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(9/22)
Motivation
Why do we need the concept?
Sometimes same stimulus leads to different responses.
Sometimes different stimuli lead to same response.
Stimulus ---------Organism----------Response
Emotions
Energize behavior\motivators
Direct behavior
Elements of an emotion
1. stimulus
2. conscious experience
3. physiological arousal
4. behavior
*Dames-Lange Theory
A stimulus
A perception
A message to the body
The body responds
A message to the brain
Person is aware of the body changes
*Cannon-Bard Theory
A stimulus
A perception
A message to an emotion center in the brain
Person experiences emotion
*Schacther an Singer
A stimulus
A perception
A message to an emotion center in the brain
Person experiences emotion but…..
Also a message to the body
Andrew Hoff’s Psychology Notes Two 2
(9/26)
Theoretical Conceptions of Aggression
Aggression as Innate
I. Freud
a. “death instinct” redirected
II. Lorenz
a. “fighting instinct” disperses populations
Drive Theories
II. Goals you want to move away from -> wearing seat belt
Block
Positive Goal
Block
Negative Goal
Frustration – negative emotion that happens when a goal is blocked. Frustration leads to
aggression.
Conflict occurs when the goal blocker is a person’s behavior. Not the person, but their
behavior
Types of Conflict
Types of Aggression
Andrew Hoff’s Psychology Notes Two 4
II. Inward
Unemployed husbands are more frustrated so the severity of domestic violence with them
is high.
Conflict
c. Approach – Avoidance ( have good but you add negative component to it.
You add anxiety, fear, or guilt. Seen in therapy. Example you get job at
top of Clark Tower but you are scared of elevators.)
(9/29)
Stress
I. Stress
a. body’s response to stressors
II. Stressors
a. Physiological or psychological threat to body
The worst stressors are those that last many many years.
Stress Reduction
Agression is a learned social behavior that can be altered. (Children see that aggression
and violence lead to “desirable” outcomes. Even if those outcomes have consequences, it
doesn’t matter because we only pay attention to immediate re-inforcement)
Learning
Critical Period is the period of time after birth when an instinct kicks in. Baby ducks
believe the first thing that moves near them is their mother.
Reflex arc is a behavior that is not learned, but not complex. (Feeling something hot.)
Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist
Discovered classical conditioning while studying dogs saliva in 1927. Found he didn’t
have to put food in dogs mouth after while to get saliva.
(Example: Girl associates sex with anxiety because strict dad who would pull panties
down and spank her.)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) (food) elicits salivation, but Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
(tone) does not.
After while
(10/1)
Classical conditioning is done at the reflexive level. Neutral stimulus is paired with the
unconditioned stimulus to elicit the unconditioned response. After while, neutral stimulus
elicits the unconditioned response without presence of unconditioned stimulus. The
neutral stimulus is now the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response is now
the conditioned response.
If you want to get over it, you have to speak in public. If you won’t do that, you can start
by just standing in front a large group of people.
I. Classical Conditioning
a. Involves the temporal relationship between two stimuli
b. Involves simple reflexive response
c. The response does not have an effect on the outcome
Andrew Hoff’s Psychology Notes Two 7
Instrumental Learning
I. Instrumental Conditioning
a. Thorndike’s Puzzle Box (Cat, string, door open, food outside)
b. Trial and error learning (Cat takes time to pull string)
c. Thorndike’s “law of effect”
i. If behavior is followed by a reward it will increase the probability
that the behavior will occur again. If the behavior is followed by a
negative it will decrease the probability that the behavior will
occur again.
Therefore…
No free will.
In other words….
Behavior is motivated by the perceived events and conditions that follow it.
Importance of “perceieved”
A – B – C Model
Antecedents are persons, places, things, or events occurring before a behavior that
encourage a person to perform a behavior.
Consequences are the events that follow behavior and change the probability that the
behavior will occur again.
Antecedents are valuable only to the extent that that signal those consquences.
(10/3)
Types of Consequences
Rewards: Positive
Events and conditions that strengthen behavior.
Penalties: Negative
Events and conditions that weaken behavior.
4 Consequences of Behavior
Increase behavior
Decrease Behavior
-Get something you don’t want (Positive Punishment bc you are given something)
Controlling Behavior
4 ways
Positive Positive
Reinforcement Punishment
Present (apply)
Negative Negative
Punishment Reinforcement
Withdraw
When controlling behavior, do I have the consquences and do you have the behavior
in your repotr.
When someone is killed or capital punishment, they are punished. Punishment only
happens when you decrease the likelihood that someone will behave a certain way.
For the other three, a person will do only enough to avoid the negative consequences
(and do it as late as possible).
