On the Application of Time-Reversal for Greening

Two-Tier Heterogeneous Networks

Vu Tran-Ha

, Quang-Doanh Vu

, Dac-Binh Ha

and Een-Kee Hong

School of Electronic and Information, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
E-mail: {tranhavu, vqdoanh, ekhong}@khu.ac.kr
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang, Vietnam
E-mail: hadacbinh@duytan.edu.vn
AbstractThe radio pollution and power consumption prob-
lems lead to the innovative development in greening heteroge-
neous networks (HetNet). Time reversal (TR)-based transmission
possessing the superior capability of harvesting signal energy is
evaluated as a promising candidate. Nevertheless, the high mobil-
ity of macrocell users causes the difculties to apply TR technique
for macrocellular networks due to the limits of updating the
accurate channel information state. Therefore, the applying TR
technique is proposed only for the femtocell networks. Thus, the
network model consisting of a macrocell, K femtocells applied
TR and their single antenna users is considered in the multipath
channel to achieve the green radio communication approach. In
TR scenario, the power minimization problems of the femtocell
network are constructed by standing on specications of TR tech-
nique. The solution algorithm of transmit power minimization for
the macrocell in the multi-path channel is also provided. Hereby,
the performance of transmission power of two-tier heterogeneous
networks is analyzed by semi-decentralized schemes. To deal
with the imperfect channel estimation, the formulation of power
minimization problems following the worst case approach is
given by basing on the exact closed-form of central peak power
reduction under the affectation of channel estimation error.
Thanks to time reversal, the network obtains many advantages
in decreasing radio pollution, saving power resource, tending to
low system latency and low cost user designs.
Index TermsFemtocells, heterogeneous network, time-
reversal, beamforming, green communication.
I. INTRODUCTION
The growth of energy demand and restricting electromag-
netic pollution leads to the motivative development in green
communications for future cellular networks [1], [2], [3], [4].
In [5], the authors indicated that the number of base stations is
more than 4 milions and each comsume an average of 25MWh
per year (approximately 57 percent of total consumption of
cellular network). Considering the environmental aspects, this
causes a large carbon footprint of operation in the cellular
network. There are several ways to improve energy efciency
in HetNet and one of main ways is the energy-efcient
physical layer approach [2]. It is clearly that if the receivers
have superior capability of harvesting signal energy then the
base stations can decrease transmission power meanwhile
the quality of service (QoS) is still kept up. In order to
achieve the higher diversity performance, more antennas at the
transmitter and/or the receiver are also required. Unfortunately,
high cost and complexity user equipment are unpreferred to
operators and customers. As an attention approach to improve
the capability of diversity without increasing the number
of antennas, the authors argued and showed that TR-based
transmission system is an ideal paradigm for green wireless
communications due to its inherent nature to fully harvest
energy from surrounding environment by exploiting multi-path
diversity in [6], [7]. TR technique which was rstly used
for underwater communication systems, nowaday has been
installed in many applications such as green communication,
time synchronization and especially ultra-wideband (UWB)
systems [6], [8], [9], [10]. TR ultra-wideband has been a very
attractive topic in recent years due to its potential for dealing
with Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI), Inter-User Interference
(IUI) and allowing transmit power reduction of systems [9],
[11], [12], [13]. Meanwhile UWB well matched with TR
because of the high resolution in the channel estimation,
it is more difcult to achieve the accurate channel state
information in the narrowband systems. However, the exper-
imental results in [14] proved that the robustness of the TR
system is not only for UWB signals but also for narrowband
signals. The applications of TR in narrowband communication
systems based on nonimpulse waveforms and LTE-A CoMP
networks are also proposed in [8], [15] respectively. In [8],
the principles of TR are explained for green communications
and the practical use cases are rstly designed considering
long-term evolution-advanced coordinated multi-point (LTE-
A CoMP) transmission/reception. The results showed that the
focalization property of TR allows interference reduction in
LTE-A CoMP and can simply the addressing of a selected user
because the cancellation of interference caused other users is
inherent to TR.
TR technique is a special case of transmit beamforming
technique. It provides a solution for focusing signals tightly
in space and time domains [9], [16], [17]. TR techinique ex-
ploited the multipath fading effects by using the channel state
information (CSI) to prelter transmit signals. The TR-based
transmissions possess a very high multi-path diversity gain and
each path is considered as a virtual antenna. Thus, the power
of all paths is havested and the signal is compressed in time
and space domain at the receiver. Due to the active modulation
scheme of TR, there are no needs of using complex equalizers
at the user equipment. The focalization of TR technique is
equivalent to diversity property, however, without increasing
the number of antennas at the receiver side. Compared with
traditional beamforming based on spatial division multiple
access (SDMA) schemes, TR technique takes advantages of
multi-paths effects and each path is treated as a virtual antenna
distributed in environments [18]. Based on the uniqueness of
each channel impulse response (CIR) caused by the effects
of scattering, reection and diffraction; the location-specic
signature for each connection and focalization property are
exploited to show the content of the time reversal multiple
access technique (TRDMA) [18]. TR paradigm sasties low
energy consumption and low radio pollution requirements of
green radio communications and exhibits a very high multi-
path gain.
In this paper, the considered network consists of a macro-
cell, K femtocells and their users operate in the multipath fad-
ing channel. TR technique is applied to the femtocell network
that its users have a very low complexity and use TRDMA for
the accessibility. The main point drawing from the principle
of TR is that TR shows good performance in the environments
which have slow channel variation. It can be explained that the
estimated channel can not be correctly updated if the channel
variation is so fast and this disadvantage is also mentioned
in [8]. In macrocell networks, the macrocell users frequently
move in the environments which get high Doppler, scattering,
reection effects. Therefore, our proposal is applied only for
the femtocell network in this paper. Although we aim to
apply TR technique to the femtocell network rstly where the
characteristic of the medium has low changes, the transmit
power minimization of the macrocell base station (MBS) in
the multi-path channel is a noteworthy problem. Therefore, we
also keep in view the MBS in the network and provide solution
for designing transmit beamforming under quality of service
(QoS) constraints. On the comparison with previous works
[8], [19], the TR femtocell is considered to deal with co-tier
and cross-tier interference problems in the multipath fading
channel. Thus, the benets of saving transmission power and
degrading interference of the TR techique are also rstly
investigated in the femtocell networks. The main contributions
of this paper are that
From the observed environment is the multi-path chan-
nel, the optimal minimization problem is given for the
transmit power. The solution algorithm for this problem
is proposed to maximize the SINR at the receiver.
To improve the energy-efcient, the TR technique is
proposed to apply for the femtocell networks. The power
minimization problems of the network with TR are
formulated. We solve the optimization problems and
show the performance of transmission power in TR two-
tier heterogeneous networks over the multi-path fading
channel by semi-decentralized approach.
In practial, the system virtually cannot obtain the per-
fect CIRs, we construct the robust design to adapt this
problem. The exact closed-form of central peak power
reduction under the affectation of channel estimation error
is also given. From correct analytic results, we design the
power minimization problems following the worst case
scheme by basing on specication of the TR technique
to reduce the complexity.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: section II
is the focalization properties of TR technique, section III is
the system description, section IV is the problem statement,
section V is the numerical results and part VI is the conclusion.
Notation: the notation R
m
+
and C
mn
denote the sets of
m-dimensional nonnegative real vector and m n complex
matrix. The boldface lowercase letters and uppercase letters
indicate vectors and matrices. The superscripts T and H
represent the transpose and transpose conjugate. ||,
1
,
and
F
stand for the absolute value, the vector l
1
-norm, the
vector Euclidean norm and the vector Frobenius norm. For a
comlex value, we denote Re {.} and Im{.} are the real and
imaginary part. We write CN(,
2
) to denote a circularly
symmetric complex Gaussian distribution with mean and
variance
2
.
II. FOCALIZATION PROPERTY OF TR TECHNIQUE IN IEEE
P802.15 STANDARD
In this part, the focalization property is investigated in the
IEEE P802.15 standard of LTE channel model.
The principle of TR technique is to use the reverse of
channel impulse response (CIR) as a matched lter (pre-
lter) at the transmitter side. The pre-ltered signals are back
conveyed in the channel which own CIR that used for pre-
ltering process. By using pilot signals generated from user
equipment, the CIRss information of channels are known at
the transmitter side.
We assume that the maximum length of each CIR in the
femtocell network is L. The CIR between the i-th transmit
antennas and the j-th user can be represented as
h
ij
(t) =
L1

