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8W
2
fRem
N
2
t
r
2
pD
3
h
L
t
T
w
; (1)
where:
_
Q N
t
_
Q
t
, W _ m
t
N
t
, A pL
t
N
t
, w
o
w
i
exp(NTU).
Following Bejan [13,14], the augmentation entropy generation
number N
S
can be presented as
N
S
_
S
gen
_
S
gen;circle
N
S;T
f
o
N
S;P
1 f
o
1
1 f
o
_
N
S;T
f
o
N
S;P
_
;
(2)
where [15]
N
S;T
Q
*
N
*
w
o
w
o;c
T
o;c
T
o
Q
*
w
*
N
*
T
*
o
; (2a)
Fig. 1. Coordinate system and geometrical details of: a) trapezoidal duct and b) hex-
agonal duct.
V.M. Petkov et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 79 (2014) 220e228 221
T
*
o
_
T
i;c
T
o;c
Q
*
W
*
_
1
T
i;c
T
o;c
__
; (2b)
w
*
o
exp
_
NTU
c
_
1
St
St
c
L
*
D
*
__
; (2c)
N
S;P
W
2
*
L
*
fRe
*
N
2
*
p
*
D
3
*
T
w;c
T
w
hP
*
; (2d)
f
o
8 _ m
c
mL
c
pr
2
D
4
c
c
p
T
i;c
T
o;c
w
o;c
T
o
T
i
c
T
w
fRe
c
: (2e)
The numerical value of the irreversibility distribution ratio
f
o
_
S
gen;DP
=
_
S
gen;DT
c
, describes the thermodynamic mode in
which the circular tube passage is meant to operate. This mode
can be expressed also by the value of Bejan number,
Be
_
S
gen;DT
=
_
S
gen
c
or Be 1/(1 f
o
). The PEC as suggested by
Webb [11] and Webb and Bergles [12] characterize nearly all the
PEC. Some of them will be considered below, namely, FG-1a, VG-1
and VG-2a, Table 1. The other cases as FG-1b, FG-2b, FG-3, FN-1, and
FN-2 can be found in Ref. [31].
The equations are developed for ducts with different cross
sectional shape and the equations (in dimensionless form) for in-
side fully developed laminar ow are:
A
*
p
*
L
*
N
*
c
*
D
*
N
*
L
*
; (3)
P
*
W
2
*
L
*
fRe
*
N
2
*
c
*
D
4
*
; (4)
Q
*
W
*
*
w
*
i
; (5)
W
*
Re
*
p
*
N
*
Re
*
c
*
D
*
N
*
; (6)
where c* p*/D*.
3. Performance evaluation criteria
The performance evaluation criteria considered in this study are
listed in Table 1. These criteria are based on the use of rst and
second law analyses in the pursuit of two objectives simulta-
neously. It means that the benet is available only if the both ob-
jectives are reached. In this study, the geometrical and regime
parameters of the reference channel (smooth circular tube) are
selected to fulll the requirement of 4L
c
/(D
c
RePr) 1, correspond-
ing to the fully-developed laminar ow in tube.
The performance characteristics of the bundles with non-
circular tubes, such as rectangular, isosceles triangular, elliptical,
trapezoidal and hexagonal shapes are compared to the reference
bundle with circular tubes. The values of the shape factor c, friction
factor f and Nusselt number Nu of non-circular ducts are taken and
calculated from Shah and London [1] and Sadasivan et al. [30].
While obtaining the augmentation entropy generation number, the
irreversibility distribution ratio for the circular conguration, f
o
,
varies in the range 10
3
f
o
10
3
(0.001 < Be < 0.999).
3.1. Fixed geometry criteria (FG)
These criteria involve a replacement of circular tubes by tubes
with non-circular shape of equal length and hydraulic diameter.
The FG-1 cases seek increased heat duty for constant exchanger
ow rate and heat transfer area. The FG-2 criteria have the same
objective as FG-1, but requires that the non-circular tube design to
operate at the same pumping power.
3.1.1. Case FG-1a
The objective functions of the case FG-1a are increased heat rate
Q* > 1, decreased entropy generation number N
S
< 1, and simul-
taneous effect of the both of them as a general performance crite-
rion N
S
/Q* < 1. The constraints imposed are: W* 1, w
*
i
1, A* 1,
L* 1, and D* 1. Following the constraints, Eqs. (2)e(6) yield
Table 1
Performance evaluation criteria.
