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!"!#$"%# "%&#'("&) *+,"-,


resenLed by ur. !ohn l. klefner
!une 22, 2011
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&./012
Class LocaLlons 1, 2, 3, and 4
Plgh Consequence Areas (PCAs)
oLenLlal lmpacL 8adlus (l8)
1hreaLs Lo lpellne lnLegrlLy
Means of MlLlgaLlng 1hreaLs
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(34353613 7.18936:2
Code of lederal 8egulaLlons, 1lLle 49, arL

192, (49 Cl8 192) -

1ransporLaLlon of naLural

and CLher Cas 8y lpellne: Mlnlmum lederal

SafeLy 8egulaLlons
ASML 831.8 -

2007 Cas 1ransmlsslon and

ulsLrlbuLlon lplng SysLems"
ASML 831.8S -

2004 Managlng SysLem

lnLegrlLy of Cas lpellnes"
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-$+,, $;-+&";%,
Class locaLlons are used Lo esLabllsh deslgn

facLors (safeLy marglns). 1hey are based on

populaLlon denslLy. Class locaLlons are

deflned ln 49 Cl8 192, 192.3
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-$+,, $;-+&";% <%"&
Cne Mlle
lpellne
220 yds
220 yds
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-$+,, =
An offshore area.
Class locaLlon unlL has 10 or fewer bulldlngs
lnLended for human occupancy.
Lach separaLe dwelllng unlL ln a mulLlple dwelllng
unlL bulldlng ls counLed as a separaLe bulldlng
lnLended for human occupancy. 1hus, a four
famlly aparLmenL would be consldered as four
bulldlngs lnLended for human occupancy.
7
->?22 @
Class locaLlon unlL has more Lhan 10 buL fewer

Lhan 46 bulldlngs lnLended for human

occupancy.
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-$+,, A
Class locaLlon unlL has 46 or more bulldlngs

lnLended for human occupancy, or
lpellne lles wlLhln 100 yards of elLher a

bulldlng or place of publlc assembly LhaL ls

occupled by 20 or more persons on aL leasL 3

days a week for 10 weeks ln any 12monLh

perlod
9
->?22 B
A class locaLlon unlL where bulldlngs wlLh four

or more sLorles above ground are prevalenL.
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7#,"'% C+-&;(,
1he deslgn facLors deLermlne Lhe maxlmum

allowable operaLlng sLress ln Lhe plpellne.
Class 1 72 of SM?S
Class 2 60 of SM?S
Class 3 30 of SM?S
Class 4 40 of SM?S
where SM?S sLands for speclfled mlnlmum yleld

sLrengLh of Lhe plpe.
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(#$+&";%,D"! *#&E##% !(#,,<(# +%7

,&(#,,
1he maxlmum allowable operaLlng pressure

(MAC) ln a plpellne ls relaLed Lo Lhe

maxlmum allowable operaLlng sLress by Lhe

8arlow"

formula. lor a Class 1 locaLlon:
MAC = 0.72*SM?S*2L/(u)
where:
u ls Lhe ouLslde dlameLer of Lhe plpe and
L ls Lhe wall Lhlckness of Lhe plpe
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F+G"F<F +$$;E+*$# ;!#(+&"%' !(#,,<(#

HF+;!I
lor a plpellne comprlsed of 30lnchouLslde

dlameLer, 0.373lnch wall Lhlckness, Crade x32

(32,000 pounds per square lnch mlnlmum yleld

sLrengLh) sLeel plpe, Lhe MAC for each class

locaLlon ls as follows:
Class 1

936 pounds per square lnch
Class 2

780 pounds per square lnch
Class 3

630 pounds per square lnch
Class 4

320 pounds per square lnch
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F"%"F<F (#J<"(#7 E+$$ &D"-K%#,,
lor a 30lnchouLsldedlameLer plpellne comprlsed

