National

Botanic Garden
of Belgium
Annual report 2013
National
Botanic Garden
of Belgium
Annual report 2013
The new mission statement for the Botanic Gar-
den Meise: Building a sustainable future through
discovery, research and conservation of plants,
encapsulates the value our Garden delivers not
only in Belgium but globally.
In our modern world, botanic gardens such as
ours have a more comprehensive mission than
other plant-focused organisations. They combine
fundamental research such as taxonomy and phy-
logenetics with practical ex situ and in situ conser-
vation programs. They share this plant knowledge
with the wider public to raise awareness of the
vital role plants play in our daily lives.
Our skilled team of staff collaborates daily
with an extensive range of people and organisa-
tions at home and abroad in the pursuit of making
a real difference to society and to promote a more
sustainable future. Our collaborative network
includes primary and secondary schools, univer-
sities, and other plant research and conservation
organisations.
Over the past year our staff have made signi-
cant contributions to recording worldwide bio-
diversity. This has been achievable through their
expertise and the accumulation of many unique
scientic collections gathered through the his-
tory of our Garden. The examples highlighted in
this annual report demonstrate how traditional
methods combine with modern scientic practice
to help describe plant diversity and unravel its his-
tory.
The importance of linking in situ and ex situ
plant conservation will only increase as up to a
third of all plant life is threatened with extinction.
In 2013, the Garden embarked on a large EU-fund-
ed project to ecologically restore one of Belgiums
most fragile ecosystems. Further aeld, we have
investigated the economic value of African wood-
lands in terms of edible wild-sourced mushrooms
and how the conservation of forests contributes
to reducing food shortage and malnutrition. This
is an important topic as policy makers worldwide
incorporate economic models in their decision
making processes.
The year 2013 was also exciting for our staff
working on natural history collections that had
largely been forgotten. These collections nally
received the attention they deserve and are now
being carefully curated. The Garden also fur-
ther strengthened its indoor and outdoor living
plant collections. Many of our living collections
are important for scientic research, conserva-
tion and education programs. We were pleased to
strengthen their multiple values over the past year
by acquiring new and exciting plants. This year
also saw the educational program of the Garden
extended to a signicant part of the visiting public:
visitors who are blind and visually impaired. This
group can now benet from a specialised tour ac-
commodating their additional needs.
This annual report marks the end of an era. On
the rst of January 2014, the Garden was formally
transferred to the Flemish community and in so
doing has adopted a new name Botanic Garden
Meise. The staff have been assigned to the Flem-
ish- or French-speaking community, but will
continue their work to achieve common goals.
The preparation for this transfer required a lot of
energy and goodwill from all the administrations
involved: in the rst place from the staff of the
Garden, but also from many individuals working
at the federal government, andFlemishandFrench
communities. Thanks to you all, the transition was
well prepared and we look forward to a positive
future.
In conclusion, I would like to thank all our staff,
volunteers, guides, the federal government, the
governments of the Flemish and French-speaking
communities and our many supporters for all the
work achieved in 2013. I am convinced that to-
gether, we are ready to tackle the challenges that
lie ahead!
Building a sustainable future through discovery,
research and conservation of plants.
Foreword
Steven Dessein
Chief Executive Ofcer
4 5
Discovering
and recording
biodiversity
Safeguarding
plant life
Understanding
ecosystems
(Re-)connecting
plants and people
Inspiring
and informing
Bringing our
heritage to life
Organisation
Facts
and gures
5 11
12 16
17 19
20 24
25 29
30 35
36 40
41 66
At present the total number of plant species on
our planet remains unknown. Many are yet to be
discovered, especially in the tropics and in certain
groups like fungi and algae. This represents a seri-
ous scientic decit, since species are the funda-
mental building blocks of ecosystems and knowing
them is essential to our understanding of how our
living planet works.
Discovering, describing, naming and classify-
ing species is at the core of our scientic research.
Our taxonomists combine classic methods, such as
morphology, histology and anatomy with modern
techniques including scanning electron microsco-
py, digital imaging and DNAbarcoding. The result
aims to be a globally accepted, stable and scientic
ordering of all life forms in a system that reects
their evolutionary origin. The taxonomic data and
identication tools, such as oras, developed by
our specialists are crucial for many other elds of
research and for commercial purposes.
Discovering
and recording
biodiversity
6 7
Completing the Flora
of Central Africa
AFlora is a publication which aids the identication of plants. It is
an essential tool, not just for specialist taxonomists but also for ecolo-
gists, foresters, conservation workers, ethno-botanists and even zo-
ologists, for example investigating what a particular animal feeds on.
In tropical Africa, a complete Flora is available for the west and
east, but the central region has only partially been covered. This seri-
ously hinders scientists and conservationists in the region who have
torely heavily on a networkof specialists toidentify species andpoint
out which are the least common or most endangered. Since 1948, the
Botanic Garden has been involved in the production of Flore dAfrique
centrale, which aims to include all plants known to occur in the Demo-
cratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. To date, the ora
has grown to a series of books containing over 6,000 species belong-
ing to 180 plant families. Despite this huge effort this work only cov-
ers 60% of the total ora.
Over the last twodecades, production has been slow. In 2013 how-
ever, the Garden decided to take responsibility and breathe new life
into resuming this ambitious project. From the 1
st
of October 2013, a
specialist was appointed specically to coordinate efforts to complete
the remaining 40% of the Flora. His task is to create a sound network
of specialists willing to contribute to the Flore dAfrique centrale series.
These specialists will need to critically read thousands of articles,
study several hundred thousand herbarium vouchers and organise the
production of several thousand drawings.
In addition to a printed version, a smart e-environment will be
created to accommodate the gathered data. This online version will
facilitate greater access to information, simplify the task of updating
existing information with new nds (even new species), and enable
the development of related tools such as apps for mobile phones. Fur-
thermore, our Garden will try to acquire additional funding to train
and educate a sufciently large group of regional botanists in Central
Africa to assist in the Flora production and maintain and update the
e-version. The aim is to complete the Flore dAfrique centrale and its e-
version in 15 years; a lofty ambition indeed!
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Discovering and recording biodiversity
New to science
Every year, our researchers organise eld trips and discover new
species of plants and fungi from around the world. Back in the labo-
ratory, the carefully collected samples are studied in-depth using a
range of scientic instruments, such as light and scanning-electron
microscopes, chemical analysis and DNAexamination. In 2013, 18 dia-
toms, 13 lichens, 1 fungus, and 21 owering plants were described as
new to science by our staff.
Through their studies, our taxonomists are key actors in inven-
torying the worlds biodiversity. Occasionally discoveries can even
be found closer to home: take for example the hybrid Magnolia
nooteboomiana Geerinck. This previously undescribed ornamental
was discovered growing along an avenue in the suburb of Ixelles in
Brussels. Meanwhile the ectoparasitic fungus Cantharomyces elongatus
Haelewaters & De Kesel was rst recorded by science in association
with an insect from an ash forest of the Netherlands.
Central Africa is a well-known hotspot of diversity and has al-
ways been of particular interest for our researchers. Among the
new diatom species of 2013, Cavinula lilandae Cocquyt, M.de Haan &
J.C.Taylor is worth a mention as it represents the rst described alga
resulting from our Boyekoli Ebale Congo 2010 Expedition. Virtually
nothing is known about algal diversity in the Democratic Republic
of the Congo so the description of many more new taxa is inevita-
ble in the coming years. The aforementioned expedition also yield-
ed a previously unknown lichen Piccolia congolensis Van den Broeck,
Aptroot &Ertz.
Morphological studies and molecular analyses are complemen-
tary to advance the knowledge of lichenology. In 2013, studies con-
ducted by our researchers resulted in the description of three new li-
chen genera from Chile, Madagascar, and Brazil (Austroroccella Tehler
& Ertz, Savoronala Ertz, Eb.Fisch., Killmann, Razan. & Srus. and
Sergipea M.Cceres, Ertz &Aptroot).
The herbarium of the Botanic Garden harbours many unidenti-
ed specimens of owering plants, some collected decades ago and
waiting to be described. In 2013, research on African ora mainly fo-
cused on the genera Justicia (Acanthaceae) and Psychotria (Rubiaceae).
From these two genera 11 and 8 species (respectively) were described
as new to science. Many of these are endemic and threatened in the
wild. Field observations are often important to solve taxonomic prob-
lems. This proved to be the case in the new African species, Kalaharia
schaijesii Bamps (Lamiaceae). Previously it had been confused with the
only other representative of its genus; however, observations on its
growth habit and ower characters proved this was yet another dis-
tinct species.
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8 9
Protosteloid Amoebae in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Protosteloid Amoebae are bacterivorous protists that can be
found on dead plant matter and represent a small group of 33 species.
They are traditionally placed together with two other groups of fruit-
ing amoebae, myxomycetes and dictyostelids in the Eumycetozoa.
Identication of taxa is based on morphological characteristics of
their microscopic fruiting bodies that are comprised of a translucent
stalk supporting one or more spores.
The occurrence of Protosteloid Amoebae in the Democratic Re-
public of the Congo was studied in cultures from substrates collected
between the cities of Kisangani and Bumba during the Boyekoli Ebale
Congo 2010 Expedition. This survey of Protosteloid Amoebae is the
rst for Central Africa, with previous records for Africa restricted to
Egypt, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda.
Cultures from aerial litter (or dead, attached leaves), revealed 23
species or 70% of the total number of species described worldwide.
Two of these taxa, Schizoplasmodiopsis reticulata and Schizoplasmodium
seychellarum, were new records for the African continent. Fur-
thermore, the isolate LHI05 was observed for the rst time outside
Hawaii. Of particular interest is the discovery of 5 unknown taxa
that have been documented. The high species diversity observed on
a limited number of samples suggests that the investigated region
is, together with Hawaii, one of the worlds tropical hotspots for
Protosteloid Amoebae.
Names of Cyanobacteria revised
The scientic names of plants have to be published in a particular
way outlined in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
(ICBN). This ensures a clear understanding of valid names across the
scientic community and, among other things, prevents two taxa be-
ing given the same name. Occasionally, names are not validly pub-
lished and in this event corrections have to be applied. This is an ac-
count of one of these instances.
Gloeobacter violaceus Rippka et al. was the name given to a primitive
Cyanobacterium (Cyanophyte) in 1974. It is phylogenetically impor-
tant among the Cyanophyta because it uniquely lacks thylakoids, the
site of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
Although Gloeobacter violaceus has been widely cited in experi-
mental, taxonomical and phylogenetic literature, it was recently
noted that its genus name Gloeobacter was invalidly published and as
a result it has no current standing under the International Code of
Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), nor under the International Code of
Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.
Consequently, the names Gloeobacter and G. violaceus were validat-
ed by the process of designating a holotype in agreement with Article
40 of the ICBN. During the course of this study, it appeared that sev-
eral names could compete with G. violaceus and had priority. Moreo-
ver, one of these names was the type of another genus, Gloeothece. To
ensure continuous use of the names Gloeobacter violaceus and Gloeothece
it is necessary to conserve both names. In order to facilitate this two
conservation proposals were published in the scientic journal Taxon.
Both proposals will be examined by the Nomenclature Committee
for Algae and by the General Nomenclature Committee which will
decide if both names are included in the list of Nomina conservanda or
conserved names.
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Discovering and recording biodiversity
Diatom diversity
in the Congo basin
One of the aims of the Boyekoli Ebale Congo 2010 Expedition
was to study the diversity of diatoms in the Congo Basin. Water sam-
ples were taken at various locations along the Congo River. These in-
cluded locations downstream of Kisangani (Democratic Republic of
the Congo) at the intersection of several major tributaries, namely the
rivers Lomami, Itimbiri and Aruwimi, and a number of smaller rivers
and streams such as Lubilu and Lilanda in the vicinity of Yangambi.
Samples were brought back to the Botanic Garden for the identica-
tion of any diatom species present.
Initial investigations revealed the presence of a large number of
unknown diatom species, in contrast, the number of observed cos-
mopolitan species was relatively low but included: Navicula rostellata;
Staurosirella pinnata; and Ulnaria ulna. There were also African and
tropical-African species such as: Fragilariforma strangulata; Gompho-
nema zairensis. Interestingly, some taxa had been previously record-
ed and described from South America. These included: Encyonopsis
frequentis Krammer and Gomphosphenia tenerrima.
A number of taxa observed from the Congo Basin are closely
related (but different) to species discovered from the Amazon Ba-
sin in South America, while others were more closely related to taxa
described from tropical Asia. An example includes a species related
to Navicula fuerbornii, described from Java. It appeared that Navicula
fuerbornii had also been recorded in Ghana, but on closer investigation
that discovery had a different type-drawing compared with the spec-
imen from Java. Therefore, the name given to the Ghanaian specimen
was misapplied. This means a new taxon will need to be described as
the form discovered in Democratic Republic of the Congo was the
same as the one found in Ghana.
Many new species discovered were from the genus Eunotia, a
typical component of small acidic rivers and streams with a pH value
often less than 5. This environment, although generally low in species
diversity, also yielded another new species, Cavinula lilandae Cocquyt,
M.de Haan & J.C.Taylor that was described and published in 2013.
This species was named after its type-locality, the village and stream
Lilanda.
The larger tributaries of the Congo River with pH values greater
than 8 that were surveyed had a greater diversity of species with often
more than 50 taxa observed in a single sample. The descriptions of
several other new taxa are in progress while other descriptions are
already in press or submitted to peer-reviewed international journals.
These diatom studies were made possible thanks to our Gardens
involvement in the Boyekoli Ebale Congo 2010 Expedition (http://
www.congobiodiv.org/en/projects/expeditions/expedition-2010)
and an additional two projects nanced by the Federal Science Pol-
icy namely: COBAFISH (Congo Basin: From carbon to shes); and
COZADIMO (Preliminary study of diatoms as potential water qual-
ity indicators for the tropical Congo and Zambezi sister basins).
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10 11
Our Contribution to
the Catalogue of Life
The Catalogue of Life is an ambitious project to create a register
of all the worlds organisms and their relationships. The directory acts
as a taxonomic backbone for many other large global projects, such as
the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and Encyclopedia of Life.
In 2013, the Garden contributed this database via the European Union
funded i4life project, aimed at boosting the number of species in the
Catalogue of Life and increasing the number of participating institu-
tions. Given our expertise in the African Flora we chose to contrib-
ute to checklists of African endemic families and the Connaraceae, a
largely African family.
Some of the endemic families are rather obscure. For example,
the Hydrostachyaceae are rare freshwater plants that are found on
waterfalls and in rapids; the Grubbiaceae are a 90 million year old
family now restricted to the Cape Peninsula in South Africa and the
Dioncophyllaceae are rare plants from tropical West Africa, which
include Triphyophyllum peltatum, an unusual climbing carnivorous
plant. While these families are obscure, they are often overlooked in
taxonomic checklists, nevertheless, they are important conservation
targets as they represent diverse evolutionary lineages.
Thus far we have contributed approximately 1,000 accepted
names and synonyms to the project. However, we are continuing to
work on the checklist and expect to deliver an additional 800 names
in the near future.
Dumortiera becomes
a free digital journal
In 2013, the Botanic Gardens journal of eld botany Dumortiera
saw a threefold increase of subscribers compared with the previous
year. The reason for this was the decision to publish online as a free
digital journal.
Established in 1975, the journal has proved an important link be-
tween professional and amateur botanists. Over the past few years,
however, the number of subscribers and submitted manuscripts dwin-
dled. After the publication of issue 100 in 2012 it was decided that a
change was needed. Issue 101 became the rst to enter this new digital
era.
There are many advantages to this format:
The full article can be downloaded free-of-charge as a pdf docu-
ment;
Authors can include additional content, such as large annexes and
high quality full colour illustrations. For instance, a herbarium
