Apuntes Alumnos (Zaragoza)

ANSYS
WORKBENCH
Part I
Jess Mnguez Algarra
Dr. Ingeniero de Caminos Canales y Puertos
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OBJETIVO DEL CURSO
Este curso esta enfocado en el aprendizaje de los fundamentos del
manejo de la herramienta CAE Ansys Workbench para la realizacin de
clculos de resistencia mecnica.
Se pretende facilitar el acceso a esta potente herramienta basada en el
Mtodo de los Elementos Finitos, centrndose en el calculo de
resistencia de materiales en situaciones estaticas.
Ansys Workbench es una muy potente herramienta de clculo, muy
intuitiva en su uso y adaptada perfectamente al manejo por parte de
usuarios poco habituados a otras aplicaciones de elementos finitos mas
complejas.
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PROFESIONAL AL QUE VA DIRIGIDO
En muchos mbitos del diseo y desarrollo de proyectos en las diversas
reas de la industria, ingeniera civil, arquitectura la complejidad de las
geometras y sistemas hacen indispensable una herramienta de anlisis
basada en elementos finitos para realizar los clculos de resistencia
necesarios.
El curso se dirige fundamentalmente a estudiantes de arquitectura,
ingenieria, ingenieros y tecnicos de analisis y diseo que deseen
iniciarse o ampliar sus conocimientos en el ambito CAE (Computer Aided
Engineering).
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CONOCIMIENTOS PREVIOS
Durante el curso se va a partir de conceptos bsicos y de fcil
entendimiento para llegar, finalmente, a objetivos de mayor complicacin
por lo que no es necesario el conocimiento inicial de este programa. De
todos modos seria recomendable el conocimiento de algn programa de
caractersticas similares para una mejor comprensin de los conceptos.
Se requieren conocimientos sobre elasticidad y resistencia de
materiales, para conocer los trminos de tensin, deformacin,
desplazamiento, saber interpretar planos y tener conocimiento de
ecuaciones diferenciales, para poder entender como el programa obtiene
las soluciones.
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INDICE
1. INTRODUCCIN AL METODO DE LOS ELEMENTOS FINITOS
2. INTRODUCCIN A ANSYS, ANSYS WORKBENCH.
3. MODELADO. MDULO DESIGN MODELER
4. INTRODUCCIN A LA SIMULACIN Y MALLADO.
5. ANALISIS ESTRUCTURAL ESTTICO
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1. INTRODUCCIN AL METODO DE LOS ELEMENTOS
FINITOS
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INTRODUCCIN AL MEF
QU SON LOS ELEMENTOS FINITOS?
El mtodo de los elementos finitos (MEF en castellano o FEM en ingles)
es un mtodo numrico general para la aproximacin de soluciones de
ecuaciones diferenciales parciales muy utilizado en diversos problemas
de ingeniera y fsica.
Es un mtodo que no proporciona la solucin exacta a un problema
dado, sino que, en realidad, posibilita obtener una solucin aproximada
que, con el juicio ingenieril que se le supone al calculista, puede ser mas
que suficiente para la resolucin de un problema practico.
Su idea bsica no puede ser mas sencilla: dado un solido, sometido a un
sistema descargas y coaccionado por unas ligaduras, el mtodo consiste
en subdividir el solido en pequeas partes (elementos) interconectadas
entre si a traves de los nudos de los elementos, de manera que
suponemos que, el campo de desplazamientos en el interior de cada
elemento, puede expresarse en funcin de los desplazamientos que
sufren los nudos del elemento
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INTRODUCCIN AL MEF
El mtodo de los elementos finitos (MEF) ha adquirido una gran
importancia en la solucin de problemas ingenieriles, fsicos, etc., ya que
permite resolver casos que hasta hace poco tiempo eran prcticamente
imposibles de resolver por mtodos matemticos tradicionales.
Esta circunstancia obligaba a realizar prototipos, ensayarlos e ir
realizando mejoras de forma iterativa, lo que traa consigo un elevado
coste tanto econmico como en tiempo de desarrollo.
El MEF permite realizar un modelo matemtico de clculo del sistema
real, ms fcil y econmico de modificar que un prototipo.
Los ordenadores han aportado el medio eficaz de resolver la multitud de
ecuaciones que se plantean en el MEF.
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CONCEPTOS GENERALES MEF
DISCRETIZACIN
La idea general del mtodo de los elementos finitos es la divisin de un
continuo en un conjunto de pequeos elementos interconectados por una
serie de puntos llamados nodos.
Las ecuaciones que rigen el comportamiento del continuo regirn tambin el
del elemento. De esta forma se consigue pasar de un sistema continuo
(infinitos grados de libertad), a un sistema con un nmero de grados de
libertad finito cuyo comportamiento se modela por un sistema de
ecuaciones, lineales o no.
