Visual Tracking DONE

Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride
HEADQUARTERS
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS GOLDEN CORPS OF CADETS
1304TH CDC, NCR RCDG, ARESCOM
Espaa, Manila
Army Core Purpose: Serving the people, Securing the land.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LESSON PLAN -
LESSON OUTLINE -
LESSON MANUSCRIPT
ADVANCE SHEET -
LESSON HAND OUT
SLIDES -
QUESTIONNAIRE/ANSWER KEY -

HEADQUARTERS
Espaa, Manila
UST GCC
08 January 2014
LESSON PLAN
A. ADMINISTRATIVE DATA
1.
TITLE:
VISUAL TRACKING
2.
LESSON OBJECTIVE:
After completing the lesson, the student will be able to:
a.
TASK:
b.
before
Definition of Terms
The Fundamentals of Tracking
Tracker Qualities
Thoroughly Study the subject matter, review and update outdated

data caused by developmental changes, and update the students
hand out.
Review the sample questionnaire and prepare the final
questionnaire.
Ensure that the lesson objectives can be achieved after the
lesson.
Ensure the safety and security of students.
Ensure that the students exhibit the highest form of discipline and
conduct.
CONDITION: Handouts will be given to the students on the day
the lecture for advance reading.
c.
STANDARD: The students are expected to attain a grade of not
below
70% during written examination.
3.
TO BE PRESENTED TO: UST-ROTC Cadets
4.
TIME ALLOTED:
Two (2) Hours
5.
POINTS ALLOCATED:
Ten (10) Points
6.
MODE OF INSTRUCTION: Lecture/Conference Type

7.
UNIFORM:
BDU/ Fatigue
8.
9.
READING MATERIALS:
Student Handouts
TRAINING EQUIPMENT: Computer and Viewgraph (Infocus) for
Power
Point Slide Show Presentation
10.
TRAINING REQUIREMENTS:
a) Laptop
b) Projector
c) Audio Speaker
11.
INSTRUCTIONAL GROUPING: Class
12.
CLASSROOM SITTING ARRANGEMENT: Traditional
13.
RISK ASSESSMENT LEVEL:
14.
ISSUED MATERIALS:
Low
Advance Sheet with Handouts
15.
ASSIGNMENT: Read issued handouts and references for advance

learning.
16.
REFERENCES:
17.
TEST AND EVALUATION PROCEDURE: Single Response
Students Hand Book

Internet/Wikipedia
HEADQUARTERS
Espaa, Manila
UST GCC
08 January 2014
LESSON OUTLINE
1.
TITLE: VISUAL TRACKING
2.
INTRODUCTION:
a. Attention:
1) Marcher reports to the instructor.
2) Greetings.
3) Introduction of the instructor to the students.
b. Review:
Asking the prior knowledge of the students about Visual

Tracking Procedure in regards to their own understanding
in the outcome of their advance reading of their handouts.
c. Motivation:
Telling the students about your credentials, qualifications,

and experiences to gain the prestige, and attention, in
teaching the course in order to motivate the students.
d. Scope/Overview of the Subject.
Definition of Terms
Tracker Qualities
e. Transition (Lesson Objectives):

At the end of the lesson the student should be able to:
Identify the Definition and terms of Visual tracking
Discuss and explain the fundamentals of tracking
Give the tracker qualities
3. BODY:
Definition of Terms
Tracker Qualities
4.
CONCLUSION:
a.
Summary:
b.
Re-motivation: Encourage the students to put the acquired learning

into practice in the field
c.
Assignment:
d.
Closure:
Reiterate the topics and sub-topics taken
Read Handouts, read reference books for excellent

result, and prepare for written exams.
Proper closing remarks.
HEADQUARTERS
Espaa, Manila
UST GCC
08 January 2014
LESSON MANUSCRIPT
1.
TITLE:
VISUAL TRACKING
2.
INTRODUCTION:
A pleasant morning/afternoon. The subject that we are going to tackle
is Visual Tracking, but before we proceed, allow me to introduce myself.
Your instructor for today is a First Year student of University of Santo
Tomas, from the College of Tourism and Hospitality Management Majoring in
Travel Management. A 3CL Cadet Officer from Charlie Company who holds
the position of the Charlie Company Commander.
LESSON OBJECTIVE:
3.