sheet can be reproduced with on-screen magnication that allows
close scrutiny of plant details that may be featured in the article;
Authors appreciate they reach a larger readership;
Subscribers are informed by e-mail when a new issue is published.
In addition to articles in Dutch and French (with English trans-
lation of the abstract), the journal now also publishes contributions
in English. Articles from previous issues have been made available to
download thus making Dumortiera more accessible to a wider com-
munity.
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Discovering and recording biodiversity
Out of Africa: recent trans-oceanic
dispersal of plant species to Madagascar
Once part of the ancient supercontinent Gondwana, Madagas-
car broke away from eastern Africa 160 million years ago and later
from Antarctica and India, leaving it isolated in the Indian Ocean for
the past 80 million years. This long separation precludes any pos-
sibility that owering plants could have been on the island before it
broke away, since they evolved more recently. Despite its long isola-
tion, Madagascar is home to more than 12,000 plant species, most of
these endemic, making it one of the most diverse oras on the planet.
Where did all of Madagascars unique plant species come from?
Researchers of the Garden undertook a molecular study of the
pantropical genus Ixora, with ca. 530 species, one of the largest genera
of the coffee family. Some 40 species of Ixora occur in Africa, another
40 are endemic to Madagascar. Our study showed that the Madagas-
can Ixora species belong to two lineages of different ages. This means
that there has been at least one dispersal event from Eastern Africa
across the Mozambique Channel to Madagascar some eight million
years ago. Once arrived in Madagascar, Ixora started a rapid radiation,
colonising the new island and adapting to its different niches. Hence,
the Madagascan Ixora species are recent endemics, evolved in situ fol-
lowing trans-oceanic dispersal.
The two separate lineages of Madagascan Ixora exhibit similar
morphological innovations, unique within the genus. This suggests
that the same selective pressures drive the evolution of both groups.
In comparison to continental Africa, Ixora has undergone a rare dif-
ferentiation in Madagascar. There is a trend towards reduction of the
number of owers per inorescence from several hundreds to few or
even one. Furthermore, ower size is spectacularly variable with co-
rolla tubes between 0.4 and 23 cm long.
After its arrival in Madagascar, Ixora diversied into 40 species
with certain unique morphological characters, and all this in a period
of less than eight million years. How can this rapid radiation be ex-
plained? One of the main driving forces of rapid radiations is climatic
uctuation, which we know occurred in the Plio- and Pleistocene. If
the climate is drier, tropical forests retract and become isolated within
a drier landscape. Once isolated, populations of the same species may
develop different characters and evolve into different species. Polli-
nators are also a driving force for radiation. The diversication in co-
rolla tube length in Madagascan Ixora will undoubtedly have resulted
in increased pollinator specicity, thereby, again, isolating different
populations from each other and facilitating their evolution into dif-
ferent species.
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12 13
Soil seed bank of the rare
creeping marshwort
Helosciadium repens (creeping marshwort) is a small plant formerly
known as Apium repens; it belongs to the carrot family or Apiaceae. It
is a rare plant from marshes and wet meadows with a restricted, main-
ly European distribution, and is mentioned by the European Habitat
Directive as a species in need of special protection. Over the past ten
years the Botanic Garden conducted a research project looking at
conservation biology and ecological demands within Belgian popu-
lations. Part of this work involved recording counts of individuals in
permanent plots. These records, however, fail to take into account the
seeds that may be present in the soil seed bank. Soil seed banks can be
vital for the survival of a species. Since the creeping marshwort has
reappeared in former localities after more than 50 years of absence,
we believed it to have a long-lived soil seed bank. Consequently, a
study was undertaken to investigate the soil seed bank.
In the three largest populations, soil samples were taken, ushed
through sieves and dried. The resulting soil fractions were viewed un-
der a binocular microscope revealing glimpses of an often surprising-
ly beautiful undergroundworld. The seeds of H. repens were separated
from the soil, measured and stored in our Gardens seed bank under
long-term storage conditions. The dark brown seeds turned out to
be difcult to distinguish from the soil, making their counting unreli-
able. Therefore, soil samples were scattered thinly on to the surface
of potting compost and placed in the glasshouses and watered. This
practice resulted in the germination of hundreds of H. repens seed-
lings. Of these more than ve hundred were sampled and stored in
silica gel to later investigate the genetic diversity of the soil seed bank.
Some seedlings were transplanted to reinforce an existing population
that had strongly declined due, among other things, to poor habitat
management.
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It is estimated that up to one third of plant spe-
cies are currently threatened or face extinction in
the wild, mainly due to habitat fragmentation and
destruction, combined with climate change. Every
plant has a crucial role in a healthy functioning
ecosystem. Some may hold unknown treasures
such as molecules with helpful medicinal proper-
ties. Therefore, the safeguarding of plant species
is essential.
Our research contributes to the development
of tools for in situ conservation in valuable natural
sites both nationally and internationally. Off-site
or ex situ conservation is equally important. We
collect plant material from the wild for preserva-
tion and propagation in our living collections, and
in the collections of partner botanic gardens. Our
seed bank holds the seeds of many rare and endan-
gered species, thus safeguarding critical genetic
variation. In combining our expertise and collec-
tions we are able to assist with the reintroduction
of species in natural habitats both now and into the
future.
Safeguarding
plant life
14 15
The Garden embarks
on ecological restoration
Nutrient-poor grassland habitats and several of their characteris-
tic species have reached a critical state in many European countries,
including Belgium. The main reasons for this situation are: habitat
fragmentation, abandonment of the traditional agro-pastoral activi-
ties, and the intensication of agricultural practices. There is now an
urgent need to preserve, manage and restore these few remaining,
often degraded, habitat patches. Part of this work includes the res-
toration of critically endangered plant species and populations that
without intervention would not regenerate naturally due to limited
dispersal capacities and the absence of seed bank in the soil.
These challenging tasks are being addressed in the framework
of a new EU-LIFE Nature project in Southern Belgium (LIFE11 NAT/
BE/001060). The partners of this project include Natagora, the
SPWallonie (DEMNAand DNF) and the Botanic Garden. This seven-
year project (2013-2019) aims at improving the conservation status of
400 ha of priority grasslands using an integrated approach, involving
both in situ and ex situ conservation techniques. LIFE funds are used
to restore 11 different grassland types, including six priority habitats,
including: xeric sand calcareous grasslands, semi-natural dry grass-
lands on calcareous substrates, and species-rich Nardus grasslands.
As a centre of excellence in ex situ conservation, our Garden is re-
sponsible for species reintroduction and reinforcement for six target
species: maiden pink (Dianthus deltoides), proliferous pink (Petrorhagia
prolifera), dwarf everlast (Helichrysum arenarium), clustered bellower
(Campanula glomerata), mountain everlasting (Antennaria dioica) and
the mountain arnica (Arnica montana). The aim is to increase the ef-
fective size of remaining populations (reinforcement) and to restore
extinct populations (reintroduction) in order to improve connectivity
in the landscape. For each species, seeds have been collected in 3-4
source populations in similar habitats (geographically close to the tar-
get sites). Leaves from each source and target population were sam-
pled to estimate within-population genetic diversity and inbreeding
level, and between-population genetic divergence. Soil samples were
collected at the target sites to study the soil seed bank. After several
months of testing with different types of substrate, propagation pro-
tocols have successfully been developed for all target species. During
2013, one thousand individuals of Dianthus deltoides were transplanted
in two restored sites. Prior to transplanting, morphometric measure-
ments of each individual (length and width of the largest leaf) were
recorded. Once in situ these plants were precisely mapped to facilitate
their long-term monitoring (survival, vegetative growth, owering,
fruiting, germination, recruitment). We anticipate that other reintro-
ductions will follow as habitat restoration progresses.
Safeguarding plant life
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16 17
In a world increasingly under environmental
pressure, plants, ecosystems and the services they
provide need to be maintained to keep the planet
healthy. Amongst other things they mitigate the
effects of greenhouse gasses, play an important
role in the global water cycle, and help combat
desertication.
The work of our researchers helps us under-
stand how ecosystems function, and how they can
be described and monitored. They also investi-
gate invasive species that inuence native species.
Throughout the world, in Africa as in Belgium,
humankind is fully dependent on healthy ecosys-
tems.
Understanding
ecosystems
Safeguarding plant life
Improvement of the ERAIFTarboretum
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Senior staff at ERAIFT (Ecole rgionale post universitaire
dAmnagement et de Gestion intgrs des Forts et Territoires tropi-
caux) decided to improve the green spaces around its buildings that
previously comprised of a massive plantation of Acacia and Eucalyptus
planted originally to mitigate the effects of serious erosion.
Our Garden proposed to support the improvement of the planta-
tion in a joint Botanic Garden / ERAIFT / UNESCO program. The
objective of the program was to develop an arboretum to facilitate the
education of students (ERAIFT and other Faculties) on the identica-
tion of typical forests trees of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
A simple planting scheme was devised and the area was divided
into a range of plots with each plot containing a single species. In or-
der for the work to progress our Garden needed to nd practical help
to develop the new arboretum. Consequently, they joined forces with
an NGO Les Amis de la nature et des jardins (ANJ), an organisation
committed to eldwork to help safeguarding nature. Subsequently,
locals were employed, especially women and young adults (previous-
ly living on the streets) to help develop this new plantation. The rst
area planted comprised of 2.7 ha and was enriched with 280 labelled
trees from 30 different species (e.g. Milicia excelsa, Milletia laurentii,
Penthacletra macrophylla, Pericopsis elata and Terminalia superba). In the
same area a nature trail is planned to educate the public on a range
of themes from environmental protection, endangered species and
the sustainable collection of rewood. Our Garden will continue to
monitor the plantation during 2014 to ensure a successful outcome
of the project.
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.
18 19
C
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Tools for the conservation and sustainable
use of African woodlands: edible fungi
The mega-diverse rainforests of Central Africa usually draw
most of the attention of conservationists because of their destruc-
tion by the logging industry. Lesser known is the forested area around
the so-called Congo Basin that is being systematically depleted due
to charcoal production. The latter woodlands (termed miombos) are
adapted to a long dry season (at least 4 months) with many tree spe-
cies being resistant to bushres. These forests are vulnerable because
once cleared they have difculty to regenerate. The human pressure
on this forest ecosystem is excessively high since half of the African
population depends on it for food, medicine, fuel and construction
timber, etc.
Researchers at our Garden developed a method for delivering
taxonomical data and tools for the conservation and sustainable use
of these woodlands. These tools are meant to estimate the value of
non timber forest products like edible fungi, an essential step in the
re-evaluation of the true worth of less-valued yet threatened ecosys-
tems.
By using permanent plots the annual, natural production of wild
edible fungi was measured in different forest types. This study was
conducted in the woodlands of Benin (Sudanian region) and South-
eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zambezian region). In
both these areas fungi are an important foodsource anda vital income
for millions of people. Study results revealed a high diversity of edible
species within each region. The majority of these fungi were ectomy-
corrhizal symbionts, i.e. obligatorily associated with the root system
of living trees. The species composition appears to depend on the for-
est type. Our study revealed that chanterelles dominate in the Zam-
bezian region while the Sudanian region is dominated by milk-caps.
The yields of fungi range from 100 to 300 kg/ha/year, depending
on the species and forest type. If just 10% of this production reaches
the market to be sold at an average of 1 per kg, a single hectare of
miombo would deliver, on average, 20/year. Although charcoal de-
livers a much greater amount 300/ha this can only happen once be-
cause once felled the woodland needs 30 years to regenerate. Conse-
quently, over time charcoal delivers just half of the income generated
from harvesting fungi!
This study therefore proves that maintaining the ecosystems
service of delivering non timber forest products is nancially and cul-
turally much more benecial for local people than the production of
charcoal and that long-term benet outweighs short-term gains.
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Understanding ecosystems
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20 21
Bryophytes and other plant remains
from excavations of Roman sites:
a window on pre-industrial ora
To reconstruct life from the past, archaeologists need to study a
whole range of evidence. This includes the remains of buildings, spec-
tacular columns, fragments of pottery and also includes the remains
of animals and plants from sediments. In 2013, the Botanic Garden
helped archeologists from the Flemish Heritage Agency and NPO
Agilas by identifying and interpreting plant material from several ex-
cavations in Flanders.
Specically, we were asked to study seeds, fruits and bryophytes
from sediments located in the deeper sections of a Roman well in the
Roman settlement of Asse (near the centre of the modern village of
Asse). Three samples of sediment were sieved and plant macro re-
mains collected. Despite rather poor conditions for preservation,
since the Roman era, 50 species of vascular plants and 9 species of
mosses were successfully identied along with the charred remains
of grains of corn.
It was likely that most remains came from the immediate vicinity
of the well in the Asse settlement and from nearby wet grasslands.
The composition of moss species suggests the presence of forests
in the neighborhood while other plants may have been selected for
their medicinal properties. Several species introduced by the Romans
were found including: Apium graveolens, Anethum graveolens and Prunus
avium. Blackberries that were certainly collected from the wild were
also preserved in the sediments. At a different location, the Roman
fort at Oudenburg, two wells yielded extensive, well-preserved re-
mains of bryophytes. It is likely that these were used to lter water.
Plant material from archaeological sites provide us with a good
insight of the ora over a millennium prior to the immense changes in
land use and air quality resulting from the industrial revolution. The
bulk of the bryophyte material consisted of pleurocarpous mat-form-
ing species collected from tree stems and bases although terrestrial
species were also gathered. In total, 45 species of bryophytes were
identied providing insights into epiphytic and terrestrial bryoora
of that time.
Many of the species had never been recorded in Flanders. Several
of these were frequent or even dominant in the samples. Some of the
identied species have returned to our countryside relatively recently
as a result of European legislation reducing sulphur dioxide emissions,
thus improving air quality. These species are increasing their distribu-
tion and in time will once again form species-rich mats of bryophytes
in our woodlands.
Everywhere on the planet specic plant and
fungi species have provided local populations with
food, energy, materials for housing and tools,
bres for clothing and medicines. In many parts
of the world plants remain the primary elements
in ghting hunger, disease and extreme poverty.
Plants also often gure in cultural expressions and
religion. Nowadays, cultural plant knowledge is
being lost and with it the vital connections we have
with plants and fungi.
Our researchers record how plants and fungi
are used so that this knowledge can be shared and
distributed. Our scientists ability to identify
plants, even from tiny or ancient remains, contrib-
utes to elds as diverse as forensic investigation
and archaeology, thus constantly identifying and
establishing links between plants and people.
(Re-)connecting
plants and people
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22 23
Building capacity on environmental
education in the Democratic Republic
of the Congo
The results of the partnership between our Garden and the Dem-
ocratic Republic of the Congo over the past 8 years have been very
positive. The revival of botanical gardens and the recommencement
of ex situ conservation answered the growing demand from national
institutions.
The sustainability of these positive outcomes, however, remain
fragile because educating staff in technical skills remains in an early
phase. To overcome the lack of technical skills, the Botanic Garden
organised several training sessions on innovative topics related to ex
situ conservation, botany and environmental education.
Thanks to cooperation with lEcole rgionale post universitaire
dAmnagement et de Gestion intgrs des Forts et Territoires
tropicaux (ERAIFT) and UNESCO the Workshop on Environmen-
tal Education was successfully organised in Kinshasa on 23
rd
and 24
th