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CONCEPTOS GENERALES MEF
Encualquiersistema a analizarpodemosdistinguirentre:
Dominio. Espacio geomtrico donde se va ha analizarel sistema.
Condiciones de contorno. Variables conocidas y que condicionan el
cambio del sistema: cargas, desplazamientos, temperaturas, voltaje,
focosde calor,...
Incgnitas. Variables del sistema que deseamos conocer despus de
que las condiciones de contorno han actuados sobre el sistema:
desplazamientos, tensiones,temperaturas,...
La resolucin del sistema de forma analtica (solucin exacta) suele
ser complicada debido a la geometra del sistema.
En ese caso se recurre a la resolucin numrica (solucin
aproximadad)
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Planteamiento prctico del problema
1. Enfoque del problema: cmo va ser y que complejidad va a tener
el modelo?
Cmo va a ser el modelo? Cuntos
elementos va a tener?
Qu precisin se
requiere en los
resultados?
Dificultad (tiempo
disponible, capacidad de
generacin y anlisis)
ELECCIN
ADECUADA
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PROCEDIMIENTO
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Preproceso
En esta fase, el dominio es discretizado en elementos finitos, se eligen
las cargas, las condiciones de contorno, y tambin se establecen las
caractersticas del material.
Solucin del anlisis de los Elementos Finitos
En esta fase se construye la matriz de rigidez de cada elemento y se
ensamblan (unen), construyendo as la matriz de rigidez global, se
resuelve el sistema de ecuaciones y se imprimen los resultados en
ficheros que son utilizados en el post-proceso.
Post-proceso.
Se procesan los resultados de la solucin.
PREPROCESO
CREACION DEL MODELO
La siguiente fase consiste en crear el modelo de elementos finitos, es
decir, dividir el sistema continuo en un numero finito de partes
(elementos) conectados entre si mediante un numero discreto de puntos
situados en sus contornos (nodos).
NODO: Una coordenada en el espacio donde se considera que existen
los grados de libertad (desplazamiento, temperaturas, etc.) y acciones
(fuerzas, corrientes, etc.) del sistema fisico.
X
Y
i
X
i
Y
i
SISTEMA
NODAL
SISTEMA
GLOBAL
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ELEMENTO: Una representacin matricial (denominada
matriz de rigidez o de coeficientes) de la interaccin entre
los grados de libertad de un conjunto de nodos.
CARACTERS-
TICAS DEL
MATERIAL
TIPO DE
ELEMENTO
PROPIEDADES
GEOMTRICAS
ELEMENTO
PUNTUAL
LINEAL
AREA
VOLUMEN
Masas
Barras (perfiles)
Muelles
Placas
Membranas
Volmenes
Slidos
Elementos de
contacto
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SOLUCIN
Tipos de anlisis (clculo estructural)
Esttico
Modal
Armnico
Transitorio
Espectral
Inestabilidad (pandeo)
Se permite el anlisis lineal y el no-lineal (en
geometra, materiales...).
Solicitaciones y restricciones
Fuerzas (puntuales, lineales, presin,
aceleraciones,...)
Desplazamientos, velocidades
Restricciones(desplazamiento nulo)
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POST-PROCESO
ANLISIS DE LOS RESULTADOS
Hay dos categoras principales de resultados.
Primarios. La solucin de los grados de libertad se calcula para cada nodo.
(datos nodales).
Derivados. Datos derivados de los datos primarios, p. ej. tensiones y
deformaciones. (datos de elementos).
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APLICACIONES INDUSTRIALES ACTUALES
Clculo de tensiones y deformaciones en solidos y estructuras
(aplicacion mayoritaria)
Calculo lineal (80% usuarios del MEF).
Clculo no-lineal.
Transferencia de calor
Mecanica de fluidos
Electromagnetismo
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2. INTRODUCTION TO ANSYS
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About ANSYS
ANSYS Advanced nonlinear mechanical and multiphysics FEA solution capabilities
ANSYS Workbench Complete environment for geometry modeling, mesh manipulation,
structural/thermal analysis, and optimization, which is tightly integrated with CAD
packages.
ANSYS is a complete FEA software package used by engineers
worldwide in virtually all fields of engineering. Partial listing of the capabilities:
Structural
Linear
Nonlinear
Material, Geometric, Contact
Dynamics
Modal Harmonic Transient Dynamic Spectrum Random
Vibration
Explicit Dynamics with ANSYS LS-DYNA
Thermal
Steady State and Transient
Fluid (CFD, Acoustics, and other fluid analyses)
Low- and High-Frequency Electromagnetics
Coupled Field
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Many modeling decisions must be made before building an
analysis model:
How much detail should be included?
Does symmetry apply?
Will the model contain stress singularities?
Details
Small details that are unimportant to the analysis should not be
included in the analysis model. You can suppress such features before
sending a model to ANSYS from a CAD system.
