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ABSTRACT:
In this presentation, we cover the aspects:
What is Artificial intelligence? What is an expert system? What are the building
blocks of expert system? Two of the applications of AI i.e., robotics and chess. Next some of
the advantages and disadvantages have also been listed.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:
In simple words artificial intelligence can be stated as “Making machines intelligent”.
In other words, its nothing but making machines to act as people would.
From the definition of artificial intelligence we see that in many aspects there is no
much difference between computer responses and human responses. This is called “Turing
test”. But from the perspective of research artificial intelligence can be stated as the study of
making computers do things in a better way.
In 1960, it was introduced in small fields like game playing (like chess), theorem
proving, and general problem solving (problems used to be simple). AI was generally applied
in fields like maths, games (formal task), scientific, engineering, medical, finance (expert
task).
EXPERT SYSTEMS:
Expert systems are nothing but a computer program that behaves like a human expert in some
useful ways. A human expert may not accomplish a given task as efficiently as an expert
system can. For example, there is no much difference in computing 2*3 and 2.99999*3.8976
for an expert system. But even for a very skilled and expert human computing
2.99999*3.8976 is a cumbersome task.
A very renowned person like “Waterman” himself said –“ expert systems apply the
knowledge of experts (skilled persons) to real world situations.
Expert systems perform at expert level. They mimic the capabilities of human
experts. Expert systems not only give solutions but also give justification of solution if
demanded. Actually expert systems are sophisticated computer programs that manipulate
knowledge to solve problems. ES exhibit intelligence by skillful application of heuristics.
Heuristics are nothing but rules of a good judgement. We can think ES as model of human
experts because ES are nothing but representation of domain specific knowledge in a manner
in which expert things involving use of appropriate information acquired previously from
human experts.
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BUILDING BLOCKS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS:

There are two principle parts in expert systems. They are:
1) Knowledge based
2) Reasoning or inference
Knowledge based can be of two types.
1) Factual
2) Heuristics
Factual means knowledge of task domain and its source can be textbooks.
Heuristics is nothing but art of good guessing. It is less rigorous, more experiential and
judgmental.
Reasoning with uncertainty is called “fuzzy logic”. In spite of having fuzzy logic ES give out
very good results.
APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:
Robotics: The word Robotics means study and application of robot technology. Robots are
the electronic devices which show the artificial intelligence embedded into them by human
beings. It all started in 1950’s when Karl Capek in his play “rossum’s universal robots”
denoted the birth of a superior race that had intelligence similar to that of humans.
Most of us wonder what actually is the difference between human and robot. The main
difference lies in the fact that humans, no doubt, are very good workers but as the workload
increases they tend to loose interest. But a robot is never tired.
Robots can help us in daily activities. For example, it can receive and respond to the
calls. It also does other tasks when commands are given to it.
Robots in danger zone:
1) Robots can substitute humans in risky situation. For example, in bomb detection it is
always better to use robots that to keep a humans life at stake.
2) They can be made to work in nuclear reactors.
3) Sometimes it so happens that the temperatures in the earths crust are unfavorable to
human body. In such situations we can use robots efficiently.
4) Robots can also search for buried treasures in the deepest of oceans.

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Robots search water on mars: NASA has launched two robotic rovers to mars to
determine whether life ever existed on this red planet. Just think! Can a human being do
this?