l=0

(l)
ij
(t t
(l)
ij
), (1)
where
(l)
, t
(l)
ij
and [] are the amplitude, the delay of the l-th
tap and Dirac pulse function, respectively. The discrete time
form h
ij
C
1L
is expressed as
h
ij
=
_
h
ij
[0] h
ij
[1] . . . h
ij
[L 1]

, (2)
where h
ij
[l] is the l-th tap of CIR (0 l L 1).
We dene g
ij
C
1L
as normalized pre-lterting vector
of transmit signal x
ij
. And g
ij
(t) is given by
g
ij
(t) =
h

ij
(t)
_
E
_
h
ij
(t)
2
_
,
or
g
ij
[l] =
h

ij
[L 1 l]
_
E
_
h
ij

2
_
. (3)
in which h

ij
(t) is time-reversed and complex conjugate form
of h
ij
(t).
Hence, the transmitted signal is given by
x
ij
= s
ij
g
ij
, (4)
And the received signal at the j-th intended user from the
i-th transmit antenna is represented as
y
ij
= s
ij
g
ij
h
ij
. (5)
At the k-th unintended user, if there is no correlation
between CIRs of any communication pairs, the received signal
can be expressed as
y
(k)
ij
= s
ij
g
ij
h
ik
, (6)
where y
(k)
ij
is undesired signal at the k-th user which the i-th
transmit antenna forwards to the j-th user.
We let g
ij
h
i

j
be equivalent channel, each tap of the
equivalent channel is written as follows
g
ij
h
i

j
[k] =
L1

l=0
g
ij
[l]h
i

j
[k l]
=
L1

l=0
h

ij
[L 1 l]h
i

j
[k l]
_
E
_
h
ij

2
_
. (7)
Thus, the central peak power of the equivalent channel at
intended user can be presented as
|g
ij
h
ij
[L 1]|
2
=

L1

l=0
h

ij
[l]h
ij
[l]
_
E
_
h
ij

2
_

2
=
h
ij

4
E
_
h
ij

2
_. (8)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Time (S)
P
o
w
e
r
Fig. 1. Channel Impulse Response [IEEE P802.15].
The simulation results are followed by the desciption of the
LTE model channel in the IEEE P802.15 standard [20]. In
Fig.1, the CIR of LTE channel is simulated with the number
of taps is equal to 6. In Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, we show the
equivalent channels at the intended user and the unintended
user in uncorrelated CIRs conditions respectively. The signal
energy is only harvested and compressed in one specic time
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Time (S)
P
o
w
e
r
Fig. 2. Equivalent channel at intended user.
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Time (S)
P
o
w
e
r
Fig. 3. Equivalent channel at unintended user.
instant at the desired user, meanwhile the signal transmitted
for a specic user will affect as a noise at other users.
The CIRss information is used to prelter the transmitted
signals in TR principle and the accuracy of this information
decides the peformance of the TR femtocell system. Un-
fortunately, the errors can occur during channel estimation
processes [21]. There are several reasons leading to imperfect
CIRs that obtained at transmitter side and the primary reasons
are that the estimated CIRs used for preltering is obsolete
because of fast channel variations or the limits of estimation
at transmitter side [22].
Let h
ij
(t) and e
ij
(t) denote the estimated channel and
channel estimation error values of h
ij
(t), respectively. Hence,
we have
h
ij
(t) = h
ij
(t) +e
ij
(t), (9)
or
h
ij
[l] = h
ij
[l] + e
ij
[l]. (10)
And we also analyze
h
ij

2
=
_
h
ij
+e
ij
_ _
h
ij
+e
ij
_
H
=
_
_
h
ij
_
_
2
+e
ij

2
+ 2Re{e
H
ij
h
ij
}.
(11)
With the estimated channel, the central peak power of the
equivalent channel at intended user can be given by

g
ij
h
ij
[L 1]

2
=

L1

l=0
h

ij
[l]h
ij
[l] +
L1

l=0
e

ij
[l]h
ij
[l]
_
E
_
_
_
h
ij
_
_
2
_

2
=

_
_
h
ij
_
_
2
2
+e
H
ij
h
ij
_
E
_
_
_
h
ij
_
_
2
_

2
. (12)
The comparison of central peak power in the cases of
with/without estimation errors is formulated as
E
_

g
ij
h
ij
[L 1]