For some structures, however, " small" details such as fillets or holes
can be locations of maximum stress and might be quite important,
depending on your analysis objectives
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Symmetry
Many structures are symmetric in some form and allow only a representative
portion or cross-section to be modeled.
The main advantages of using a symmetric model are:
It is generally easier to create the model.
It allows you to make a finer, more detailed model and thereby obtain better
results than would have been possible with the full model.
To take advantage of symmetry, all of the following must be symmetric:
Geometry
Material properties
Loading conditions
There are different types of symmetry:
Axisymmetry
Rotational
Planar or reflective
Repetitive or translational
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Every analysis involves four main steps:
Preliminary Decisions
Which analysis type?
What to model?
Which element type?
Preprocessing
Define Material
Create or import the model geometry
Mesh the geometry
Solution
Apply loads
Solve
Postprocessing
Review results
Check the validity of the solution
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INTRODUCCIN A ANSYS WORKBENCH
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Project Management System
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. . . The Project Schematic
Eleccin del tipo de anlisis
La eleccin se arrastra desde la caja de herramientas
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Guided Workflow
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Workbench Environment
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. . . The Project Schematic
Colacando el sistema estructural en solution se puede obtener un sistema
estructural que esta acoplado a una solucin trmica.
Drop target indica
que los datos se
comparten desde las
celdas A2 a A4 y son
transferidos desde
A6
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Icons Show the State of Project Data
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Identificacin del estado de las celdas:
Sin rellenar.
Se requiere atencin: puede que se necesite corregir la celda o las
Se requiere actualizacin de refresco: Los datos anteriores se han modificado
Se requiere actualizacin : Los datos anteriores se han modificado y el outpu
de la celda se debe regenerar
Actualizado.
Cambios de Input pendientes: la celda esta parcialmente actualizada pero
puede que cambie cuando se realice la actualizacn debido a cambios en
celdas anteriores.
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Type of Connectors
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. . . Workbench File Management
Desde el menu Workbench View activar la
opcin Files para mostrar la ventana que
contine el detalle de archivos y su localizacin.
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Workbench Files Structure
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UNIDADES
En el men Unit Systems:
Se puede acceder la las unidades predefinidas.
Se puede crear unidades propias.
Controls unit display for Engineering Data, Parameters
and Charts.
Activate the Units System dialog to control.
Las unidades se pueden
mostrar de dos formas
diferentes
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. . . Working With Units
Para crear unidades personalizadas duplicar las existentes y
despues modificarlas..
Estas unidades personalizadas se pueden exportar e importar
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3. MODELADO. MDULO DESIGN MODELER
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Introduction
The ANSYS DesignModeler application is designed to be used as a
geometry editor of existing CAD models. The ANSYS DesignModeler
application is a parametric feature-based solid modeler designed so
that you can intuitively and quickly begin drawing 2D sketches,
modeling 3D parts, or uploading 3D CAD models for engineering
analysis preprocessing.
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Workflow
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Concept of Planes and Sketches
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Planes
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New Plane Creation Example: From Plane
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New Plane Creation Examples: From Face
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Sketch Creation
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Sketching Interface
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Draw Toolbox Examples: Circle
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Draw Toolbox Examples: Spline
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Modify Toolbox Examples: Fillet, Chamfer, Corner, Extend,
Trim
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Modify Toolbox Examples: Split
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Dimensions Toolbox
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Dimensions Toolbox Example
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Constraints Toolbox
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Settings Toolbox
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Selection toolbar
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Important DM Concepts: Body Types
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3D Feature Creation
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EXTRUDE
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REVOLVE
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Sweep Feature
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Skin/Loft Feature
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Thin/Surface
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Fixed Radius Blend
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Pattern
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Body Operation: Mirror
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Body Operation: Move
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Boolean
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Named Selections
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Symmetry
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Symmetry: Example
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Mid Surface
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Important DM Concepts: Body Types
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Creating Line Bodies
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Cross Sections
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Cross Section Alignment
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Prctica para el alumno
Unidades: Pulgadas
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Espesor 1
Parameterization
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Parameters under DM
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Parameter Manager
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Modelado paramtrico
En el diseo paramtrico podemos asignar a cada valor que define
una dimensin, un extrusionado u otro parmetro geomtrico, una
condicin que puede ajustarse a diferentes requerimientos de
diseo.
Se puede incluso escribir ecuaciones que relacionen la variacin de
ciertos parmetros cuando se modifican otros.
Por ejemplo puede ser importante que un taladro est siempre
centrado en una placa de anclaje aunque se modifique las
dimensiones de la placa.
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Practica para el alumno
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4. SIMULACION
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Introduccin.
La evaluacin de la respuesta de una parte o un sistema en una
simulacin en workbench requiere la creacin de una geometra, la
asignacin de un material, la aplicacin de cargas, resolucin del
sistema de ecuaciones, y la revisin de resultados.
