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1
3
+ +
1
2
+
1
2
3
1
ATM
ONU
GEM
Ethernet
OLT
&
= GPON upstream and downstream
= Enhancementband
+
GEM to Ethernet
1 0
Figure 4.1: GPON example
4.4.2 An EPON example
The example shown for GPON can be implemented with the EPON protocol as well.
Each backbone network is similar to the GPON conguration. Although the Enhance-
ment band is not specied for EPON it can be implemented like in GPON. The major
dierences are found in the ONU. In contrast to GPON, EPON provides an Ethernet
interface which can directly be used for the user interface without conversion. For
Telephony a dierent choice is made to transport the voice packets. Since the Internet
is the only interface here the VoIP protocol is most usable here. For VoIP the encap-
sulation into Ethernet is simple, while for VoATM the encapsulation into Ethernet is
hard to realize. The Television signal is presented to the user in the same way as for
GPON. The complete overview of this conguration is shown in Figure 4.2.
PSTN
WAN
CATV
PC
Telephony
Television
Optical to
Analog/Digital
W
D
M
W
D
M
3
1
3
+ +
1
2
+
1
2
3
IP over Ethernet
1
ONU
OLT
&
= EPON upstream and downstream
= Enhancementband
EPON
VoIP
Ethernet
+
1 0
Figure 4.2: EPON example
4.5. Which standard to implement 67
4.5 Which standard to implement
To decide to use BPON, EPON or GPON in a new design is based upon dierent as-
pects. The previous chapters have shown the main characteristics of each standard and
their possibilities. BPON will be left out in this discussion, since the transfer speed
and interface types are completely overruled by GPON. The battle will be between
GPON and EPON.
4.5.1 Bandwidth and users
To create a network in a certain area the costs should be as low as possible and the
eciency as high as possible. A neighborhood needs several OLTs, depending on the
amount of bandwidth required by the users and the amount of users. Where EPON
supports at this moment 32 users, GPON supports 64 and even 128 in the future. If the
available bandwidth has to be divided amongst the maximum possible users connected
to an OLT for EPON the eective rate will be 31.25 Mb/s. There are two options for
upgrading EPON, one is increasing the available bandwidth and the second option is
allowing more users to be connected simultaneously. Both upgrades are expected to
be happen in the future. The current available bandwidth of 31.25 Mb/s, for 32 users
each, is more than enough to serve an average household using telephone and Internet.
The TV distribution is not using this bandwidth since it is on a separate wavelength
outside the actual PON system.
For GPON the network bandwidth will be 38.88 Mb/s for 64 users or 19.44 Mb/s
for 128 users. A GPON network is scalable as well, in the future higher transmission
speeds and more users per ONU should be possible. The worst case bandwidth of 19.44
Mb/s is more than enough for an average user. The Television signal isnt included in
this bandwidth. With future upgrades of technology this bandwidth will increase even
more.
There are several manufacturers who produce equipment with specications which are
experimental and not ocially certied by IEEE or ITU-T. The available bandwidth
and users that can be connected now shouldnt be the deciding factor. But if a choice
has to be made upon this issue GPON would be preferable due to its higher bandwidth
and more users per OLT.
4.5.2 The mapping of services
An other factor which might be the deciding factor is the way services are mapped to the
PON network. For telephony a mapping has to be done according to both standards.
For EPON this is a mapping to VoIP, for GPON this is VoATM. Both protocols have
68 Chapter 4. Implementations and recommendations
their own advantages and disadvantages as discussed before. Where VoIP is a more
commonly used technology and able to use the standard Ethernet protocol, VoATM
is a more specic technology but more reliable and uses less overhead. An advantage
of VoIP is the exibility, a user can register with his or her account at a Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) server and start making VoIP calls. A user can use this
account at any Internet connection, even on a mobile or xed phone. For VoATM the
network structure needs to be designed according to specic requirements to establish
a connection. EPON provides support for both services without too many conversions.
GPON can use VoIP but needs the extra conversion to GEM frames.
Due to the popularity of the Internet and Ethernet protocol, many services used via the
Internet could be implemented at the ONU when their development is at an acceptable
level. This is a migration from the Internet to ONU where EPON would provide the
smoothest transition possibilities.
For the Internet EPON provides the simplest interface without any conversion. In
GPON networks Ethernet should be converted to GEM frames. Nowadays there are
even Telephone systems with an Ethernet interface on the marked which makes the
VoIP conversion in the ONU superuous.For the simplicity and exibility of the user
EPON provides the best service.
4.5.3 The physical devices
The proposals made in this Chapter might to be realized in a real circuit. The ac-
tual GPON and EPON circuits will be discussed here, all other circuits are neglected.