Tangible – money
Social – spending time with someone
Activity – allow someone to engage in an activity
Positive reinforcement = dutch urinal aim at fake fly to reduce messy bathrooms
Wisdom is making decisions in the short-term that will have positive consequences in
the long term.
(10/6)
Categorizing Consequences
Positive/Negative = P/N
Certain/Uncertain = C/U
The most effective consequences are PIC and NIC. The least effective consequences
are NFU and PFU.
Never ask someone why they did something. Ask what happens to someone when
they do something.
If you can’t enforce consequences you are NOT the consequence manager.
Harvard
Operant Conditioning
Operant Chamber/Skinner box
Instrumental Conditioning
Or
Andrew Hoff’s Psychology Notes Two 11
Behavior shaping?
(rewarding partially correct behavior)
(10/8)
Important Dimensions of Consequences
I. Magnitude
II. Dimension
III. Timing
Schedules of Reinforcements
I. Fixed
a. Fixed Ratio (FR)
b. Fixed Interval (FV)
II. Variable
a. Variable Ratio (VR)
b. Variable Interval (VI)
Observational Learning
What is required for modeling? (The Model, a conucive motivational state, and an
opportunity)
Sexual Behavior
Why do psychologists study sexual behavior? It is a major problem brought into therapy.
(Ex. Inhibited sexual syndrome, sexual dysfunction, and sexual identity problems)
Excessive promiscuity
AIDS and STDS
Teen pregnancy
(10/10)
Not putting sexual behavior in perspective
Two Sources
II. Observational Studies (Masters and Johnson 1960s) (700 men and women age
18-89 mostly married)
III. Problems – are voluntary represenatives? Lab setting can be artificial, ehthical
concerns prohibit some research.
(10/13)
Sex and education? Once a week. In general, the more education the less sex. Those who
have been to grad school = 52 acts.
Can manage it
Parents give up and monitor adolescents
Schools asked to teach: knowledge, decision making, abstinence, skill development
Andrew Hoff’s Psychology Notes Two 13
Unfortunately abstinence only programs do not result in abstinence. Kids are 3 times
more likely to use condoms after them though. Adolescents who use condoms first are 20
times more likely to later.
(10/15)
Abortion
Chlitoridectomies “to control womens sexual desires and keep them virtuous.”
Psychosexual Disorders
Any problem that persistently prevents a person from engaging in sexual relations or
from reaching orgasm during sex.
Partner either a pouter or a nagger – nagger better because they at least communicate
(10/17)
More Factors
II. scripts from childhood: how does the person relate to parents
VI. Degree of similarity in: outlook, values, the way process the world, expression
of feelings, attitudes, attitudes towards sex, expectations
When the wolf comes to the door, the dove flies out the window.
Secrets to success
Early in marriage in eros. Others develop through the years. Or you should hope they do.
Marriage becomes better than ever when children leave house.
Andrew Hoff’s Psychology Notes Two 15
(10/20)
Psychological & Behavioral Disorders
Causes of Disorders
Humanistic – Incongruence between one’s actual self and public self as a consequence of
trying to live up to the demands of others.
Anxiety Disorders
(10/22)
Somatoform Disorders (psychological disorders with some physical link)
II. Conversion Disorder – (Freud called hysteria) symptoms that appear to have a
physical basis but don’t: blindness, deafness, lameness, anesthesia. Negatively
reinforced
IV. Bulimia
a. Eat and purge (princess dianna)
b. Is there help?
i. Stop reinforcing (catch early)
ii. Stop enabling
iii. Hospitalization
iv. Constant vigilance
(10/24)
Dissociative Disorders (dissociate self from current life or personality) (negatively
reinforced)
a. forgetting
b. leaving
Psychological or Physiological?
Disease?
Symptoms
1. progressive (you drink more today than you did six months ago)
2. denial
3. defense
4. reduction of productivity
The floor for drunks is death. You have to raise the floor for them. They like people
around them that deny they are drunks and enable them. Very Co-dependent. They find
excuses. They will shop around for someone who will enable them.
Using your cell phone in the car is equal to being drunk because it divides your attention.
(10/27)
Most of the talk out of a drunks mouth is useless, they may believe what they are saying
at the time however.
Problem is you can’t make someone go to the hospital. Spouse or boss are the two people
that can influence someone enough to make them go. Those that don’t leave are co-
Andrew Hoff’s Psychology Notes Two 18
dependent on the drunk psychologically. When someone does finally leave the drunk,
they find someone else who will enable them.