El proceso se resume de la siguiente manera
1. Abrir un geometra ya hecha o generar una nueva.
2. Asignar materiales
3. Establecer las condiciones de contacto entre diferentes partes.
4. Previsualizar el mallado y crear controles de mallado.
5. Aplicar las cargas.
6. Seleccionar resultados a analizar y mostrar.
7. Resolver las ecuaciones que gobiernan el sistema.
8. Revisar los resultados
9. Generar informes de las resultados.
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Simulacin
Una vez finalizada la generacin de la geometra. Hay que guardarla y
cerrarla.
A continuacin pasamos a la fase de simulacin en Toolbox>Model.
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MESHING
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Meshing Fundamentals
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Stress singularities
A stress singularity is a location in a finite element model where the
stress value is unbounded (infinite). Examples:
A point load, such as an applied force or moment
isolated An constraint point, where the reaction force behaves like a
point load
A sharp re-entrant corner (with zero fillet radius)
As the mesh density is refined at
a stress singularity, the stress value
increases and never converges.
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Real structures do not contain stress singularities. They are a fiction
created by the simplifying assumptions of the model.
So how do you deal with stress singularities?
If they are located far away from the region of interest, you c an
simply ignore them by deactivating the affected zone while reviewing
results.
If they are located in the region of interest, you will need to
take corrective action, such as:
adding a fillet at re-entrant corners and rerunning the
analysis.
replacing a point force with an equivalent pressure
load.
spreading out displacement constraints over a set
of nodes.
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Meshing Process in ANSYS Meshing
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ANSYS Meshing Graphics User Interface
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Meshing for 3D Geometry
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Mesh Types
Tet Mesh
Can be generated quickly, automatically, and for
complicated geometry
Mesh can be generated in
2 steps:
Step 1: Define element
sizing
Step 2: Generate Mesh
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Tetrahedral Meshes
Advantages
An arbitrary volume can always be filled with tetrahedra
Can be generated quickly, automatically, and for
complicated geometry
Can be easily combined with curvature and proximity
size functions to automatically refine the mesh in critical regions
Can be combined with inflation to refine the mesh near solid walls
(boundary layer resolution)
Disadvantages
Element and node counts are higher than for a hex mesh with a
similar mesh density
Generally not possible to align the cells with a flowdirection
Not well suited for thin solids or annuli due to non-isotropy
of geometry and nature of element
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Mesh Types
Hex Mesh
For arbitrary geometries, hex meshing may require a multi-step
process which can yielda high quality/high efficiencymesh
For many simpler geometries, sweep techniques can be a simpler
way to generate hex meshes
Sweep
MultiZone
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Meshing Controls
Physics Based Meshing allows the user to specify the
mesh based on the physics to be solved. Choosing the
physics type will set controls such as:
Solid element mid-side nodes
Element shape checking
Transitioning
Physics preferences can be:
Mechanical
Electromagnetics
CFD
Explicit
Setting the physics preference pre-configures the
Advanced meshing defaults discussed on subsequent
pages.
Note: only Mechanical meshing preferences are discussed
in this course.
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Mesh Specification
For both CFD (fluid) and FEA (solid) modelling, the software performs
the computations at a range of discrete locations within the domain.
The purpose of meshing is to decompose the solution domain into an
appropriate number of locations for an accurate result.
The basic building-blocks for a 3Dmesh are:
Manifold Example: Outer casting and internal flow region are meshed for coupled thermal/stress gas flow simulation
Tetrahedrons
(unstructured)
Hexahedrons
(usually structured)
Prisms (formed when a
tet mesh is extruded)
Pyramids (where tet.
and hex. cells meet)
FEA Meshing Issues
Structural FEA
Refine mesh to capture gradients of
concern
E.g. temperature, strain energy, stress
energy, displacement, etc.