September, 2013. Its main objective was to promote environmen-
tal education among institutes responsible for nature conservation,
schools, civil society and the media. In particular it aimed to highlight
and support the preservation of biodiversity in the Democratic Re-
public of the Congo and Congo Basin. Around 60 participants from
different institutions were present each day.
During the rst day 8 national and international experts intro-
duced major themes on environmental education, such as: the deni-
tion of environmental education; urban nature; conservation (in situ
and ex situ) of biodiversity; and threatened plants. Particular focus
was given to the reality of nature conservation in the city of Kinshasa.
The second day was dedicated to group work for which two
themes were proposed: the importance of protecting biodiversity;
and the role of environmental awareness in school education. Both
these subjects looked at the current situation and prospects for the
future. The exchanges were very interesting anddynamic, each group
provided robust proposals for the inclusion of these topics in their re-
spective institutes.
Participants showed keen interest in the topics of the workshop
and requested additional technical training and materials such as
books, manuals, pamphlets and posters. Our Garden published the
proceedings of the workshop and reprinted a poster on the impor-
tance of plants in the life of man, which have been distributed to all
stakeholders.
P
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t
ic
ip
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f W
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(Re-)connecting plants and people
Leafprints on amphorae
at Sagalassos (SW-Turkey)
An amphora is a type of container of a characteristic shape and
size often utilised for transport and storage during the Roman Em-
pire. Excavations at the archaeological site of Sagalassos in southwest-
ern Turkey (100 km north of Antalya) discovered leaf impressions on
Late Roman amphorae. This represented a thus far unique occurrence
within the Roman world. The leaf impressions were so well preserved
that they could be identied down to species level.
During systematic archaeological excavations of the site (Prof.
M. Waelkens and collaborators, KU Leuven) thousands of potsherds
were found. Dr. Philip Bes recently discovered that a limited number
of these had leafprints. A reference collection of herbarium speci-
mens previously collected between 1997 and 2004 in the historical
area made it possible to identify the two plant species used for the
prints, namely, Styrax ofcinalis and Vitis vinifera. Both species still oc-
cur within the vicinity of the archaeological site, with Styrax being
well-known from antiquity for its fragrant resin.
The amphorae leaf prints were placedin a rather standardisedpo-
sition on the collar, rim and grip of the container making it clear that
this was a conscious step in the manufacturing process. Many ques-
tions remain about the signicance of this occurrence: was it purely
ornamental, did it have a specic function, and why does it only occur
at a specic site? Maybe future excavations and nds will help solve
some of these questions.
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.
24 25
The Gardenis home to 18,000 different kinds of
plant, set within 92 hectares of historical domain.
It is a beautiful, diverse, green space and a source
of enjoyment, wonder and inspiration tempting
about 100,000 visitors per year.
Using a broad spectrum of plant displays,
museum artefacts, webpages, science communica-
tion tools, events, informal learning, awareness
instruments and experience-based educational
activities, the Garden has the potential to change
peoples understanding of the importance of
plants for human well-being and to emphasise the
vital importance of plant conservation.
Building on this understanding, the Garden can
stimulate people of all ages, backgrounds and abil-
ities to act in a sustainable and responsible way.
Inspiring
and informing
The killer in
the haystack
Our Garden has many important and varied roles. This is an ac-
count of just one of those. Aveterinarian working for Animal Health
Care Flanders (Dierengezondheidszorg Vlaanderen) needed to nd
out why a ock of sheep he was asked to inspect were dying. After a
number of unsuccessful attempts to receive help at other institutions
he contacted the Belgian Poison Centre. There he was told they were
unable to help but advised him to contact the Botanic Garden.
Soon after a large bag lled with hay was delivered to the Garden.
In previous days over 30 sheep on a single farm in the vicinity of Ant-
werp had died. The veterinarian suspected that hay from a recently
opened bale was responsible. Our researchers therefore screened the
hay for the presence of poisonous plants.
The bag was emptied onto a large table. Not being of the high-
est quality, the hay smelled unpalatable. Many stems and leaves were
covered with a white mould. Due to the lack of sporangia a mycolo-
gist failed to identify the mould, but he doubted there was a link with
the sudden mortality of sheep. Meanwhile the hay was screened for
other possible culprits. Next to several different grass species and a
few prickly fragments of brambles were numerous stems of some-
thing that looked like a vetch (Vicia). Close inspection yielded suf-
cient material for a positive identication from the Botanic Gardens
herbarium collections, although it was a surprise.
Rather than a native species, the dried fragments proved to be
goats rue (Galega ofcinalis), naturally restricted to South, Central
and Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia. It is a rather attractive her-
baceous perennial, sometimes cultivated as an ornamental. Goats rue
has been listed as a rare exotic species in Belgium since the 19
th
cen-
tury, but it appears that it is persisting and expanding its distribution
in a small number of locations across Belgium.
A little more research revealed that when present in hay, goats
rue is life-threatening to animals, especially sheep. Furthermore, the
symptoms exhibited by the dying sheep perfectly matched the effects
this plant can have as recorded in the veterinary literature. Further
investigations revealed that in previous years, this plant had been re-
corded by a botanist in the vicinity of the grassland where the hay had
been cut. This population probably originated from plants discarded
from a nearby garden.
In total, 38 sheep died over a few days and 30 tons of hay was de-
stroyed. It is a sadstory, but the incident offeredhaystackscience (an
unpleasant, denigrating 19
th
-century description of herbarium-based
botany) a nice opportunity to prove its worth.
3
8

