INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

INTRODUCTION
The bone of contention: Relations VS Policies,
Which is Which?
Complexities of Relationships. Relationships cannot
be understood in isolation. They concern actors,
structures, and processes.
DECONSTRUCTING POLICIES
Principles of Action. Policies are courses or
principles of action adopted or proposed by a
state that define its dealings with others.
Set of Goals. Set of goals that seeks to outline
how that particular country will interact on an
official basis with other countries of the world
DECONSTRUCTING POLICIES
Government Activity. Part of governments activity to
keep the state and society a going and growing
concern as against the desires, interests, and activities
of other states and societies
Protection of Interest. Policies are designed to help
protect a countrys national interests, national security,
ideological goals, and economic prosperity
WHAT OTHERS SAY
Another name for national security- Ople
Statement of national goals, as limited both absolutely
and relatively by national power- MDS
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
All intercourse among states and all movements of
peoples, goods, and ideas across national frontiers
is the study of relationships among
states and roles of sovereign states and
other actors in international community
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
While multidisciplinary, it is both a positive (factual
statement) and normative (prescriptive, value-based
statement) discipline.
It analyzes and formulates the foreign policy of a given
state in relation to others
DEVELOPMENT OF IR
Dated around 460-395 BC from the time of Greek
historian Thucydides only to become a formal
discipline in 1919 in Britain.
Analyses of the dynamics and the development;
rationale for the significance
CORE PRINCIPLES
Activity: You have 2 good friends, a man and a woman,
who are in a romantic relationship. Man wants to watch
a basketball game, woman wants to shopasking for
help.
Living out the principles
CORE PRINCIPLES
These revolve around how can a group (2 or more
countries) serve its collective interests when doing so
requires its members to forgo their individual interests?
E.g. Stopping global warming as a whole yet individual
states need some resource that cause the
phenomenon; military alliance yet minimizing cost of
contributions.
CORE PRINCIPLES
There is an imminent dilemma should states only
pursue individual interests, i.e. cheating on
agreements, not contributing to universal need of
nations.
Collective Goods Problem is the dilemma of how to
provide something that benefits all members of a group
regardless of what each member contributes.
THREE PRINCIPLES
Dominance [||], establishing a power hierarchy in
which those on top control those below;
Hegemony (e.g. permanent members of the
Security Council)
THREE PRINCIPLES
Reciprocity [=], rewarding behavior that
contributes to the group (positive) and punishing
behavior that pursues self-interest at the
expense of the group (negative);
THREE PRINCIPLES
Identity [*], caring about the interests of others
enough to sacrifice their own interests to benefit
others.
BASES OF IR
UN CHARTER, We, the people of the United
Nations, determined:
1. To save succeeding generations from the
scourge of war which twice in our lifetime has
brought untold sorrow to mankind, and
BASES OF IR
2. to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights,
in the dignity and worth of the human person, in
the equal rights of men and women and of
nations large and small, and
BASES OF IR
3. to establish condition under which justice and
respect for the obligations arising from treaties
and other sources of international law can be
maintained, and
4. to promote social progress and better
standards of life in larger freedom
BASES OF IR
PHIL CONSTITUTION, Article II:
Sec. 2: The Philippines renounces war as an
instrument of national policy, adopts the
generally accepted principles of international law
as part of the law of the land and adheres to the
policy of peace, equality, justice, freedom,
cooperation and amity with all nations
BASES OF IR
Sec. 7: The State shall pursue an independent
foreign policy. In its relations with other states,
the paramount consideration shall be national
sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest
and the right to self -determination
BASES OF IR
Sec. 8: The Philippines, consistent with the
national interest, adopts and pursues a policy of
freedom from nuclear weapons in its territory
PERMANENT FUNCTIONS
To foster and reinforce an external environment that
is non threatening and supportive of the countrys
national goal
To cultivate, maintain, and promote stable, friendly,
and cooperative relations with all other nations,
both individual and in the context of regional and
international groupings or associations
CORE AREAS
National Security (Preservation and enhancement
of national security)
Enhancing friendly relations and forging strategic
alliances with other countries; Promoting regional
peace and stability through established and new
mechanisms; and Fostering global accords that
advance through established national security.
CORE AREAS
Economic Diplomacy (Promotion and attainment
of economic security)
Promotion of trade in goods and services;
investment promotion; tourist promotion; sourcing of
official development assistance (ODA); negotiation
of debt repayment or relief; facilitation of overseas
employment; and; economic intelligence gathering
CORE AREAS
Protection of Nationals (Protection of the rights
and promotion of the welfare and interest of the
OFWs)
Protection of their interest and welfare,
promotion of their social, economic, and political
rights
EIGHT POLICY REALITIES
1. China, Japan and the United States and their
relationship will be a determining influence in
the security situation and economic evolution of
East Asia
2. Philippine foreign policy decisions have to be
made in the context of ASEAN
EIGHT POLICY REALITIES
3. The international Islamic community will
continue to be important for the Philippines
4. The coming years will see the growing
importance of multilateral and inter-regional
organizations to promote common interests
EIGHT POLICY REALITIES
5. As an archipelagic state, the defense of the
nation's sovereignty and the protection of its
environment and natural resources can be
carried out only to the extent that it asserts its
rights over the maritime territory and gets
others to respect those rights
EIGHT POLICY REALITIES
6. The country's economic policy will continue to
be friendly to both domestic and foreign direct
investments
7. The Philippines can benefit most quickly from
international tourism
EIGHT POLICY REALITIES
8. Overseas Filipinos will continue to be
recognized for their critical role in the country's
economic and social stability
ACTORS OF IR
The principal actors in IR are the governments of
the world.
Hence, IR is also a study of the decisions and
acts of those governments in relation to other
governments
ACTORS OF IR
1. State Actors.
State ideally needs to have "independence" more
than sovereignty over its people... yet has to be
recognised by other states through diplomatic
relations and usually be membership in the UN.
ACTORS OF IR
2. Nonstate Actors.
IGOs (intergovernmental organisations; members
are national governments; examples are UN,
NATO, Arab League);
ACTORS OF IR
NGOs (nongovernmental organisations;
members are individuals and groups; examples
are Amnesty International, Lions Club, Red
Cross);
MNCs (multinational corporations; companies
that span borders; examples are ExxonMobil,
Toyota, Wal-Mart);
ACTORS OF IR
Others (individuals, cities, constituencies;
examples are Bono, Iraqi Kurdistan, al Qaeda
LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
Kenneth Waltzs original concept of Levels of
Analysis, in his writing, International Conflict:
Three Levels of Analysis
David Singers articulation and examination of
assumptions
LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
1. Individual Level (Personal Schema)
How individual traits affect how they respond
to problems/issues
Concerns the perceptions, choices, and
actions of individual human beings
LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
2. Domestic Level (Society and Government)
Concerned with the internal structure of states,
sifting out good and bad states, and (ideally)
trying to change them for the better
Judging individual states based on their own
unique political/social makeup
LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
3. Global Level (International System)
Concerned with stability in anarchic world
Seeks to explain international outcomes in
terms of global trends and forces that
transcend the interactions of states
themselves