resenLed by ur. !ohn l. klefner !une 22, 2011 2 &./012 Class LocaLlons 1, 2, 3, and 4 Plgh Consequence Areas (PCAs) oLenLlal lmpacL 8adlus (l8) 1hreaLs Lo lpellne lnLegrlLy Means of MlLlgaLlng 1hreaLs 3 (34353613 7.18936:2 Code of lederal 8egulaLlons, 1lLle 49, arL
192, (49 Cl8 192) -
1ransporLaLlon of naLural
and CLher Cas 8y lpellne: Mlnlmum lederal
SafeLy 8egulaLlons ASML 831.8 -
2007 Cas 1ransmlsslon and
ulsLrlbuLlon lplng SysLems" ASML 831.8S -
2004 Managlng SysLem
lnLegrlLy of Cas lpellnes" 4 -$+,, $;-+&";%, Class locaLlons are used Lo esLabllsh deslgn
facLors (safeLy marglns). 1hey are based on
populaLlon denslLy. Class locaLlons are
deflned ln 49 Cl8 192, 192.3 3 -$+,, $;-+&";% <%"& Cne Mlle lpellne 220 yds 220 yds 6 -$+,, = An offshore area. Class locaLlon unlL has 10 or fewer bulldlngs lnLended for human occupancy. Lach separaLe dwelllng unlL ln a mulLlple dwelllng unlL bulldlng ls counLed as a separaLe bulldlng lnLended for human occupancy. 1hus, a four famlly aparLmenL would be consldered as four bulldlngs lnLended for human occupancy. 7 ->?22 @ Class locaLlon unlL has more Lhan 10 buL fewer
Lhan 46 bulldlngs lnLended for human
occupancy. 8 -$+,, A Class locaLlon unlL has 46 or more bulldlngs
lnLended for human occupancy, or lpellne lles wlLhln 100 yards of elLher a
bulldlng or place of publlc assembly LhaL ls
occupled by 20 or more persons on aL leasL 3
days a week for 10 weeks ln any 12monLh
perlod 9 ->?22 B A class locaLlon unlL where bulldlngs wlLh four
or more sLorles above ground are prevalenL. 10 7#,"'% C+-&;(, 1he deslgn facLors deLermlne Lhe maxlmum
allowable operaLlng sLress ln Lhe plpellne. Class 1 72 of SM?S Class 2 60 of SM?S Class 3 30 of SM?S Class 4 40 of SM?S where SM?S sLands for speclfled mlnlmum yleld
sLrengLh of Lhe plpe. 11 (#$+&";%,D"! *#&E##% !(#,,<(# +%7
,&(#,, 1he maxlmum allowable operaLlng pressure
(MAC) ln a plpellne ls relaLed Lo Lhe
maxlmum allowable operaLlng sLress by Lhe
8arlow"
formula. lor a Class 1 locaLlon: MAC = 0.72*SM?S*2L/(u) where: u ls Lhe ouLslde dlameLer of Lhe plpe and L ls Lhe wall Lhlckness of Lhe plpe 12 F+G"F<F +$$;E+*$# ;!#(+&"%' !(#,,<(#
HF+;!I lor a plpellne comprlsed of 30lnchouLslde
dlameLer, 0.373lnch wall Lhlckness, Crade x32
(32,000 pounds per square lnch mlnlmum yleld
sLrengLh) sLeel plpe, Lhe MAC for each class
locaLlon ls as follows: Class 1
936 pounds per square lnch Class 2
780 pounds per square lnch Class 3
630 pounds per square lnch Class 4
320 pounds per square lnch 13 F"%"F<F (#J<"(#7 E+$$ &D"-K%#,, lor a 30lnchouLsldedlameLer plpellne comprlsed
of x32 sLeel plpe LhaL ls operaLed aL an MAC of
936 pounds per square lnch, Lhe wall Lhlckness of
Lhe plpe for each class locaLlon would have Lo be: Class 1
0.373 lnch Class 2 0.430 lnch Class 3 0.340 lnch Class 4 0.673 lnch 14 #CC#-& ;C !;!<$+&";% "%-(#+,#, ln mosL cases populaLlon growLh LhaL would change
a class locaLlon unlL by Lwo class locaLlons would
requlre lnsLalllng new plpe wlLh greaLer wall
Lhlckness or reduclng Lhe MAC commensuraLe
wlLh Lhe currenL class locaLlon. 1hus, lf Lhe number of bulldlngs ln a Class 1 locaLlon
unlL lncreases from 10 or less Lo 46 or more (Class 3 locaLlon), Lhe exlsLlng plpe would have Lo
be replaced wlLh plpe of 44 greaLer wall
Lhlckness or Lhe pressure would have Lo be
lowered by [usL over 30. 13 D"'D -;%,#J<#%-# +(#+ 1he concepL of a hlgh consequence area was
