with interbedded coal: generally as above
6356 - 6372
Judga 1 6651 - 7011
PC00 Intebedded siltstone, claystone and coal with minor sandstone laminations
6651 - 6706 coal: black, dull - subvitr., soft - brittle, silty in part - earthy text., subconchoidal fractures
siltstone: medium - dark grey, carbon. - very carbon. In part, non calcerous, grading to silty coal in
part, firm -hard, blocky
claystone: light grey, uniform texture, carbon. In part, firm -hard, fissile
sandstone: white - translucent, very fine - medium, dom. Fine, poorly sorted, subang - subround,
strong silica cement and white argillaceous matrix, some unconsolidated angular medium clear
grains, hard, tight porosity
PC10 - PC20 Siltstone with thin interbedded sandstone and coal
6706 - 6818 siltstone: medium - dark grey, firm - moderately hard, carbon., interlaminated with coal, grading into
claystone in part
sandstone: off white, very fine - fine, occ. Medium, well sorted, subang - subround, minor argilla.
matrix, firm - friable in part, poor visual porosity
coal: black, subvitr., earthy, silty texture, blocky, conch. - subconch. fractures, grading to carbon.
siltstone
siltstone: as above
sandstone and coal : as above
PL25 Sandstone with siltstone and coal
6818 - 6850 coal: black, subvitr. - vitr., silty, grading to siltstone
siltstone: as above
sandstone: clear - translucent, medium - coarse, dom. Coarse, well sorted, ang. - subang.,
unconsolidated, no visual cement, trace dispersive white argillaceous matrix, grains conchoidally
fractured in part, inferred good porosity
PC30 Sandstone with siltstone
6850 - 6868 siltstone: medium - dark grey, carbon. With mottled texture, araneceous in part, brittle - moderately
hard, blocky - subfissile
sandstone: off white, translucent, very fine - medium, dom. Fine, moder. Sorted, subang - subround,
silica cement with minor argillaceous matrix, common unconsolidated very fine - fine subround grains
firm - friable, poor visual porosity, inferred poor - fair porosity
PL35 Sandstone with minor interbedded siltstone and coal
6868 - 6902 coal: as above
sandstone: as above but medium - coarse, dom. Medium, occ. Unconsolidated medium grains, poor
visual porosity, inferred fair porosity
siltstone: as above
sandstone:as above
PC40 Sandstone with siltstone and coal interbeds
6902 - 6976 sandstone: off white, clear - translucent, medium - coarse, becoming fine - medium with depth,
moder. - poorly sorted, subang - subround, silica cement with occ. Qtz overgrowth, minor argillac.
white matrix in aggregates, firm - moder. Hard in aggregates, commonly friable - unconsolidated,
poor visual porosity, inferred fair - good porosity
siltstone: black - brown black, occ. Dark grey, very carbon., grading to silty coal in part, araneceous
in part, firm, subfissile
coal: black, subvitr., silty, subconch. Fractures, blocky
sandstone: clear - translucent, occ. Off white, fine - coarse, dom. Medium, poorly sorted, subang. -
subround, dom. Unconsolidated with no visual matrix/cement, silica cement and minor white matrix
in fine grained aggregates, qtz overgrowths in part, non calcerous, poor porosity in aggregates,
inferred poor -good porosity
PC50 Sandstone with minor siltstone and coal interbeds
6976 - 7011 coal: black, subvitr. - occ. Vitr., subconch. Fractures, silty in part and interlaminated with carbon.
siltstone
carbon. Siltstone: as above
sandstone: clear - translucent, fine - medium, occ. Coarse, dom. Medium, subang. - subround,
generally unconsolidated with no visual matrix/cement, minor fine - medium aggregates with silica
cement, firm - hard, poor - moder. Sorted, poor visual porosity, inferred good porosity
Tartulla 5 7623 - 7953
PC00 - PC10 Siltstone with minor sandstone and coal
7623 - 7700 siltstone: medium - dark brown, dark grey, occ. Greyish black, argillaceous, minor - common
microcarbon. Specks, soft -firm, dispersive in part, amorphous - sub-blocky
sandstone: white, clear, pale grey, occ. Light brown, pred. very fine - fine, occ. Medium, mod. Sorted
weak - mod siliceous cement, rare white - off white argill matrix, firm - friable, occ loose qtz grains,
very poor visual porosity, poor inferred porosity
PC20 - PL25 Interbedded sand stone and siltstone with minor coal
7700 - 7805 coal: greyish black - black, sub-vit, friable, uneven, sub-blocky
siltstone: brownish/grey, light grey - med grey, mottled greenish/grey in part, dark greyish black in
part, argill, occ arenaceous in part, very carbon in part, grading to coal, occ soft, dispersive,
amorphous, mod hard - hard, sub-blocky - sub-fissile
sandstone: pale - light brown, fine, well sorted, subang - subrnd, weak - mod siliceous cement, trace
light brown silty matrix, mod hard, very poor - poor visual porosity
PC30 -PC40 Interbedded sandstone and siltstone
7805 - 7953 sandstone: very light grey, pale brown, very fine - fine, occ med, subang - subrnd, mod sorted, mod
siliceous cement, minor kaolinitic matrix, mod hard, occ loose, poor visual porosity, fair
inferred porosity
sandstone: clear - very pale brown, fine - pred med, mod sorted, subang - subrnd, trace to rare weak
siliceous cement, trace pale brown silty matrix, friable, loose, poor visual porosity, fair - good inferred
porosity
Tartulla 2 7568 - 7822
PC00 -PC10 Sandstone with minor siltstone and coal
7568 - 7665 coal: black, subvit, silty in part, irregular fracture
sandstone: white, translucent, occ light brown grey, fine - occ med grained, coarse downwards,
mod well sorted, ang - subrnd, mod siliceous cement, common arg matrix, friable, poor - fair porosity
siltstone: med - dark grey, occ med brown grey, argill, common carbon, mod hard, subblocky
PC20 - PL25 Dominantly siltstone with common coals and minor sandstone
7665 - 7740 siltstone: as above
coal: as above
sandstone: white, light brown grey, very fine - fine grained, occ med, mod well sorted, mod strong
siliceous cement, common arg matrix, poor porosity
PC30 - PC40 Stacked sandstones with minor siltstone and coal
sandstone: light brown, off white, occ translucent and milky, fine - coarse grained and occ very
coarse, coarsening downwards, mod sorted, ang - subang, mod siliceous cement, trace argill matrix,
trace carbon matter, friable - firm, fair porosity
siltstone: as above
Wippo East 2 7560 - 7904
PC00 Siltstone with thin interbedded coal
7560 - 7604 Siltstone: dark grey, dark brownish grey, argill - commonly carbon, grades to coal, micromicaceous
in part, mod hard, subblocky - subfissile
coal: black, very dark brownish grey, subvit - dull, firm - mod hard, subblocky - angular
PC10 - PL25 Siltstone with occasional thin interbedded coal and minor sandstone
7604 - 7690 siltstone: dark grey, dark brownish grey, carbon, grades to coal, micromica in part, mod hard,
subblocky - subfissile
coal: black, very dark brownish grey, subvit - dull, firm - mod hard, subblocky - ang
sandstone: translucent, off white, fine - very fine, mod sorted, subang, mod strong siliceous cement,
siliceous overgrowth in part, white - minor pale grey kaolinitic matrix, mod hard aggregates, very poor
visual porosity
siltstone: med - dark grey, carbon - micromica. In part, firm -mod hard, subblocky - subfissile
sandstone: translucent, off white - pale brown, fine, mod sorted, subang - subrnd, firm siliceous
cement, minor kaolinitic matrix, friable - mod hard aggregates, poor - very poor visual porosity
PL25 - PC30 Siltstone with well developed coal seams and minor sandstone
7690 - 7800 siltstone: med - dark grey, carbon - micromica in part, mod hard, subblocky - subfissile
sandstone: translucent, pale grey - pale brown, fine - very fine, mod sorted, subang - subrnd, firm
siliceous cement, minor kaolinitic matrix, silty in part, friable - mod hard aggregates, very poor visual
porosity
sandstone (pc30): translucent, off white, fine - very coarse, pred medium - coarse, mod - poorly
sorted, subang - ang, weak - mod strong siliceous cement, siliceous overgrowths in part, some
fractured grains and qtz shards, mod hard aggregates, very poor inferred porosity
PL35 siltstone: dark grey, brownish grey, carbon, grades to coal, micromica in part, mod hard, subblocky -
7800 - 7837 subfissile
sandstone: off white, pale grey brown, fine - pred med, minor coarse, mod sorted, subang, weak -
mod strong siliceous cement, siliceous overgrowths in part, some fracturedgrains, friable -
mod hard aggregates, poor - occ fair inferred porosity
PC40 Finely interbedded siltstone and sandstone
7837 - 7904 siltstone: dark grey - black, dark brownish grey, carbon, very finely arenaceous - micromica in part,
mod hard, subblocky - subfissile
sandstone: off white - pale grey/brown, translucent, very fine - fine aggregates, minor med, mod
sorted, subang, firm - mod strong siliceous cement, siliceous overgrowths, minor silty matrix, very
firm aggregates, very poor visual porosity
sandstone: off white, pale grey brown, fine pred med, minor coarse, mod sorted, subang, weak - mod
strong siliceous cement, siliceous overgrowths in part, some fractured coarse grains, friable - mod
hard aggregates, poor - occ fair inferred porosity
Wippo East 1 7499 - 7778
PC00 - PC10 Siltstone with interbedded sandstone and coal
7499 - 7570 siltstone: dark grey, very dark grey, carbon in part, grading to carbon siltstone, argill in part, rare
micro mica, mod hard, subfissile - subblocky
coal: black, earthy - subvit, firm - brittle, blocky, uneven fracture, silty in part, common woody
striations
sandstone: pale brown, off white, very fine - med pred fine grained, mod well sorted, subang - subrnd,
mod strong siliceous cement, common pale brown argill matrix, minor carbon fragments, trace lithics,
friable - mod hard, tight - very poor inferred porosity