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26 27
Plants that bite back: establishing
an important reference collection of
carnivorous plants at Meise
During 2012 and 2013, our Garden developed a living reference
collection of carnivorous plant species. Previously, Meise kept a mod-
est collection mainly housing material originating from cultivation.
Carnivorous plants have always fascinatedbotanists andhorticul-
turalists due to their remarkable abilities to capture and digest inver-
tebrates and even small frogs and mammals with their modied leaves
serving as traps.
The most common natural habitat for these plants are bogs and
marshes where water is abundant and nutrient concentrations low.
These areas are continually destroyed through land drainage and eu-
trophication. Along with over-collecting, this has led to many species
being threatened by extinction.
Meiseincreasedits collections by 169 accessions (121 botanical spe-
cies), of which 46.7% are of known wild origin. Living representatives
of: Cephalotaceae (Cephalotus); Droseraceae (Aldrovanda, Dionaea,
Drosera); Drosophyllaceae (Drosophyllum); Lentibulariaceae (Genlisea,
Pinguicula, Utricularia); Nepenthaceae (Nepenthes); and Sarraceniaceae
(Darlingtonia, Heliamphora, Sarracenia) serve as an important reference
collection.
Learning
and discovering
Offering children the opportunity to discover the world of bot-
any is one of the goals of our Botanic Garden. Our participation in
INQUIRE, a pan-European education project on inquiry-based sci-
ence education (IBSE), offered our education staff a ne opportunity
to strengthen our collaboration with the Flemish Education Depart-
ment.
When the project concluded in November 2013, we could look
back on three years of exploring the possibilities of IBSE, together
with highly motivated teachers, teachers trainers and educators.
Inquiry-based education had recently become an important item
in the new Flemish school curriculum, but it was evident that many
teachers and education stakeholders did not feel familiar or comfort-
able with this new methodology. Consequently, we decided to share
our experiences with educational advisors by offering a portfolio of
evidence from the INQUIRE project.
As a result of the Gardens contacts with education policy makers
and advisors, the Flemish Association of Catholic Secondary Educa-
tion (VVKSO) organised a one-day conference at our Garden to help
address the educational stakeholders needs. This included hands-on
inquiry-based activities in our glasshouses. We offered a similar pro-
gram to several groups of teachers trainees and we plan to strengthen
our relationship with the teacher training institutes in the future.
Expanding our
Magnolia collection
The genus Magnolia represents a highly attractive group of ow-
ering shrubs and trees. During 2013, we decided to expand our collec-
tion, initially established in the early 1980s. Since these rst plantings
the wealth of new cultivars has risen considerably, while a noticeable
warming of the climate has meant less hardy Chinese species have a
real chance of surviving Belgian winters.
Over the course of 2013, the Garden enlarged its collection by 32
new taxa swelling the existing collection to71 (85 accessions). New ac-
quisitions includerareChinesespecies: Magnolia biondii; M. doltsopa; M.
zenii; the exquisite M. sargentiana var. robusta; the tender M. campbellii;
and M. sprengeri var. sprengeri. American taxa were represented by M.
virginiana var. australis, a tender evergreen from south-east USA.
Magnolia season always attracts the public to our Garden, there-
fore stunning new hybrids and cultivars complement the botanical
species. These include the yellow-owering cultivars: Limelight,
Sundance and Yellow Lantern; the deep purple Black Tulip; pink-
owered Flamingo; the unusual form of M. loebneri Mags Pirou-
ette; and selections from the USA and New Zealand, such as David
Clulow, Daybreak, Atlas, Galaxy, Spectrum, and Star Wars.
All these magnolias can be viewed along a self-guided magnolia
walk that takes the visitor in different parts of the Garden includ-
ing the M. stellata-group near the Herbarium building, hardy hybrids
around the Plant Palace, botanical species in the Fruticetum and ten-
der hybrids in the Woodland Garden and surrounds of the Orangery.
Meise lights up spring
with 40,000 bulbs
Collectively, the Botanic Garden curates hundreds of differ-
ent bulbous species. Until 2013, these bulbs, corms and tubers were
predominantly displayed in small groups, or in isolation. We decided
that there was a need for larger, more impressive displays that would
complement the richness of naturally occurring spring bulbs such as
snowdrop, (Galanthus nivalis), wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa) and
ramsons (Allium ursinum).
Over a few weeks in autumn, volunteers, gardeners and assistant
curators planted over 40,000 bulbs by hand. Focus centered on out-
door lawned areas that were easily visible from the main paths and
thus frequently visited by the public. These areas included the main
entrance, the Castle and the area surrounding the Plant Palace. The
spring of 2014 is expected to herald drifts of spring owers: Narcissus
Carlton; Crocus chrysanthus Cream Beauty, Blue Pearl; Crocus tom-
masinianus Ruby Giant, Whitewell Purple; Crocus vernus Flower
Record, Jeanne dArc, Remembrance, Yellow Mammoth, Striped
Beauty; Ornithogalum umbellatum; and Fritillaria meleagris.
Inspiring and informing
P
la
n
t
in
g

b
u
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o
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.
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.
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c
a
t
io
n
.
28 29
The Grundtvig Project
Botanic Gardens: new tools
for environmental education
In 2013, the Botanic Garden successfully completed its involve-
ment in the Grundtvig project, part of the EUs Lifelong Learning
Program (2011-2013). The project focused on guides and educators
who hold responsible roles in Botanic Gardens: trusted with the
mission to convey enthusiasm about botanical research and environ-
mental awareness to visitors.
Our Garden worked with two partners, the botanic gardens of
Madrid and Florence. Together we successfully mastered peer-to-
peer training and held educational site visits. A major success of the
project was the development of a new garden tour with supporting
interpretation material, a website and a toolkit. These are now avail-
able in the partners gardens but have also been made available to
botanic gardens and education networks beyond the institutes. The
work of the guides and educators was greatly valued and some devel-
oped new topics for existing tours, new skills and activities, such as a
guided tour for the blind and visually impaired. Special events were
organised for teachers, environmental educators, tourist guides and
the general public.
The project was evaluated as excellent by European Union as-
sessors.
Anew tour for blind and
visually impaired visitors

Prior to 2013, there was no specic provision for blind and par-
tially sighted visitors to our Garden. However, due to the enthusiasm
of one of our guides and the Educational Department, a project spe-
cically for the blind moved from idea to reality. This achievement
was a signicant outcome of the Grundtvig Project, which enabled
this guide to grow in condence and experience.
In order for the project toreach its goal, she attended training ses-
sions on how to guide blind and partially sighted visitors in museums
and outdoors. She then met with blind people and specialists working
in this eld. This experience taught her about the different types of
visual impairment and provided an opportunity to discuss how a tour
should be designed to interact with blind people.
As the concept progressed, special materials (3D maps) were
purchased while focused displays were arranged with plants and 3D
models. Try-out sessions were organised with small groups of blind
people in order to develop and improve the activities.
The launch of the new tour was announced on our website,
through a press campaign and by inviting organisations who speci-
cally work with blind people during the rst ever federal Diversity
Day on the theme of disability. The tour is becoming a great success
with those organisations now booking for their blind and partially
sighted members.
An exceptional botanical year
in the Plant Palace
Every year thousands of taxa thrive in the sheltered environ-
ment of the Plant Palace. In 2013, however, we experienced three
rather exceptional events. During spring the jade vine (Strongylodon
macrobotrys) developed seed pods for the rst time in Belgian history.
During the summer the titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum) owered
once more, and at the end of autumn the swans neck agave (Agave
attenuata) came into bloom.
The jade vine is a lush growing liana native to tropical and humid
dipterocarp forests of the Philippines. Due to extensive deforestation
in its native range, populations have been greatly reduced and conse-
quently, it is considered by many to be vulnerable to extinction. Seeds
are seldom produced in cultivation because its owers rely on bats to
pollinate its showy, luminescent blue-green blooms as they feed on
nectar. In the absence of its pollinators we carefully hand-pollinated
several owers by attempting to mimic the feeding behavior of bats.
As a result, two large seed pods grew with viable seeds, marking it a
unique occurrence in Belgium. Once ripe, the seeds were sown im-
mediately because they lack a dormancy mechanism and thus cannot
be stored. Twenty plants developed which will now be distributed to
other gardens and institutes.
Visitors once again marveled at the owering of the titan arum
in 2013. This plant has provided a regular show (on average every
30 months) since its initial inorescence opened in August 2008. As
with its other owering events, thousands of visitors ocked to wit-
ness the giant inorescence that reached 2.42 m in July. Perhaps even
more amazing was the incredible size of its large corm that weighed
an incredible 130 kg in the summer of 2013. We understand that this is
the largest corm ever recorded in the world and is therefore a record
breaker. Prior to its rst owering 2008, the corm weighed 10 kg. In
2010, it increased to 47 kg, but nobody could have imagined the sub-
sequent enormous growth rate.
Finally, the swans neck agave that has resided in the collection
for 105 years ended the year of spectacular events by producing a
spectacular owering stalk. Unlike most agaves, the large rosettes
of soft leaves are thorn-free and the owering stalk is unbranched.
The abundant yellow-green owers are an impressive sight and heavy
enough to weigh down the owering stalkto form a graceful arch that
gives the swans neck agave its name.
Inspiring and informing
F
lo
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r

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t
o
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r
.
30 31
Botanical curiosities
coming out of the basement
Lying untouched for more than half a century in the basement
of the Herbarium building, rests a huge historical treasure trove of
botanical objects and curiosities preserved in glass jars. In 2013, work
started to examine, record and restore the collection.
Alarge percentage of the collection dates back to the second half
of the 19
th
century, gathered by passionate, inspired individuals on
epic explorations with none of the luxuries of modern travel andcom-
munication. Each of the jars are dusted, their contents meticulously
examined, and available data checked against archival data. The in-
formation and observations are then introduced into a database.
The core of the collection is formed from the Fruit and seed
and Product and drug collections of Carl von Martius purchased by
the Belgian Government at the time of the foundation of our Botanic
Garden in 1870. Pharmacists, missionaries and botanists (e.g. Peckolt,
Wullschlgel, Glaziou, Teijsmann and von Mller) provided von Mar-
tius with a range of material from Brazil, Suriname, Asia and Aus-
tralia. The oldest specimen currently discovered dates back to 1848
and forms part of a series of 52 well-documented tea varieties from
Carl von Martius brother Theodor.
This treasure trove of botanical objects also contains speci-
mens from: the rst three Universal Exhibitions in Paris (1855, 1867
and 1878); objects from the Muse des Colonies franaises in Paris;
a collection of Indian economic products; and one of Algerian me-
dicinal and industrial items. In addition to these there are important
collections from notable individuals, such as Bernardin and Delacre.
Friar Bernardin (around 1858-1878) was a teacher at the High School
of Melle near Ghent. He collected mostly plant bres, oils and fats.
Their outstanding quality won him prizes at international exhibitions
and he even received a decoration from King Leopold II. Ambroise
Delacre was a pharmacist who collected medicinal plants. Ambroises
father, also a pharmacist, founded the famous biscuit factory Dela-
cre in Vilvoorde, after he decided not only to sell chocolate for its
strengthening qualities in his pharmacy, but also to use it in delicacies
that were soon very much appreciated by the wealthy of the time.
Individually, the objects in this historical collection are botanical
curiosities representing a wealth of diverse objects. Tropical fruits
nestle beside seeds, vegetal oils, bers, cocoa chips, annatto, indigo,
tea leaves, coffee beans, a torch impregnated with plant oil, a rosary
of gombo fruits, resin nuggets of opium, incense and myrrh. In 2013,
ca. 10% of the collection was curated. We can hardly wait to nd out
what other exquisite items will be revealed in the coming years.
B
a
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k