BODY:
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
VISUAL TRACKING
Visual tracking is very important to detect sign of enemys presence or

activity. Such signs can often alert us to an enemys presence and give our unit
time to prepare for contact.
a. Tracking is the technique of locating and enemy with the aid of markings
and traces left as he moves through and out of the area.
b. Visual Tracking is following the path of men or animals by the signs they
leave, primarily on the ground or vegetation.
c. Scent Tracking is following men or animals by their smell.
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF TRACKING

a. Displacement takes place when something is moved from its original
position to another place.
b. Staining roots, stones and vines may be stained by crushed leaves or
berries when walked on. Yellow stains may be urine mark left by personnel in the
area.
c. Weathering weather may either aid or hinder tracking. It affects the
signs or marks but wind, rain and sunlight can also obliterate signs completely.
1) Footprints are greatly affected by weather. When a foot displaces soft,
moist soil to form print, the moisture holds the edges of the prints intact and sharp. A
sunlight and air dry the edges of the prints, small particles that were held in place by
the moisture fall into a print. If particles are just beginning to fall into a print, making
the edges appears rounded.
2) Wind affects sound and odors. If the wind is blowing from the direction
of a trail you are following, sounds and odors are carried to you. If the wind is
blowing in the same direction as the trail you are following, you must be cautious as
the wind will carry your sounds toward the enemy. To find the wind direction, drop a
handful of dry dirt or grass from shoulder height and watch its direction as it fall.
3) Sun you must also consider the effects of the sun. The vision is
affected when the tracker is directly facing the sun.
d. Littering poorly trained units may leave trails of litter as they move. Gum
or candy wrappers, ration cans, cigarette butts, remains of fire, or human feces are
unmistakable sign of recent movement.
Weather affects litter rain may flatten or wash litter away, or turn paper
into pulp. Winds may blow litter away from its original location.
Ration can exposed to weather will rust. They first rust at the exposed
edges where they were opened. Rust then moves toward the center. Use your
memory to determine the age of litter. The last rain or strong wind can be the basis
of a time frame.
e. Camouflaging Camouflage is used to conceal movement and to slow
down and confuse the tracker. Walking backward, brushing out trails and moving
over rocky ground are examples of camouflaging.
f. Interpretation/Immediate use of intelligence report facts, not the
interpretation of facts. Report what you have seen only.

g. Tracking Teams A typical tracking team has three trackers, three
security men and a team leader with the radiotelephone operator (RATELO).
When a team is moving, the best tracker should be in the lead, followed by
his security. The two other trackers should be on the flanks over watched by his
security. The leader should be where he can best control the team. The RATELO
should be with the leader.
Tracker dogs may be used to help track an enemy. Tracker dogs are
trained and used by their handlers. A dog track human scent and the scent of
disturbed vegetation caused by mans passing. Tracker dogs should be used with
tracker teams. The team can track visually, and the dog and handler can follow. If
the team loses the signs, then the dog can take over. A dog can track faster than
man tracks, and the dog can track at night.
h. Counter Tracking in addition to knowing how to track, you must know
how to counter an enemy tracker effort to track you.
1) While moving from close terrain to open terrain, walk fast a big tree (30cm
[12 in]) in diameter or larger toward the open area for three to five paces. Then walk
backward to the forward side of the tree and make a 90 degree change of direction
passing the tree on its forward side. Step carefully and leave a little sign as possible.
If this is not the direction that you want to go, change direction again about 50
meters away using the same technique. The purpose of this is to draw the enemy
tracker into the open area where it is harder for him to track. That also exposes him
and causes him to search the wrong area.
2) When approaching a trail (about 100 meters from it). Change your direction
of movement and approach it at a 45 degree angle. When arriving at the trail, move
along it for about 20 to 30 meters. Leave several signs of your presence. Then walk
backward along the trail to point, cross the trail and leaved no sign of your leaving it.
Then move about 100 meters at an angle of 45 degrees, but this time on the other
side of the trail an in the reverse of your approach. When changing direction back to
your original line of march, the big tree technique can be used. The purpose of the
technique is to draw the enemy tracker along the easier trail. You have, by changing
direction before reaching the trail, indicated that the trail is your new line of march.
3) To leave a false trail and to get an enemy tracker to look in the wrong
direction, walk backward over soft ground. Continue these deceptions for about 20 to
30 meters or until you are on hard ground. Use the technique when leaving a stream.
To further confuse the enemy tracker, use the technique several times before
actually leaving the stream.
4) When moving toward a stream, change direction about 100 meters before
reaching the stream and approach it at a 45 degree angle. Enter the stream and
proceed downwards for at least 20 to 30 meters. Then move back up-trail and leave
the stream in your initial direction. Changing direction before entering the stream
may confuse the enemy tracker. When the enemy tracker enters the stream, he may
follow the false trail until the trail is lost. That will put him well away from you.