PC20 Interbedded siltstone and sandstone
7570 - 7625 siltstone: dark grey, dark grey - black in part, carbon grading to carbon siltstone, rare micro mica,
trace very fine lithics, tracenodular pyrite, mod hard, subblocky - subfissile
sandstone: off white, very pale brown, very fine - pred fine grained, well sorted, subang - subrnd, mod
strong siliceous cement, minor off white argill matrix, common carbon specks, trace nodular pyrite,
friable - pred mod hard, very poor visual porosity
coal: as below
PL25 Interbedded siltstone and sandstone with minor coal
7625 - 7675 coal: black, subvit, brittle, shardy - blocky, hackly - subconchoidal fracture
siltstone: as above
sandstone: clear, translucent, off white, fine - medium grained, mod sorted, ang - subrnd, weak - mod
strong siliceous cement, rare pale brown argill matrix, friable - occ mod hard, poor visual porosity
PC30 Interbedded sandstone, siltstone and coal
7675 - 7730 coal: black, dull - earthy, subvit in part, brittle, blocky, hackly - uneven fracture, silty in part, grading
to carbon siltstone
siltstone: dark grey, very dark brownish grey in part, carbon in part grading to silty coal, very fine
arenaceous in part, trace lithics, mod hard, subblocky
sandstone: clear, translucent, off white, fine - pred med grained, trace coarse grained, mod sorted,
ang - subrnd, weak siliceous cement, rare pale brown argill matrix, friable - loose, mod - good inferred
porosity
PL35 Siltstone with interbedded sandstone
7730 - 7770 siltstone: dark grey, very dark grey, very finely arenaceous, carbon in part, common thin very fine
sandstone laminae, rare micro mica, mod hard, brittle in part, subblocky - subfissile
sandstone: clear, translucent, very pale brown in part, fine - med, mod sorted, subang - subrnd, weak
locally mod strong siliceous cement, rare pale brown argill matrix, friable - locally mod hard, poor
inferred porosity
PC40 Sandstone with minor interbedded siltstone
7770 - siltstone: as above
sandstone: clear, translucent, fine - very coarse pred med grained, fair sorting, weak siliceous cement
pred loose, good visual mod inferred porosity
Roti West 1 7064 - 7485
7064 - 7150 siltstone:carbon, dark grey - very dark grey, dark brownish grey, grading to silty coal in part, argill in
part, rare micro mica, rarely very finely arenaceous, firm - pred mod hard, subblocky - subfissile
coal: black, verydark grey, very dark brownish grey, earthy - subvit, silty in part grading to carbon
siltstone, brittle - mod hard, uneven fracture, blocky - subconchoidal
sandstone: pale - med brownish grey, very fine grained, well sorted, subang - subrnd, weak siliceous
cement, common off white/pale brown argill matrix, common carbon specks and thin laminae, firm,
tight visual porosity
PC20 Siltstone with interbedded sandstone and coal
7150 - 7220 siltstone: carbon in part, dark grey - very dark grey, dark brownish grey, occ grading to silty coal, argill
grading to claystone in part, rare micro mica, locally very finely arenaceous, firm - pred mod hard,
coal: black, verydark grey, very dark brownish grey, earthy - subvit, silty in part grading to carbon
siltsone, brittle - mod hard, uneven fracture, blocky- subconchoidal
sandstone: med brown - brownish grey, very fine -fine, well sorted, subang - subrnd, weak siliceous
cement, common off white/pale brown argill matrix, common carbon specks and thin laminae,
firm - friable, very poor - tight visual porosity
PL25 Siltstone with interbedded sandstone and coal
7220 - 7284 siltstone: carbon, dark grey - very dark grey, dark brownish grey, occ grading - silty coal, trace micro
mica, locally very finely arenaceous, firm - pred mod hard, subblocky - subfissile
coal: black, very dark grey, very dark brownish grey, earthy - subvit, silty in part grading to carbon
sandstone: white, translucent, clear in part, pale brown, very fine - finegrained, well sorted, subang -
subrnd, weak siliceous cement, common off white/ pale brown argillaceous matrix, common carbon
specks and thin laminae, firm - friable, very poor - tight visual porosity
PC30 Interbedded sandstone, coal and siltstone
7284 - 7320 coal: black, subvit, hackly - subcon fracture, occ very finely arenaceous, brit - mod hard, subblocky -
splintery
sandstone: translucent, clear, pale grey, very fine - med grained, becoming fine with depths, fair sorting, subang - subrnd, rare
weak siliceous cement, minor pale brownish grey argill/silty matrix, rare carbon flecks, pred loose,
fair inferred porosity
siltstone: as above
PL35 Siltstone with interbedded sandstone and coal
7320-7385 coal: black, very dark grey, very dark brownish grey, earthy - subvit, silty in part grading - carbon
siltstone: carbon, dark brownish grey, dark grey - pred very dark grey, occ grading to silty coal, very
finely arenaceous in part, trace micro mica, firm - pred mod hard, subblocky -subfissile
sandstone: translucent, off white, pale grey, very fine - fine grained, mod well sorted, subang - subrnd,
strong siliceous cement, rare off white argillaceous matrix, mod hard aggregates, tight - very poor visual
porosity
7385 - 7445 siltstone: carbon, very dark grey, very dark brownish grey, grading to silty coal in part, trace micro mica
mod hard, subblocky - subfissile
sandstone: clear, translucent, fine - very coarse pred med grained, subrnd - subang, weak siliceous
cement, rare pale grey silty matrix, pred loose clean qtz grains, rare friable aggregates, fair - mod
inferred porosity
siltstone: dark grey - very dark grey, dark brownish grey, carbon occ gradin to silty coal, argill in part,
trace micro mica, firm - mod hard, subblocky - subfissile
sandstone: translucent, clear, very fine - very coarse pred fine - med grained, mod sorted, subang -
subrnd, weak - mod strong siliceous cement, trace off white argill matrix, rare carbon flecks and thin
laminae, friable - mod hard, loose in part, poor - fair inferred porosity
PC50 Sandstone with interbedded siltstone and minor coal
7445 - 7485 siltstone: carbon, med - dark grey, occ very dark grey, argill, trace micro mica, firm - mod hard,
subblocky - occ subfissile
sandstone: pale brown, off white, translucent in part, very fine - fine becoming pred med with depth,
subang - subrnd, mod strong siliceous cement, minor off white - pale brown argill matrix, rare carbon
flecks and thin laminae, mod hard, tight - very poor visual porosity
siltstone: carbon grading to silty coal as above
coal: black, subvit, conchoidal - uneven fractue, brittle - mod hard, blocky
Roti 1 6934 - 7322
PC00 Siltstone with trace sandstone and thin coal
6934 - 6990 siltstone: med grey - dark grey/black, very carbon and grading to coal, firm to brittle, subblocky -
subfissile
sandstone: very pale brown, off white, very fine - fine, well sorted, subang - subrnd, mod strong
siliceous cement, common pale brown - off white kaolinitic matrix, mod hard aggregates, poor visual
porosity
coal: black, dull, silty, subblocky - uneven firm
PC10 - PL25 Dominant siltstone with minor sandstone and isolated thin coal
6990 - 7132 siltstone: med grey - dark grey/black, very carbon and grading to coal, locally very finely arenaceous,
firm - brittle, subblocky - subfissile
sandstone: very pale brown, off white, very fine - fine aggregates, mod well sorted, subang - subrnd,
mod strong siliceous cement, minor - locally common off white kaolinitic matrix, mod hard - friable
aggregates, tight visual porosity
PC30 Siltstone grading to sandstone with thick coal
7132 - 7162 coal: black, vitr, occ silty, subblocky - subconchoidal fracture, firm - mod hard
siltstone: med grey - dark grey/ black, very carbon and grading to coal, minor arenaceous, very firm -
brittle, subblocky - subfissile
sandstone: milky - translucent, generallyb med - occ coarse, ang qtz fragments, mod - poorly sorted,
ang - subrnd, mod strong siliceous cement with qtz overgrowths, nil matrix, mod hard - loose grains,
very poor visual porosity
PL35 Siltstone grading to sandstone with thick coal
siltstone: med grey - dark grey/black, very carbon and grading to coal, minor arenaceous, very firm -
brittle, subblocky - subfissile
sandstone: very pale brown, off white, fine aggregates, med - occ coarse qtz fragments, mod - poorly
sorted, ang - subrnd, mod strong siliceous cement, minor - locally common off white kaolinitic matrix,
mod hard - friable aggregates, very poor visual porosity
7215 - 7285 siltstone: med grey - dark grey/black, very carbon and grading to coal, locally very finely arenaceous,
firm - britle, subblocky -subfissile
sandstone: milky - translucent, fine - med, occ coarse ang qtz fragments, mod - poorly sorted, ang -
subrnd, mod strong siliceous cement with qtz overgrowths, nil matrix, mod hard - fine aggregates,
some loose grains, very poor visual porosity
siltstone: med grey - dark grey/black, carbon, very finely arenaceous, very firm - brittle, subblocky -
subfissile
sandstone: pale brownish grey, fine - very fine grained aggregates, mod sorted, subang, firm siliceous
cement, minor silty matrix, friable - mod hard aggregates, very poor visual porosity
PC50 Sandstone with minor siltstone and coal
sandstone: pale brownish gry, fine - very fine grained aggregates, mod sorted, subang, firm siliceous
cement, minor silty matrix, friable - mod hard aggregates, very poor visual porosity
siltstone: med grey - dark grey/black, carbon, very finely arenaceous, very firm - brittle, subblocky -
subfissile
Merri 1 5928 - 6287
PC00 Fining upwards interbedded sandstones and siltstones with minor claystones and thin coals
5928 - 5970 sandstone: cream - buff, fine - very fine, subrnd - subang, mod well sorted, white argill matrix, trace
carbon flecks, siliceous cement, tight - poor visual porosity