tet mesh dominated, but hex
elements still preferred
some explicit FEA solvers require a
hex mesh
tet meshes for FEA are usually
second order (include mid-side
nodes on element edges)
Mesh Generation
Global Mesh Controls Global Mesh Controls
Sizing : Advanced Sizing Functions Sizing : Advanced Sizing Functions
Defaults : Relevance Defaults : Relevance
Sizing : Element Size Sizing : Element Size
Sizing : Min and Max Size Sizing : Min and Max Size
Sizing : Growth Rate Sizing : Growth Rate
Sizing : Transition Sizing : Transition
Sizing : Smoothing Sizing : Smoothing
Sizing : Span Angle Center Sizing : Span Angle Center
Inflation Inflation
Inflation Inflation
Mesh Methods
Methods
Inserting Methods
Automatic Method
Tetrahedrons Method
Tetrahedrons Method: Patch Conforming
Tetrahedrons Method: Patch Independent
Tetrahedrons Method: Algorithm Comparison
(Surface Mesh)
Tetrahedrons Method: Algorithm Comparison
(Volume Mesh)
Tetrahedrons Method: Application Examples
Hex Meshing
Sweep Meshing
Sweep Meshing
Sweep Meshing
Sweep Meshing
Sweep Meshing
Sweep Meshing
Sweep Meshing
Sweep Meshing
MultiZone Meshing
MultiZone Meshing
MultiZone Meshing
MultiZone Meshing
Meshing Methods for 2D Geometry
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Methods for 2D Meshing
2D Meshing Control & Inflation
Mapped Face Meshing: Vertex Type
Mapped Face Meshing: Example
Local Mesh Controls
Local Mesh Controls
Sizing
Sizing : Edges
Sizing : Edges
Sizing : Edges
Sizing : Faces
Sizing : Body (volume)
Sizing : Sphere of Influence
Sizing
Mapped Face Meshing: Radial No. of Divisions
Match Control
Match Control: Cyclic
Match Control: Arbitrary
Pinch
Inflation
Contact Sizing
Contact Sizing
Refinement
Local Mesh Controls
Mesh Statistics and Mesh Metrics
Mesh Visibility: Show Mesh
Mesh Specification
Efficiency
Greater numbers of elements require more compute resource (memory /
processing time). Balance the fidelity of the simulation with available
resources.
In areas of high geometric complexity mesh elements can become
distorted. Poor quality elements can lead to poor quality results or, in
some cases, no results at all!
There are a number of methods for measuring mesh element quality
(mesh metrics*). For example, one important metric is the element
Skewness. Skewness is a measure of the relative distortion of an
element compared to its ideal shape and is scaled from
*Further information on mesh metrics is available in the documentation and training lecture appendices
Mesh Specification. Quality
Meshing Failures
Meshing failures can be caused by a number of things:
Inconsistent sizing controls specified on surfaces, which would result in
the creation of poorly-shaped elements
Difficult CAD geometry, such as small slivers or twisted surfaces
Stricter shape checking ( Aggressive setting in Mesh branch)
Some ways to avoid meshing failures:
Specify more reasonable sizing controls on geometry
Specify smaller sizing controls to allow the mesher to create better-
shaped elements
In the CAD system, use hidden line removal plots to see sliver or
unwanted geometry and remove them
Use virtual cells to combine sliver or very small surfaces
This option will be discussed next
Convergencia de soluciones
Mtodo iterativo en el que se va afinando el mallado en aquellas
zonas donde existe un error grande hasta obtener la convergencia
establecida.
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E. Named Selections
The Named Selection Toolbar provides functionality for grouping together
geometric entities:
Named Selections allow users to group together vertices, edges, surfaces, or
bodies.
Named Selections can be used for defining mesh controls, applying loads and
supports, etc.
Provides an easy method to reselect groups that will be referenced often
Defining contact regions
Scoping results
Etc.
Note, visibility and suppression are only applicable to body named selections.
Create Defined Names
Manipulate
Show/Hide
Supress/Unsuppress
Defining Named Selections
To create Named Selections:
Select the vertices, edges, surfaces, or bodies of interest,
then click on the Create Selection Group icon
Enter a name in the dialog box
The new group will appear in the Named Selection
Toolbar as well as in the Outline Tree
Note:
Only one type of entity can be in a particular
Named Selection. For example, vertices and
edges cannot exist in the same Named Selection.
Named Selection groups can be imported from
some CAD systems (see Chapter 10)
Using Named Selections
In many detail window fields Named Selections can be referenced
directly:
Example (pressure load):
In the Details view, change Method from Geometry Selection to Named
Selection
Select the Named Selection from the pull-down menu
Simulation will filter non-applicable types of Named Selections.
Using Named Selections
Named Selections can be used in other situations where geometry must
be picked:
Select Geometry from the Details view to enter picking mode
Toggle the Named Selection to select from the Toolbar
Select the applicable choice:
Select Items in Group , Add to Current Selection , Remove from Current Selection
Then, click on Apply in the Details view
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2
3
F. Coordinate Systems
The Coordinate Systems branch is usually not displayed by default, but
it can be added from the Model tree
Coordinate systems can be used for mesh controls, point masses,
directional loads, and results
Initially the Global Coordinate
System is added, based on
the origin of the CAD model.
Local Coordinate Systems can be
imported from some CAD systems
(see Simulation documentation)
Coordinate Systems
Coordinate Systems can be defined by selecting
Coordinate System icon from the Context toolbar.
Can be Cartesian or Cylindrical.
Toolbar becomes available after CS is defined.
Local coordinate systems are defined either by:
Selecting geometry (Associative Coordinate System). The
coordinate system moves with the geometry. Its translation
and rotation are geometry dependent.
Specifying coordinates (Non-Associative Coordinate
System). The coordinate system will remain as originally
defined ie: it is independent of geometry.