Electrical circuits have to be built with certain specications. The most important
ones were mentioned in Section 3.2. The smaller the timing is for circuits to operate,
the more expensive is their manufacturing. EPON has in contrast to GPON relaxed
timing constraints. As a result of this relaxed specications EPON devices should be
cheaper to manufacture.
This chapter has shown the problems and possibilities for the actual users and im-
plementers. The next chapter will present an overall conclusion and recommendations.
Chapter 5
Conclusions and recommendations
5.1 General conclusions
This thesis was written to provide answers to the questions given below.
What are the dierences between the BPON/GPON/EPON standards?
Are the BPON/GPON/EPON standards inter operable?
Which conversions are needed at the end user to make its private-network plug-
and-play with an optical WAN and which options are available?
What about the timing and synchronization issues of each protocol?
How can BPON/GPON/EPON implemented into the Freeband system?
The next sections will provide an answer to each question and make some recom-
mendations to the project.
5.1.1 Dierences between BPON, GPON and EPON
The dierences between BPON, GPON and EPON can be found at dierent levels.
A BPON system is a good system but more or less replaced by the GPON standard.
All the user services provided by BPON can be found in the GPON system as well.
GPON is even more exible since it provides not only an ATM service but also addi-
tional services like GEM with several possibilities for data encapsulation.
The EPON standard distinguishes its self from BPON and GPON by using the Eth-
ernet stack, the service provided by EPON is therefore Ethernet. Like ATM or GEM,
Ethernet is capable of encapsulating other protocols.
Both BPON and GPON use the ATM protocol, where BPON actually uses it at the
network level and GPON only provides a service point for ATM. The network layer
of GPON uses its own frame format to transfer the data. For this moment GPON
69
70 Chapter 5. Conclusions and recommendations
has the fastest transmission speed followed by EPON. The transfer speeds for BPON
are outdated, while EPON and GPON might be upgraded to higher speed. Another
drawback of BPON is the lack of further development by the ITU-T, this is not very
active anymore since GPON is more or less a replacement.
5.1.2 Interoperability
In large networks it may be desired to use more than one standard to provide the best
solutions to dierent users. There are however problems when using more standards
in a single network. On the rst place it isnt very ecient, a network needs equip-
ment which meets the requirements of two or more standards. A second problem was
discussed earlier, the dierent band-plans of each standard conicts with each other.
As a result the interoperability of the three standards here isnt possible without any
modication in the specied band-plan.
5.1.3 Plug-and-play options
Plug-and-play implies that existing equipment needs none or less modications when it
is connected to new hardware. User equipment for telephony like IP-phones, Internet,
and even televisions have an Ethernet interfaces nowadays. Based on this information a
standard which supports Ethernet should be the best choice. Both GPON and EPON
provide an Ethernet service, GPON with some extra conversion and EPON without any
conversion. For a plug-and-play system EPON should be the easiest implementation.
5.1.4 Physical dierences
On the physical level there are dierences in the available data rates, and device tim-
ing requirements. The EPON standard species timing requirements which are more
relaxed compared to the GPON specications. The GPON strict specications make
the physical devices more expensive to produce.
For the available data rate GPON is the leading standard now. However a 10 Gb/s
Ethernet stack is currently available for an active optical network, it is just a matter of
time when EPON will adopt this stack. With easy to implement timing specications
and a possible transfer speed of 10 Gb/s EPON is suitable for low cost high speed
PONs.
5.2. Recommendations 71
5.2 Recommendations
5.2.1 Freeband Broadband Photonic implementations
The Freeband Broadband Photonic project requires a PON based network to deliver
the most common services to the user. The hardware needed for these services is often
equipped with an Ethernet interface. From a user point of view an ONU with Ethernet
support should be most convenient. An implementation for this system which requires
less protocol conversion or encapsulation would be an EPON based system. Since a
lot of services are born in the Internet environment, the migration of these services to
a PON network using the same protocol has its advantages.
Although GPON has its advantages as well, it provides more direct service interfaces,
the question would be if an average user really needs those dierent services. As user
equipment is standardized to Ethernet, ATM support becomes superuous. If ATM is
no must, extra conversions like Ethernet to GEM and vice versa are then overkill.
For the network operator the advantage is the relative cheap equipment needed for
EPON networks. A general recommendation to the Freeband project is to use an
EPON based PON.
5.2.2 Future work
Although the standards describe a more or less complete PON network based on EPON
there are still unsolved issues. For example what are the side eects when EPON mi-
grates to 10 Gb/s. This high speed interface might be available for active optical
networks now, but is it suitable for PONs? Are the devices then still easy to manu-
facture? These questions can only be answered and analyzed when the standards are
available.