2
|g
ij
h
ij
[L 1]|
2
_
= E
_

_
_
h
ij
_
_
2
+e
H
ij
h
ij

2
_
_
h
ij
_
_
2
h
ij

2
_

_
= E
_
_
_
_
h
ij
_
_
4
+ 2Re{
_
_
h
ij
_
_
2
h
H
ij
e
ij
} +

e
H
ij
h
ij

2
_
_
h
ij
_
_
2
_
_
_
h
ij
_
_
2
+e
ij

2
+ 2Re{h
H
ij
e
ij
}
_
_
_
= E
_ _
_
h
ij
_
_
4
+ 2Re{
_
_
h
ij
_
_
2
h
H
ij
e
ij
} +

e
H
ij
h
ij

2
_
_
h
ij
_
_
4
+ 2Re{
_
_
h
ij
_
_
2
h
H
ij
e
ij
} +
_
_
h
ij
_
_
2
e
ij

2
_
.
(13)
Based on Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we obtain

e
H
ij
h
ij

_
_
h
ij
_
_
2
e
ij

2
. (14)
From (13) and (14), we infer that
E
_

g
ij
h
ij
[L 1]

2
|g
ij
h
ij
[L 1]|
2
_
1, (15)
equality holds if and only if h
ij
and e
ij
are linearly dependent.
In this section, we also proved that the errors of estimated
channel cause the loss of convering property belong to e
ij

2
2
by mathematical derivation, in that event, the performance of
system is depreciated. The effects of CEEs on TR femtocell
network also have been deeply analyzed in section IV.
III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The system model including one macrocell base station, K
femtocell base stations (FBSs) and very low complexity users
is considered and similarly illustrated in Fig. 4. In this model,
M
M
antennas at the macrocell base station communicates with
N
M
single antenna macrocell users (MUs). M
F
k
antennas at
the k-th femtocell base station in closed access mode serves
N
F
k
single antenna femtocell user (FUs).
Let H
kr
be the CIRs matrix which the k-th FBS forward to
FUEs of the r-th FBS (H
kr
C
M
F
k
N
F
r
L
). We can arrange
channels between k-th FBS and FUs of the r-th FBS as follows
H
kr
=
_
H
kr
1
H
kr
2
. . . H
kr
N
F
k
_
, (16)
in which,
H
kr
q
=
_
h
kr
1q
h
kr
2q
. . . h
kr
M
F
k
q
_
T
, (17)
FUE
FBS-1
MBS
FUE
MUE
FUE
FBS-2
FUE
HM1
HM2
H12 H21
H1M
H2M
MUE
Fig. 4. Two-tier system model including a macrocell and two femtocells.
where H
kr
q
(H
kr
q
C
M
F
k
L
) is CIRs between transmit
antennas of the k-th FBS to the q-th user of the r-th FBS.
And h
kr
iq
(h
kr
iq
C
M
F
k
L
) denotes the CIRs between the i-th
transmit antenna of the k-th FBS and the q-th FUE of the r-th
FBS (0 i M
F
k
, 0 q N
k
r
). And the CIRs between
transmit antennas of the k-th FBS and the q-th FUE of the
r-th FBS is also indicated by h
kr
(q)
.
In the same way; H
Mk
, H
kM
and H
MM
which denote
CIRs matrices between MBS and the k-th FUEs, between
the k-th FBS and MUEs, between MBS and MUEs are also
presented in (15), (16), (17) respectively (H
Mk
C
M
M
N
F
k
L
,
H
kM
C
M
F
k
N
M
L
, H
MM
C
M
M
N
M
L
).
H
Mk
=
_
H
Mk
1
H
Mk
2
. . . H
Mk
N
F
k
_
, (18)
H
kM
=
_
H
kM
1
H
kM
2
. . . H
kM
N
M

, (19)
H
MM
=
_
H
MM
1
H
MM
2
. . . H
MM
N
M

. (20)
And
H
Mk
j
=
_
h
Mk
1j
h
Mk
2j
. . . h
kr
M
M
j
_
T
, (21)
H
kM
n
=
_
h
kM
1n
h
kM
2n
. . . h
kM
M
F
k
n
_
T
, (22)
H
MM
n
=
_
h
MM
1n
h
kr
2n
. . . h
MM
M
M
n
_
T
. (23)
In which,
The CIRs between transmit antennas of MBS and the
j-th FUE of the k-th FBS are also indicated by H
Mk
j
(H
Mk
j
C
M
M
L
).
The CIRs between transmit antennas of the k-th FBS
and the n-th MUE are also indicated by H
kM
n
(H
kM
n

C
M
F
k
L
).
The CIRs between transmit antennas of MBS and the n-th
MUE are also indicated by H
MM
n
(H
MM
n
C
M
M
L
).
h
Mk
mj
denotes the CIR between the m-th transmit antenna
of MBS and the j-th FUE of the k-th FBS.
h
kM
in
denotes the CIR between the i-th transmit antenna
of the k-th FBS and n-th MUE.
h
MM
mn
denotes the CIR between the m-th transmit antenna
of MBS and the n-th MUE.
(h
Mk
mj
, h
kM
in
, h
MM
mn
C
M
F
k
L
, 0 i M
F
k
, 0 j N
F
k
,
0 m M
M
and 0 n N
M
).
In closed-access mode, each FBS and MBS only serve
their users. It also means MUs and FUs only obtain desired
signals from their corresponding MBS and FBSs respectively.
Therefore, the global channel matrix of MBS is H
MM
.
Similarly, the global channel matrix and beamforming vectors
of k-th FBS are also constructed as follows
H
k
=
_
_
H
kk
1
_
T
_
H
kk
2
_
T
. . .
_
H
kk
N
F
k
_
T
_
T
. (24)
After each FBS received CIRss information from pilot
signals sent by user sides, the block Time-Reversal Mirror
reverses the CIRs in time domain to create the waveforms
which are used to communicate to the corresponding user
equipment. Let G
k
is TR Mirrorss matrix, which is expressed
G
k
=
_
_
G
kk
1
_
T
_
G
kk
2
_
T
. . .
_
G
kk
N
F
k
_
T
_
T
. (25)
We also dene G
kk
j
as below
G
kk
j
=
_
g
kk
1j
g
kk
2j
. . . g
kk
M
F
k
j
_
T
. (26)
with g
kk
jq
is presented as
in continuous time form
g
kk
jq
(t) =
h
kk
jq
(t)
_
_
_H
kk
j
_
_
_
F
. (27)
in discrete time form
g
kk
jq
[l] =
h
kk
jq
[L 1 l]
_
_
_H
kk
j
_
_
_
F
. (28)
The transmitted signals at MBS to the n-th MU and the
k-th FBS to its the j-th FU are given by
x
M
n
=
_
p
M
n
u
M
n
s
M
n
= w
M
n
s
M
n
, (29)
x
kk
j
=
_
p
kk
j
g
kk
j
s
kk
j
= w
kk
j
s
kk
j
, (30)
where s
M
n
is the signal transmitted for the n-th user from
MBS; s
kk
j
is transmit signal intended to the j-th FU of
the k-th FBS; u
M
n
=
_
u
M
1n
u
M
2n
. . . u
M
M
M
n