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f G
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lip
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(
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(
1
8
5
6
-
1
8
7
9
)
.
During its long history the Garden has con-
stantly been collecting and creating a wide range
of botanical collections, living plants, books,
artefacts, instruments but also buildings, glass-
houses and landscapes. Many of these elements
still play an active role in our current work; books
and archives are consulted by researchers, historic
glasshouses protect plant collections and build-
ings and landscapes are visited and enjoyed by our
visitors.
This extensive patrimony requires constant
specialised care and upkeep and is an irreplaceable
source to develop innovative approaches to bet-
ter fulll the mission of the Garden in a changing
world.
Bringing our
heritage to life
32 33
Ju
lie
n

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b
a
,
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[
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]

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:
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s
.
The wealth of nature printing material at Meise has allowed us to
hold two symposiums depicting the process and highlighting our col-
lections. These allowed us to write two articles on nature printing in
2013, promoting this technique to a wider audience.
The rst paper, given at the symposium Traces du vgtal held at
the University of Angers was the result of collaboration between the
library and Sandrine de Borman, an artist in residence at the Garden.
Its aim was to gain more insight into the technique of nature-printing
and its evolution from scientic illustration to contemporary art.
The second paper was presented at the symposium Le livre illustr
en Belgique (1800-1865) held at the Royal Library of Belgium. After a
lecture summarising the different processes of nature printing, the
object of the presentation was the study of a book from our collec-
tions, the sole Belgian witness of this technique, les Chnes de lAmrique
septentrionale en Belgique written by Julien Houba and published in 1887.
Jo
h
a
n
n

H
ie
r
o
n
y
m
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s

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n
ip
h
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f,
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ic
a

in

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. T
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,
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7
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7
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)
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.
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.
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&

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.,
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9
)
.
As nature shows them.
Nature printings: a hidden
treasure in the library
Nature printing is the term given to a range of techniques that
make direct prints from natural objects such as leaves and owers.
The library of the Botanic Garden houses one of the nest known
collections of nature printing. Many have been curated over a long
period, but in 2013, this collection was enriched considerably by pur-
chase of a collection by Cornelia Pompe (The Hague 1901-1902). This
comprised of 137 original botanical drawings that combined nature-
printed leaves (1 to 3 per page) with images produced by watercolour.
In the past, nature printing offered an alternative to herbarium
specimens because dried vouchers were prone to attack by insects.
It also provided an accurate and affordable alternative to botanical il-
lustration. Over the centuries a number of different processes were
used for this purpose. The rst known application was in a copy of
Dioscurides Herbal from the 13
th
century that resides in the Topkapi
Museum, Istanbul.
Leonardo da Vinci described the simplest form of nature print-
ing at the endof the 15
th
century. This process involveda natural object
coated with a carbon-rich substance mixed with oil known as lamp
black. Once coated the object was carefully pressed onto paper to
leave an accurate impression.
Various examples of nature printing are known between the 15
th

and 17
th
centuries. At the end of this period, lamp black was replaced
by ink and the printing press used to press the coated object onto pa-
per. During the 18
th
century this technique was increasingly applied to
the eld of botanical imaging (although in a limited circulation). The
German naturalist Kniphof produced a wide range of nature prints
and was able to commercialise this activity.
During the 19
th
century, the art of nature printing increased in
complexity and demanded specic equipment. This extended to the
process of engraving by a highly skilled practitioner. This new ele-
ment transformed the process by creating a mould that would repro-
duce the replica image for as many times as was required. This meth-
od led to the galvanoplastic technique developed in Austria by Aloys
Auer and in Britain by Henry Bradbury. The lithographic technique
meanwhile was used in Belgium by Houba, in France by Ansberque
and in Britain by Baildon.
The impressive nature printing collection curated by the Botanic
Garden has various origins including the library of the Horticultural
Society of Belgium, an ancestor to our Garden, while others were
purchased or donated by generous benefactors.
Over the past few years the library has acquired four major works
depicting nature printed illustrations:
Ectypa vegetabilium by Christiaan Gottlieb Ludwig, published in
Halle by Trampe between 1760 and 1764;
Physiotypia plantarum Autriacarum by Constantin van Ettingshau-
sen, published in Vienna in 1855;
Nature-printed ferns by Henry Baildon, published in London in
1869;
Herbier de la ore franaise by Cusin and Ansberque, published in
Villeurbane between 1867 and 1876.
Bringing our heritage to life
34 35
Wikipedia: a valued
yet under-utilised
encyclopaedia
Wikipedia is a multilingual, web-based, free-content encyclope-
dia based on an openly editable model. This means that the content
can be edited freely by anybody who wishes to do so. As part of the
Botanic Gardens contribution to the Paris Institut des sciences de
la communication (CNRS) workshop Wikipdia, objet scientique non
identi, held in June 2013, we wanted to explore the attitudes of this
online resource by the scientic staff at Meise.
The results of a survey revealed:
Most researchers use Wikipedia frequently for their own work
and for other disciplines;
Information is regarded reliable, yet despite this facts are also
checked using additional sources;
Despite the perceived value of Wikipedia, Meise scientists rarely
contribute to its content considering it to be time wasted.
The attitudes of staff are interesting. Scientists of the Garden not
only have the expertise, but also privileged access to botanical and
scientic literature. Reluctance to contribute to Wikipedia means
that our botanists are looking for information (written by scientists),
without making the connection that their contributions would also
help the wider scientic community. By sharing their expertise on
Wikipedia they would not only be contributing to this ideal but also
have a fantastic opportunity to showcase their own scientic work to
the world and support one of our Gardens missions to popularise sci-
ence.
For more information see the CNRS website: http://www.iscc.
cnrs.fr/spip.php?article1738
Bringing our collections to life
through historical research
In 2013, the Garden historians published a wide range of articles
using material from our extensive archives. While most scientists
tend to pay attention to the present and the future, they should not
forget that their activities and their institution are deeply rooted in
the past and in tradition. Herbaria and the data related to them, along
with other archives and historic publications, give us clues about what
may lie in the future for our institution. But history is not only meant
to serve botanists, it also proves smart entertainment for visitors (and
a job for people interested in humanities).
Publication topics in 2013 included: the complicated relationship
between the Botanic Garden and the Royal Botanic Society of Bel-
gium (1862-1875); impact of democratising Belgium on the Botanic
Gardens activities (1826-1914); impact of Darwinism on late 19
th
cen-
tury Belgium; emerging ecological consciousness in the same period;
and contributions on Belgian scientists and plant-hunters for a histori-
cal dictionary. All this fervent activity was appreciated both nation-
ally and internationally when the Gardens historians were asked to:
peer review articles; collaborate on academic and editorial projects;
and give numerous presentations in Belgium and abroad, in both aca-
demic and public contexts. Moreover, this expertise is also utilised in
a range of projects like the one devoted to the future of the famous
Jardin cologique Jean Massart, in Brussels. It is thus not surprising, with
all this activity, that the number of inquiries steadily increased in the
Library (and Archives) during 2013.
T
h
e

c
r
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d
le

o
f
e
c
o
lo
g
ic
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s

in

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e
lg
iu
m
?
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e

1
8
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3

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o
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a
l
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o
t
a
n
ic
a
l
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o
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y

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n
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f
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e
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u
r
s
io
n

u
n
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e

le
a
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r
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h
ip

o
f
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r
.
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r

p
in

(
1
8
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9
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)
.
1
9
5
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,
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ir
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c
t
o
r
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.
R
o
b
y
n
s

g
iv
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s

a

s
p
e
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c
h

d
u
r
in
g

t
h
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in
a
u
g
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a
t
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o
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n
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t
-
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-
f
n
is
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e
d

P
la
n
t

P
a
la
c
e
.
Dusting off our archives
to recognise their true values
Over the last few decades archives have piled up at the Botanic
Garden in what could be described as assumed and somehow func-
tional anarchy. Many potentially important archives have been
stored in inappropriate locations around the site for too long and only
come to light when staff members retire or clear their ofces. Many
archives were maintained in unsuitable conditions for their conserva-
tion, were unrecorded and for those that did appear in an inventory
often existed with mistakes. This undervalued the archives greatly
along with all the work they represented and meant they were un-
searchable and thus could fail to aid future research. In 2013, our Gar-
den decided that its archives deserved more attention.
An archivist was hired and huge amounts of records were gath-
ered up and placed in a room with minimum humidity and an appro-
priate temperature. Since most data about the individuals producing
the archives were lost, our edgling home archivist began the pains-
taking task to decipher who produced what, how and when. This im-
portant process helps to create series and other archival categories
needed to develop a much-awaited improved inventory.
As this process continued, hundreds of archives were (and still
are) placed onto conservation-grade paper sheets and placed into
acid-free archive boxes. Appraisal schedules were then developed for
the institute helping to manage the archives with accuracy and facili-
tate the elimination of items of no interest to historians, botanists or
other individuals. This is especially rigorous because all archives over
30 years old ofcially become the legal property of Belgian State Ar-
chive. However, there is an agreement that these historic documents
are retained at the Botanic Garden and utilised for research.
It is anticipated that a new inventory will be completed in the next
few years allowing for the rst time lots of documents to be accessible
to botanists, historians, art historians and many other individuals in-
terested in the past, present and future of our institution.
Bringing our heritage to life
O
r
d
e
r

fr
o
m

c
h
a
o
s
:
h
u
n
d
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c
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e
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b
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f
lle
d

w
it
h

d
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t
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t
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w
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p
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ly

m
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d

a
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d

d
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d

fa
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a
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w
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e
. T
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is

is

a

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t

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p

t
o

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n

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a
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a
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c
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s

m
a
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a
g
e
m
e
n
t
.
36 37
Obituary
Jean Lonard (1920-2013)
On April 23
rd
Professor Jean Lonard passed away aged 93. He
worked in the Garden from 1968 until long past his ofcial retirement
in 1985.
He rst became acquainted with our Gardens herbarium in 1942
studying for his Masters degree in Botany at the Free University of
Brussels (ULB). Ayear later he worked as a collaborator to the Cellule
Flore du Congo in the Institut national pour ltude agronomique du
Congo (INEAC) where he was seconded to the State Botanic Garden
in Brussels, acquiring his Ph.D. on African ora.
1945-1948, Lonard worked at Eala Botanic Garden in Belgian
Congo later being appointed Curator of the National Herbarium of
Congo in Yangambi. He returned to our botanic Garden and became
co-founder of AETFAT (Association pour ltude taxonomique
de la ore dAfrique tropicale) in 1950. This organisations aim is to
promote the exchange of knowledge between botanists working in
neighbouring African countries. Jean Lonard demonstrated his en-
thusiasm for AETFATs mission and later became its Permanent Sec-
retary. In the 1960s while working at the Garden he was appointed
by the Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique (Brussels)
working on African oristics and vegetation and in particular Eu-
phorbiaceae.
From 1964 to 1965, he returned to the eld with a Belgian military
expedition, crossed the Sahara Desert and studied the ora of Libya
(which he later led an expedition to in 1969). In Northern Chad, he
observed strange, green cakes eaten by locals. Microscopic investi-
gation identied them as Spirulina platensis (synonym of Arthrospira
platensis) a food with a very high protein content. Lonards discov-
ery made both him and Spirulina famous. It is now used as a dietary
supplement worldwide. Some years later, Lonard was seen cruising
the Lake Chad with the French Ofce de la recherche scientique et
technique doutre-mer (ORSTOM) in order to make further study
on this species. In 1968, the Cellule Flore du Congo, formerly part of the
Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique was ofcially transferred
to the Jardin botanique national de Belgique where he and a team of scien-
tists found their new home.
As an AETFAT stalwart, between 1953 and 1976, Jean Lonard
provided botanists with an annual bibliography on Sub-Saharan sys-
tematic botany and an annual index of the newly described taxa from
that area. In the early Eighties he began with his Contribution ltude de
la ore et de la vgtation des dserts dIran (10 vol., 1981-1992). This major
work originated in the specimens he had collected previously in 1972
when he took part in an interdisciplinary expedition in Iran. Lonard
remained active on the African Euphorbiaceae for many years pub-
lishing his last masterpiece: Flore et vgtation du Jebel Uweinat (Dsert de
Libye: Libye, gypte, Sudan) (6 vol., 1997-2001).
During his career Jean Lonard authored over 200 papers, de-
scribed one family (Lepidobotryaceae), a dozen new genera and hun-
dreds of new species. At the age of 80 he nally retired commenting
that he wanted to leave science before: my scientic accuracy became
blunt. The Garden remembers his outstanding contributions.
Je
a
n