Fixed Objective
Case A* D* L* W* P* Q* w
*
i
FG-1a 1 1 1 1 e e 1 Q* > 1
VG-1 e 1 e 1 1 1 1 A* < 1
VG-2a 1 1 e 1 1 e 1 Q* > 1
Fig. 2. The variation of Q* with c* for bundle with: a) isosceles, rectangular and
elliptical ducts.
Fig. 3. The variation of Q* with c* for bundle with hexagonal ducts.
V.M. Petkov et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 79 (2014) 220e228 222
Q
*
*
; (7)
and
N
S
c
*
1 f
o
_
Q
*
w
*
o
T
*
o
f
o
fRe
*
_
; (8)
The calculated values of Q* by Eq. (7), are shown in Figs. 2 and 3.
As seen, the bundle with isosceles triangular or elliptical ducts,
Fig. 2, cannot reach the rst objective Q* > 1.0, whereas the bundle
with rectangular ducts, Fig. 2, can achieve some benet of order
Q* 1.023, if c* > 1.5. The performance characteristics of bundle
with trapezoidal and hexagonal ducts are very similar, and due to
limitations only some of the characteristics of bundle with hexag-
onal ducts will be presented hereafter, Fig. 3. For smaller values of
c* (c* < 5), Q* depends on c* and the bigger the q, the greater Q* is
(the best performance with q 75
.
Figs. 10e13 present the variation of N
S
A* with c* and f
o
as a
parameter for bundles with rectangular, Fig. 10, isosceles triangular,
Fig. 11, elliptical, Fig. 12, and hexagonal ducts, Fig. 13. As seen, the
bundle with isosceles triangular or elliptical ducts cannot bring any
benet compared to the bundle with standard circular tubes. The
use of rectangular ducts can be protable only for f
o
> 10 and
c* >1.5. The benet increases with the increase of c* and f
o
, and its
maximum is N
S
A* 0.655 for c* 3.22 and f
o
10
3
. The use of
bundle with trapezoidal or hexagonal ducts can bring a benet
again if f
o
> 10, and the maximumvalue is (for trapezoidal ducts):
N
S
A* z0.505 for f
o
10
3
and c* 32.2 (g 0.01). The bundle with
hexagonal ducts, Fig. 13, behaves in the same way compared to the
bundle with trapezoidal ducts and the benet is almost one and the
same. The only difference is that the prot N
S
A* < 1 appears for
smaller values of c*.
3.2.2. Case VG-2a
The objective functions of the case VG-2a are increased heat
duty Q* > 1, decreased entropy generation number N
S
< 1, and the
simultaneous effect of both of them N
S
/Q* < 1. The constraints
imposed are: W* 1, w
*
i
1, P* 1, A* 1, D* 1. Due to the
constraints, Eqs. (2)e(6) yield:
Q
*
*
; (11)
and
N
S
1
1 f
o
_
Q
*
w
*
o
T
*
o
_
c
2
*
fRe
*
_
1=3
f
o
_
; (12)
The calculated values of Q* by Eq. (11), are shown in Figs. 14 and
15. As seen, the bundles with isosceles triangular and elliptical
ducts, Fig. 14, cannot reach the rst objective Q* > 1.0. The use of
bundle with rectangular ducts, Fig. 14, can be protable if c* > 1.7
but the benet is very small and reaches the value Q* 1.023 for
c* 3.22. Bundles with trapezoidal or hexagonal ducts, Fig. 15,
perform almost in the same way, and the maximum benet is
Q* 1.026. The use of bundle with hexagonal ducts is preferable.
Figs. 16e19 present the variation of the general criterion N
S
/Q*
with c* and f
o
for bundles with rectangular, Fig. 16, isosceles
Fig. 12. The variation of the general criterion N
S
A* with c* and f
o
for bundle with
elliptical ducts.
Fig. 13. The variation of the general criterion N
S
A* with c* and f
o
for bundle with
hexagonal ducts.
Fig. 14. The variation of Q* with c* for bundle with rectangular, isosceles or elliptical
ducts.
Fig. 15. The variation of Q* with c* for bundle with hexagonal ducts.
V.M. Petkov et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 79 (2014) 220e228 225
triangular, Fig. 17, elliptical, Fig. 18 or hexagonal ducts, Fig. 19. As
seen, the use of bundles with isosceles triangular and elliptical
ducts cannot bring any benet, whereas the use of bundle with
rectangular ducts can be protable if f
o
1 and c* > 1.7. In this
case, the benet increases with the increase of c* and decrease of
f
o
. The variation of N
S
/Q* with c*, f
o
and q for bundles with trap-
ezoidal or hexagonal ducts, Fig. 19, is similar to that of the bundle
with rectangular ducts and a benet can be obtained even though
for great values of f
o
. This benet depends on the values of c* and q
and the best results can be obtained for the cases f
o
1 regardless
of the use of trapezoidal or hexagonal ducts in the bundle.