T
is the
normalized beamforming vector used for the n-th MU; w
kk
j
are the beamforming vector at MBS forward to the n-th MBS
and at the k-th FBS used for the j-th FU respectively. We
also dene p
M
=
_
_
p
M
1
_
p
M
2
. . .
_
p
M
N
M
_
T
and
p
kk
=
_
_
p
kk
1
_
p
kk
2
. . .
_
p
kk
N
F
k
_
T
as transmit power
vector of MBS and k-th FBS respectively.
Thus, the beamforming matrices of MBS and the k FBS are
dened as
W
M
=
_
_
w
M
1
_
T
_
w
M
2
_
T
. . .
_
w
M
N
M
_
T
_
T
, (31)
where w
M
n
C
M
M
1
,
W
k
=
_
_
w
kk
1
_
T
_
w
kk
2
_
T
. . .
_
w
kk
N
F
k
_
T
_
T
. (32)
where w
kk
j
C
M
N
L
.
From transmitted signal form, the received signals at MUs
and FUs contain parts which they are the functions of {h
ab
rt

g
cd
ui
}. We use Toeplitz matrix to represent {h
ab
rt
g
cd
ui
} in
matrix forms. Let h
ab
rt
g
cd
ui
= h
ab
rt

G
cd
ui
and in which

G
cd
ui
is
a L (2L 1) Toeplitz matrix dened by

G
cd
ui
=
_
_
_
_
_
g
cd
ui
[0] . . . g
cd
ui
[L 1] 0 . . . 0
0 g
cd
ui
[0] . . . g
cd
ui
[L 1] . . . 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 . . . 0 g
cd
ui
[0] . . . g
cd
ui
[L 1]
_

_
.
(33)
Based on the re-presentation of convolution in Toeplitz
matrix form, the received signal at the n-th MU can be shown
as below
y
M
n
=
_
H
M
n
_
T
w
M
n
s
M
n
+
N
M

=1
_
H
M
n
_
T
w
M
n
s
M
n

+
K

k=1
N
F
k

q=1
M
F
k

i=1
h
kM
in

G
kk
iq
_
p
kk
iq
s
kk
q
+ n
M
, (34)
where the rst term is the intended signal for the n-th MUE,
the second term is the co-tier interference in the macrocell,
the third term is the cross-tier interference from femtocells
and the fourth term is Gaussian noise.
And the received signal at the j-th FU of the k-th FBS can
be expressed below
y
kk
j
=
M
F
k

i=1
h
kk
ij

G
kk
ij
_
p
kk
ij
s
kk
j
+
N
F
k

=1
j

=j
M
F
k

i=1
h
kk
ij

G
kk
ij

_
p
kk
ij
s
kk
j

+
K

r=1
r=k
N
F
r

q=1
M
F
k

i=1
h
rk
ij

G
rr
iq
_
p
rr
ip
s
rr
q
+
N
M

n=1
_
H
Mk
j
_
T
w
M
n
s
M
n
+n
F
, (35)
where the rst term is the desired signal for the j-th FU, the
second term is the co-tier interference in a same femtocell, the
third term is co-tier interference caused by other femtocells,
the fourth term is the cross-tier interference from macrocell
and the fth term is Gaussian noise.
Due to considered users have a very low complexity, a single
tap diversity combiner is employed in MU and FU receivers.
In this part, we dene

h
ab
rt
as the maximum tap of h
ab
rt
. With
E
_

s
kk
j

2
_
= E
_

s
kk
j

2
_
= E
_

s
rr
q

2
_
= E
_

s
M
n

2
_
= 1, the
SINR at n-th MU and j-th FU of k-th FBS can be represented
as (32) and (33).
IV. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Based on observing from (32) and (33), the problem min-
imizing the transmit power of both MBS and FBSs under
constraints of QoS can be formulated as
minimize
{w
M
n
,w
kk
j
}
N
M
,N
F
k
n=1,j=1
_
_
_W
M
_
_
_
2
F
+
K

k=1
_
_
_W
k
_
_
_
2
F
subject to SINR
M
n

M
n
,
SINR
k
j

k
j
,
(38)
where
M
n
and
k
j
are preset thresholds of SINR at the n-th
user of MBS and the j-th user of the k-th FBS.
Since calculating optimal beamforming matrices requires
the global CIRs of the network and the weight of centralized
computation is too heavy, the approach which seperates the
beamformer design problem into subproblems is more attrac-
tive [23], [19]. The algorithm is presented as follows.
A. Subproblem 1: Beamformer design and power control for
the MBS over multi-path channel
The MBS which possesses a crucial role in the heteroge-
neous network has a selsh power allocation strategy. First
of all, the optimal normalized beamforming vectors for MBSs
are chosen to maximize their corresponding SINR as follows

u
M
n
=
u
M
n
_
_
u
M
n
_
_
2
, (39)
where
u
M
n
= arg max
u
M
n
1
SINR
M
n .
In the multi-path channel, the position of the largest tap is
random for each environment. In order to achieve the maxi-
mum SINR, the beamformer must be designed to maximize the
peak tap at the receiver. However, the positions of peak taps in
each channel could be different meanwhile the received signal
is derived from the sum of CIRs between transmit antennas
and the user. To solve this problem, the algorithm is given as
below processes.
1. For initial step, we set l = 0 and H
M
n,l
as
H
M
n,l
=
_
H
M
n
[0] . . . H
M
n
[l 1] H
M
n
[l + 1] . . . H
M
n
[L 1]
_
,
(40)
where H
M
n
[l] is dened as l-th column of H
M
n
.
2. Let u
M
n,l
be the optimal beamformer vector of the n-
th user at the l-th step which can be obtained by solve
optimization problem below
maximize
{u
M
n,l
}
N
M
n=1
Re
_
_
H
M
n
[l]
_
T
u
M
n,l
_

_
_
_
_
_
H
M
n,l
_
T
u
M
n
_
_
_
_
subject to Im
_
_
H
M
n
[l]
_
T
u
M
n,l
_
= 0,
_
_
u
M
n,l
_
_
1,
N
M