Translate
Rotate
Flip
Move Up/Down
Delete
Coordinate Systems
Coordinate systems can be used from pull-down menus in the Details
view in various applications (examples below) :
Sizing w/ Sphere of
Influence Option
Directional Results
Point Masses
Directional Loads
Directional Displacements
5. ANALISIS ESTRUCTURAL ESTTICO
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Basics of Linear Static Analysis
For a linear static structural analysis, the displacements {x} are solved
for in the matrix equation below:
Assumptions:
[K] is constant
Linear elastic material behavior is assumed
Small deflection theory is used
Some nonlinear boundary conditions may be included
{F} is statically applied
No time-varying forces are considered
No inertial effects (mass, damping) are included
It is important to remember these assumptions related to linear static
analysis. Nonlinear static and dynamic analyses are covered in later
chapters.
| |{ } { } F x K =
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A. Geometry
In structural analyses, all types of
bodies supported by Simulation may be
used.
For surface bodies, thickness must be
supplied in the Details view of the
Geometry branch.
The cross-section and orientation of
line bodies are defined within
DesignModeler and are imported into
Simulation automatically.
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Point Mass
A Point Mass can be added to a model (Geometry branch) to simulate parts of
the structure not explicitly modeled:
A point mass is associated with surface(s) only.
The location can be defined by either:
(x, y, z) coordinates in any user-defined Coordinate System.
Selecting vertices/edges/surfaces to define location.
Point mass is affected by Acceleration, Standard Earth Gravity, and
Rotational Velocity . No other loads affect a point mass.
The mass is connected to selected surfaces
assuming no stiffness between them.
No rotational inertial terms are present.
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Material Properties
Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio are required for linear static
structural analyses:
Material input is handled in the Engineering Data application.
Mass density is required if any inertial loads are present.
Thermal expansion coefficient is required if a uniform temperature load
is applied.
Thermal conductivity is NOT required for uniform temperature
conditions.
Stress Limits are needed if a Stress Tool result is present.
Fatigue Properties are needed if Fatigue Tool result is present.
Requires Fatigue Module add-on license.
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B. Assemblies Solid Body Contact
When importing assemblies of solid parts, contact regions are automatically
created between the solid bodies.
Contact allows non-matching meshes at boundaries between solid parts
Tolerance controls under Contact branch allows the user to specify distance of
auto contact detection via slider bar
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Contactos entre slidos. Lineales
Bonded: This is the default configuration and applies to all contact
regions (surfaces, solids, lines, faces, edges). If contact regions are
bonded, then no sliding or separation between faces or edges is
allowed. Think of the region as glued. This type of contact allows for
a linear solution since the contact length/area will not change during
the application of the load. If contact is determined on the
mathematical model, any gaps will be closed and any initial
penetration will be ignored.
No Separation: This contact setting is similar to the Bonded case. It
only applies to regions of faces (for 3-D solids) or edges (for 2-D
plates). Separation of the geometries in contact is not allowed, but
small amounts of frictionless sliding can occur along contact
geometries. [Not supported for Explicit Dynamics analyses.]
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C. Analysis Settings
The Analysis Settings details provide general
control over the solution process:
Step Controls:
Manual and auto time stepping controls.
Specify the number of steps in an analysis and an
end time for each step.
Time is a tracking mechanism in static analyses
(discussed later).
Solver Controls:
Two solvers available (default program
chosen):
Direct solver (Sparse solver in ANSYS).
Iterative solver (PCG solver in ANSYS).
Weak springs:
Simulation tries to anticipate under-
constrained models.
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. . . Analysis Settings Analysis Data Management
Analysis Data Management:
Solver Files Directory shows location where
associated analysis files will be saved.
Future Analysis: indicates whether a down
stream analysis (e.g. pre-stressed modal) will
use the solution. This is set automatically
when coupled analyses are configured in the
project schematic.
Scratch Solver Files Directory: temporary
directory used during solution.
Save ANSYS db.
Delete Unneeded Files: may choose to save all
files for future use in Mechanical APDL.
Solver Units: Active System or manual.
Solver Unit System: if the above setting is
manual , you may choose 1 of 8 possible
solver unit systems to insure consistency
when data is shared with Mechanical APDL
(does not affect results/load displays in the
GUI).
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. . . Analysis Settings Step Controls
Step Controls:
Multiple steps allow a series of static analyses to
be set up and solved sequentially.
For a static analysis, the end time can be used as
a counter/tracker to identify the load steps and
substeps.
Results can be viewed step by step.
Load values for each step can be entered in the
Tabular Data section provided.
The time and load value
are displayed in the
graphics window
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. . . Multiple Steps
A summary of all the different steps can be viewed by highlighting
Analysis Type and then selecting the Worksheet tab.
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Results for each individual step can be viewed after the solution by
selecting the desired step and RMB > Retrieve This Result .