5) When your direction of movement parallels a stream, use the stream to
deceive an enemy tracker. Some techniques that help elude a tracker are as follow:
a) Stay in the stream for 100 to 200 meters.
b) Stay in the center of the stream and in deep water.
c) Watch for rocks or roots near the banks that are not covered with moss
or vegetation and leave the stream at that point.
d) Walkout backward on soft ground.
e) Look for a small vegetation/covered tributary and exit from it.
f) When being tracked by an enemy tracker, the best bet is to either try to
out distance him or to back track and ambush him.
The leader who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple
before the battle is fought. The leader who loses a battle makes but few calculations
beforehand.
Sun Tzu
TRACKER QUALITIES
a.
Be Patient
b.
Be able to move slowly and quietly, yet steadily, while detecting and
interpreting signs.
c.
Avoid fast movement that may cause you to overlook sign, lose the
trail, or blunder into an enemy unit.
d.
Be persistent and have the skill and desire to continue the mission
even though signs are scare or weather or terrain is unfavorable.
e.
Be determined and persistent when trying to find a trail you have lost.
f.
Be observant and try to see things that are not obvious at first glance.
g.
Use your sense of smell and hearing to supplement your sight.
h.
Develop a feel for things that do not look right. It may help you regain
a lost trail or discover additional signs.
i.
Know the enemy, his habits, equipment and capability.
CONCLUSION:
The Visual tracking is very important to detect sign of enemys presence or activity.
Such signs can often alert us to an enemys presence and give our unit time to
prepare for contact.
SUMMARY:
For the One hour and forty five minutes (1:45) we have discuss the definitions
of Visual tracking the fundamentals of tracking in and what are the tracker qualities.
Is there any question of clarification? If theres none, thats all for this
morning/afternoon. Prepare for evaluation
HEADQUARTERS
Espaa, Manila
UST GCC
08 January 2014
ADVANCE SHEET
1.
TITLE: VISUAL TRACKING
2.
SCOPE/OVERVIEW OF THE SUBJECT:

3.
TRAINING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson the student should be able to:
4.
TASK:
5.
At the end of the classroom instruction, the students should discuss the
definitions of visual tracking the fundamentals of tracking in and what
are the tracker qualities.
CONDITION:
The students should be attentive and actively participate during

classroom instruction.
6.
ASSIGNMENT:
7.
SPECIAL INSTRUCTION:
a.
b.
NONE
Read the issued handouts on Troop Leading Procedure.

Be prepared for evaluation.

HEADQUARTERS
Espaa, Manila
UST GCC
08 January 2014
LESSON HANDOUTS
1.
TITLE:
VISUAL TRACKING
Visual tracking is very important to detect sign of enemys presence or