siltstone: grey - dark grey/black, subblocky - subfissile, very carbon, micromica in part, fine qtz grains
in part, mod - hard
coal: black, dull - subvit, silty, subfissile, mod hard
claystone: dark grey brown, lignitic, blocky and firm - mod hard
5970 - 6161 sandstone: cream - buff, fine - med, occ coarse grained, subrnd -subang, mod sorted, trace carbon
flecks, cream argill matrix, siliceous cement, mod hard, poor porosity
siltstone: grey - dark grey/black, blocky - subfissile, very carbon, grading to silty coal, micromica, mod
hard - hard
coal: as above
PL35 Sandstone with interbedded siltstone
6161 - 6206 sandstone: translucent - milky - light brown, fine - coarse, pred med grained, ang - subrnd, poor - mod
sorted, loose with fine grained aggregates, siliceous cement, white argill matrix in part, fair - good
porosity
siltstone: as above
PC40 - PC50 Sandstone with interbedded siltstone and minor claystone
6206 - 6287 sandstone: cream - buff, very fine - med, becoming med - coarse with depth, subang - subrnd, poor -
mod sorted, argill matrix, silliceous cement, abundant carbon laminae, loose - mod hard, poor - fair
visual porosity
siltstone: grey - green, mod - hard, arenaceous - argill, micromica, slightly carbon
claystone: light grey - green, firm - mod hard, carbon, silty, blocky - subfissile
Wippo 1 7214 - 7559
PC00 - PC10 Dominantly siltstone with minor interbeds of sandstone and coal
7214 - 7305 siltstone: dark grey, very argill, micromica, commonly carbon, occ grading to carbon siltstone, firm,
blocky - subfissile
sandstone: light brown, very fine, well sorted, subrnd, mod well cemented with siliceous cement, trace
argill matrix, generally well consolidated, hard - occ friable, tight visual porosity
coal: black, commonly silty, subbituminous, subvit, subconchoidal fracture, brittle, blocky
PC20 Siltstone with minor interbeds of sandstone with trace coal beds and stringers
7305 - 7360 siltstone: med - very dark grey, occ dark greyish black, very carbon, commonly argill, micromica,
grading to carbonaceous siltstone, hard, subblocky - blocky
sandstone: as above, occ med grained
coal: as above
sandstone: off white - light brown, fine - occ very fine, rarely med, mod well sorted, weak - mod well
cemented with siliceous cement, trace white - light brown argill matrix, firm - friable, poor visual porosity
siltstone: as above
PL25 Interbedded siltstone and sandstone with some coal beds
7360 - 7396 coal: dark greyish black - black, subbituminous - bituminous, subconchoidal fracture, subvit, silty in
part, blocky, firm - hard
siltstone: dark grey - occ med greyish brown, commonly argill, micromica, slight to very carbon, trace
very fine sand, firm, blocky - subfissile
sandstone: generally as above, very fine - fine, tight - poor visual porosity
coal: as above
PC30 coal: black, subvit - vit, bituminous, subconchoidal fracture, slightly silty, firm - hard, blocky
sandstone: clear - light brown, fine - med grained, well sorted, subang, weak - mod siliceous cement,
trace argill matrix, generally clean, loose, occ friable, tight - fair visual/inferred porosity
PL35 Interbedded siltstone and sandstone
7472 - 7518 siltstone: dark grey, occ med grey, very argill, carbon, slightly arenaceous, firm - hard, blocky -
subfissile
sandstone: as above, fine - med grained, occ coarse
siltstone: as above, grading to carbon siltstone in part
sandstone: off white - light brown, fine - med, dom fin, mod sorted, subang - rnd in part, mod siliceous
cement, trace argill matrix, firm, poor visual porosity
PC40 Fining upwards sequence of sandstone and siltstone
7518 - 7559 siltstone: dark grey - med greyish brown, generally argill, micromica, carbon, occ very carbon and
grades to carbon siltstone, mod hard, blocky - subfissile
sandstone: as above
Wippo 2 7220 - 7619
PC00 Siltstone with thin coal interbeds
7220 - 7275 siltstone: med - dark grey, argill, grades to claystone, abundant carbon flecks and laminations,
common micromica, occ grades to coal, trace lithics, occ arenaceous, firm. Subfissile
coal: dark grey brown, black, dull - subvit, rarely vit, argill and silty texture in part, occ laminations,
blocky - subconchoidal fractures
PC10 Sandstone with minor interbedded siltstone (fining up sandstone)
7275 - 7343 sandstone: white - light grey, common clear grains, fine - med, mod sorted, subang - subrnd, mod
siliceous cement and overgrowths, common white argill matrix, common unconsolidated, clean, firm,
inferred fair porosity
siltstone: as above
PC20 Siltstone with some coal
7343 - 7378 coal: black, subvit - vit, subcon - con fractures, blocky - subblocky, firm - occ brittle
siltstone: as above, with minor sandstone
PL25 Siltstone with some coal
siltstone: as above, carbon with minor sandstone
PC30 Fining upwards sequence of sandstone and siltstone
siltstone: med - dark grey, dark grey brown in part, argill matrix, common arenaceous, abundant
carbon flecks and laminations, non calcareous, common micromica, firm - mod hard, subfissile
sandstone: off white - pale brown in part, pred clear - translucent qtz, fine - coarse, becoming dom
med -coarse, poorly - mod sorted, angular - subang, common fractured grains up to 90% unconsolidat,
common siliceous cement and overgrowths in aggregates, occ white argill matrix, non calcareous,
clean qtz sandstone, mod hard - hard, poor visual porosity, inferred fair - good porosity
PL35 Fining upwards sequence of sandstone and siltstone
sandstone: off white - light grey - occ pale brown, common clear qtz grains, fine - occ coarse, dom med
mod sorted, ang - subang, common fractured grains, common siliceous cement and overgrowths, non
calcareous, minor argill matrix, unconsolidated in part, firm - mod hard, occ friable, poor visual porosity
PC40 Interbedded sandstone and siltstone
7557 - 7619 siltstone: as above, becoming arenaceous and carbon, grades to argill coal in part
sandstone: off white - very light grey, occ pale grey brown, common clear qtz, fine - rarely coarse, pred
med, mod - well sorted, subang - subrnd, occ ang, common unconsolidated, common argill and minor
siliceous cement, interlaminated with siltstone, firm - friable, poor - fair porosity
Wippo South 1 7228 - 7570
PC00 - PC10 Siltstone with minor interbedded sandstone and rare coal
7228 - 7332 siltstone: dark grey, greyish/black, argill, micromica, carbon, grading to coal in part, firm - pred mod
hard, subblocky - blocky
sandstone: pred pale - light brown, off white, brown in part, clear and translucent, pred very fine - fine,
occ clear med and trace coarse qtz grains, subang - subrnd, mod well sorted, mod siliceous cement,
light brown silty matrix, minor kaolinitic matrix, mod hard, very poor visual porosity
coal: black, very dark grey/black, subvit, earthy in part, soft in part, firm, uneven, silty in part
PC20 - PL25 Siltstone with minor interbedded sandstone and coal
7332 - 7425 siltstone: pred dark grey, light grey, light brown, locally arebnnaceous, common carbon, grading to coal
pred carbon specks, micromica, firm - soft, subblocky - blocky
coal: black, subvit, occ vit, brittle - mod hard, uneven - hackly, silty in part
sandstone: pale brown, light brown, pred very fine - fine, mod siliceous cement, light brown and off
white silty matrix, rare med loose qtz grains, friable - mod hard, very poor visual porosity, poor inferred
porosity
PC30 Sandstone with interbedded siltstone
7425 - 7482 sandstone: light brown, fine - med, mod sorted, subang - subrnd, mod - strong siliceous cement, minor
common light brown silty matrix, mod hard - hard, occ firm - friable, poor visual porosity
siltstone: black, carbon, locally grading to coal, occ very finely arenaceous, micromica, very hard,
subfissile - occ fissile
PL35 Sandstone with minor interbedded siltstone
sandstone: clear, translucent, opaque qtz, light grey in part, pale brown/off white, fine - pred med, rare
coarse, poor - mod sorted, occ mod hard siliceous cement, rare silty matrix, pred med and locally fine
clean loose qtz grains, rare qtz overgrowths, poor visual porosity, and fair - good inferred porosity
sandstone: clear, translucent, med - pred coarse, occ fine, pred subang, occ angular, trace siliceous
cement, loose, clean, fair - good inferred porosity
PC40 Interbedded sandstone and siltstone, with minor coal
7570 - 7620 sandstone: white, pale brown, light grey, clear, translucent, very fine aggregates, occ med and coarse
loose grains, mod siliceous cement, light brown silty matrix, rare kaolinitic matrix, trace dark brown
lithics, trace to rare micro carbon specks, mod hard, very poor visual porosity
siltstone: grey/black, carbon, grading to coal in part, micromica, occ argill, mod hard - frim, subblocky
blocky
coal: black, subvit, uneven - hackly, locally silty
PC50 Interbedded sandstone and siltstone with rare coal
7620 - 7657 sandstone: light brown, light grey, translucent, very fine - coarse, pred fien, occ very coarse,
subang - subrnd, coarse and very coarse grains are ang, weak - mod siliceous cement, light brown silty
matrix, firm - loose, very poor visual porosity
siltstone: greyish/black, grey - dark grey, carbon, micromica in part, grading to coal, mod hard - firm,
subblocky - blocky
coal: black, subvit, uneven, silty in part
Windigo 1 6970 - 7437
PC00 - PL25 Interbedded siltstone, sandstone and coal
6970 - 7165 siltstone: med - dark grey, occ light grey - greyish brown, argill, carbon grading - carbon siltstone, firm-
mod hard, dom subfissile
sandstone: white - off white, pale grey - brownish grey, common grey - dark grey, very fine - fine, well
sorted, subang - subrnd, strong - occ mod strong siliceous cement, trave white argill matrix, common
grey silty matrix, trace carbon specks, mod hard - hard, poor visual porosity