For the Freeband Broadband Photonic project an other question is unanswered, what
if more wavelengths are going to be used in a standard? Each standard describes a
xed band-plan to use but can this bandplan extended with other wavelengths?
72 Chapter 5. Conclusions and recommendations
References
[1] ITU-T recommendation G.984.1,
Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (GPON): General characteristics.,
International Telecommunication Union, March 2003.
[2] ITU-T recommendation G.983.1,
Broadband optical access systems based on Passive Optical Networks (PON),
International Telecommunication Union, October 1998.
[3] IEEE recommendation 802.3ah
IEEE 802.3ah, Amendment to IEEE Std 802.3-2002,
IEEE Computer Society, June 2004.
[4] Larry L Peterson and Bruce S. Davie,
Computer Networks: A systems approach,
Morgan Kaufmann publishers, 2000, ISBN: 1558605770.
[5] ITU-T Recommendation I.732,
Functional characteristics of ATM equipment,
International Telecommunication Union, October 2000.
[6] ITU-T recommendation G.983.3,
Broadbad opticalaccess systems based on Passive Optical Networks (PON),
International Telecommunication Union, March 2001.
[7] ITU-T recommendation G.707,
Network node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH),
International Telecommunication Union, December 2003.
[8] ITU-T recommendation I.361,
B-ISDN ATM layer specication,
International Telecommunication Union, March 1999.
73
74 REFERENCES
[9] ITU-T recommendation G.984.4,
Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (GPON): ONT management and control
interface specication,
International Telecommunication Union, June 2004.
[10] ITU-T recommendation G.984.3,
Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (GPON): Transmission convergence
layer specication,
International Telecommunication Union, February 2004.
[11] ITU-T recommendation I.431.1,
B-ISDN user-network interface - Physical layer specication: General character-
istics,
International Telecommunication Union, February 1999.
[12] IEEE recommendation 802.3,
Part 3: Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) access
method and physical layer specications,
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, March 2002.
[13] A. X. Widmer and P. A. Franaszek,
A DC-Balanced, Partitioned-Block, 8B/10B Transmission Code,
IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 27, No. 5, September 1983, pages
440-451.
online: http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/275/ibmrd2705D.pdf
[14] ITU-T recommendation G.984.2,
Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (GPON): Physical Media Dependent
(PMD) layer specication.,
International Telecommunication Union, March 2003.
[15] Frank Eenberger,
PON PDM Timing,
Ethernet in the First Mile Task Force, Presentation January 2003,
online: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/efm/public/jan03/
optics/eenberger optics 1 0103.pdf
[16] Federal-Information-Processing-Standards-Publication-197,
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES),
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Noveber 2003,
online: http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/ps/ps197/ps-197.pdf
REFERENCES 75
[17] Dan Parson,
GPON vs. EPON Costs Comparison,
Lightwave journal, September 2005, online: http://www.broadlight.com/e-
presenter/media/documents
/GPON vs EPON Cost Comparison - BroadLight-June 2005.pdf
[18] Glen Kramer,
How ecient is EPON?,
Teknovus,
online: http://wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/kramer/papers/epon eciency.pdf
76 REFERENCES
Appendix A
List of Acronyms
Alen ATM (partition) length
Alloc-ID Allocation Identier
APON ATM over Passive Optical Networks
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BER Bit Error Ratio
BIP Bit Interleaved Parity
BPON Broadband Passive Optical Networks
Blen BWmap Length
BWmap Bandwidth Map
CLP Congestion Loss Priority
CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check
DBA Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment
DBRu Dynamic Bandwidth Report upstream
DEMUX Demultiplexer
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
EPON Ethernet Passive Optical Network
FEC Forward Error Correction
FTTB Fiber to the Building
FTTB/C Fiber to the Building/Curb
FTTC Fiber to the Curb
FTTCab Fiber to the Cabinet
FTTH Fiber to the Home
GEM GPON Encapsulation Method
GMII Gigabit-Medium-Independent-Interface
GPM GPON Physical Media (Dependent)
GPON Gigabit Passive Optical Network
GTC GPON Transmission Convergence
HEC Header Error Control
77
78 Appendix A. List of Acronyms
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ITU International Telecommunication Union
ITU-T ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector
LCF Laser Control Field
LLC Logical Link Control layer
LLID Logical Link Identier
LSB Least Signicant Bit
MAC Media Access Control
MDI Media-Dependent-Interface
MDU Multi-Dwelling Unit
MII Media-Independent-Interface
MPMC Multi-Point-MAC-Control
MPCPDU Multi-Point-MAC-Control Protocol-Data-Unit
MSB Most Signicant Bit
MUX Multiplexer
NRZ Non-Return-To-Zero
NT Network Termination
OAM Operation, Administration and Maintenance
OAN Optical Access Network
ODN Optical Distribution Network
OLT Optical Line Termination
OMCI ONU Management and Control Interface
ONT Optical Network Termination
ONU Optical Network Unit
OSI Open System Interconnection
P2MP Point to Multi Point
P2P Point to Point
PCBd Physical Control BLock downstream
PCS Physical-COding-Sublayer
PDU Protocol Data Unit
Plend Physical Length downstream
PLI Payload Length Indicator
PLOAM Physical Layer Operations, Administration and Maintenance
PLOAMd PLOAM downstream
PLOAMu PLOAM upstream
PLOu Physical Layer Overhead upstream
PLSu Power Leveling Sequence upstream
PMA Physical-Medium-Attatchment layer
PMD Physical-Medium-Dependent layer
79
PON Passive Optical Network
Port-ID Port Identier
Psync Physical Synchronization
PT Payload Type