4. Concluding remarks
Extended performance evaluation criteria (ExPEC) have been
used to assess the performance characteristics of single-phase fully
developed laminar ow through bundle of ducts with non-circular
shape such as rectangular, isosceles triangular, elliptical, trape-
zoidal and hexagonal under different objectives and constraints
imposed. These performance characteristics have been compared
to those of the bundle with circular tubes. The constant wall
temperature has been selected as thermal boundary condition. The
results can be summarized as follows:
(i) For the case FG-1a, the bundles with isosceles triangular or
elliptical ducts are inefcient. For bundle with rectangular
ducts the benet, N
S
/Q* < 1, can be only achieved if c* > 2
and f
o
< 10
1
and it increases with the increase of c* and
decrease of f
o
. The bundle with c* > 3 (aspect ratio a/b > 8,
Ref. [1]) realizes the greatest efciency.
The bundle with trapezoidal or hexagonal ducts is inefcient
when f
o
> 10
1
despite the values of c* and q. Benets can be
obtained for small values of f
o
(f
o
< 10
1
), and the smaller the
value of f
o
, the greater benet is. The bundle with hexagonal ducts
performs a little better.
(ii) In the case VG-1, the bundle with isosceles triangular or
elliptical ducts cannot bring any benet. The use of rectan-
gular ducts can be protable only for f
o
> 10 and c* > 1.5.
The bundles with trapezoidal or hexagonal ducts behave in
the same way.
Fig. 16. The variation of the general criterion N
S
/Q* with c* and f
o
for bundle with
rectangular ducts.
Fig. 17. The variation of the general criterion N
S
/Q* with c* and f
o
for bundle with
isosceles triangular ducts.
Fig. 18. The variation of the general criterion N
S
/Q* with c* and f
o
for bundle with
elliptical ducts.
Fig. 19. The variation of the general criterion N
S
/Q* with c* and f
o
for bundle with
hexagonal ducts.
V.M. Petkov et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 79 (2014) 220e228 226
(iii) In the case VG-2a, the use of bundles with isosceles trian-
gular and elliptical ducts cannot bring any benet, whereas
the use of rectangular ducts can be protable if f
o
1 and
c* > 1.7. The variation of N
S
/Q* for bundle with trapezoidal or
hexagonal ducts is similar to that of the bundle with rect-
angular ducts and a benet can be obtained even though for
great values of f
o
. It is obvious that the best results can be
obtained for the cases f
o
1 regardless of the use of trape-
zoidal or hexagonal ducts in the bundle.
Figs. 20e22 present comparison of performance efciencies of
bundles with the most efcient duct shapes (rectangular and
hexagonal ducts) for the cases FG-1a, VG-1 and VG-2a. As seen, the
bundle with hexagonal (trapezoidal) ducts can bring about greater
benet.
The analysis of the performance of bundle with non-circular
ducts as heat transfer unit revealed that only the rectangular,
trapezoidal or hexagonal duct conguration can compete, in some
cases with the circular tube conguration for single-phase fully
developed laminar ow. The choice of the tube shape strongly
depends on the constraints imposed and the objectives pursued.
The results obtained in this study are restricted to general
constraint D* 1 and the benets can be completely different if the
constraint A
*
f
1 is imposed. These differences can be clearly seen
if the results of this study are compared to those shown up in a
recently published papers [29,32].
References
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in Heat Transfer, Academic Press, New York, 1978.
[2] R.K. Shah, M.S. Bhatti, Laminar convective heat transfer in ducts, in: S. Kaka,
R.K. Shah, W. Aung (Eds.), Handbook of Single-phase Convective Heat Trans-
fer, Wiley, New York, 1987 (Chapter 3).
[3] R.M. Manglik, J. Ding, Laminar ow heat transfer to viscous power-law uids
in double-sine ducts, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 40 (1997) 1379e1390.
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segment ducts with uniform wall temperature, Numer. Heat Transfer Part A
26 (1994) 499e519.
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variations and boundary conditions on fully developed laminar forced con-
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[8] R.K. Shah, D.P. Sekulic, Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2003.
[9] R.M. Manglik, Plate heat exchangers for process industry applications:
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[10] S.M. Flockhart, R.S. Dhariwal, Experimental and numerical investigation into
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[11] R.L. Webb, Performance evaluation criteria for use of enhanced heat transfer
surfaces in heat exchanger design, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 24 (1981) 715e
726.