coal: brownish black - black, subvit, earthy in part, silty, firm, brittle in part, subblocky - dom subfissile,
striated
PC30 Coal and sandstone
7165 - 7200 coal: as baove
sandstone: clear - translucent, med - very coarse, poorly sorted, subang - ang, weak - mod strong
siliceous cement in hard aggregates, commonly loose, poor visual porosity
PL35 Interbedded sandstone, siltstone and minor coal
7200 - 7310 coal: brownish black -black, subvit, earthy in part, silty, firm, brittle in part, sublocky - dom subfissile,
striated
siltstone: light - med grey, occ dark grey, argill, very fine arenaceous in part, carbon in part, mod hard -
hard, dom subfissile
sandstone: clear - translucent, fine - coarse, poorly sorted, subang - subrnd, common ang coarse
grains, occ mod strong siliceous cement, common white argill matrix, mod hard - hard aggregates,
common loose, poor visual porosity
PC40 - PC50 Interbedded siltstone, sandstone and coal
7310 - 7437 coal: black, dull - subvit, uneven fracture, mod hard, subfissile
siltstone: light - dark grey, argill, very fine arenaceous in part, firm - mod hard, subblocky - subfissile
sandstone: pale grey, off white, med - coarse, poorly sorted, subang - ang, mod strong siliceous
cement, trace off white argill matrix, mod hard aggregates, common loose, poor visual porosity
Windigo 2 7052 - 7520
PC00 Siltstone with occasional sandstone interbeds and thin coal seams
7052 - 7102 siltstone: dark - med grey, med - dark brown grey, argill - commonly carbon and grading in part to coal,
mod hard - occ firm, subfissile - subblocky
sandstone: pale grey - off white, pale grey brown, translucent in part, dom very fine - fine grained, rare
loose med grains, mod well sorted, subang - subrnd, mod - strong siliceous cement, common off white
to pale grey argill/silty matrix, occ carbon flecks, mod hard - rare loose grains, very poor - poor visual
and inferred porosity
coal: black - black grey, dull - occ subvit lustre, brittle - mod hard, uneven fracture, subblocky -
subfissile, commonly grading to carbon siltstone
PC10 - PL25 Siltstone with occasional sandstone interbeds and coal seams
7102 - 7242 siltstone: dark grey - grey black, argill - carbon, commonly grading to coal, trace siliceous, mod hard -
hard, subblocky - subfissile
sandstone: translucent - clear, off white - pale grey, dom very fine - fine, occ med, mod well sorted,
subang - subrnd, mod siliceous cement, common off white argill/ silty matrix, occ fine carbon flecks,
mod hard - hard, poor tight visual porosity
coal: black - black grey, dark brown grey, dull - subvit lustre, mod hard, subblocky, uneven fracture,
silty and commonly grading to carbon siltstone
PC30 - PL35 Sandstone with occasional siltstone interbeds and rare coal
sandstone: clear - translucent, pale grey brown, locally frosted, very fine - very coarse, dom fine - coarse
poorly - mod sorted, ang - subrnd, weak - mod strong siliceous cement, weak - mod off white - pale
grey argill matrix, occ fine carbon flecks, friable - locally hard, common loose grains, poor - fair inferred
and visual porosity
siltstone: med - very dark brown grey, argill - carbon, very finely arenaceous in part, micromica in part,
mod firm, subfissile - subblocky
PC40 Siltstone with interbedded and interlaminated sandstone (increasing with depth) and
7400 - 7470 occasional coal seams
siltstone: dark grey black - dark brown grey, occ med grey, carbon - arenaceous in part, mod hard,
sandstone: pale - med grey brown, translucent - clear, dom as fine grained aggregates, rare med -
coarse loose grains and fragments, mod sorted, ang - subrnd, mod - strong siliceous cement, weak -
off white argill matrix, rare carbon flecks, friable - firm, rare loose grains, very poor - poor visual and
inferred porosity
coal: blak - black grey, earthy lustre, mod firm, subblocky, uneven - even fracture, commonly silty and
grading to a carbon siltstone
PC50 Sandstone with occasional siltstone interbeds
7470 - 7524 sandstone: clear - translucent, pale grey, dom fine - med, occ coarse - very coarse, mod sorted, ang -
subrnd, mod - weak siliceous cement, rare weak calcareous cement, rare pale grey argill matrix, trace
qtz overgrowths, trace carbon flecks, friable - dom loose, poor visual porosity, poor - fair inferred porosity
siltstone: med - dark brown grey, dark grey black, rare pale - med grey, argill - very finely arenaceous,
locally carbon, micromica in part, mod firm - locally hard, blocky - subfissile
Raworth 1 6140 - 6178
PC00 Dominantly siltstone with occasional sandstone interbeds and coals
6140 - 6178 siltstone: black, dark grey, arenaceous grading to sandstone in parts, locally very carbon becoming
dom carbon with depth, mica, blocky - platy
sandstone: generally white - pale grey, occ black, very fine - fine, subang - rnd, mod well sorted, weak
siliceous cement, common kaolinitic matrix, occ carbon inclusions, mod friable, fair - poor visual
porosity
coal: black, dull - subvit, subcon - uneven fracture surfaces, silty in parts, blocky, firm - splintery
PC10 Siltstone with rare sandstone stringers
6178 - 6214 siltstone: black, dark grey, arenaceous grading to sandstone in parts, locally very carbon becoming
dom carbon with depth, mica, blocky - platy, firm - britle
sandstone: as above
PC20 Coarsening upward sandstones and interbedded siltstones
6214-6298 siltstone: as pc10 silt
sandstone: as pc10 sand
PL25 Coal overlying thin siltstone and sandstone
6298 - 6352 coal: black, dull - pred subvit, subcon - uneven fracture surfaces, banded in parts with carbon siltstones
subblocky - platy, brittle - mod firm
siltstone: as above
sandstone: white, clear, translucent, very fine - coarse, pred fine - med, subang - rnd, mod well sorted,
mainly weak - occ mod strong siliceous cement, generally clean aggregates, local kaolinitic matrix,
friable, abundant loose grains, fair visual porosity, good inferred porosity
PC30 Well developed sandstones with interbedded siltstones and coal
6352 - 6403 siltstone: as above but not carbon with depth
sandstone (1): off white - pale grey, occ black, very fine - fine, subang - rnd, mod well sorted, weak
siliceous cement, minor kaolinitic matrix, occ carbonaceous inclusions, mod friable, fair - poor visual
porosity
coal: black, dull - subvit, subcon - uneven fracture surfaces, silty in parts, blocky, firm - splintery
sandstone (2): clear - translucent, milky white commonly frosted qtz, very fine - coarse, pred med,
mainly loose - occ well cemented aggregates, kaolinitic matrix in parts, friable - mod hard, good
inferred porosity, good - poor visual porosity
PL35 Well developed sandstones with interbedded siltstones and coal
6403 - 6444 sandstone: dark brown/black, very fine - fine, subang - rnd, well sorted, weak - mod strong siliceous
cement, abundant carbon and silt matrix, friable - occ hard, poor - tight visual porosity
siltstone: as above
PC40 Coarsening upward sequences of interbedded siltstone and minor sandstone
6444 - 6505 siltstone: black, dark grey, aren grading to sandstone in parts, locally very carbon, mica, blocky - platy
sandstone: as (2)
PC50 Sandstone with subordinate siltstone interbeds
6505 - 6533 sandstone: as (1)
siltstone: as above
Carney 1 6030 - 6394
PC00 Sandstone with minor siltstone interbeds
6050 - 6092 sandstone: light grey - off white, very fine - fine, subang, mod sorted, siliceous cement, carbon in part,
friable, trace visual porosity
siltstone: dark grey, commonly carbon, platey, hard, blocky
PC10 Siltstone with minor sandstone interbeds
sandstone: dom as above, very fine, grading to an arenaceous siltstone in part, tight visual porosity
PC20 Interbedded siltstone, sandstone, and coal
6126 - 6202 siltstone: dark grey, commonly carbon and platey, micromica, firm - hard, blocky - subblocky
sandstone: light grey, dom fine, subang - subrnd, mod well sorted, siliceous cement, carbon flecks in
part, friable, trace visual porosity
coal: black, subvit, hard, subcon, silty
PL25 Fining upward sequences of sandstones with minor siltsone and coal
6202 - 6250 siltstone: dark grey - grey, commonly carbon and micromica, firm - hard, blocky - occ subfissile
sandstone: clear - commonly off white, fine - dom very fine, mod well sorted, subang - subrnd, trace
siliceous cement, friable - commonly loose, poor visual porosity
coal: dark grey - black, sandy in part, blocky - subfissile, occ con fracture
siltstone: as above
sandstone:light grey, fine - rare med, else generally as above, poor visual porosity
PC30 -PL35 Thick fining upward sandstone with minor coal and siltstone interbeds
6250 - 6314 coal: as above, firm
siltstone: dark grey - grey, commonly carbon and micromica, firm - hard, blocky - occ subfissile
sandstone: clear - off white, occ light brown, very fine - med, occ coarse, mod sorted, subang - subrnd,
trace silica cement, loose, poor -fair visual porosity
PC40 Siltstone with minor sandstone and coal interbeds and well developed sandstone at base
6314 - 6394 siltstone: dark grey, carbon, argill, hard, blocky
sandstone: off white - clear, fine, mod sorted, subang - subrnd, siliceous cement, mica, qtz overgrowth
cement, friable - hard, poor visual porosity
coal: as above
sandstone (base): as above but pred med with siliceous cement, poor visual porosity
PC50 Thinly interbedded sequence of siltstones, sandstones, and coals
6394 - 6427 siltstone: dark grey, argill, commonly arenaceous, micro, carbon, firm - hard, blocky - subblocky
sandstone: off white - light brown, very fine - fine, rare med, poor - mod sorted, subang - subrnd,
siliceous cement, trace argill matrix, occ carbon flecks, very poor visual porosity
coal: black, vit - subvit, hard, blocky - subcon