(10/29)
Psychological and Behavioral Disorders cont’d
Personality Disorders
I. Moderate Impairment
a. Dependent
b. Histrionic
i. Overly emotional
c. Narcissistic
i. Totally focused on self
d. Anti-social
i. MOST DANGEROUS IN DSM-IV
ii. Old psychopathic and sociopathic personality
iii. They have no super ego
iv. Impulsive, inadequately motivated behavior
v. Lack of conscience
vi. No depth of feeling
vii. Unable to learn from experience
viii. Able to maintain pleasant, impressive exterior
ix. Boston Strangler, Charles Manson, Jeffrey Dahmer
x. They are not crazy or insane
xi. They are not treatable.
II. High Impairment
a. Obsessive-compulsive behavior
i. No anxiety associated with it
b. Passive-aggressive
i. Keeps head down and they don’t look at people
ii. Used when active aggression might get someone in trouble
c. Schizoid
i. Less and less contact with other people
d. Avoidant
i. Avoid other people but not because you are depressed
ii. Not anti-social, anti-social people can carry on a conversation
III. Severe Impairment
a. Borderline
i. delusional
b. Paranoid
i. Will not listen to logic
c. Schizotypal
As you go down the line of personality disorders from moderate, high, to sever; each
disorder is one step closer schizophrenia or being totally insane.
Andrew Hoff’s Psychology Notes Two 19
Psychosexual Disorders
Two branches: Sexual Dysfunction and Paraphilias
I. Sexual Dysfunctions
a. Desire phase problems
i. “inhibited sexual desire”
b. excitement phase problems
i. Erections (Viagra)
ii. Vaginismus
1. vagina hurts when having sex
c. orgasmic phase problems
i. Premature orgasm
ii. Retarded orgasm
II. Paraphilias (Literally means close to love)
a. Not dangerous, and generally cause no harm
i. Fetishism
1. sexual attraction to a non-sexual body part or object
ii. voyeurism
1. people looking at people naked or getting undressed
2. introverted, too introverted to get relationships of their own
iii. frotteurism
1. thrill out of bumping into someone and touching someone
with the bump
2. very inhibited
iv. exhibitionism
1. thrill out of exposing own bodies
2. they like drive-bys
3. has to be motivated sexually
b. Harmful and more disconnected
i. Transvestic Fetishism
1. wearing the clothes of the opposite sex
2. mostly male
3. culture allows females to wear men’s clothes
ii. sadism
1. thrill out of inflicting pain on someone
2. do not mix well with masochist because they like when the
person does not want the pain
iii. masochism
1. thrill out of having pain inflicted on themselves
iv. pedophilia
1. thrill from sexualizing kids
v. Beastiality
1. thrill from having sex with animals
2. a lot of vanerial diseases arose from people having sex with
animals
vi. Transsexualism
Andrew Hoff’s Psychology Notes Two 20
1. cross-sex
2. they believe that they are trapped in the body of the
opposite sex
3. have tremendous drive to surgically change their sex
vii. Necrophelia
1. sexual attraction to dead bodies
2. a lot of rape/murders are actually murder/rapes because
people enjoy having sex with dead bodies
Paraphilias lack the normal I like you and you like me. The prognosis is not good for
helping them. Homosexuality used to be in the list but society didn’t want to call it a
disorder. It is not normal, but not abnormal like the others. Homosexuals are very
promiscuous.
Types of Rapists
1. Power Rapists – don’t treat women as people, think women enjoy it most of the
time. Most rapists are power rapists. They plan it all out.
2. Anger Rapists – do the act because they are angry at the world. They are easy to
catch because they don’t plan it out. These are the most fixable.
3. Sadistic Rapists – Boston Strangler. Rape women because they enjoy seeing them
in pain. It turns them on sexually.
(10/31)
Isolated
No control
Low self – esteem
Criminal Insanity
System of justice based on free will. Everyone is free to do good and evil.
Someone crazy does not have free will. Psychiatrists test person.
Schizophrenia
I. Major Symptoms
a. Cognitive
i. Fragmented, illogical thinking
ii. Illusion of vaguely associated thoughts into speech
iii. Info-processing disturbances
iv. Lowered intellectual ability
v. Delusions
vi. Disoriented as to time and space
b. Emotional (affect)
i. Flat affect
ii. Ambivalence
c. Perceptual
i. Hallucinations
ii. Twisted and distorted perception of body
d. social
i. catatonic (doesn’t move)
ii. withdrawn, self-absorbed
iii. generally, not in contact with reality
Major Depressions
Andrew Hoff’s Psychology Notes Two 23
I. Unipolar Disorder
a. Severe depression
II. bipolar disorder (manic depression)
a. sever depression
b. mania (extreme elation)
Individuals with bipolar take lithium. It masks symptoms, doesn’t cure them. Bipolar not
cognitively as bad as schizophrenia.
People tend to commit suicide when on the way out of depression. In depths, they lack
the energy to go through with it. On the way up, they tell themselves they never want to
go so low again and kill themselves.