L

o
n
a
r
d

in

2
0
1
2
.
T
h
e
A
E
T
F
A
T

fo
u
n
d
e
r
s

a
t

t
h
e

6
th

p
le
n
a
r
y

m
e
e
t
in
g

in

U
p
s
s
a
la

in

1
9
6
6

:
Je
a
n

L

o
n
a
r
d
, A
r
t
h
u
r
W
a
llis

E
x
c
e
ll
a
n
d

E
d
g
a
r

M
iln
e
-
R
e
d
h
e
a
d
.
Our Garden is an ever-changing organisa-
tion with about 180 members of staff, 70 volun-
teers and 20 guides. The domain, which covers 92
hectares, houses about 50 buildings where people
work, meet and preserve plant collections. One of
the challenges will be to prepare our Garden for
transition. Indeed, it is absolutely essential that
the Garden becomes less dependent on fossil fuels
and reduces its environmental impact. Numerous
responses will have to be developed on all levels of
the Garden.
Organisation
38 39
Ecoteam:
a year of action
The Ecoteam continues its work to create positive environmental
changes within the Garden. In 2013, regular awareness campaigns on
ltered water consumption, waste reduction, vermicomposting and
green mobility helped to enlighten all staff on environmental issues.
Waste sorting is now effective among staff. Apart from being
ecologically sound, this brings economic value to the Garden because
we spend less money sorting our waste. After the Ecoteam discussed
the options with various departments, our Garden is now ready to
place sorting bins in every areas visited by the public.
Some of the achievements of 2013 include:
Provision of a ltered water fountain in the cafeteria to reduce the
use of plastic bottles;
Testing and subsequent adoption of green cleaning products by
the cleaning team;
The use of recycled paper for our printers and toilets has been
tested and awaits administrative agreement to be implemented;
In collaboration with the Kitchen Committee, the cafeteria men-
us have changed to stop the purchase of overshed species of sh
and increase the amount of vegetarian dishes offered;
The Ecoteam tested cargo bikes (bikes designed to carry goods)
toreduce vehicle movements on site andbudgetedthe cost. These
bikes should soon be made available for staff;
An Internet carpooling platform was established.
Above all, the Ecoteam is delighted by the positive response and
enthusiastic participation from staff to help make the Botanic Garden
environmentally conscious in all its activities. We look forward to the
opportunities ahead.
Visit the Garden shop
from home
Previous to 2013, the shopping experience at the Botanic Garden
was conned to people physically visiting the shop or via mail or-
der. In a world increasingly accessible in one click it was decided to
develop a whole new shopping experience that people can enjoy at
home via the internet.
The e-shop provides all the benets that other internet shops pro-
vide, such as: a search facility; expandable images allowing the cus-
tomer toview prior tobuying; an automatedpurchase andbilling pro-
cess; secure payment facility; and a quick despatch of bought items.
The e-shop covers a host of books in a range of genres from the
scientic literature produced by the Garden, such as: Scripta Botanica
Belgica; Opera Botanica Belgica; Flore de Belgique / Flora van Belgi; Flore
illustre des champignons dAfrique centrale to subjects for people with a
more general interest in plants such as identication guides, books on
horticulture, fungi, moss and algae and posters and images.
The e-shop can be accessed at: http://shopbotanicgarden.com
M
o
b
ilit
y
W
e
e
k
:
c
a
r
g
o

b
ik
e

t
r
ia
l.
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
W
e
e
k

fo
r
W
a
s
t
e

R
e
d
u
c
t
io
n
:
v
e
r
m
ic
o
m
p
o
s
t
in
g

d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
io
n
.
T
h
e

G
a
r
d
e
n

S
h
o
p

w
e
b
s
it
e
.
Volunteers: an ever-growing and
dynamic support group for the Garden
In 2013, the number of volunteers reached almost 100 and their
efforts have become indispensable in practically all divisions of the
Garden.
The volunteer program was launched in 2006, with the rst un-
waged workers conducting tasks such as mounting herbarium speci-
mens and helping gardeners. We streamlined its gradual expansion
by dening three categories for volunteering activities: horticulture;
supporting scientic research; and visitor welcome.
In celebration of their vital roles, here we present some of the
activities they have been engaged in during 2013. Our horticultural
volunteers have helped staff with routine maintenance of plant col-
lections both in the open air collections and in the glasshouses. In au-
tumn they offered great help with the planting of more than 40,000
bulbs. One group, the stewards have become involved in activities to
welcome visitors and provide topical news about the botanical high-
lights of the season to optimise the publics enjoyment during their
time with us. Volunteers also support our research in many ways, for
example, scanning herbarium type specimens, photographing plants
and assisting with eld work. Some volunteers also assist with labora-
tory tests and looking up and databasing references of specimens in
botanical literature.
Last year a team of volunteers engaged in an inventory project in-
itiated by a volunteer who is a specialist in information systems. This
team linked GPS coordinates with tree measurements, providing an
essential tool for the management of our important collections. An-
other volunteer created an artistic and educational exhibition about
the world of seeds. To nish this wonderful list of ways in which they
offer assistance, a group of volunteers also engaged in translating
texts for that exhibition as well as supervising the interactive modules
of the exhibition for the visitors. These examples illustrate that the
specic competences and interests of volunteers are well being met
by the Garden.
Our volunteers always work in close collaboration with paid staff
who act as their coaches. In return we organize discovery activities,
invite them for lectures and welcome them to participate in social
events. In addition to providing lots of excellent work, our volunteers
share their infectious passion for what they do. We are immensely
grateful for their enthusiasm and precious contributions that uphold
the mission of our Garden.
Organisation
V
o
lu
n
t
e
e
r

a
n
d

g
a
r
d
e
n
e
r

p
la
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in
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g
r
o
u
n
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c
o
v
e
r

p
la
n
t
s

in

t
h
e

F
r
u
t
ic
e
t
u
m
.
V
o
lu
n
t
e
e
r

a
n
d

s
t
a
ff
m
e
m
b
e
r

m
o
u
n
t
in
g

s
p
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c
im
e
n
s
.
V
o
lu
n
t
e
e
r

a
n
d

g
a
r
d
e
n
e
r

in

t
h
e

P
la
n
t

P
a
la
c
e
.
40 41
Facts
and gures
Another busy year
for engineering
Engineering has a very important role at our Garden. Unless ma-
chinery is well-maintained, essential jobs cannot be conducted, heat-
ing systems fail and the day-to-day life of plants, staff and visitors
becomes difcult or dangerous. With this statement we emphasize
the important contributions made by the 18 workers in the engineer-
ing department.
As in previous years, our engineers were kept busy during 2013.
Of particular note was the restoration of 100 garden benches that
greatly enhanced the attraction and utility of the site to visitors. The
main entrance has also undergone a transformation making it much
more attractive to visitors.
Our engineers met the challenge of an expanding education de-
partment by renovating a room to increase ofce space for additional
staff. Engineering also computerised the heating system for the glass-
houses, worked on a rainwater pump for watering plants and devel-
oped a clouding system to improve the growing conditions for cer-
tain glasshouse plants.
Some projects within our Garden were realised by external con-
tractors but managed by our engineering department. An example
includes construction of the new gateway in one of the glasshouses
of rainforest vegetation scheduled to open in spring 2014. Our service
also renewed the roofs of collection and propagation glasshouses and
increased re protection to the herbarium.
Many major projects initiated in 2013 will run beyond the turn
of the year, such as the settling of electricity outlines, street lighting
computerisation and the completion of the central heating installation
in the Orangerie tavern. Two thousand fourteen will be another busy
year that will see great improvements for staff and visitors alike.
R
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w
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d

b
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c
h
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s

t
h
r
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g
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u
t

t
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e

B
o
t
a
n
ic

G
a
r
d
e
n
.
Organisation
Facts and gures 42 43
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7
Facts and gures 44 45
S
t
a
f
f
b
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k
d
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w
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1
3
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t
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f

p
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n

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4
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t
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n

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p
r
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s
5
4
5
6
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5
8
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5
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4
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f
f

b
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d

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n
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r
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e
1
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1
6
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2
1
5
2
3
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2
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3
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t
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r

c
o
s
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s

b
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p
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1
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5
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r

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s

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(
e
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r
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s
)
8
7
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6
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3
1
7
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1
5
3
T
o
t
a
l
1
,
3
1
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1
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3
9
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5
3
3
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1
4
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1
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4
5
6
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e
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n
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0
1
0
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0
3
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4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
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9
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t
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t
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t
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r
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c
ie
n
t
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t
s
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t
a
t
u
t
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r
y

n
o
n
-
s
c
ie
n
t
is
t
s
C
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n
t
r
a
c
t
u
a
l
s
c
ie
n
t
is
t
s
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o
n
t
r
a
c
t
u
a
l
n
o
n
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s
c
ie
n
t
is
t
s
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
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2
0
1
1
2
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1
2
2
0
1
3
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
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t
a
t
u
t
o
r
y

s
c
ie
n
t
is
t
s
1
8
1
7
1
6
1
4
1
3
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t
a
t
u
t
o
r
y

n
o
n
-
s
c
ie
n
t
is
t
s
7
0
7
1
6
6
8
5
8
1
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
u
a
l
s
c
ie
n
t
is
t
s
1
7
1
5
1
8
1
6
1
8
C
o
n
t
r
a
c
t
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a
l
n
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n
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s
c
ie
n
t
is
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s
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9
7
0
6
9
T
o
t
a
l
1
7
7
1
8
8
1
7
9
1
8
5
1
8
1
Facts and gures 46 47
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
F
r
e
e
2
3
,
8
1
2
2
5
,
9
8
8
3
6
,
6
0
2
3
0
,
9
1
3
3
1
,
3
6
8
R
e
d
u
c
e
d
5
0
,
6
3
5
4
8
,
9
7
3
4
6
,
8
2
0
3
8
,
2
1
5
3
8
,
9
9
2
F
u
ll
2
1
,
5
8
3
1
9
,
2
5
7
2
7
,
4
8
7
1
9
,
4
8
4
2
0
,
8
1
1
0
1
0
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0
0
2
0
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0
0
3
0
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0
0
4
0
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0
0
5
0
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0
0
6
0
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0
0
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
F
r
e
e
R
e
d
u
c
e
d
F
u
ll
0
5
0
0
1
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0
0
1
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0
0
2
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0
0
2
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0
0
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
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0
1
1
2
0
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2
2
0
1
3
G
o
ld