activity. Such signs can often alert us to an enemys presence and give our unit
time to prepare for contact.
a. Tracking is the technique of locating and enemy with the aid of markings
and traces left as he moves through and out of the area.
b. Visual Tracking is following the path of men or animals by the signs they
leave, primarily on the ground or vegetation.
c. Scent Tracking is following men or animals by their smell.
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF TRACKING
a. Displacement takes place when something is moved from its original
position to another place.
b. Staining roots, stones and vines may be stained by crushed leaves or
berries when walked on. Yellow stains may be urine mark left by personnel in the
area.
c. Weathering weather may either aid or hinder tracking. It affects the
signs or marks but wind, rain and sunlight can also obliterate signs completely.
1) Footprints are greatly affected by weather. When a foot displaces soft,
moist soil to form print, the moisture holds the edges of the prints intact and sharp. A
sunlight and air dry the edges of the prints, small particles that were held in place by
the moisture fall into a print. If particles are just beginning to fall into a print, making
the edges appears rounded.
2) Wind affects sound and odors. If the wind is blowing from the direction
of a trail you are following, sounds and odors are carried to you. If the wind is
blowing in the same direction as the trail you are following, you must be cautious as
the wind will carry your sounds toward the enemy. To find the wind direction, drop a
handful of dry dirt or grass from shoulder height and watch its direction as it fall.
3) Sun you must also consider the effects of the sun. The vision is
affected when the tracker is directly facing the sun.

d. Littering poorly trained units may leave trails of litter as they move. Gum
or candy wrappers, ration cans, cigarette butts, remains of fire, or human feces are
Weather affects litter rain may flatten or wash litter away, or turn paper
into pulp. Winds may blow litter away from its original location.
Ration can exposed to weather will rust. They first rust at the exposed
edges where they were opened. Rust then moves toward the center. Use your
memory to determine the age of litter. The last rain or strong wind can be the basis
of a time frame.
e. Camouflaging Camouflage is used to conceal movement and to slow
down and confuse the tracker. Walking backward, brushing out trails and moving
over rocky ground are examples of camouflaging.
f. Interpretation/Immediate use of intelligence report facts, not the
g. Tracking Teams A typical tracking team has three trackers, three
security men and a team leader with the radiotelephone operator (RATELO).
When a team is moving, the best tracker should be in the lead, followed by
his security. The two other trackers should be on the flanks over watched by his
security. The leader should be where he can best control the team. The RATELO
should be with the leader.
Tracker dogs may be used to help track an enemy. Tracker dogs are
trained and used by their handlers. A dog track human scent and the scent of
disturbed vegetation caused by mans passing. Tracker dogs should be used with
tracker teams. The team can track visually, and the dog and handler can follow. If
the team loses the signs, then the dog can take over. A dog can track faster than
man tracks, and the dog can track at night.
h. Counter Tracking in addition to knowing how to track, you must know
how to counter an enemy tracker effort to track you.
1) While moving from close terrain to open terrain, walk fast a big tree (30cm
[12 in]) in diameter or larger toward the open area for three to five paces. Then walk
backward to the forward side of the tree and make a 90 degree change of direction
passing the tree on its forward side. Step carefully and leave a little sign as possible.
If this is not the direction that you want to go, change direction again about 50
meters away using the same technique. The purpose of this is to draw the enemy
tracker into the open area where it is harder for him to track. That also exposes him
and causes him to search the wrong area.
2) When approaching a trail (about 100 meters from it). Change your direction
of movement and approach it at a 45 degree angle. When arriving at the trail, move
along it for about 20 to 30 meters. Leave several signs of your presence. Then walk
backward along the trail to point, cross the trail and leaved no sign of your leaving it.