. . . Multiple Steps
Select desired
step and RMB to
retrieve result
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D. Loads and Supports
Loads and supports are thought of in terms of the
degrees of freedom (DOF) available for the elements
used.
In solids the DOF are x, y and z translations (for
shells we add rotational DOF rotx, roty and rotz).
Supports, regardless of actual names, are always
defined in terms of DOF.
For example a Frictionless Support applied to the
Z surface of the block shown would indicate that the
Z degree of freedom is no longer free (all other DOF
are free).
UX
UY
UZ
Frictionless surface
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. . . Loads and Supports
Load types:
Inertial loads:
These loads act on the entire system.
Density is required for mass calculations.
These are only loads which act on defined Point Masses.
Structural Loads:
Forces or moments acting on parts of the system.
Structural Supports:
Constraints that prevent movement on certain regions.
Thermal Loads:
The thermal loads which result in a temperature field causing thermal
expansion/contraction in the model.
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Directional Loads
Loads and supports having a direction
component can be defined in global or local
coordinate systems:
In the Details view, change Define By to
Components . Then, select the appropriate CS
from the pull-down menu.
Load Supports Coordi nate Systems
Acceleration No
Standard Earth Gravity Yes
Rotational Velocity Yes
Force Yes
Remote Force Location of Origin Only
Bearing Load Yes
Moment Yes
Given Displacement Yes
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Acceleration & Gravity
Acceleration:
Acts on entire model in length/time
2
units.
Acceleration can be defined by Components or Vector.
Body will move in the opposite direction of the applied acceleration.
Standard Earth Gravity:
Value applied coincides with selected unit system.
Standard Earth Gravity direction is defined along one of three global or
local coordinate system axes.
Body will move in the same direction of the applied gravity.
Rotational velocity:
Entire model rotates about an axis at a given rate.
Define by vector or component method.
Input can be in radians per second (default) or RPM.
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Forces and Pressures
Pressure loading:
Applied to surfaces, acts normal to the surface.
Positive value into surface, negative value acts out of surface.
Units of pressure are in force per area.
Force loading:
Forces can be applied on vertices, edges, or surfaces.
The force will be evenly distributed on all entities. Units are
mass*length/time
2.
Force can be defined via vector or component methods.
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Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure:
Applies a linearly varying load to a surface (solid or
shell) to mimic fluid force acting on the structure.
Fluid may be contained or external.
User specifies:
Magnitude and direction of acceleration.
Fluid Density.
Coordinate system representing the free surface of the fluid.
For Shells, a Top/Bottom face option is provided.
Internal
External
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Bearing Load
Bearing Load (force):
Force component distributed on compressive
side using projected area.
Axial components are not allowed.
Use only one bearing load per cylindrical
surface.
If the cylindrical surface is split be sure to
select both halves of cylindrical surface
when applying this load.
Bearing load can be defined via vector or
component method.
Bearing Load
Force Load
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Moment Load
Moment Loading :
For solid bodies moments can be applied on a surface only.
If multiple surfaces are selected, the moment load is evenly distributed.
Vector or component method can be employed using the right hand rule.
For surface bodies a moment can be applied to a vertex, edge or surface.
Units of moment are in Force*length.
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Remote Load
Remote Force Loading :
Applies an offset force on a surface or edge of a body.
The user supplies the origin of the force (geometry or coordinates).
Can be defined using vector or component method.
Applies an equivalent force and moment on the surface.
Example: 10 inch beam with a 1 lbf remote force scoped to the end of
the beam. Remote force is located 20 inches from the fixed support.
20
F=1 lbf
Moment Reaction
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. . . Bolt Pretension
Bolt Pretension:
Applies a pretension load to a cylindrical section using:
Pretension load (force)
OR
Adjustment (length)
For body loading a local coordinate system is required (preload in z direction).
Automatic two loadstep solution:
LS1: pretension load, boundary conditions and contact conditions are applied.
LS2: relative motion of the pretension section is fixed and external loads are applied.
For sequenced loading additional options are available (see next page)
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. . . Bolt Pretension Sequenced Simulation
The Define By field in the details view provides the
following options for sequence loading:
Load or Adjustment: as defined on previous page.
Lock : Fixes all displacements (load applied and held).
Open : Leaves the pretension load open (no pretension).
1
4
3
2
Bolt Load Tips:
3D simulations only.
Cylindrical surfaces or bodies only.
A refined mesh is recommended (at least 2
elements in axial direction).
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. . . Line Pressure
Line Pressure loading :
Applies a distributed force on one edge only for 3-D simulations, using
force density loading.
Units are in force/length.