1
+
3
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o
ld
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n
d
iv
id
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a
l
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0
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2
2
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1
3
I
n
d
iv
id
u
a
l
1
,
2
2
2
1
,
2
5
3
1
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3
8
2
1
,
1
1
3
1
,
4
4
3
G
o
ld
1
5
0
1
0
6
9
9
1
0
0
9
4
G
o
ld

1
+
3
6
3
3
3
2
9
3
5
3
3
8
4
4
1
1
B
r
e
a
k
d
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f
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m
b
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(
f
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c
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d
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)
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e
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r
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n

2
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3
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t
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m
b
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f

v
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1
Facts and gures 48 49
T
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Facts and gures 50 51
E
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
q
u
e
r
i
e
s
e
n
t
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d
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V
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L
L
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L

i
s

t
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m
a
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C
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1
1
4
Facts and gures 52 53
L
o
n
g
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t
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e
d
c
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r
v
a
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b
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c
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f
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f
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b
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a

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a
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a

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s
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x
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e

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r
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m
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a
r
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a
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c
o
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g

e
x
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,
7
9
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4
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1
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7
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8
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5
,
5
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in
c
o
m
in
g

g
if
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2
,
4
4
1
9
,
6
6
8
2
,
4
6
3
8
,
5
9
1
3
,
9
1
8
in
c
o
m
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g

lo
a
n
5
3
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5
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5
3
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3
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1
6
7
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5
6
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g
if
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n
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7
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in
c
o
m
in
g
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
in
c
o
m
in
g
g
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in
c
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n
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
Facts and gures 56 57
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
f
a
c
t
o
r
T
h
e
a
v
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e
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m
p
a
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a
c
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o
r
i
n
2
0
1
3
w
a
s
2
.3
3
, s
l
i
g
h
t
l
y
l
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r
t
h
a
n
2
0
1
2
, b
u
t
m
u
c
h
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
2
0
1
0

a
n
d
2
0
1
1
. S
c
i
e
n
t
i
s
t
s
f
r
o
m
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r
G
a
r
d
e
n
c
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m
b
i
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e
b
a
s
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t
a
x
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n
o
m
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c
w
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k
, w
h
i
c
h
i
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o
f
t
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n
p
u
b
l
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s
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d

i
n

l
o
w

i
m
p
a
c
t

j
o
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r
n
a
l
s
,
w
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t
h

m
o
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e

a
p
p
l
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d

r
e
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a
r
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h

t
h
a
t

c
a
n

b
e

p
u
b
l
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d

i
n

h
i
g
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r
a
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k
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d

j
o
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D
e
t
a
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m
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b
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s
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
I
n
t
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n
a
t
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n
a
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h

I
F
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B
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b
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2
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I
n
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a
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a
l
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w
it
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I
F
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n
a
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w
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F
B
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b
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c
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2
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2
8
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3
4
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5
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1
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1
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8
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2
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3
A
v
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r
a
g
e

I
F
2
.
0
2
1
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2
7
2
.
2
1
2
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8
1
2
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3
3
0
0
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1
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2
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2
0
0
9
2
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2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
A
v
e
r
a
g
e

I
F
E
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
l
i
b
r
a
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c
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h
e

l
i
b
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a
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i
s

o
p
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n

f
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t
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p
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b
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a
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d

w
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a
b
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t

5
0
0

e
x
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a
l

a
n
d

1
,
0
0
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i
n
t
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r
n
a
l

v
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s
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t
s

a
y
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r
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h
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s
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m
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w
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a
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t
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t
s
. T
h
e
n
u
m
b
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f
l
o
a
n
s
b
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t
w
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l
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b
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a
r
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s
r
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e
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s
s
t
a
b
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e
.
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
4
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
L
o
a
n
s

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

lib
r
a
r
ie
s
E
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
v
is
it
o
r
s
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
E
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
v
is
it
o
r
s
4
9
2
4
9
4
5
0
4
4
5
7
4
4
0
L
o
a
n
s

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

lib
r
a
r
ie
s
5
4
5
8
4
9
6
1
5
8
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
c
i
e
n
t
i

c
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
b
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
o
f
t
h
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s
t
a
f
f
f
u
r
t
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e
r
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n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
. T
h
e
n
u
m
b
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r

o
f

c
o
n
t
r
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b
u
t
i
o
n
s

i
n

p
e
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r

r
e
v
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w
e
d

j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s

w
i
t
h

i
m
p
a
c
t

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
I
F
)

r
e
a
c
h
e
d

i
t
s

h
i
g
h
e
s
t

p
o
i
n
t

s
i
n
c
e
2
0
0
9
.
M
a
n
u
s
c
r
ip
t
s

a
n
d

b
o
o
k

c
h
a
p
t
e
r
s
A
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
s

o
f

p
o
s
t
e
r
s

o
r

p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
io
n
s
O
t
h
e
r

p
u
b
lic
a
t
io
n
s

(
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
,
b
o
o
k

r
e
v
ie
w
s
,
)
T
o
t
a
l
2
0
0
9
5
0
6
3
6
1
1
9
2
0
1
0
6
4
6
1
5
1
3
0
2
0
1
1
1
1
4
2
6
1
8
1
5
8
2
0
1
2
8
3
7
2
1
4
1
6
9
2
0
1
3
1
1
6
5
0
2
6
1
9
2
0
5
0
1
0
0
1
5
0
2
0
0
2
5
0
M
a
n
u
s
c
r
ip
t
s
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
t
e
r
s
A
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
s
o
f p
o
s
t
e
r
s
o
r
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
io
n
s
O
t
h
e
r
p
u
b
lic
a
t
io
n
s

(r
e
p
o
r
t
s
, b
o
o
k

r
e
v
ie
w
s
,
)
T
o
t
a
l
2
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
2
0
1
2
2
0
1
3
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
Facts and gures 58 59
S
i
k
a
r
o
o
d
i
M
. &
U
n
t
e
r
e
i
n
e
r
W
.A
. (
2
0
1
3
)

M
o
l
e
c
u
l
a
r
d
a
t
a
p
l
a
c
e
t
h
e
h
y
p
h
o
m
y
c
e
t
o
u
s

l
i
c
h
e
n
i
c
o
l
o
u
s
g
e
n
u
s
S
c
l
e
r
o
c
o
c
c
u
m

c
l
o
s
e
t
o
D
a
c
t
y
l
o
s
p
o
r
a
(
E
u
r
o
t
i
o
m
y
c
e
t
e
s
)

a
n
d
S
.
p
a
r
m
e
l
i
a
e
i
n
C
l
a
d
o
p
h
i
a
l
o
p
h
o
r
a

(
C
h
a
e
t
o
t
h
y
r
i
a
l
e
s
)
. F
u
n
g
a
l
D
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
5
8
:
6
1
-
7
2
. (
I
F
: 5
.3
1
9
)

E
r
t
z
D
.
, F
i
s
c
h
e
r
E
., K
i
l
l
m
a
n
n
D
.,
R
a
z
a

n
d
r
a
h
a
j
a
T
. &
S

r
u
s
i
a
u
x
E
. (
2
0
1
3
)

S
a
v
o
r
o
n
a
l
a
, a
n
e
w
g
e
n
u
s
o
f
M
a
l
m
i
d
e
a
c
e
a
e

(
L
e
c
a
n
o
r
a
l
e
s
)
f
r
o
m
M
a
d
a
g
a
s
c
a
r
w
i
t
h
s
t
i
p
e
s

p
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g
s
p
o
r
o
d
o
c
h
i
a
. M
y
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l

P
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
1
2
: 6
4
5
-
6
5
6
. (
I
F
: 1
.
6
0
6
)

E
w
a
l
d
J
., H
e
n
n
e
k
e
n
s
S
., C
o
n
r
a
d
S
.,
W
o
h
l
g
e
m
u
t
h
T
., J
a
n
s
e
n
F
., J
e
n
s
s
e
n
M
.,
C
o
r
n
e
l
i
s
J
., M
i
c
h
i
e
l
s
H
.G
., K
a
y
s
e
r
J
.,
C
h
y
t
r

M
., G

g
o
u
t
J
.C
., B
r
e
u
e
r
M
.,
A
b
s
C
., W
a
l
e
n
t
o
w
s
k
i
H
., S
t
a
r
l
i
n
g
e
r
F
.
&
G
o
d
e
f
r
o
i
d
S
.
(
2
0
1
3
)
S
p
a
t
i
a
l
a
n
d

t
e
m
p
o
r
a
l
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
o
f
E
l
l
e
n
b
e
r
g
n
u
t
r
i
e
n
t

v
a
l
u
e
s
i
n
f
o
r
e
s
t
s
o
f
G
e
r
m
a
n
y
a
n
d

a
d
j
a
c
e
n
t
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
-
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
b
a
s
e
d
o
n

p
h
y
t
o
s
o
c
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
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&
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u
i
g
g
i
A
. (
2
0
1
3
)
S
o
m
e

n
e
w
x
e
n
o
p
h
y
t
e
s
f
r
o
m
F
u
e
r
t
e
v
e
n
t
u
r
a

(
C
a
n
a
r
y
I
s
l
a
n
d
s
, S
p
a
i
n
)
. B
o
u
t
e
l
o
u
a
1
3
:
3
8
-
4
2
.

V
e
r
l
o
o
v
e
F
.
(
2
0
1
3
)
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e
r
d
e
r
o
n
d
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r
z
o
e
k

b
i
n
n
e
n
h
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t
g
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n
u
s
R
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m
e
x
(
P
o
l
y
g
o
n
a
c
e
a
e
)
i
n

B
e
l
g
i

. D
u
m
o
r
t
i
e
r
a
1
0
2
: 3
-
9
.

V
e
r
l
o
o
v
e
F
.
(
2
0
1
3
)
V
i
c
i
a
t
e
n
u
i
f
o
l
i
a

s
u
b
s
p
. d
a
l
m
a
t
i
c
a
(
F
a
b
a
c
e
a
e
)
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n
g
e
m
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r
k
t

i
n
g
e
b
u
r
g
e
r
d
i
n
B
e
l
g
i

e
n
o
m
l
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g
g
e
n
d
e

g
e
b
i
e
d
e
n
. D
u
m
o
r
t
i
e
r
a
1
0
2
: 4
0
-
4
4
.

V
e
r
l
o
o
v
e
F
.
(
2
0
1
3
)
H
e
t
g
e
n
u
s

C
o
t
o
n
e
a
s
t
e
r
(
R
o
s
a
c
e
a
e
)
i
n
h
e
t
w
i
l
d
i
n
B
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l
g
i

:
e
e
n
v
o
o
r
l
o
p
i
g
o
v
e
r
z
i
c
h
t
. D
u
m
o
r
t
i
e
r
a
1
0
3
:
3
-
2
9
.