=1
n

=n
_
_
_
_
_
H
M
n

_
T
u
M
n,l
_
_
_
_

M
n
,
K

k=1
N
F
k

j=1
_
_
_
_
_
H
Mk
j
_
T
u
M
n,l
_
_
_
_

Mk
j
,
(41)
in which,
M
n
and
Mk
j
are preset thresholds of self interference
power, cross-tier interference power which the MBS causes
to the k-th FBS respectively. This problem can be solved by
interior point methods [24].
3. After determining u
M
n,l
, we nd the maximum tap of
vector
_
H
M
n,l
_
T
u
M
n,l
. That is
tap max
n,l
= max
_
_
H
M
n,l
_
T
u
M
n,l
_
. (42)
4. The count is updated as l l + 1. Move to step 5 step
if l = L 1 or step 1 otherwise (with new value l).
5. The optimal beamformer is obtained by u
M
n
= u
M
n,k
,
where
k =
_
k|tap max
n,k
= max
_
tap max
n,1
, . . . , tap max
n,L1
__
.
(43)
After achieving normalized beamformer from (35), we
determine the power allocation strategy by computing the
optimal value of p
M
. We denote P
(sig)
M
n
_
p
M
n
,

u
M
n
_
as
P
(sig)
M
n
is a function of p
M
n
and

u
M
n
. And the optimization
problem for minimize transmit power is constructed under the
constraints of SINR and interference as (40).
SINR
M
n
=

h
M
n
_
T
w
M
n

2
_
_
_
_
h
M
n
_
T
w
M
n
_
_
_
2

h
M
n
w
M
n

2
+
N
M
n

=1
_
_
_
_
h
M
n
_
T
w
M
n

_
_
_
2
+
K

k=1
N
F
k
q=1
_
_
_
_
_
_
M
F
k
i=1
h
kM
in

G
kk
iq
_
p
kk
iq
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
+ n
M

2
. (36a)
=
P
(sig)
M
n
P
(isi)
M
n
+ P
(ico)
M
n
+ P
(icross)
M
n
+ n
M

2
. (36b)
=
P
(sig)
M
n
P
(interference)
M
n
+ n
M

2
. (36c)
P
(interference)
M
n
= P
(isi)
M
n
+ P
(ico)
M
n
+ P
(icross)
M
n
. P
(sig)
M
n
, P
(isi)
M
n
, P
(ico)
M
n
and P
(icross)
M
n
are desired signal power,
inter-symbol interference power, co-tier self interference power in the MBS and cross-tier interference power caused by FBSs,
respectively.
SINR
k
j
=

M
F
k
i=1
h
kk
ij

G
kk
ij
[L 1]
_
p
kk
j

2
2L1

l=1
l=L1

M
F
k
i=1
h
kk
ij

G
kk
ij
[l]
_
p
kk
j

2
+
N
F
k
j

=1
j

=j
_
_
_
_
_
_
M
F
k
i=1
h
kk
ij

G
kk
ij

_
p
kk
j

_
_
_
_
_
_
2
+
K

r=1
r=k
N
F
r
q=1
_
_
_
_
_
_
M
F
k
i=1
h
rk
ij

G
rr
iq
_
p
rr
p
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
+
N
M
m=1
_
_
_
_
_
H
Mk
(j)
_
T
w
M
n
s
M
n
_
_
_
_
2
+ n
F

2
. (37a)
=
P
(sig)
k
j
P
(isi)
k
j
+ P
(ico1)
k
j
+ P
(ico2)
k
j
+ P
(icross)
k
j
+ n
F

2
. (37b)
=
P
(sig)
k
j
P
(interference)
k
j
+ n
F

2
. (37c)
P
(interference)
k
j
= P
(isi)
k
j
+ P
(ico1)
k
j
+ P
(ico2)
k
j
+ P
(icross)
k
j
. P
(sig)
k
j
, P
(isi)
k
j
, P
(ico1)
k
j
, P
(ico2)
k
j
and P
(icross)
k
j
are desired
signal power, inter-symbol interference power, co-tier self interference power in the k-th femtocell, co-tier interference power
caused by another femtocell and cross-tier interference power at the j-th FUE of the k-th FBS, respectively.
minimize
{p
M
}
_
_
_W
M
_
_
_
2
F
subject to
P
(sig)
M
n
_
p
M
n
,

u
M
n
_
P
(isi)
M
n
_
p
M
n
,

u
M
n
_
+ P
(ico)
M
n
_
{p
M
n

=n
}
N
M
n

=1
,

u
M
n
_
+
K

k=1
P
(tol)
kM
n
+ n
M

2

M
n
,
(44)
in which, we dene P
(tol)
kM
n
as the maximum tolerable cross-tier interference at the n-th MUE caused by the k-th FBS.
The constraint of the optimization problem (40) can be re-
written as
P
(sig)
M
n
_
p
M
n
,

u
M
n
_

M
n
P
(isi)
M
n
_
p
M
n
,

u
M
n
_
P
(ico)
M
n
_
{p
M
n

=n
}
N
M
n

=1
,

u
M
n
_
+
K

k=1
P
(tol)
kM
n
+ n
M

2

M
n
,
(45)
From (41), we express
P
(sig)
M
n
_
p
M
n
,

u
M
n
_

M
n
P
(isi)
M
n
_
p
M
n
,

u
M
n
_
= p
M
n

h
M
n
_
T

u
M
n

2

M
n
p
M
n
_
_
_
_
_
H
M
n
_
T

u
M
n
_
_
_
_
2
+
M
n
p
M
n

h
M
n
_
T

u
M
n

2
,
= p
M
n
_
(1 +
M
n
)

h
M
n
_
T

u
M
n

2

M
n
_
_
_
_
_
H
M
(n)
_
T

u
M
n
_
_
_
_
2
_
,
= p
M
n
f
_

u
M
n
_
(46)
Let

p
M
be the optimal transmit power vector of p
M
. And
based on [25],

p
M
is computed as

p
M
= (I DB)
1
z, (47)
in which, I is an identity matrix, B is a N
M
N
M
matrix
whose the (n

, n)-th entry is dened as

B
n

n
=
_
_
_
0, n = n

_
_
_
_
_
H
M
(n

)
_
T

u
M
n
_
_
_
_
2
, n = n

(48)
D is also a N
M
N
M
matrix given by,
D = diag
_

M
1
f
_

u
M
1
_; . . . ;