[12] R.L. Webb, A.E. Bergles, Performance evaluation criteria for selection of heat
transfer surface geometries used in low Reynolds number heat exchangers, in:
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Heat Mass Transfer 44 (2001) 169e180.
[17] D.H. Richardson, D.P. Seculic, A. Campo, Low Reynolds number ow inside
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Fig. 20. Comparison of performance efciencies of bundles with rectangular and
hexagonal ducts, Case FG-1a.
Fig. 21. Comparison of performance efciencies of bundles with rectangular and
hexagonal ducts, Case VG-1.
Fig. 22. Comparison of performance efciencies of bundles with rectangular and
hexagonal ducts, Case VG-2a.
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[18] S.Y. Wu, Y.R. Li, Y. Chen, L. Xiao, Exergy transfer characteristics of forced
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in laminar ow and constant wall heat ux, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer
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[21] D.P. Sekulic, A. Campo, J.K. Morales, Irreversibility phenomena associated with
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ducts, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 40 (1997) 905e914.
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659.
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the shape of the cross section, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 52 (2009) 3439e3445.
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[28] V.M. Petkov, V.D. Zimparov, Performance evaluation of laminar fully devel-
oped ow through ducts with non-circular shapes subjected to H1 boundary
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[29] V.M. Petkov, V.D. Zimparov, A.E. Bergles, Performance evaluation of ducts with
non-circular shapes and laminar fully developed ow, Int. Rev. Chem. Eng. 4
(4) (2012) 379e391.
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through trapezoidal and hexagonal ducts, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 42 (1999)
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oped ow through ducts with trapezoidal and hexagonal shapes subjected to
T boundary condition. Part 1, Int. Rev. Chem. Eng. 5 (5) (2013) 356e362.
Nomenclature
A: heat transfer surface area (m
2
)
A
f
: cross-sectional ow area (m
2
)
c
p
: specic heat capacity (J kg
1
K
1
)
D: reference circular tube diameter (m)
D
h
: hydraulic diameter, (m)
h: specic enthalpy (J kg
1
)
k: thermal conductivity (W m
1
K
1
)
L
t
: tube length (m)
_ mt : mass ow rate in tube (kg s
1
)
N
t
: number of tubes
P: pumping power (W)
p: wetted perimeter (m)
Dp: pressure drop (Pa)
_
Q: heat transfer rate (W)
_
Q
t
: tube heat transfer rate (W)
_
Sgen: entropy generation rate (W K
1
)
T: temperature (K)
V: duct volume (m
3
)
W: mass ow rate in heat unit (kg s
1
)
x: axial distance along the tube (m)
Greek symbols
a: heat transfer coefcient (W m
2
K
1
)
c: shape factor
w: temperature difference, T
w
T (K)
m: dynamic viscosity (Pa s)
r: uid density (kg m
3
)
Dimensionless groups
A
*
: dimensionless heat transfer surface, A/A
c
A
*
f
: dimensionless cross-sectional area, A
f
/A
f,c
D
*
: dimensionless tube diameter, D
h
/D
c
L
*
: dimensionless tube length, L
t
/L
t,c
f: Fanning friction factor
Nu: Nusselt number
Nu
*
: Nusselt number ratio, Nu/Nu
c
N
S
: augmentation entropy generation number
N
*
: ratio of number of tubes, N
t
/N
t,c
NTU: heat transfer units, 4StL
t
/D
Pr: Prandtl number
P
*
: dimensionless pumping power, P/P
c
Q
*
: dimensionless heat transfer rate,
_
Q=
_
Q
c
Re: Reynolds number
(fRe)
*
: ratio (fRe)/(fRe)
c
St: Stanton number
W
*
: dimensionless mass ow rate, W/W
c
w
*
i
: dimensionless inlet temperature difference, w
i
/w
i,c
w
*
o
: dimensionless outlet temperature difference, w
o
/w
o,c
c: shape factor, p/D
h
c
*
: ratio of shape factors, c/c
c
*
: ratio of heat exchanger effectiveness, /
c
s: dimensionless temperature difference, DT/T
f
o
: irreversibility distribution ratio
DT
*
m
: dimensionless mean temperature difference, DT
m
/DT
m,c
Subscripts
c: circular tube
f: uid
i: value at x 0
m: mean
o: value at x L
w: wall
V.M. Petkov et al. / International Journal of Thermal Sciences 79 (2014) 220e228 228