of x32 sLeel plpe LhaL ls operaLed aL an MAC of

936 pounds per square lnch, Lhe wall Lhlckness of

Lhe plpe for each class locaLlon would have Lo be:
Class 1

0.373 lnch
Class 2 0.430 lnch
Class 3 0.340 lnch
Class 4 0.673 lnch
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#CC#-& ;C !;!<$+&";% "%-(#+,#,
ln mosL cases populaLlon growLh LhaL would change

a class locaLlon unlL by Lwo class locaLlons would

requlre lnsLalllng new plpe wlLh greaLer wall

Lhlckness or reduclng Lhe MAC commensuraLe

wlLh Lhe currenL class locaLlon.
1hus, lf Lhe number of bulldlngs ln a Class 1 locaLlon

unlL lncreases from 10 or less Lo 46 or more
(Class 3 locaLlon), Lhe exlsLlng plpe would have Lo

be replaced wlLh plpe of 44 greaLer wall

Lhlckness or Lhe pressure would have Lo be

lowered by [usL over 30.
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D"'D -;%,#J<#%-# +(#+
1he concepL of a hlgh consequence area was

developed [olnLly by plpellne lndusLry experLs

and federal regulaLors Lo deLermlne Lhe parLs

of a plpellne sysLem where perlodlc lnLegrlLy

assessmenLs are needed Lo proLecL Lhe publlc

and Lhe envlronmenL.
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D"'D -;%,#J<#%-# +(#+ 7#C"%"&";%
A Class 3 or Class 4 locaLlon.
An area ln a Class 1 or Class 2 locaLlon where

Lhe poLenLlal lmpacL radlus ls greaLer Lhan 660

feeL (220 yards) and Lhe poLenLlal lmpacL

clrcle conLalns 20 or more bulldlngs lnLended

for human occupancy or an !"#$%!&!#" '!%#.
17
"7#%&"C"#7 ,"&#,
CuLslde areas occupled by 20 or more people

on aL leasL 30 days ln any 12 monLh perlod.
8ulldlngs occupled by 20 or more people on

aL leasL 3 days a week for 10 weeks ln any 12

monLh perlod.
A faclllLy such as a hosplLal were evacuaLlon

would be dlfflculL.
18
!;&#%&"+$ "F!+-& (+7"<, H!"(I
19
!;&#%&"+$ "F!+-& (+7"<, H!"(I
l8 ls Lhe dlsLance beyond whlch a person

sLandlng ouLslde ln Lhe vlclnlLy of a plpellne

rupLure and flre would have a 99 chance of

survlvlng.
1he l8 lncreases as Lhe dlameLer of Lhe

plpellne lncreases and as Lhe pressure ln Lhe

plpellne lncreases.
20
#G+F!$#, ;C !"(2
70?93:35L
061M32
!5322853L
/20N
!"(L
C33:
!"(L
)?5O2
16 1440 419 140
30 1000 634 218
36 1000 786 262
l8 = 0.69*(dlameLer)*(pressure)
0.3
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WhaL ls a plpellne lnLegrlLy LhreaL"?
A condlLlon or seL of clrcumsLances
LhaL, lf noL mlLlgaLed, could cause a

plpellne Lo fall.
22
&D# C"(,& $"%# ;C 7#C#%-# +'+"%,&

"%&#'("&) &D(#+&,
ueslgn by ASML SLandards
SelecL good llne plpe maLerlals
rovlde compeLenL supervlslon and lnspecLlon
CoaL and caLhodlcally proLecL Lhe plpellne
ConducL an approprlaLe preservlce hydrosLaLlc