Costa 1 6701 - 7074
PC00 - PC10 Predominantly siltstone with thin coal and trace to minor sandstone
6701 - 6784 coal: black - very dark grey, dull - subvit, firm - brittle, uneven - anf fracture, earthy - silty in part
siltstone: dark grey, med - dark brownish grey, argill, very finely arenaceous in part, common carbon
detritus, micromica, hard - firm, subblocky
sandstone: off white - pale brown, pred fine - rarely med grains, subang - subrnd, mod sorted, mod
siliceous cement, common kaolinitic matrix, mod hard - friable aggregates, poor - tight visual porosity
PC20 Sandstone with minor siltstone and thin coal
coal: as above
sandstone: pale grey, translucent - clear, fine grading to med with depth, subang - subrnd, mod well
sorted, very firm grading - weak siliceous cement, trace kaolinitic matrix in part, generally clean,
friable aggregates - common loose med qtz, mod inferred porosity
PL25 - PC30 Predominantly sandstone with minor siltstone and coal
6869 - 6934 coal: black, subvit, dull in part, ang - subblocky fracture, mod hard, brittle in part
siltstone: med - dark grey, greyish black, carbon, grading to coal in part, argill in part, minor very finely
arenaceous, commonly micromica, mod hard, subblocky
sandstone; off white - translucent, pale greyish brown, pred fine grained, rarely med and coarse grains,
ang - subrnd, mod sorted, common strong siliceous cement and overgrowths, common dispersive
kaolinitic matrix, silty in part, mod hard - friable aggregates, poor visual porosity, fair inferred porosity
PL35 Sandstone
6934 - 6964 sandstone: off white, clear - translucent, fine - med, rare coarse grains and fragments, ang - subang,
mod - poorly sorted, weak - mod siliceous cement, trace kaolinitic matrix, commonly clean, loose
grains, mod hard - friable aggregates and loose grains, poor visual - inferred porosity
PC40 - PC50 Predominantly sandstone with interbedded siltstone and coal
6964 - 7074 coal: black, subvit - vit, commonly silty, ang - subblocky, mod hard - brittle
siltstone: med -dark grey brown, argill, dispersive - mod hard, finely arenaceous in part, micromica and
carbon specks, subfissile - fissile
sandstone: off white, translucent, fine aggregates, grading to med and rare loose coarse fragments,
subang - ang grains, mod - poorly sorted, firm - strong siliceous cement, minor kaolinitic matrix, mod
hard - friable aggregates, some loose grains, poor visual - fair inferred porosity
coal: black, subvit - vit, commonly silty , ang - subblocky fracture, mod hard - brittle
sandstone: off white, translucent, fine grading to med and coarse at base, subang - minor subrnd, mod
sorted, weak - very firm siliceous cement, trace dispersive kaolinitic matrix, firm aggregates, poor visual
porosity
siltstone; med - dark greyish brown, argill, very finely arenaceous in part, commonly micromica,
carbon specks, dispersive - mod hard, subfissile - fissile
sandstone: clear - milky, very fine - fine aggregates, occ med - coarse loose grains and fragments,
subang - ang , mod - poorly sorted, firm - strong siliceous cement, occ siliceous overgrowths, minor
kaolinitic matrix, mod hard - friable aggregates, some loose grains, poor visual - minor inferred porosity
Yumba 1 6790 - 7018
PC00 - PL25 Siltstone with minor sandstone and coal interbeds
6790 - 6938 siltstone: med - dark grey, argill, very fine arenaceous, common micromica, very carbon, firm - brittle,
subblocky - subfissile, occ fissile
sandstone: off white - light grey, opaque - translucent, very fine - fine, mod sorted, subang - subrnd,
weak - mod siliceous cement, common off white argill matrix, occ carbon material, friable, poor visual
porosity
coal: black, dom subvit - dull, firm - brittle, uneven - subconchoidal fractures, slightly argill
PC30 - PC40 Sandstone with minor siltstone occasional coal interbeds
6938 - 7020 sandstone: clear - off white, translucent, very fine - occ coarse, dom med, poorly sorted, ang - subrnd,
weak siliceous cement, mod off white argill matrix, trace black carbon material, loose - friable, fair
inferred porosity
siltstone: dom as above
coal: dom as above
Mookoo 1 7186 - 7521
PC00 - PL25 Siltstone with interbedded sandstone and minor coals
7186 - 7370 siltstone: dark grey brown, dark grey, occ black, very argill, micromica, carbon specks, firm - mod hard,
locally hard, subblocky - subfissile
sandstone: med brown, off white, very fine - fine, rare med, subang - subrnd, mod sorted, strong
siliceous cement, common argill matrix, abundant white, orange and brown lithics fragments, friable -
mod hard, poor visual porosity
coal: black, dull - subvit, silty, grading to carbon siltstone in parts, brittle, mod hard, subblocky -
subfissile
PC30 Sandstone with minor coal
sandstone: white - light brown, clear - translucent, very fine - med, pred fine, subang - subrnd, mod
sorted, weak - mod strong siliceous cement, common argill matrix, friable - mod hard, poor visual
porosity
PL35 Coal and interbedded sandstone and siltstone
7432 - 7461 coal: black, silty in parts, dull - subvit, mod hard, subfissile
sandstone: light brown, clear - translucent, pred med, occ fine and coarse, ang - subrnd, mod sorted,
mod strong siliceous cement, trace argill matrix, common grey and black lithics fragments, dom loose,
locally friable mod hard, fair inferred porosity
siltstone: off white - light brown, med - dark grey, argill, grading to claystone in parts, locally
arenaceous, common carbon specks, soft - firm, amorphous - subblocky
Sandstone and interbedded siltstone
PC40 sandstone: light brown, clear - translucent, very fine - fine, occ med, subang - subrnd, mod sorted, mod
7461 - 7521 strong siliceous cement, common light brown argill matrix, trace grey lithics fragments, friable - mod
hard, poor visual porosity
siltstone: as above