M
n
f
_

u
M
n
_
_

_
, (49)
and z is a N
M
1 vector
z = D
_

_
K

k=1
P
(tol)
kM
1
+n
M

2
K

k=1
P
(tol)
kM
2
+n
M

2
.
.
.
K

k=1
P
(tol)
kM
N
M
+n
M

2
_

_
. (50)
B. Subproblem 2: Power control for FBSs
Time reversal technique is a special case of transmit beam-
forming technique. The reversed-form of CIR is used as a
matched-lter to prelter the transmit signals and this form is
also the normalized beamforming vector of the FBS. Besides,
after the optimization problem (40) is solved, the result of
optimal beamformer vector

p
M
is sent via backhaul to each
femtocell in the network. In this paper, we aim to decentralized
power control design between the MBS and the FBS and also
between FBSs. Therefore, the transmit power control problem
at the k-th FBS is formulated as a convex feasibility problem
(47).
The main point of the paper is to evaluate the performance
of TR femtocell network. Thus, we also focus to investigate
the effectiveness of TR femtocell under existence of CEE in
this paper. We suppose that the maximum error quantity of
the estimated channel of the femtocell system can be known.
Let H
kr
, H
kM
and E
kr
, E
kM
denote the estimated channel
matrix and channel estimation error values of H
kr
and H
kM
,
respectively. Hence, we have
H
kr
= H
kr
+E
kr
, (52)
H
kM
= H
kM
+E
kM
, (53)
in which; h
kr
ij
, H
kr
j
, h
kM
in
, H
kM
n
, e
kr
ij
, E
kr
j
, e
kM
in
and E
kM
n
are elements of H
kr
ij
, H
kM
in
, E
kr
ij
and E
kM
in
. We also assume
that
h
kr
ij
, h
kM
in
and e
kr
ij
, e
kM
in
are independent and identically
distributed (i.d.d) random variables.
h
kr
ij
, h
kM
in
, e
kr
ij
and e
kM
in
are circular symmetric complex
Gaussian random variable with zero mean.

_
_
e
kr
ij
_
_
2
=
kr
j
_
_
_h
kr
ij
_
_
_
2
and
_
_
e
kM
in
_
_
2
=
kM
n
_
_
_h
kM
in
_
_
_
2
in
which
kr
j
and
kM
n
are nonegative constants.
Hereby, the robust version of (47) can be constructed as
(50).
Based on the specication of TR technique, the formulation
for the worst case approach can be designed to decrease the
complexity of (50). The analysis is described as follows.
In section II, the formula (15) indicates that the focalization
property is decreased in the case of CEE exists meanwhile
the central peak power of signal directly relates to achievable
SINR. Thus, we investigate the reduction factor of central peak
power in the case of CEEs considered.
Let g
kr
ij
be normalized time reversal form of h
kr
ij
. Each tap
of equivalent channel (g
kr
ij
h
kr
ij
) is expressed as
g
kr
ij
h
kr
ij
[l

] =
L1

l=0
g
kr
ij
[l]h
kr
ij
[l

l]
=
L1

l=0
h
kr
ij
[L 1 l]h
kr
ij
[k l]

E
_
_
_
_H
kr
j
_
_
_
2
F
_
. (55)
We dene f
kr
ij
as the reduction factor of the central peak
signal in the case of CEEs occured. It can be written as below
f
kr
ij
=
g
kr
ij
h
kr
ij
[L 1]
g
kr
ij
h
kr
ij
[L 1]
=
L1

l=0
h
kr
ij
[l]h
kr
ij
[l]
L1

l=0
h
kr
ij
[l]h
kr
ij
[l]

E
_
_
_
_H
kr
j
_
_
_
2
F
_

E
_
_
_
_H
kr
j
_
_
_
2
F
_
. (56)
On the other hand,
E
_
_
_
_h
kr
ij
_
_
_
2
_
= E
_
h
kr
ij
_
h
kr
ij
_
H
_
= E
_
h
kr
ij
_
h
kr
ij
_
H
_
+ E
_
e
kr
ij
_
e
kr
ij
_
H
_
= E
_
_
_
_h
kr
ij
_
_
_
2
_
_
1 +
kr
j
_
. (57)
Hence,
E
_
_
_
_H
kr
j
_
_
_
2
F
_
= E
_
_
_
_H
kr
j
_
_
_
2
F
_
_
1 +
kr
j
_
(58)
From h
kr
ij
and e
kr
ij
are independent, (52) and (53); the
minimize
{p
kk
}
_
_
_W
k
_
_
_
2
F
subject to
P
(sig)
k
j
_
p
kk
j
,

G
kk
ij
_
P
(isi)
k
j
_
p
kk
j
,

G
kk
ij
_
+ P
(ico1)
k
j
_
{p
kk
ij

=ij
,

G
kk
j

=j
}
N
F
k
j

=1
_
+
K

r=1
(r=k)
P
(tol)
rk
j
+ P
(icross)
k
j
_

p
M
_
+ n
F

2

k
j
,
N
F
k

j=1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
M
F
k

i=1
h
kM
in

G
kk
ij
_
p
kk
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
P
(tol)
kM
n
,
N
F
k

j=1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
M
F
k

i=1
h
kr
iq

G
kk
ij
_
p
kk
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
P
(tol)
kr
q
,
(51)
where we dene P
(tol)
rk
j
as the maximum tolerable co-tier interference at j-th FUE of k-th FBS caused by r-th FBS.
With
_
_
_
e
kk
ij
_
_
2

kk
j
_
M
F
k
,N
F
k
i=1,j=1
,
_
_
_
e
kr
iq
_
_
2

kr
q
_
M
F
k
,N
F
r
i=1,q=1
and
_
_
_
e
kM
in
_
_
2

kM
n
_
M
F
k
,N
M
i=1,n=1
; in which
kk
j
=
kk
j
_
_
_h
kk
ij
_
_
_
2
,

kr
q
=
kr
q
_
_
_h
kr
iq
_
_
_
2
and
kM
n
=
kM
n
_
_
_h
kM
in
_
_
_
2
; we can formulate as below
minimize
{p
kk
}
_
_
_W
k
_
_
_
2
F
subject to min
e
kk
ij
P
(sig)
k
j
_
p
kk
j
,

G
kk
ij
_
P
(isi)
k
j
_
p
kk
j
,

G
kk
ij
_
+ P
(ico1)
k
j
_
{p
kk
j

=j
,

G
kk
ij

=ij
}
N
F
k
j

=1
_
+
K

r=1
(r=k)
P
(tol)
rk
j
+ P
(icross)
k
j
_

p
M
_
+ n
F

2

k
j
,
min
e
kk
ij
e
kM
in
N
F
k

j=1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
M
F
k

i=1
h
kM
in

G
kk
ij
_
p
kk
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
P
(tol)
kM
n
,
min
e
kk
ij
e
kr
iq
N
F
k

j=1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
M
F
k

i=1
h
kr
iq

G
kk
ij
_
p
kk
j
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
P
(tol)
kr
q
.
(54)
expectation value of F
kr
ij
is calculated as
F
kr
ij
=