LesL
MalnLaln and lnspecL Lhe plpellne ln servlce
roLecL Lhe plpellne from ouLslde forces
CperaLe Lhe plpellne safely
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&"F#7#!#%7#%& &D(#+&,
1hreaL ercenLage of SlgnlflcanL

lpellne lncldenLs beLween

1991 and 2010
LxLernal
Corroslon
9.9
lnLernal
Corroslon
12.9
SLress Corroslon
Cracklng
1.0
24
&"F#,&+*$# &D(#+&,
1hreaL ercenLage of SlgnlflcanL

lpellne lncldenLs beLween

1991 and 2010
ManufacLurlng
uefecLs
3.4
ConsLrucLlon

and labrlcaLlon
uefecLs
3.3
23
(+%7;F &D(#+&,
1hreaL ercenLage of SlgnlflcanL

lpellne lncldenLs beLween

1991 and 2010
Mechanlcal
uamage
23.4
LqulpmenL

lallure
13.3
lncorrecL

CperaLlons
1.8
26
(+%7;F &D(#+&, H1.6:0683OI
1hreaL ercenLage of SlgnlflcanL

lpellne lncldenLs beLween

1991 and 2010
lorces of

naLure
11.8
Mlscellaneous

& unknown
18.9
27
F"&"'+&";% ;C &"F#7#!#%7#%& &D(#+&,
lndenLlfy appllcable LhreaLs
rlorlLlze segmenLs by percelved severlLy
ConducL Lhe approprlaLe assessmenLs Lo

deLermlne Lhe condlLlons of Lhe segmenLs
8epalr ln[urlous defecLs
CalculaLe Llmes Lo fallure for anomalles LhaL were

noL severe enough Lo requlre repalr
8eassess well before Lhe Llmes Lo fallure are

reached, repalr ln[urlous defecLs, and recalculaLe

Lhe Llmes Lo fallure
28
+,,#,,F#%& F#&D;7,
lLl

lnllne lnspecLlon wlLh smarL"

plg
P1

hydrosLaLlc LesL
LCuA

exLernal corroslon dlrecL assessmenL
lCuA

lnLernal corroslon dlrecL assessmenL
SCCuA

sLress corroslon cracklng dlrecL
assessmenL
nuL

nondesLrucLlve examlnaLlon of an
exposed or aboveground componenL
29
$"F"&+&";%, ;% +,,#,,F#%& F#&D;7,
lpellne musL be plggable"

Lo use lLl
lLl Lechnology noL yeL rellable for all Lypes of

anomalles
Some segmenLs cannoL be Laken ouL of

servlce for P1
LCuA, lCuA, and SCCuA each only apply Lo

one slngle LhreaL alLhough LCuA can be

effecLlve for flndlng prlor excavaLlon damage
30
+,,#,,F#%& F#&D;7, C;( &"F#7#!#%7#%&

&D(#+&,
1hreaL AssessmenL MeLhods
LxLernal
Corroslon
lLl, LCuA, P1
lnLernal
Corroslon
lLl, lCuA, P1
LnvlronmenLal
Cracklng
lLl, SCCuA, P1
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+,,#,,F#%& F#&D;7, C;( &"F#,&+*$#

&D(#+&,
1hreaL AssessmenL MeLhods
ManufacLurlng
uefecLs
P1, lLl
ConsLrucLlon

and labrlcaLlon
uefecLs
P1, nuL
32
F"&"'+&";% ;C &"F#,&+*$# &D(#+&,
Cood preservlce hydrosLaLlc LesL
nondesLrucLlve lnspecLlon of welds durlng

consLrucLlon and fabrlcaLlon
33
F"&"'+&";% ;C (+%7;F &D(#+&,
1hreaL MlLlgaLlon MeLhods
Mechanlcal
uamage
Cnecall sysLem, markers,

publlc awareness, paLrolllng
LqulpmenL

lallure
erlodlc lnspecLlon and

malnLenance
lncorrecL

CperaLlons
CperaLor Lralnlng and

quallflcaLlon
34
F"&"'+&";% ;C (+%7;F &D(#+&, H1.6:0683OI
1hreaL MlLlgaLlon MeLhods
lorces of

naLure
aLrolllng and monlLorlng
Mlscellaneous

& unknown
MlLlgaLlon cannoL be deflned

unless Lhe LhreaL ls known
33
J<#,&";%,P

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