APPENDIX 4

WELL CORE DESCRIPTIONS AND PHOTOS
Wippo South 1 7434 - 7494
Depth Lithology Size/ Rnd / Sort Structure Composition Observations
7434 - 7436 siltstone with interlam very fine x-bedding - fine tab - 4in siltstone at
shale 90-10 tang / occ trough 7435' 7
7436 - 7439' 5 interlaminated shale + very fine x-bedding -as above shale increases with
siltstone 50-50 depth
7439' 5 - 7445 sandstone +cgl base medium / subrnd - large x-bedding qtz 3in cgl at base
subang/ well sorted tabular occ carb shale
poorly sorted - cgl laminations
7445 - 7446 sandstone with minor med - coarse / x-bedding assc with 3in coarse sand at
shale bands subang / subrnd shale +coarse sand 7445' 2
well sorted tabular
7446 - 7448 sandstone with med - sand qtz pebbles 3in cgl at base grades
conglomerate base med pebbles - cgl into sand
well sorted - sand
poorly sorted - cgl
subang - subrnd
7448 - 7449 sandstone with minor med - sand qtz pebbles 4in cgl at base grades
shale +cgl base med pebbles - cgl into sand / 2in shale
well sorted - sand at 7448' 2
poorly sorted - cgl
subang - subrnd
7449 - 7450 sandstone with cgl as above but coarser med x-bedding qtz pebbles 2in cgl at base grades
base sand +cgl =granules tabular into sand / shale rip-
up clasts at 7449' 3
7450 - 7450' 5 sandstone with carb fine - med med x-bedding carb shale laminaes
shale laminations subang - subrnd tabular at top and base
well sorted
7450' 5 - 7453 sandstone with cgl at med-coar - sand qtz pebbles 4in cgl at base grades
base subang - subrnd into sand
well sorted
cgl - med peb
7453 - 7455' 4 sandstone with cgl at as above, cgl - fair qtz pebbles as above, 5in base
base sorted carb shale lam at 54'6
7455' 4 - 7458'6 as above as above, cgl - lge qtz pebbles as above, 6in base
peb to gran grading shale rip up clasts btw
57 - 57'11
occ shale lam
7458' 6 - 7459' 3 as above sand - very coarse, qtz pebbles as above, 1.5in base
mod sorted sand coarsens up
cgl - granules
7459' 3 - 7460' 3 as above sand - med qtz pebbles as above, 2in base
cgl - lge pebs sand fines up
7460' 3 - 7463' 6 shale with minor very fine pred laminations bioturbation occurs
siltstone
7463' 6 - 7465 interlaminated shale + very fine fine x-bedding siderite common
siltstone pred tang siltstone inc with depth
7465 - 7466 sandstone with minor fine - med / subang - fine x-bedding from fine to med with
shale bands subrnd / well sorted tabular depth / shale rip ups
med from 65' 6
7466 - 7468 '6 sandstone as above but med - med x-bedding from med to coa with
coarse tabular depth / 5in coa at base
7468' 6 - 7470 sandstone with minor as above but med - shale bands of 0.5 in
shale bands at 2in interval disapp.
at 69' 6
7470 - 7474' 6 sandstone with some as above but med- sand coarsens with
shale coarse depth 1ft at base / 4in
shale band at 70' 8
7474' 6 - 7474' 10 sandstone as above fine - med sand coarsens with
depth
7474' 10 - 7480' 8 shale with minor very fine fine x-bedding - tab - some bioturbation
siltstone 95-5 tang with sand
7480' 8 - 7482' 10 interlaminated shale + very fine x-bedding hummocky siltstone inc with depth
siltstone btw 81'2 - 81'8 4in cgl at base - shale
matrix - med qtz pebs
7482' 10 - 7484 sandstone with shale very fine sand / well x-bedding shale lam inc with
laminaes sorted depth
7484 - 7484' 6 shale very fine siltstone rip up clast
7484' 6 - 7485' 10 sandstone with shale med sand fine x-bed / pred tan-
laminaes tab
7485'10 - 7488'6 shale with minor very fine pred lam
siltstone lam 95-5
7488' 6 - 7489' 8 shale with some very fine pred lam / some siltstone inc with depth
siltstone lam 75-25 x-bedding
7489' 8 - 7492' 7 siltstone with shale very fine x-bedding shale inc with depth
laminaes 80-20 fine - med tab
7492' 7 - 7494 shale very fine pred lam
Tartulla 5 7813 - 7873
Depth Lithology Size / Rnd / Sort Structures Composition Observations
7813 - 7820' 6 sandstone med - coa / subang - some x-bedding qtz - overgrowths sand coarsens with
subrnd / well sorted large - tabular depth
7820' 6 - 7823 sandstone with minor as above but coarse x-bedding as above qtz pebs common
shale laminaes large - tabular sand coarsens slightly
with depth
7823 - 7823' 4 conglomerate large pebbles / poorly qtz pebbles siderite common
sorted / subang - sub
rnd
7823' 4 - 7828' 2 shale with minor very fine x-bed - mig tab - tan siltstone inc with depth
siltstone laminae 90-10 laminations - shale from 25' 6 =60-40 shale
7828' 2 - 7830' 3 siltstone with shale very fine as above common siderite
interbands 70-30
7830' 3 - 7833 sandstone with minor fine - med / subang - qtz sand coarsens with
shale laminaes subrnd / well sorted depth / shale rip ups
7833 - 7838' 6 sandstone as above but med - qtz sand coarsens with
coarse depth / qtz pebs
7838' 6 - 7838' 9 interbedded carb shale very coarse sand pred laminations sandstone rip ups
and sandstone
7838' 9 - 7839'9 conglomerate very coarse - med qtz, shale pebs + coarsens with depth
pebs / subang - sub other lithics from vc sand to cgl
rnd/ poorly sorted
7839' 9 - 7841 sandstone as above but vc qtz qtz pebbles common
sandstone
7841 - 7842' 3 sandstone with carb as above but vc - med some x-bedding qtz sandstone fines with
shale interbands tabular - med depth / 2in carb shale
at 7841' 6 / carb shale
rip ups / qtz pebbles /
3in coal at 41'10 btw
med sand
7842' 3 - 7843' 3 conglomerate med pebs / subang - qtz, shale pebs +
subrnd/ poorly sorted other lithics
7843' 3 - 7844 conglomerate with vc sandstone / med as above vc sand grades into cgl
some sandstone pebs - lrge pebs cgl with depth / cgl grades
from mp - lp
7844 - 7845 conglomerate with cgl - med pebs - gran as above cgl fines with depth
sand interbands shale sand - coa -med sand inc with depth
laminae
7845 - 7846 sandstone with some med - coa x-bedding qtz sand fines with depth
shale large - tabular shale inc with depth
from 45' 6 esp
2in shale band at base
qtz pebs in sand
7846 - 7847'2 conglomerate and cgl - med peb - gran qtz, shale pebs + cgl grades into sand
some sandstone sand - coa - med other lithics with depth / qtz +shale
rip ups in sand
7847' 2 - 7847' 4 shale very fine laminated
7847' 4 - 7849' 8 sandstone with cgl at ss - med - coarse cgl - pred qtz sand coarsens with
base cgl - med - lge pebs cgl - sand matrix depth grading into cgl
7849' 8 - 7850' 1 conglomerate with cgl - lge pebs shale, sand matrix large shale clats
large shale clasts
7850' 1 - 7850' 5 conglomerate large pebs qtz, some shale
clasts
7850' 5 - 7851 conglomerate with gran - med pebs qtz, shale vc sand 2in grades into
some sandstone cgl / sand shale rip ups
7851 - 7866 sandstone with shale pred med / subang - x-bedding 0.5 - 1in shale bands at
laminae +occ bands subrnd / well sorted fine tab - slight 51, 52'8, 52'10, 53'7,
tan / some trough x 56'11, 58, 59'1, 62'10
7866 - 7870 as above but less as above lge x-bedding as above, at 67, 67'3,
shale laminae tabular 69'4
7870 - 7872'6 sandstone with cgl at med - coarse sand matrix sand coarsens with
base cgl - granules depth, at 72 cgl
Tartulla 1 7930 - 7987
Depth Lithology Size / Rnd / Sort Structures Composition Observations
7930 - 7936 ' 6 shale with interlaminat very fine shale - pred lamin occ 1-2in silt bands
siltstone 70-30 fine -med x-bedding some qtz clats at 30'9,
pred tan - trough 33' 8
7936' 6 - 7936' 9 conglomerate vc - med pebbles siderite matrix, qtz sandstone present in
subang - subrnd pebbles cgl in btw
7936' 9 - 7938' 6 sandstone with cgl at coa - vc - sand qtz clasts sand coarsens with
base med pebs - lge pebs depth grades into cgl
cgl / sand well sorted/
cgl poorly sorted
7938' 6 - 7942' 3 shale with interlaminat very fine shale - pred lamin siltstone inc at 41' 3
siltstone 85-15 siltstone - x-bedding
7942' 3 - 7944 sandstone with shale fine pred x-bedding siderite from 43' 6 shale inc at 43' 6 / 3in
lam fine - med tabular shale band at base /qtz
clast at top and 43' 9
7944 - 7946 sandstone fine - med slightly laminated sand coarsens with
depth / shale lam 44-
44'2, 45'10
7946 - 7948 sandstone with cgl at sand - med pred qtz pebbles sand coarsens with
base cgl - gran - med pebs depth grades into cgl
subang - subrnd 2in vc sand with shale
at 47' 3
7948 - 7949' 6 conglomerate cgl - granules pred qtz pebbles cgl coarsens slightly
with depth
7949' 6 - 7950' 6 sandstone with shale fine x-bedding very shaley
laminae
7950' 6 - 7951 shale with interlaminat very fine x-bedding siltstone inc with depth
siltstone 70-30
7951 - 7951' 10 sandstone with minor fine x-bedding qtz shale lam decr with
shale laminae depth
7951' 10 - 7954 siltstone/ sandstone fine - very fine x-bedding biturbation, flaser
with interlam shale common
7954 - 7956 shale with interlaminat very fine lam - shale siltstone inc with depth
siltstone 60-40 x-bedding - siltstone
7956 - 7957 siltstone/ ss with some very fine lam - shale 2in shale band at 56'4
shale x-bedding - siltstone bioturbation, siderite
7957 - 7961' 11 shale with interlaminat very fine as above bioturbation, siderite
siltstone 80-20
7961' 11 - 7964 sandstone with some fine - med 1in shale band at 62'4
shale 2in shale band at 63'2
shale lam at 63' 11
7964 - 7965 shale with minor very fine pred lam siltstone inc with depth
siltstone 95-5
7965 - 7966 interbedded shale and very fine x-bedding and lam bioturbation, more
siltstone 60-40 siltstone towards base
7966 - 7967 shale very fine pred lam very fine siltstone lam
7967 - 7970' 6 shale with interlam very fine lam - shale
siltstone 90-10
7970' 6 - 7971' 6 interbedded shale and fine
sand/silt 50-50
7971' 6 - 7974 sandstone with some sand - fine / subrnd/ fine x-bed / tabular shale dec with depth
shale well sorted 6in shale/sand band at
72'3 / 0.5in shale bands
at 73'3, 73'9, 73'11
7974 - 7986' 3 sandstone with occ as above very fine - none very fine +little shale
shale x-bedding / inc with lam / shale dec with
depth - tab -tang depth / 2in shale band
at 76'9

TARTULLA 1 7937 FT

TARTULLA 1 7957 FT

TARTULLA 1 79468

TARTULLA 5 7817

TARTULLA 5 78267

TARTULLA 5 7859

WIPPO SOUTH - 74495

WIPPO SOUTH 1 7458

WIPPO SOUTH 1 - 7435

APPENDIX 5

SANTOS LTD. ROCK TYPING; TARTULLA 1
AND TARTULLA 5
ROCK TYPING CUTTINGS SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
WELL : Tartulla 1 DATE: 14th May, 2003 LOGGED BY: D.Harrison COMMENTS:
FORMATION (INTERVAL): Toolachee (7870-8010) Colour Key: Whole sample described Best rock present described
TOP BASE SAMPLE SHOWS LITHOLOGY GRAIN SIZE ROUNDNESS SPHERICITY SORTING
DEPTH DEPTH
QUALITY % % % % % %
Ft Ft
P
o
o
r
F
a
i
r
G
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d
S
t
a
i
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N
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F
l
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C
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F
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C
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S
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S
h
a
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C
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a
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L
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D
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A
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P
a
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a
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2
5
6