Can be defined by :
Magnitude and Vector
Magnitude and component direction (global or local coordinate systems)
Magnitude and tangential
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Supports
Fixed Support :
Constraints all degrees of freedom on vertex, edge, or
surface
Solid bodies: constrains x, y, and z
Surface and line bodies: constrains x, y, z, rotx, roty and
rotz
Given Displacement :
Applies known displacement on vertex, edge, or surface
Allows for imposed translational displacement in x, y,
and z (in user-defined Coordinate System)
Entering 0 means that the direction is constrained,
leaving the direction blank means the direction is free.
Elastic Support :
Allows faces/edges to deform according to a spring
behavior.
Foundation stiffness is the pressure required to produce
unit normal deflection of the foundation
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Supports
Frictionless Support:
Applies constraints (fixes) in normal direction on surfaces.
For solid bodies, this support can be used to apply a symmetry boundary
condition.
Examples . . .
Fixed in radial
direction
Free translation in
plane of support
Fixed translation
out of plane of
support Free in tangential
and axial
directions
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Supports
Cylindrical Support:
Provides individual control for axial, radial, or tangential constraints.
Applied on cylindrical surfaces.
Tangential
Axial
Radial
Example . . .
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Supports (Solid Bodies)
Compression Only Support :
Applies a constraint in the normal compressive
direction only.
Can be used on a cylindrical surface to model a
pin, bolt, etc..
Requires an iterative (nonlinear) solution.
Compression Only
Force
Force
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Supports (Line/Surface Bodies)
Simply Supported :
Can be applied on edge or vertex of surface or line bodies
Prevents all translations but all rotations are free
Fixed Rotation :
Can be applied on surface, edge, or vertex of surface or line bodies
Constrains rotations but translations are free
Rotations free
Translation fixed
Simply Supported Edge
Rotations fixed
Translations free
Fixed Rotation Edge
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Thermal Loading
Thermal condition :
Applies a uniform temperature in a structural analysis.
Appears under Loads in structural analysis.
A reference temperature must be provided (see next slide).
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Thermal Loading
A temperature differential can cause thermal expansion or
contraction in a structure:
Thermal strains (c
th)
are calculated as follows:
o = thermal expansion coefficient (CTE material property).
T
ref
= reference temperature (thermal strains are zero).
T = applied temperature (see previous slide).
Reference temperature is defined in the environment branch (global)
or as a property of individual bodies.
( )
ref
z
th
y
th
x
th
T T = = = o c c c
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Solving the Model
To solve the model click on the Solve button on the Standard Toolbar.
Two processors used if present (default).
To set the number use, Tools > Solve Process Settings .
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F. Results and Postprocessing
Numerous structural results are available:
Directional and total deformation.
Components, principal, or invariants of stresses and strains.
Contact output.
Reaction forces.
In Simulation, results may be requested before or after solving.
If you solve a model then request results afterwards, click on the Solve
button , and the results will be retrieved.
A new solution is not required.
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Plotting Results
Contour and vector plots are usually shown on the deformed geometry.
Use the Context Toolbar to change settings.
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Deformation
The deformation of the model can be plotted:
Total deformation is a scalar quantity:
The x, y, and z components of deformation can be
requested under Directional , in global or local coordinates.
Vector plots of deformation are available (see below).
2 2 2
z y x total
U U U U + + =
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Stresses and Strains
Stresses and strains:
Stresses and (elastic) strains have six components
(x, y, z, xy, yz, xz) while thermal strains have three components (x, y, z)
For stresses and strains, components can be requested under Normal (x, y, z)
and Shear (xy, yz, xz). For thermal strains, (x, y, z) components are under
Thermal.
Principal stresses are always arranged such that s1 > s2 > s3
Intensity is defined as the largest of the absolute values
s1 - s2, s2 - s3 or s3 - s1
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Stress Tools
Safety Factors (choose from 4 failure
theories):
Ductile Theories:
Maximum Equivalent Stress
Maximum Shear Stress
Brittle Theories:
Mohr-Coulomb Stress
Maximum Tensile Stress
Within each stress tool safety factor, safety
margin and stress ratio can be plotted.
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Contact Results
Contact results are requested via a Contact
Tool under the Solution branch.
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Contact Results
Select the contact region(s) for the Contact Tool (2 methods):
1. Worksheet view (details): select contact regions from the list.
Contact, target or both sides can be selected.
2. Geometry: select contact regions on the graphics screen.
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User Defined Results
In addition to the standard result items one can insert user defined
results.
These results can include mathematical expressions and can be
combinations of multiple result items.
Define in 2 ways:
Select User Defined Result from the solution context menu
OR - From the Solution Worksheet highlight result > RMB > Create User
Defined Result.
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. . . User Defined Results
Details allow an expression using various
basic math operations as well as square
root, absolute value, exponent, etc..
User defined results can be labelled with a
user Identifier .
Result legend contains identifier and
expression.
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Obtener las tensiones de Von Misses Max. y Mn. para una bombona
metlica sometida a una presin interior de 35 Mpa.
Jess Mnguez 2014
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