Then move about 100 meters at an angle of 45 degrees, but this time on the other
side of the trail an in the reverse of your approach. When changing direction back to
your original line of march, the big tree technique can be used. The purpose of the
technique is to draw the enemy tracker along the easier trail. You have, by changing
direction before reaching the trail, indicated that the trail is your new line of march.
3) To leave a false trail and to get an enemy tracker to look in the wrong
direction, walk backward over soft ground. Continue these deceptions for about 20 to
30 meters or until you are on hard ground. Use the technique when leaving a stream.
To further confuse the enemy tracker, use the technique several times before
actually leaving the stream.
4) When moving toward a stream, change direction about 100 meters before
reaching the stream and approach it at a 45 degree angle. Enter the stream and
proceed downwards for at least 20 to 30 meters. Then move back up-trail and leave
the stream in your initial direction. Changing direction before entering the stream
may confuse the enemy tracker. When the enemy tracker enters the stream, he may
follow the false trail until the trail is lost. That will put him well away from you.
5) When your direction of movement parallels a stream, use the stream to
deceive an enemy tracker. Some techniques that help elude a tracker are as follow:
a) Stay in the stream for 100 to 200 meters.
b) Stay in the center of the stream and in deep water.
c) Watch for rocks or roots near the banks that are not covered with moss
or vegetation and leave the stream at that point.
d) Walkout backward on soft ground.
e) Look for a small vegetation/covered tributary and exit from it.
f) When being tracked by an enemy tracker, the best bet is to either try to
out distance him or to back track and ambush him.
The leader who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple
before the battle is fought. The leader who loses a battle makes but few calculations
beforehand.
Sun Tzu
TRACKER QUALITIES
a.
Be Patient
b.
Be able to move slowly and quietly, yet steadily, while detecting and
interpreting signs.
c.
Avoid fast movement that may cause you to overlook sign, lose the
trail, or blunder into an enemy unit.
d.
Be persistent and have the skill and desire to continue the mission
e.
Be determined and persistent when trying to find a trail you have lost.
f.
Be observant and try to see things that are not obvious at first glance.
g.
Use your sense of smell and hearing to supplement your sight.
h.
Develop a feel for things that do not look right. It may help you regain
a lost trail or discover additional signs.
i.
Know the enemy, his habits, equipment and capability.

HEADQUARTERS
Espaa, Manila
UST GCC
08 January 2014
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
Scope of Instruction
Visual Tracking
General Military Subject
A.
B.
C.
Definition of terms
Fundamentals of tracking
Tracker qualities
Golden Cor ps of Cadets
A. VISUAL TRACKING
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1. Tracking is the technique of locating and enemy with
the aid of markings and traces left as he moves through and
out of the area.
Fundamentalsof tracking
a. Displacement takes place when something is
moved from its original position to another place.
2.
Visual Tracking is following the path of men or animals

by the signs they leave, primarily on the ground or vegetation.
b. Staining roots, stones and vines may be stained by

crushed leaves or berries when walked on. Yellow stains
may be urine mark left by personnel in the area.
Scent Tracking is following men or animals by their

smell.
c. Weathering weather may either aid or hinder

tracking. It affects the signs or marks but wind, rain and
sunlight can also obliterate signs completely.
3.
d. Littering poorly trained units may leave trails of litter as they move.
Gum or candy wrappers, ration cans, cigarette butts, remains of fire, or
human fecesare unmistakable sign of recent movement.
e. Camouflaging Camouflage isused to conceal movement and to slow
down and confuse the tracker. Walking backward, brushing out
trails and moving over rocky ground are examples of
camouflaging.
f. Interpretation/ Immediate use of intelligence report facts, not the
g. TrackingTeams A typical tracking team has three trackers, three security
men and a team leader with the radiotelephoneoperator (RATELO).
h. When a team is moving, the best tracker should be in the lead, followed
by his security. The two other trackers should be on the flanks over
watched by his security. The leader should be where he can best control
the team. The RATELOshould be with the leader.
i. Tracker dogs may be used to help track an enemy. Tracker