+
m
m
1
2
8
-
2
5
6
m
m
6
4
-
1
2
8
m
m
3
2
-
6
4
m
m
1
6

-

3
2
m
m
8

-

1
6
m
m
4

-

8
m
m
2

-

4
m
m
V

C
r
s

U
V

C
r
s

L
C
r
s

U
C
r
s

L
M
e
d

U
M
e
d

L
F
i
n
e

U
F
i
n
e

L
V

F
i
n
e

U
V

F
i
n
e

L
S
i
l
t

U
S
i
l
t

L
A
n
g
u
l
a
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S
u
b

A
n
g
u
l
a
r
S
u
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R
o
u
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d
R
o
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n
d
W
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l

R
o
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n
d
L
o
w
M
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a
t
e
H
i
g
h
B
i
-
m
o
d
a
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V

P
o
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r
P
o
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M
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W
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l
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V
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y

W
e
l
l
7860 7870 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7870 7880 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 2 0 93 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 42 33 10 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0
7880 7890 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 60 0 39 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 60 10 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0
7890 7900 0 0 100 0 0 0 10 80 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 3 3 5 7 15 15 27 12 3 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0
7900 7910 0 0 100 0 0 0 10 80 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 2 3 10 8 12 30 8 7 7 3 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0
7910 7920 0 0 100 0 0 0 10 85 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 2 3 5 14 28 12 10 7 5 4 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0
7920 7930 0 100 0 0 0 0 2 28 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 5 15 33 14 10 8 6 4 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0
7930 7940 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 5 0 65 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 32 16 8 8 16 12 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0
7940 7950 0 0 100 0 0 0 2 78 0 15 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 8 10 40 20 10 8 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 0
7950 7960 0 0 100 0 0 0 5 20 0 45 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 0 0 5 10 12 13 34 15 5 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 0
7960 7970 0 0 100 0 0 0 2 18 0 50 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 3 1 4 5 15 35 20 6 5 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 0
7970 7980 0 0 100 0 0 0 5 80 0 10 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 1 3 8 2 14 16 18 27 5 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0
7980 7990 0 0 100 0 0 0 2 73 0 20 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 4 5 6 27 18 27 8 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0
7990 8000 0 0 100 0 0 0 2 88 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 30 43 10 5 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0
8000 8010 0 0 100 0 0 0 4 21 0 75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 5 5 16 32 21 17 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0
8010 8020 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Page 1

WELL :
FORMATION
TOP BASE
DEPTH DEPTH
Ft Ft
7860 7870
7870 7880
7880 7890
7890 7900
7900 7910
7910 7920
7920 7930
7930 7940
7940 7950
7950 7960
7960 7970
7970 7980
7980 7990
7990 8000
8000 8010
8010 8020
GRAIN CONSOLIDATION COMPACT LUSTRE FRAMEWORK POROSITY MATRIX % ROCK TYPE
RELIEF % % % % % % Cement Detrital Diagenetic clay
%

L
o
w
M
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d
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H
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U
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c
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1A 1B 1C 1D II III
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - -
100 0 0 0 0 10 20 70 0 0 0 100 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 3 0 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 70
44 56 0 0 0 56 44 0 0 0 10 90 90 10 0 95 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 10 46 44 0
50 24 26 0 0 40 60 0 0 0 40 60 62 38 0 92 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 3 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 12 28 20 40 0
24 42 34 0 0 76 24 0 0 0 76 24 24 76 0 93 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 10 2 2 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 30 42 16 8 0
32 34 34 0 0 68 32 0 0 0 68 32 32 68 0 93 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 10 2 2 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 30 34 16 16 0
40 45 15 0 0 60 40 0 0 0 60 40 40 60 0 91 0 7 0 0 0 0 2 8 2 2 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 15 45 16 8 16
64 36 0 0 0 36 64 0 0 0 36 64 64 36 0 95 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 36 32 16 16
56 22 22 0 0 44 56 0 0 0 44 56 56 44 0 95 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 3 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 20 22 40 8 8
48 26 26 0 0 52 48 0 0 0 52 48 48 52 0 95 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 4 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 24 26 40 8 0
52 36 12 0 0 48 52 0 0 0 48 52 52 48 0 95 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 4 0 10 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 12 36 20 32 0
56 44 0 0 0 44 56 0 0 0 44 56 56 44 0 97 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 5 0 10 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 44 30 26 0
76 24 0 0 0 24 76 0 0 0 24 76 76 24 0 99 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 7 0 10 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 24 42 10 24
90 10 0 0 0 10 90 0 0 0 10 90 90 10 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 6 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 10 56 34 0
86 12 2 0 0 14 86 0 0 0 14 86 86 14 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 4 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 2 12 38 16 32
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - -
Page 2

WELL :
FORMATION
TOP BASE
DEPTH DEPTH
Ft Ft
7860 7870
7870 7880
7880 7890
7890 7900
7900 7910
7910 7920
7920 7930
7930 7940
7940 7950
7950 7960
7960 7970
7970 7980
7980 7990
7990 8000
8000 8010
8010 8020
COMMENTS 1 COMMENTS 2 COMMENTS 3 COMMENTS 4
Car bonaceous Shal e, gr eyi sh bl ack and Coal bl ack, ear t hy. Mi nor Sst , l t ol gy, vf l , cl ayey, no vi s macr o por osi t y, poor gr ai n r el i ef , non r es.
Sandst one, l i ght ol i ve gr ey, l f g, cl ayey The bet t er r ock has ef f ect i ve por osi t y, l ow cl aycl ay, f ai r gr ai n r el i ef and i s coar se, l mg. Car bonaceous Shal e, gr eyi sh bl ack and Coal
Sst & Cgt , l t ol gy, some ver y good r es. Lesser r ock has kaol i ni t e i n por e space. Car bonaceous Shal e, gr eyi sh bl ack.
Sst & Cgt , l t ol gy, some ver y good r es. Lesser r ock has kaol i ni t e i n por e space. Shal e, medi umdar k gr ey, sl i ght l y car bonaceous
Sst & Cgt , l t ol gy, some ver y good r es. Lesser r ock has kaol i ni t e i n por e space. Shal e, medi umdar k gr ey, sl i ght l y car bonaceous
Sandst one, l i ght ol i ve gr ey, uf g, sl cl ayey Lesser r ock has kaol i ni t e i n por e space. Shal e, dar k gr ey, car bonaceous
Car bonaceous Shal e, bl ack and Coal , bl ack Sandst one, l i ght ol i ve gr ey, uf g, sl cl ayey
Sst & Cgt , l t ol gy, some ver y good r es. Lesser r ock has kaol i ni t e i n por e space. Shal e, gr ey bl ack, sl i ght l y car bonaceous Coal , bl ack
Sst & Cgt , l t ol gy, some ver y good r es. Lesser r ock has kaol i ni t e i n por e space. Shal e, medi umgr ey, sl i ght l y car bonaceous Coal , bl ack, l ust r ous
Sst & Cgt , l t ol gy, some ver y good r es. Lesser r ock has kaol i ni t e i n por e space. Shal e, gr ey bl ack, car bonaceous Coal , bl ack, l ust r ous
Sst & Cgt , l t ol gy, some good r es. Lesser r ock has kaol i ni t e i n por e space. Shal e, dar k gr ey , car bonaceous Coal , bl ack, l ust r ous
Sst & Cgt , l t ol gy, mi nor good r es. Lesser r ock has kaol i ni t e i n por e space. Shal e, dar k gr ey , sl i ght l y car bonaceous Coal , bl ack, l ust r ous
Sst & Cgt , l t ol gy, mi nor good r es. Some associ at ed di cki t e and kaol i ni t e Shal e, dar k gr ey , sl i ght l y car bonaceous
Sst & Cgt , l t ol gy, mi nor good r es. Kaol i ni t e & car b. mat er i al i n por e space Shal e, dar k gr ey , sl i ght l y car bonaceous
Page 3

WELL :
FORMATION
TOP BASE
DEPTH DEPTH
Ft Ft
7860 7870
7870 7880
7880 7890
7890 7900
7900 7910
7910 7920
7920 7930
7930 7940
7940 7950
7950 7960
7960 7970
7970 7980
7980 7990
7990 8000
8000 8010
8010 8020
COMMENTS 5 COMMENTS 6 COMMENTS 7
Page 4
DEPTH DEPTH
QUALITY % % % % % %
Ft Ft
P
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Page 5

WELL :
FORMATION
TOP BASE
DEPTH DEPTH
Ft Ft
%

L
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1A 1B 1C 1D II III
Page 6

WELL :
FORMATION
TOP BASE
DEPTH DEPTH
Ft Ft
Page 7

WELL :
FORMATION
TOP BASE
DEPTH DEPTH
Ft Ft
Page 8
DEPTH DEPTH
QUALITY % % % % % %
Ft Ft
P
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Page 9

WELL :
FORMATION
TOP BASE
DEPTH DEPTH
Ft Ft
%

L
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M
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1A 1B 1C 1D II III
Page 10

WELL :
FORMATION
TOP BASE
DEPTH DEPTH
Ft Ft
Page 11

WELL :
FORMATION
TOP BASE
DEPTH DEPTH
Ft Ft
Page 12
DEPTH DEPTH
QUALITY % % % % % %
Ft Ft
P
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Page 13

WELL :
FORMATION
TOP BASE
DEPTH DEPTH
Ft Ft
%

L
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1A 1B 1C 1D II III
Page 14

WELL :
FORMATION
TOP BASE
DEPTH DEPTH
Ft Ft
Page 15

WELL :
FORMATION
TOP BASE
DEPTH DEPTH
Ft Ft
Page 16
ROCK CATALOGUE CORE CHIP DESCRIPTION
CORE PLUG SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
WELL : Tartulla 5 - Core 1 DATE: 13th May, 2003 LOGGED BY: D.Harrison
CORE No/FORMATION:
1
.

