56

HANDBOOK OF REFERENCE DATA FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING

TABLE 3.5 Half- and tenth-value layer thicknesses for concrete, steel, and lead
(ASTM E 94) [24].
Half-Value Layer, mm
A

Energy

Concrete

50 kV
70 kV
100 kV
125 kV
150 kV
200 kV
250 kV
300 kV
400 kV
500 kV
Ir 192
Cs 137
1 MV
2 MV
Co 60
3 MV
4 MV
6 MV
10 MV
16 MV
20 MV

4.32
8.38
15.1
20.3
22.35
25.4
27.95
31.2
33.0
35.55
41.
48.
44.45
63.5
66.
73.6
91.4
104.0
116.8

Steel

1.5
2.5
3.6
5.1
6.4
6.9
8.9
13.
14.5
20.3
22.
25.4
29.2
31.8
33.0
38.

Tenth-Value Layer, mm
Lead

0.05
0.15
0.24
0.27
0.29
0.48
0.9
1.4
2.2
3.6
6.1
6.35
7.9
12.7
12.4
14.7
16.5
17.0
16.5

Concrete

15.1
27.95
50.8
66.0
73.6
83.8
94.0
104.0
109.1
116.8
140.
160.
147.1
210.4
220.
241.2
304.5
348.0
388.5

Steel

5.0
8.3
12.
17.
21.
23.
30.
43.
48.
67.
73.
84.
97.
106.
110.
130.

Lead

0.16
0.5
0.8
0.9
0.95
1.6
3.0
4.6
7.3
11.9
20.
21.
26.0
42.0
41.
48.5
54.8
56.6
55.0

Approximate values determined at high filtration.

C. Geometric Unsharpness
Ug F(t/d0)

(3.10)

where Ug geometric unsharpness, mm (in.),

F focal spot size, mm (in.),
t specimen-to-film distance, measured from the
source side of the specimen, mm (in.), and
d0 source-to-specimen distance, mm (in.)
Values of geometric unsharpness Ug may be determined from
the nomograms in Figs. 3.1a and 3.1b.