In future….
We can expect the robots to be developed in a more sophisticated manner possessing the
following with more development in the field of AI:
1) Sensor capabilities: robots may have a wide array of sensor capabilities including
vision, tactile sensing and others.
2) Added intelligence: future robots may be intelligent; capable of making decisions
about the task it performs.
3) User friendly: robots in future may be user friendly and capable of communicating
with other systems in the factory to achieve greater tasks at greater efficiency.
Thus we may expect sophisticated AI embedded into robots in future.
Chess: it is a fun and challenging way to apply AI technique in chess game. For years it has
been a testing ground for things like neural networks and decision-making algorithms.
Chess is purely intellectual game, a perfect environment for testing AI techniques.
The researchers relied upon the fact that computers could process more exactly and more
quickly than people, and thus think faster than people while playing the game. It is really
wonderful to see that computers make intelligent moves within seconds while humans have
to brood over to make the next move.
Chess is like a great work of literature. By playing chess with a computer why not the
humans improve their thinking capability because computers think in all possible directions
before making a move. While u are playing with a human, no doubt you improve your
knowledge but if the opponents moves are not so effective then you cannot improve your
standard of thinking.
“The best computer chess programs are now capable of beating humans”.
Chess is a controlled environment in which the computer is presented with a situation and
goal and computers must find possibilities and make decisions to achieve that goal. Thus
decision-making algorithm and other such AI fields can be derived partly from chess
programming.
Finally I would say that human brain is not less than a computer (AI). AI is nothing but a
creation of human brain itself!
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

Advantages:
1) Permanence: it is human tendency to forget things as time passes, but this is not the
case with expert systems. They are never forgetful.
2) Reproducibility: any number of systems can be produced if we know the internal
architecture and building of an expert system whereas it is very expensive and time
consuming to train human experts i.e., to produce skillful humans as each individual
needs to be trained in his/her own way.
3) Efficiency: usage of expert systems increases throughput and cost (it is costly to build
expert systems but they are inexpensive when their operations are considered).
4) Consistency: similar transactions are handled similarly. Example, if the same task is
given to any number of expert systems, the procedure adopted to solve the problem is
same and the result is also same. Whereas if the same task is given to two human
experts, each one may try to solve the problem in his/her own way which may
sometimes lead to confusion while understanding the solution.
5) Documentation: it is always better to have documentation of any decision process for
further backup. Expert systems provide excellent permanent documentation whereas;
it is very cumbersome for human experts to store everything in their brain.
6) Completeness: expert systems can review information and any kind of heuristics
within seconds but human experts may sometimes be tired and may not be able to
recollect every related matter.
7) Timeliness: though sooner decisions are made errors are prevented in expert systems.
8) Knowledge of many human experts can be embedded into a single expert system.
9) ATM applications: nowadays atm cards have become popular. We can transact from
anywhere just by inserting atm cards into atm machines i.e., all the cumbersome tasks
like going to bank, issuing checks, etc are avoided. This is a great achievement of AI
through systems.

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10) Computerized enquiries: enquiries like railway berth confirmation, reservation of
seats etc and information regarding mobiles like balance amount, recharging the SIM
card are all computerized i.e., we feel as if there is a person answering us, but not a
system. Thus AI comes into picture.

11) Getting information: sites like google.com provide us with any sort of information.
Though all these are programmed previously when you type your choice of topic, a
lot of information appears. Thus without referring to any book also we get a lot of
information through Internet. Internet is nothing but a major application of AI.

Disadvantages:
1) common sense: in addition to technical knowledge human experts have common
sense, expert systems yet do not have common sense.
2) Creativity: human experts respond to unusual situations while expert systems cannot
i.e., they simulate to predefined situations, they are not spontaneous.
3) Learning: expert systems cannot automatically adapt to changing environment. Expert
systems must be explicitly updated.
4) Sensory experience: human experts can understand and take inputs in any form that is
they have sensory experience.
5) Degradation: expert systems are not good at recognizing and problem solving when
no answer exists or when problem is outside their area of expertise, but human experts
exploit the problem situations and try to solve them.
CONCLUSION:
Finally we would like to say that compared to disadvantages, advantages are considerable.
The computer network and its applications are so widely spread so that now we cannot
imagine a world without any computer. It does not imply that man should completely relay
on computer but has to depend on his abilities as always “A COMPUTER CAN NEVER
THINK LIKE A MAN BUT A MAN CAN ACT LIKE A COMPUTER.”
REFERENCE:
1) “Industrial robotics” by Mikell P.Groover

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2) “Robotics technology and flexible automation” by S.R Deb
3) Various sites from www.google.com through internet

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