E
_
f
kr
ij
_

2
=

E
_
_
_
_
_
_
L1

l=0
h
kr
ij
[l]h
kr
ij
[l]
L1

l=0
h
kr
ij
[l]h
kr
ij
[l]
_
E
_
_
_
_H
kr
j
_
_
_
2
F
_
_
E
_
_
_
_H
kr
j
_
_
_
2
F
_
_

2
=

E
_
_
_
_
_
L1

l=0
h
kr
ij
[l]h
kr
ij
[l] +
L1

l=0
e
kr
ij
[l]h
kr
ij
[l]
L1

l=0
h
kr
ij
[l]h
kr
ij
[l]
_

2
E
_
_
_
_
_
_H
kr
j
_
_
_
2
F
_
_
_H
kr
j
_
_
_
2
F
_

_
=

E
_
_
_
_
_
_h
kr
ij
_
_
_
2
_
_
_h
kr
ij
_
_
_
2
_

2
E
_
_
_
_
_
_H
kr
j
_
_
_
2
F
_
_
_H
kr
j
_
_
_
2
F
_

_ =
1
_
1 +
kr
j
_.
(59)
The accuracy of formula (55) are veried by comparing
simulation and analytical results as Fig. 5 below. And this
result can be extented for h
kM
in
.
Based on the exact analysis of reduction factor, the received
signal power component in the case of CEE can be presented
as
P
(sig)
k
j
=

M
F
k

i=1
h
kk
ij

G
kk
ij
[L 1]
_
F
kk
ij
_
p
kk
j

2
. (60)
The maximum of Euclidean norm of equivalent channel also
0 2 4 6 8 10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Reduction of Peak Power

F
G


Simulation
Analytical
Fig. 5. Reduction of central peak power.
is given
E
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
M
F
k

i=1
h
kk
ij

G
kk
ij
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
_

_ = E
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
M
F
k

i=1
h
kk
ij
g
kk
ij
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
_

_
E
_
_
_
_
_
_
M
F
k

i=1
_
_
_h
kk
ij
g
kk
ij
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
_

_
E
_
_
_
_
_
_
M
F
k

i=1
_
_
_h
kk
ij
_
_
_
_
_
_g
kk
ij
_
_
_
1
_
_
_
2
_

_
= E
_
_
_
_
_
_
M
F
k

i=1
(1 +
kk
ij
)
_
_
_h
kk
ij
_
_
_
_
_
_g
kk
ij
_
_
_
1
_
_
_
2
_

_.
(61)
In the similar way, the upper bounds of the second and third
constraints of (46) are also presented as follow
E
_
_
_
N
F
k

j=1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
M
F
k

i=1
h
kM
in

G
kk
ij
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
_

_ E
_
_
_
N
F
k

j=1
_
_
_
M
F
k

i=1
(1 +
kM
in
)
_
_
_h
kM
in
_
_
_
_
_
_g
kk
ij
_
_
_
1
_
_
_
2
_

_.
(62)
E
_
_
_
N
F
k

j=1
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
M
F
k

i=1
h
kr
iq

G
kk
ij
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
_

_ E
_
_
_
N
F
k

j=1
_
_
_
M
F
k

i=1
(1 +
kr
iq
)
_
_
_h
kr
iq
_
_
_
_
_
_g
kk
ij
_
_
_
1
_
_
_
2
_

_.
(63)
Following the worst case approach and results from (56-
59), the problem (50) can be re-formulated as (60). It can be
solved by convex optimization algorithms.
V. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this part, we analyze the transmisson power to demon-
strate the effective of our proposals by simulations.
The radius of the MBS and each FBS are 200m and 10m
respectively. FBSs are uniformly located in a circle of 100m
TABLE I
LIST OF SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Number of taps, L 6
Number of femtocell, K 2
Number of antennas at MBS, M
M
4
Number of antennas at each FBS, M
F
k
4
Number of users at MBS, N
M
2
Number of users at each FBS, N
F
k
2
Outdoor link pathloss exponent 4
Indoor link pathloss exponent 3
Outdoor to indoor link pathloss exponent 3.5

M
n
for all n 10dBm

Mk
j
for all k and j 5dBm
2

k=1
P
(tol)
kM
n
for all n 3dBm
2

r=1
(r=k)
P
(tol)
rk
j
for all k, r and j 3dBm
far from MBS. MUs and FUs are also uniformly located in the
served areas of MBS and FBSs respectively. In this paper, we
consider the multipath Rayleigh fading channel such that h
kk
ij
,
h
kr
iq
, h
Mk
mj
, h
kM
in
and h
MM
mn
are circularly symmetric complex
Gaussian. With the pathloss exponent factors in Table I, we
have
h
kk
ij
is CN(0, I
L
/(d
kk
j
)
3
) and d
kk
j
is the distance between
j-th FUE to its FBS.
h
kr
iq
is CN(0, I
L
/(d
kr
q
)
3.3
) and d
kr
q
is the distance be-
tween q-th FUE of r-th FBS to k-th FBS.
h
Mk
mj
is CN(0, I
L
/(d
Mk
j
)
3.5
) and d
Mk
j
is the distance
between j-th FUE of k-th FBS to MBS.
h
kM
in
is CN(0, I
L
/(d
kM
n
)
3.5
) and d
kM
n
is the distance
between n-th MUE of MBS to k-th FBS.
h
MM
mn
is CN(0, I
L
/(d
MM
n
)
4
) and d
MM
n
distance between
n-th MUE to the MBS.
The simulations are carried out with 1000 random locations
of users. We set n
M
= n
F
= 1 and other parameters are listed
in Table I.
In Fig. 6, we compare the transmission power performance
of two cases which are with and without TR applied. It can
be seen that with
F
= 16dBm and
M
= 85dBm, the
transmission power in cases: without TR applied and with TR
applied are approximately 9.5dBm and 16dBm respectively.
This can be explained that the effects of converging signal
energy by using TR technique lead to the havesting much
higher signal power at receivers. Therefore, the evaluation is
that a much lower power level is required meanwhile the QoS
is still kept up. Aslo observed from this gure that the larger

F
or
M
, the higher transmission energy that the systems
must provide.
Based on results in Fig. 6, we continuosly simulate the cases
With P
(sig)
k
j
_
p
kk
j
,