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1A 1B 1C 1D 2 3 A B C D E : XXX
0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 23326:1
0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 32326:1
0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 32326:1
0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 33326:1
0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 34426:1
0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 34326:1
0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 32527:1
0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 43537:1
0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 42538:1
0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 52638:1
0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 54638:1
0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 52638:1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7858
7861
7867
7855
7841
7822
7870
7864
Ft/Metres
Depth B. Sorting A. Mean Grain Size
7840
7819
7834
7837
ROCK CATALOGUE CLASSIFICATION Rock Type C. Consolidation
D. Argillaceous
Content
E. Porosity XXX. Cements
Page 1
ROCK CATALOGUE CORE CHIP DESCRIPTION
CORE PLU
WELL :
CORE No/FOR
7858
7861
7867
7855
7841
7822
7870
7864
Ft/Metres
Depth
7840
7819
7834
7837
SSt , l t ol gy
SSt , l t ol gy
SSt , l t ol gy
SSt , l t ol gy
SSt , l t ol gy
SSt , l t bn gy
SSt , l t gy
SSt , l t gy
SSt , l t gy
SSt , l t gy
SSt , l t bn gy
SSt , l t bn gy
COMMENTS 1
Page 2

APPENDIX 6

TUNING THICKNESS CALCULATIONS

The frequency ranges were obtained from the 3-D seismic data volume at the depth of
the Toolachee Formation. Apparent dominant frequency represents the dominant
frequency value within the frequency range of any given well. The average velocity
was measured from the sonic logs within the interval of the Toolachee Formation.
Wavelength is the result of velocity / dominant frequency. Tuning thickness is the
result of wavelength / 4.

well freq range appr dom freq av. velocity (ft/s) wavelength (ft) tuning (ft) tuning (m)
Ballat 1 22-42 35 13008 371.7 92.9 28.3
Carney 1 31-35 33 12683 384.3 96.1 29.3
Costa 1 36-42 39 12964 332.4 83.1 25.3
Costa Central 1 33-35 34 12757 375.2 93.8 28.6
Costa South 1 32-33 33 12765 386.8 96.7 29.5
Costa South 2 32-33 33 12682 384.3 96.1 29.3
J udga 1 35 35 13177 376.5 94.1 28.7
J udga 2 33-34 34 12941 380.6 95.2 29.0
J udga North 1 34-37 36 12965 360.1 90.0 27.4
Merri 1 27-42 35 12564 359.0 89.7 27.4
Mookoo 1 25-37 35 13144 375.5 93.9 28.6
Raworth 1 32-42 37 13014 351.7 87.9 26.8
Roti 1 38-42 40 13059 326.5 81.6 24.9
Roti 2 42 42 12771 304.1 76.0 23.2
Roti 3 41 41 12867 313.8 78.5 23.9
Roti West 1 41 41 13153 320.8 80.2 24.4
Tartulla 1 37-38 38 13294 349.8 87.5 26.7
Tartulla 2 32-48 40 13028 325.7 81.4 24.8
Tartulla 3 35-42 38 13402 352.7 88.2 26.9
Tartulla 4 32 32 13252 414.1 103.5 31.6
Tartulla 5 35-38 37 13130 354.9 88.7 27.0
Windigo 1 37-42 40 13123 328.1 82.0 25.0
Windigo 2 30-44 37 13108 354.3 88.6 27.0
Wippo 1 40 40 13633 340.8 85.2 26.0
Wippo 2 38 38 13318 350.5 87.6 26.7
Wippo East 1 33-36 35 13215 377.6 94.4 28.8
Wippo East 2 34-36 35 13251 378.6 94.7 28.8
Wippo South 1 35-37 36 13087 363.5 90.9 27.7
Yumba 1 40-42 41 13024 317.7 79.4 24.2

APPENDIX 7

HORIZON ATTRIBUTE MAPS

AMPLITUDE High amplitude values extracted from the peaks (negative reflection
coefficient) are represented towards the bottom of the colour-bar (red). High
amplitude values extracted from the troughs (positive reflection coefficient) are
represented towards the top of the colour-bar (black).

EVENT WIDTH Measured in milliseconds. The increase in width between the 0-
crossings of an event is indicated towards the bottom of the colour-bar.

DIP MAGNITUDE Measured in millisecond per meter. The increase in dip between
two seismic events of a given horizon is indicated towards the bottom of the colour-
bar.

ISOCHRON - Measured in milliseconds. The increase in width between two mapped
horizons is indicated towards the bottom of the colour-bar.

TWT STRUCTURE Measured in milliseconds. The increase in two-way travel time
to a horizon is indicated towards the bottom of the colour-bar.

VARIANCE Measured in milliseconds. The increase in variance is indicated by a
darker grey.

AMPLITUDE
P Horizon
P2
Horizon
P3 Horizon
TBP
Horizon
TBP2
Horizon
TBP3
Horizon

VARIANCE
P Horizon
P2 Horizon
P3 Horizon

TWT - STRUCTURE
P3
Horizon
P2 Horizon
P Horizon

ISOCHRON
P Horizon
P2 Horizon
P3
Horizon

EVENT WIDTH
P Horizon
P2 Horizon
P3 Horizon

DIP MAGNITUDE
P Horizon
P2 Horizon
P3
Horizon

APPENDIX 8


Channels that were at least one wavelength in length were classified. The identified
fluvial bodies are colour coded, a solid red line for distinct channels; a dashed red line
for subtle channels; a solid blue line for faults, and a solid green line for successive
channels.

A
B
C
D
E
F G
P Horizon
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
H
I
J
KK
P2 Horizon
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
P3 Horizon

APPENDIX 9

ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE VS GAMMA RAY
CROSS-PLOT DATA
PC 30 PC 40
Wells Interval Lithology GR AI Interval Lithology GR AI
Ballat 1 6266 - 6275 coal 35 16444 6371 - 6383 shale 181 32788
J udga 2 6781 - 6785 coal 43 9010 6867 - 6869 carb 36 17999
6804 - 6811 sand 35 28887 6873 - 6875 coal 45 9871
6877 - 6880 shale 160 37005
6909 - 6916 sand 35 29499
Raworth 1 6326 - 6330 carb 32 15007 6403 - 6407 shale 155 33746
6340 - 6350 sand 40 35593 6425 - 6438 sand 37 33990
Roti 1 7135 - 7140 coal 63 9301
Tartulla 4 7558 - 7561 shale 206 34171
7644 - 7648 shale 190 32141
7678 - 7680 sand 36 30116
Wippo East 1 7678 - 7683 coal 22 10185
7687 - 7692 shale 143 38051
Wippo South 1 7427 - 7432 coal 58 7232 7571 - 7573 carb 60 16265
7446 - 7463 sand 49 34355 7589 - 7595 shale 198 33414
7614 - 7616 sand 60 31243
Yumba 1 6942 - 6944 coal 63 11648
Costa 1 6882 - 6885 coal 35 9987 6966 - 6968 carb 126 20740
6888 - 6897 shale 148 36333 6971 - 6978 shale 164 34044
6901 - 6904 sand 32 28636 7010 - 7016 sand 58 32767
7018 - 7020 carb 157 24220
Costa Central 1 6911 - 6914 coal 57 11180 7029 - 7031 carb 110 27403
7048 - 7066 sand 32 31318
Costa South 1 6925 - 6930 coal 57 10897 7033 - 7035 carb 85 23498
7041 - 7049 shale 194 32725
7054 - 7057 carb 117 19824
7062 - 7094 sand 42 32082
Costa South 2 6925 - 6929 coal 38 8232 7009 - 7011 coal 51 11499
7015 - 7018 carb 128 23445
7039 - 7041 carb 132 24139
7026 - 7034 shale 189 32403
7065 - 7082 sand 38 31235
J udga North 1 7182 - 7184 carb 140 26002
Merri 1 6087 - 6093 coal 40 9811 6221 - 6243 sand 55 32945
Roti 2 7182 - 7188 coal 40 8125 7283 - 7288 carb 96 24381
7197 - 7207 sand 50 32938
Roti 3 7281 - 7286 sand 52 32445
Roti West 1 7286 - 7291 coal 26 10609 7388 - 7399 shale 170 34951
7304 - 7316 sand 41 33729 7403 - 7411 sand 59 35997
Tartulla 3 7935 - 7938 shale 155 36510 8025 - 8029 shale 159 36357
7943 - 7945 coal 64 14328
Tartulla 5 7808 - 7816 coal 63 8507 7886 - 7890 shale 184 35955
7820 - 7828 sand 44 33736
Windigo 1 7167 - 7171 coal 31 9769 7311 - 7313 carb 115 15144
7186 - 7194 sand 32 32781 7345 - 7353 sand 64 34103
Windigo 2 7243 - 7248 coal 32 9536 7398 - 7340 coal 85 10246
7259 - 7271 sand 38 33068
Wippo 1 7420 - 7432 sand 63 32204 7518 - 7532 shale 168 30984
7539 - 7554 sand 70 33597

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