V
a
n
d
e
V
i
j
v
e
r
B
.
(
2
0
1
3
)
W
a
n
n
e
e
r
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e
n

n
a
a
m
e
e
n
w
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t
e
n
s
c
h
a
p
p
e
l
i
j
k
f
e
i
t
w
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r
d
t
:
e
e
n
p
e
r
s
o
o
n
l
i
j
k
e
m
e
n
i
n
g
. L
i
p
a
r
i
s
1
9
:
9
3
-
1
0
0
.
S
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
t
e
r
s

a
n
d
b
o
o
k
s
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
i
n
2
0
1
3

(
c
o
-
)
a
u
t
h
o
r
e
d
b
y
s
t
a
f
f
o
f

t
h
e
G
a
r
d
e
n

B
e
a
u
N
.
, D
e
s
s
e
i
n
S
.
&
R
o
b
b
r
e
c
h
t

E
.
(
e
d
s
)
(
2
0
1
3
)
A
f
r
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c
a
n
P
l
a
n
t
D
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
H
.J
., G
a
l
l
a
g
h
e
r
C
. &
G
u
g
l
i
e
l
m
o
n
e

L
. (
2
0
1
3
)
O
n
s
o
m
e
B
r
a
z
i
l
i
a
n
p
l
a
n
t
s

d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
b
y
M
a
r
t
i
u
s
i
n
1
8
2
7
a
n
d

p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
b
y
C
o
l
l
a
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n
H
e
r
b
a
r
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u
m

p
e
d
e
m
o
n
t
a
n
u
m
-
I
I
. H
a
r
v
a
r
d
P
a
p
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r
s
i
n

B
o
t
a
n
y
1
8
,
2
: 1
9
7

2
1
0
.

d
e
M
o
r
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e
s
P
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., D
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S
m
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d
t
S
.
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s
s
e
r

H
.J
., G
a
l
l
a
g
h
e
r
C
. &
G
u
g
l
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e
l
m
o
n
e

L
. (
2
0
1
3
)
O
n
s
o
m
e
B
r
a
z
i
l
i
a
n
p
l
a
n
t
s

d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
b
y
M
a
r
t
i
u
s
i
n
1
8
2
7
a
n
d

p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
b
y
C
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l
l
a
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n
H
e
r
b
a
r
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m

p
e
d
e
m
o
n
t
a
n
u
m
-
I
I
I
. H
a
r
v
a
r
d
P
a
p
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r
s
i
n

B
o
t
a
n
y
1
8
,
2
: 2
1
1
-
2
2
3
.

M
u
l
u
w
a
J
.K
., E
y
i
N
d
o
n
g
H
., D
e
g
r
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e
f

J
.
&
B
o
s
t
o
e
n
K
. (
2
0
1
3
)
C
h
a
m
p
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g
n
o
n
s

c
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n
s
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m
m

s
p
a
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l
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s
P
y
g
m

e
s
d
u
G
a
b
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n
:
a
n
a
l
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s
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l
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g
u
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s
t
i
q
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d
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s
m
y
c
o
n
y
m
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s

b
a
k
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t
k

y
a
. A
f
r
i
c
a
n
a
L
i
n
g
u
i
s
t
i
c
a
1
9
:
1
0
5
-
1
3
1
.

N
j
o
u
o
n
k
o
u
A
.-
L
., W
a
t
l
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n
g
R
. &

D
e
g
r
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e
f
J
.
(
2
0
1
3
)
L
e
n
t
i
n
u
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p
.
n
o
v
. (
P
o
l
y
p
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r
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e
)
: a
n
A
f
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c
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t
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d

f
u
n
g
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w
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h
a
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n
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s
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m
b
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n
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o
f
b
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k
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n
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l
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y
p
h
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d

p
l
e
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y
s
t
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d
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a
. P
l
a
n
t
E
c
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l
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g
y
a
n
d

E
v
o
l
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t
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n
1
4
6
,
2
: 2
4
0
-
2
4
5
. h
t
t
p
:/
/
d
x
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o
r
g
/
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0
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0
9
1
/
p
l
e
c
e
v
o
.
2
0
1
3
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9
2
(
I
F
: 2
.5
8
6
)

N
o
v
a
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s
M
.H
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e
t
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l
C
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V
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j
v
e
r
B
.
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o
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a
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s
M
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., H
o
f
f
m
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n
n
L
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E
c
t
o
r
L
. (
2
0
1
3
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e
w
s
p
e
c
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s
a
n
d
n
e
w

c
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m
b
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t
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s
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g
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n
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s
G
e
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s
s
l
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r
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a

(
B
a
c
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l
l
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r
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o
p
h
y
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e
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e
)
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r
y
p
t
o
g
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m
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e
,
A
l
g
o
l
o
g
i
e
3
4
: 1
1
7
-
1
4
8
. (
I
F
: 1
.
1
7
0
)

P
l
a
-
R
a
b
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s
S
., T
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M
., V
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n
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e
V
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j
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r

B
.
, R
o
c
h
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r
a
C
., C
a
m
a
c
h
o
A
. &
Q
u
e
s
a
d
a

A
. (
2
0
1
3
)
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t
a
b
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l
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t
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d
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n
d
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m
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c
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o
f
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n
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c
d
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m
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l
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s
f
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m

d
i
f
f
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t
s
u
b
s
t
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t
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s
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n
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m
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t
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m
e

s
t
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a
m
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n
B
y
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r
s
P
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n
i
n
s
u
l
a
(
L
i
v
i
n
g
s
t
o
n

I
s
l
a
n
d
, A
n
t
a
r
c
t
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c
a
)
: t
h
e
r
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l
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f
c
l
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m
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t
e

v
a
r
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a
b
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l
i
t
y
. A
n
t
a
r
c
t
i
c
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
2
5
:
2
5
4
-
2
6
9
. h
t
t
p
:/
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d
x
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g
/
1
0
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1
0
1
7
/
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0
9
5
4
1
0
2
0
1
2
0
0
0
9
2
2
(
I
F
: 1
.
6
3
0
)

P
r
i
k
r
y
l
o
v

I
., V
a
n
h
o
v
e
M
.P
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.,
J
a
n
s
s
e
n
s
S
.
B
.
, B
i
l
l
e
t
e
r
P
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. &
H
u
y
s
e

T
. (
2
0
1
3
)
T
i
n
y
w
o
r
m
s
f
r
o
m
a
m
i
g
h
t
y

c
o
n
t
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n
e
n
t
: H
i
g
h
d
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v
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r
s
i
t
y
a
n
d
n
e
w

p
h
y
l
o
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
l
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n
e
a
g
e
s
o
f
A
f
r
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c
a
n

m
o
n
o
g
e
n
e
a
n
s
. M
o
l
e
c
u
l
a
r
P
h
y
l
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g
e
n
e
t
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c
s

a
n
d
E
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
6
7
: 4
3
-
5
2
. (
I
F
: 4
.
0
6
6
)

R
o
b
b
r
e
c
h
t
E
.
&
B
e
a
u
N
.
(
2
0
1
3
)
S
o
m
e

f
e
a
t
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r
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
e
d
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t
o
r
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a
l
p
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c
y
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f
P
l
a
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t

E
c
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g
y
a
n
d
E
v
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l
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t
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n
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n
d
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w

m
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m
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t
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d
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a
m
. P
l
a
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t

E
c
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l
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y
a
n
d
E
v
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l
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t
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n
1
4
6
,
1
: 3
-
4
. h
t
t
p
:/
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d
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/
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0
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1
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.
2
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1
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.
8
4
0
(
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F
:
1
.
1
9
2
)

R
o
c
h
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r
a
C
., F
e
r
n

n
d
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z
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V
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l
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e
E
.,
V
a
n
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e
V
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r
B
.
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c
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., T
o
r
o
M
.,
V
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n
c
e
n
t
W
.F
., Q
u
e
s
a
d
a
A
. &
C
a
m
a
c
h
o

A
. (
2
0
1
3
)
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
a
n
d

p
h
o
t
o
s
y
n
t
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e
t
i
c
a
c
t
i
v
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t
y
o
f
b
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n
t
h
i
c

b
i
o

l
m
s
f
r
o
m
a
w
a
t
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r
f
a
l
l
i
n
t
h
e
m
a
r
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t
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m
e

A
n
t
a
r
c
t
i
c
a
. P
o
l
a
r
B
i
o
l
o
g
y
3
6
: 1
7
0
9
-
1
7
2
2
.
h
t
t
p
:/
/
d
x
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o
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g
/
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
0
0
3
0
0
-
0
1
3
-
1
3
8
8
-
3
(
I
F
: 2
.
0
0
6
)

S
o
u
f
f
r
e
a
u
C
., V
a
n
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m
e
l
i
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g
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n
P
., V
a
n
d
e

V
i
j
v
e
r
B
.
, I
s
h
e
v
a
T
., V
e
r
l
e
y
e
n
E
., S
a
b
b
e

K
. &
V
y
v
e
r
m
a
n
W
. (
2
0
1
3
)
M
o
l
e
c
u
l
a
r

e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
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d
i
s
t
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n
c
t
A
n
t
a
r
c
t
i
c
l
i
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e
a
g
e
s

i
n
t
h
e
c
o
s
m
o
p
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l
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t
a
n
t
e
r
r
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s
t
r
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a
l
d
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a
t
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m
s

P
i
n
n
u
l
a
r
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a
b
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r
e
a
l
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s
a
n
d
H
a
n
t
z
s
c
h
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a

a
m
p
h
i
o
x
y
s
. P
r
o
t
i
s
t
1
6
4
: 1
0
1
-
1
1
5
. h
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r
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D
.
(
2
0
1
3
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e
n
d
r
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l
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i
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o
t
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s
: N
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t
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P
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M
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n
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v
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d
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B
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D
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a
S
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B
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D
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n
d
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l
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2
0
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2
:
8
8
-
9
2
.

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i
a
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d
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D
.
(
2
0
1
3
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s
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c
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(
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.)
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d
h
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s
t
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B
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d
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P
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D
.
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2
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2
9
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J
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(
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D
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2
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J
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.)
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.

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D
.
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.)
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s
: 1
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1
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D
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D
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: 2
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D
.
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J
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: 2
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0
.

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-
V
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D
.
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2
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J
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m
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D
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J
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m
a
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: 2
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-
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D
.
(
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T
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J
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m
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: 2
8
8
.

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d
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D
.
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0
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J
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a
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(
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d
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: 3
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D
.
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2
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J
a
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m
a
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(
d
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: 3
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D
.
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s
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, 1
8
1
4
-

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l
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s
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5
8
)
. I
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J
a
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m
a
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i
c
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s
t
o
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d
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r
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l
l
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s
: 3
5
4
.

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-
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D
.
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, 1
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7
5
-
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)
.
I
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J
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m
a
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n
(
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c
t
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s
t
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d
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B
r
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l
l
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s
: 4
6
7
.

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D
.
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)
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J
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m
a
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(
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: 5
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D
.
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I
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J
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.)

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: 5
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.

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.
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2
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.
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B
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s
. I
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J
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m
a
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R
.
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L

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d
(
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2
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)
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d
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r
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A
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A
T
. S
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B
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a
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a

5
0
: 4
1
7
.

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t
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A
.
&
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l
p
a
g
o
N
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v
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l
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L
.
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2
0
1
3
)

p
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p
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S
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. S
c
r
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a

B
o
t
a
n
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a
B
e
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g
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a
5
1
: 1
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-
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6
.

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.
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d
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. S
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B
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g
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:
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.

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r
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.
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.)
(
2
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s
-
2
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0

P
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. (
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x
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r
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-
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.

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a
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s

Facts and gures 64 65

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a
r
y

a
n
d

A
r
c
h
iv
e
s
S
E
C
T
I
O
N

M
u
s
e
o
lo
g
y

a
n
d

E
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
S
E
C
T
I
O
N

F
u
n
g
i
a
n
d

L
ic
h
e
n
s
S
E
C
T
I
O
N

D
ic
o
t
s
A
d
m
in
is
t
r
a
t
io
n
A
c
c
o
u
n
t
in
g
H
u
m
a
n
R
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
In
fo
r
m
a
t
ic
s
H
e
a
lt
h

&

S
a
fe
t
y
T
e
c
h
n
ic
a
l
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
R
e
c
e
p
t
io
n
S
e
c
u
r
it
y
M
a
in
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
D
E
P
T
.
S
p
e
r
m
a
t
o
p
h
y
t
e
s

&

P
t
e
r
id
o
p
h
y
t
e
s
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
g
s
e
r
v
ic
e
s
Text:
Botanic Garden Meise
Botanical Values
This report is also available in Dutch and
French and can be downloaded from our website
www.botanicgarden.be
Printed on recycled FSCcertied paper.
Botanic Garden Meise, 2014