dogs are trained and used by their handlers. A dog track
human scent and the scent of disturbed vegetation caused by
mans passing. Tracker dogs should be used with tracker
teams. The team can track visually, and the dog and handler
can follow. If the team loses the signs, then the dog can take
over. A dog can track faster than man tracks, and the dog can
track at night.
j. Counter Tracking in addition to knowing how to track,
you must know how to counter an enemy tracker effort to
track you.
TRACKER QUALITIES
a. Be Patient
b. Be able to move slowly and quietly, yet steadily, while detecting
and interpreting signs.
c. Avoid fast movement that may cause you to overlook sign, lose
the trail, or blunder into an enemy unit.
d. Be persistent and have the skill and desire to continue the mission
e. Be determined and persistent when trying to find a trail you have
lost.
f. Be observant and try to see thingsthat are not obviousat first
glance.
g. Use your sense of smell and hearing to supplement your sight.
h. Develop a feel for things that do not look right. It may help you
regain a lost trail or discover additional signs.
i. Know the enemy, his habits, equipment and capability
THANK YOU!!!
HEADQUARTERS
Espaa, Manila
UST GCC
08 January 2014
VISUAL TRACKING
NAME _____________________________
UNIT: _____________________________
I.
SCORE: ___________________
DATE: ___________________
IDENTIFICATION. Identify the answer to the question asked. (10 pts.)
____1. Is the technique of locating and enemy with the aid of markings and traces
left as he moves through and out of the area?
____2. Is following the path of men or animals by the signs they leave, primarily on
the ground or vegetation.
____3.Is following men or animals by their smell.
____4.Takes place when something is moved from its original position to another
place.
____5.Roots, stones and vines may be stained by crushed leaves or berries when
walked on. Yellow stains may be urine mark left by personnel in the area.
____6.Weather may either aid or hinder tracking. It affects the signs or marks but
wind, rain and sunlight can also obliterate signs completely.
____7.Poorly trained units may leave trails of litter as they move. Gum or candy
wrappers, ration cans, cigarette butts, remains of fire, or human feces are
____8.Camouflage is used to conceal movement and to slow down and confuse the
tracker. Walking backward, brushing out trails and moving over rocky ground are
examples of camouflaging.
____9.Report facts, not the interpretation of facts. Report what you have seen only.
____10. A typical tracking team has three trackers, three security men and a team
leader with the radiotelephone operator (RATELO).
ANSWER KEY:
1. Tracking
2. Visual Tracking
3. Scent Tracking
4. Displacement
5. Staining
6. Weathering
7. Littering
8. Camouflaging
9. Interpretation/ Immediate use of intelligence
10. Tracking Teams

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Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride

Army Core Purpose: Serving the people, Securing the land.

Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride

LESSON HAND OUT

Army Core Purpose: Serving the people, Securing the land.

Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride

Thoroughly Study the subject matter, review and update outdated

STANDARD: The students are expected to attain a grade of not

TO BE PRESENTED TO: UST-ROTC Cadets

Two (2) Hours

Ten (10) Points

MODE OF INSTRUCTION: Lecture/Conference Type

Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride

INSTRUCTIONAL GROUPING: Class

CLASSROOM SITTING ARRANGEMENT: Traditional

RISK ASSESSMENT LEVEL:

Advance Sheet with Handouts

ASSIGNMENT: Read issued handouts and references for advance

TEST AND EVALUATION PROCEDURE: Single Response

Students Hand Book

Army Core Purpose: Serving the people, Securing the land.

Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride

TITLE: VISUAL TRACKING

Asking the prior knowledge of the students about Visual

Telling the students about your credentials, qualifications,

d. Scope/Overview of the Subject.

e. Transition (Lesson Objectives):

Army Core Purpose: Serving the people, Securing the land.

Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride

Re-motivation: Encourage the students to put the acquired learning

Reiterate the topics and sub-topics taken

Read Handouts, read reference books for excellent

Army Core Purpose: Serving the people, Securing the land.

Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride

Identify the Definition and terms of Visual tracking

Visual tracking is very important to detect sign of enemys presence or

Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride

THE FUNDAMENTALS OF TRACKING

Army Core Purpose: Serving the people, Securing the land.

Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride

Army Core Purpose: Serving the people, Securing the land.

Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride

Army Core Purpose: Serving the people, Securing the land.

Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride

TITLE: VISUAL TRACKING

SCOPE/OVERVIEW OF THE SUBJECT:

Identify the Definition and terms of Visual tracking

The students should be attentive and actively participate during

Read the issued handouts on Troop Leading Procedure.

Army Core Purpose: Serving the people, Securing the land.

Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride

Visual tracking is very important to detect sign of enemys presence or

Army Core Purpose: Serving the people, Securing the land.

Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride

Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride

Army Vision: By 2028, a world-class Army that is a source of national pride

Golden Cor ps of Cadets

Golden Cor ps of Cadets

Visual Tracking is following the path of men or animals

b. Staining roots, stones and vines may be stained by

Scent Tracking is following men or animals by their

c. Weathering weather may either aid or hinder

Golden Cor ps of Cadets

Golden Cor ps of Cadets