developed [olnLly by plpellne lndusLry experLs
and federal regulaLors Lo deLermlne Lhe parLs
of a plpellne sysLem where perlodlc lnLegrlLy
assessmenLs are needed Lo proLecL Lhe publlc
and Lhe envlronmenL. 16 D"'D -;%,#J<#%-# +(#+ 7#C"%"&";% A Class 3 or Class 4 locaLlon. An area ln a Class 1 or Class 2 locaLlon where
Lhe poLenLlal lmpacL radlus ls greaLer Lhan 660
feeL (220 yards) and Lhe poLenLlal lmpacL
clrcle conLalns 20 or more bulldlngs lnLended
for human occupancy or an !"#$%!&!#" '!%#. 17 "7#%&"C"#7 ,"&#, CuLslde areas occupled by 20 or more people
on aL leasL 30 days ln any 12 monLh perlod. 8ulldlngs occupled by 20 or more people on
aL leasL 3 days a week for 10 weeks ln any 12
monLh perlod. A faclllLy such as a hosplLal were evacuaLlon
would be dlfflculL. 18 !;&#%&"+$ "F!+-& (+7"<, H!"(I 19 !;&#%&"+$ "F!+-& (+7"<, H!"(I l8 ls Lhe dlsLance beyond whlch a person
sLandlng ouLslde ln Lhe vlclnlLy of a plpellne
rupLure and flre would have a 99 chance of
survlvlng. 1he l8 lncreases as Lhe dlameLer of Lhe
plpellne lncreases and as Lhe pressure ln Lhe
plpellne lncreases. 20 #G+F!$#, ;C !"(2 70?93:35L 061M32 !5322853L /20N !"(L C33: !"(L )?5O2 16 1440 419 140 30 1000 634 218 36 1000 786 262 l8 = 0.69*(dlameLer)*(pressure) 0.3 21 WhaL ls a plpellne lnLegrlLy LhreaL"? A condlLlon or seL of clrcumsLances LhaL, lf noL mlLlgaLed, could cause a
plpellne Lo fall. 22 &D# C"(,& $"%# ;C 7#C#%-# +'+"%,&
"%&#'("&) &D(#+&, ueslgn by ASML SLandards SelecL good llne plpe maLerlals rovlde compeLenL supervlslon and lnspecLlon CoaL and caLhodlcally proLecL Lhe plpellne ConducL an approprlaLe preservlce hydrosLaLlc
LesL MalnLaln and lnspecL Lhe plpellne ln servlce roLecL Lhe plpellne from ouLslde forces CperaLe Lhe plpellne safely 23 &"F#7#!#%7#%& &D(#+&, 1hreaL ercenLage of SlgnlflcanL
lpellne lncldenLs beLween
1991 and 2010 LxLernal Corroslon 9.9 lnLernal Corroslon 12.9 SLress Corroslon Cracklng 1.0 24 &"F#,&+*$# &D(#+&, 1hreaL ercenLage of SlgnlflcanL
lpellne lncldenLs beLween
1991 and 2010 ManufacLurlng uefecLs 3.4 ConsLrucLlon
and labrlcaLlon uefecLs 3.3 23 (+%7;F &D(#+&, 1hreaL ercenLage of SlgnlflcanL
lpellne lncldenLs beLween
1991 and 2010 Mechanlcal uamage 23.4 LqulpmenL
lallure 13.3 lncorrecL
CperaLlons 1.8 26 (+%7;F &D(#+&, H1.6:0683OI 1hreaL ercenLage of SlgnlflcanL
lpellne lncldenLs beLween
1991 and 2010 lorces of
naLure 11.8 Mlscellaneous
& unknown 18.9 27 F"&"'+&";% ;C &"F#7#!#%7#%& &D(#+&, lndenLlfy appllcable LhreaLs rlorlLlze segmenLs by percelved severlLy ConducL Lhe approprlaLe assessmenLs Lo
deLermlne Lhe condlLlons of Lhe segmenLs 8epalr ln[urlous defecLs CalculaLe Llmes Lo fallure for anomalles LhaL were
noL severe enough Lo requlre repalr 8eassess well before Lhe Llmes Lo fallure are
reached, repalr ln[urlous defecLs, and recalculaLe
Lhe Llmes Lo fallure 28 +,,#,,F#%& F#&D;7, lLl
lnllne lnspecLlon wlLh smarL"
plg P1
hydrosLaLlc LesL LCuA
exLernal corroslon dlrecL assessmenL lCuA
lnLernal corroslon dlrecL assessmenL SCCuA
sLress corroslon cracklng dlrecL assessmenL nuL
nondesLrucLlve examlnaLlon of an exposed or aboveground componenL 29 $"F"&+&";%, ;% +,,#,,F#%& F#&D;7, lpellne musL be plggable"
Lo use lLl lLl Lechnology noL yeL rellable for all Lypes of
anomalles Some segmenLs cannoL be Laken ouL of
servlce for P1 LCuA, lCuA, and SCCuA each only apply Lo