PTI Payload Type Indicator
QoS Quality of Service
RS Reconsiliation
RXCF Receiver COntrol Filed
SCB Single Copy Broadcast
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SNI Service Node Interface
STM Synchronous Transfer Mode
TC Transmission Convergence
T-CONT Transmission Container
UNI User Network Interface
UTP Unschielded Twisted Pair
VCI Virtual Channel Identier
VoATM Voice over ATM
VoIP Voice over IP
VP Virtual Path
VPI Virtual Path Identier
WAN Wide Area Network
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing
80 Appendix A. List of Acronyms
Appendix B
BPON Churning function
K1 P12 K1 P12 K2 P1 K2 P1
=
P8
Y1
Y2
Y8 Z8
Z2
Z1
Churn
Z8 Y8
Y2
Y1 Z1
Z2
Dechurn
K1 P1
K3
K2 P2
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
K1 P7
K1 P5
K1 P3 K4
K5
K2
P4
Z3
Z2
Z1
Z4
Z5
Z6
Z7
Z8 Z8
Z7
Z6
Z5
Z4
Z3 Y3
Y2
Y1
Z2
Z1
K2 P2
K2 P4
K2 P6
P8
K10
K8
K2
K3
K1 P1
Y2
Y1
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
K9
K8
K9
K1 K2
K6
K7
K1 P3
K6
K7
K2 P6 K1 P5
K8
K9
P7
K10
Figure B.1: BPON Churning schema
81
82 Appendix B. BPON Churning function
List of Figures
1.1 Optical network architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 PON network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 OSI reference model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 BPON ONU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 BPON OLT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 NRZ Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5 BPON frame 155-MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.6 BPON frame 622-MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.7 ATM cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.8 PLOAM structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.9 BPON divided slot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.10 OLT functional block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.11 ONU functional block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.12 GPON-Stack overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.13 U and C/M plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.14 GPON downstream frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.15 PCBd overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.16 Ident Field overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.17 Plen Field overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.18 US BW MAP overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.19 GPON upstream frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.20 Physical layer overhead Upstream (PLOu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.21 PLOAMu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.22 DBRu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.23 ATM upload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.24 DBA report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.25 GEM upload frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.26 GEM header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.27 TDM over GEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.28 Ethernet over GEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
83
84 LIST OF FIGURES
2.29 EPON stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.30 EPON Multimac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.31 MPMC Control frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.32 A GATE and REPORT MPCPDU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.33 MAC-frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.1 PON Duplex system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2 PON Full Duplex system detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.3 PON Duplex ber system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.4 GPON Duplex system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.5 Enhancement system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.6 EPON Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.7 BPON scrambler for upstream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.8 Churning blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.9 AES CTR mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.1 GPON example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.2 EPON example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
B.1 BPON Churning Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
List of Tables
2.1 BPON upstream and downstream speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 BPON wavelengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 PLOAM downstream payload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 BPON GRANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5 PLOAM downstream MESSAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.6 PLOAM upstream payload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.7 PLOAM downstream MESSAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.8 Upstream overhead bytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.9 GPON transfer speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.10 GPON wavelength bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.11 GPON OLT and ONU modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.12 GPON Downstream Frame length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.13 Ind Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.14 GEM PTI codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.15 Physical EPON properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.16 Physical properties PMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.17 GATE MPCPDU Number of grants/Flags Field (1 Byte) . . . . . . . . 42
2.18 REPORT MPCPDU Report bitmap elds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.1 GPON overhead time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2 EPON overhead time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
85