G
kk
ij
_
=

M
F
k

i=1
h
kk
ij

G
kk
ij
[L 1]
_
F
kk
ij
_
p
kk
j

2
, P
(isi)
k
j
_
p
kk
j
, g
kk
ij
_
=
_
M
F
k

i=1
(1 +
kk
ij
)
_
_
_h
kk
ij
_
_
_
_
_
g
kk
ij
_
_
1
_
2

M
F
k

i=1
h
kk
ij

G
kk
ij
[L 1]
_
F
kk
ij
_
p
kk
j

2
, P
(ico1)
k
j
_
{p
kk
j

=j
, g
kk
ij

=ij
}
N
F
k
j

=1
_
=
N
F
k

=1
j

=j
_
M
F
k

i=1
(1 +
kk
ij
)
_
_
_h
kk
ij
_
_
_
_
_
g
kk
ij

_
_
1
_
2
, we can formu-
late as below
minimize
{p
kk
}
_
_
_W
k
_
_
_
2
F
subject to
P
(sig)
k
j
_
p
kk
j
,

G
kk
ij
_
P
(isi)
k
j
_
p
kk
j
, g
kk
ij
_
+ P
(ico1)
k
j
_
{p
kk
j

=j
, g
kk
ij

=ij
}
N
F
k
j

=1
_
+
K

r=1
(r=k)
P
(tol)
rk
j
+ P
(icross)
k
j
_

p
M
_
+ n
F

2

k
j
,
N
F
k

j=1
_
_
_
M
F
k

i=1
(1 +
kM
in
)
_
_
_h
kM
in
_
_
_
_
_
_g
kk
ij
_
_
_
1
_
_
_
2
p
kk
j
P
(tol)
kM
n
,
N
F
k

j=1
_
_
_
M
F
k

i=1
(1 +
kr
iq
)
_
_
_h
kr
iq
_
_
_
_
_
_g
kk
ij
_
_
_
1
_
_
_
2
p
kk
j
P
(tol)
kr
q
.
(64)
20 18 16 14 12 10
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24

F
(dBm)
T
o
t
a
l

P
o
w
e
r

(
d
B
m
)

M
= 85, with TR

M
= 75, with TR

M
= 85, without TR

M
= 75, without TR
Fig. 6. Transmission power performance.
of the multitpath Rayleigh fading channel and LTE model
channel in the IEEE P802.15 standard in Fig.7. We observe
that with
F
= 22dBm, the gain of transmit power when we
apply TR in two cases: Rayleigh channel and IEEE 802.15
standard are approximately 7dB and 3dBm respectively. It
indicates that the receiver can achieve a very high power gain
with TR technique meanwhile there are no the increases in
complexity of user structure .
Fig.8 shows the power gain of applying TR technique as a
function of the number of taps. In Rayleigh fading channel, we
can observe that the more taps are considered the higher gain
can be obtained. Howerver, the power gain is nonincreasing
25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15
5
0
5
10
15
20
25

M
= 70dBm

F
(dBm)
P
o
w
e
r

(
d
B
m
)


TR femtocell Rayleigh
Femtocell Rayleigh
TR femtocell IEEE P802.15
Femtocell IEEE P802.15
Fig. 7. The effective of TR technique
with L = 4, 5, 6 in the IEEE P802.15 channel standard. It
can be explained that the avarage received signal power of
each tap in that standard [20] are 0dBm, 3dBm, 10dBm,
18dBm, 26dBm and 32dBm respectively. It means the
large amount of signal power is converged in three rst taps.
In Fig. 9, 10 and 11; the affectation of the channel es-
timation error on the performance of transmission power is
presented. In these simulations, we let =
kr
j
=
kM
n
for
all k, r and n. As shown in Fig. 9, with = 0.1, 0.2 and
0.3, the corresponding transmission power are roughly equal
to 3.1dBm, 3.4dBm and 3.7dBm in the case of L = 2 and
2dBm, 2.2dBm and 2.4dBm for L = 3 case. We observe that
1 2 3 4 5 6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

M
= 70dB,
F
= 25dB
The number of taps L
G
a
i
n

(
d
B
)


Rayleigh
IEEE P802.15
Fig. 8. Gain.
the more errors in estimated channels are considered the more
transmission power that is used to retain SINR at the receiver
side. This observation is also correct for results in Fig. 10.
By comparing the results in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10, we can again
see that the power gap between L = 3 and L = 6 in the
case of IEEE 802.15 channel standard much lower than that
of Rayleigh channel. It can be clearly seen from Fig. 11 that
the CEEs occured with = 0.3 cause FAP spends 1.3dB
and 1.2dB more energy at selected values of
F
= 25dBm
and
M
= 70dBm for Rayleigh channel and IEEE 802.15
standard to establish the solid connections to users respectively
due to the focalization property of TR technique is decreased.
The attractive advantage of applying TR is the focusing
signal in time and space domain. The loss of focalization
property is the reason of increasing transmitted energy to
compensate the reduction of central peak power, however, the
ISI and IUI are also strongly enhanced. In these situations,
the applying TR technique not only does not increase the
transmission power performance but also decreases it heavily.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, it is shown that TR technique can completely
matched with the femtocells and the solution for transmit
power optimization at the macrocell in the multi-path channel
is also provided. Thanks to time reversal, the receiver obtains a
very high multi-path diversity gain due to the signal energy is
harvested and compressed tightly in time and space domain. It
leads the performance of the femtocell systems in two-tier het-
erogeneous networks to be enhanced. The channel estimation
plays an important role and possesses the strong affectation
in the effectiveness of focusing signal characteristics. The
analytical and simulation results of the effects of CEEs on
focalization properties were presented. The performance of
power control is degraded when errors appeared in estimated
channels because of the wasting of emission power to keep
SINR value up at the user side and then causing the growth
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5

M
= 70dBm,
F
= 25dBm

P
o
w
e
r

(
d
B
m
)


L=2 Rayleigh
L=3 Rayleigh
L=4 Rayleigh
L=5 Rayleigh
L=6 Rayleigh
Fig. 9. Transmission power performance under the effect of CEE.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5

M
= 70dBm,
F
= 25dBm

P
o
w
e
r

(
d
B
m
)


L=2 IEEE P802.15
L=3 IEEE P802.15
L=6 IEEE P802.15
Fig. 10. Transmission power performance under the effect of CEE.
up of radio interference. In the case of many errors occured in
estimation processes, applying TR offers the dropping off of
transmission power performance. The simulation results show
that the advantages of the applied TR networks include saving
power, reducing the interference, increasing the robustness and
tending to designs of low latency, low complexity user, utilise
frequency resources for the future wireless networks.
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