Position and Movement: Checkpoint (p.8)

Pearson Education Asia Limited 2009
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NSS Physics in Life Full Solution of Textbooks
(Force and Motion)
Chapter 6 Position and Moe!ent
Checkpoint (p"#)
1. time: second (s); length: metre (m)
2. (a) hour (h) / minute (min)
(b) metre (m) / feet (ft)
(c) metre (m) / kilometre (km) / feet (ft)
(d) minute (min) / second (s)
3. (a) The distance between the school and the nearest bus stop can be measured
b counting the number of footsteps needed to walk from one place to
another. (or an other reasonable answers)
(b) The time needed to tra!el to one place to another can be measured b a
wrist watch. (or an other reasonable answers)
$xercise (p"#)
1. 1 da " 2# hours " $% $% 2# " &$ #%% s
1 ear " 3$' das " #%% &$ 3$' " 31 '3$ %%% s
2. (a) 1 inch " 2.'# cm " %.%2'# m
(b) 1 foot " 3%#.& mm " %.3%#& m
(c) 1 ard " (1#.# mm " %.(1## m
(d) 1 mile " 1.$%( 3## km " 1$%(.3## m
3. (a) minute (min) / hour (h)
(b) minute (min)
(c) millimetre (mm) / centimetre (cm)
(d) metre (m)
#. ) sundial measures time b the position of the sun. )s the position of the sun in
the sk !aries with time* it casts a shadow of the rod onto a hori+ontal table with
hour,lines. The corresponding time can be read from the hour,line which aligns
with the shadow.
) sandglass consists of two bulbs connected !erticall b a narrow tube. The
bottom bulb is usuall filled with sand. -hen the sandglass is in!erted* the sand
falls from one bulb to the other and the time needed is fi.ed. Therefore* b
defining the time needed as a fi.ed period* time inter!als can be measured b
counting the number of such period passed.
1
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(Force and Motion)
/n a 0hinese water clock* water flows out from the upper !essel to the lowest
!essel at a fi.ed rate. )s time passes* the 1ruler2 floated on the lowest !essel will
rise due to the rise in water le!el. Time can be read from the markings on the
1ruler2.
'. (a) percentage error of the atomic clock 3 1% 1$ . 1 3 1%%
$% $% 2#
1% 1
12
(
(b) time taken for the atomic clock to miss 1 s das 1% 1

1% 1
1
(
(

$. ) stopwatch is more suitable because it is more con!enient to use a stopwatch

for this measurement. The time taken for the 4erris wheel to complete a
re!olution is 5uite long (about a few minutes) and a stopwatch is alread
accurate enough (an error of a few seconds).
6. (a) 7lectronic timing is more accurate than the use of stopwatches.
(b) percentage error 3 &11 . % 3 1%%
$6 . 2#
2 . %

(c) 8o. The error due to the time keeper2s reaction time is too large in this
situation because the finishing times are so close that the ranks determined
b the readings ma be inaccurate. The tolerance of the error of the reading
and the practicalit of usage are also factors needed to be considered.
&. s &3& . %
2%
6' . 1$
T
percentage error 3 3( . 2 3 1%%
6' . 1$
# . %

Checkpoint (p"%&)
1. (a) total distance tra!elled b the ball
" OA 9 AB 9 BC
" 12% 9 3$% 9 &2
" '$2 cm
(b) displacement of the ball from O to A
cm 12% OA
displacement of the ball from A to B
cm 3$% AB
displacement of the ball from B to C
cm &2 BC
total displacement "
cm 1'& &2 3$% 12% + + + BC AB OA OC
(c) The sign of the total displacement is negati!e. /t means that the final
position of the ball is on the left of the original position.
2. total displacement ( ) cm 6 . ## 2% #% 2% 2% 2%
2 2 2 2
+ + +
total distance tra!elled cm 1%% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% + + + +
2
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(Force and Motion)
$xercise (p"%')
1. 0
2. 0
3. :
#. :
'. (a) The fare depends on the distance tra!elled.
(b) The distance between the road sign and the corresponding destination
$. (a) (i) ) student goes to school from his home and returns home after school.
(or an other reasonable answers)
(ii) ) person walks along a straight line.
(b) 8o. The shortest distance between two positions is the length of the straight
line ;oining the two positions* which is the magnitude of the displacement.
<o* the distance tra!elled cannot be smaller than the magnitude of the
displacement.
6. (a) Take the downward direction as positi!e.
(i) displacement of the ball from A to B
cm #% AB
displacement of the ball from B to C
cm 2% BC
displacement of the ball from C to D
cm &% $% 2% + CD
(ii) total displacement ( ) cm 1%% &% 2% #% + + + + CD BC AB AD
(iii) The sign of the total displacement is positi!e. /t means that the ball is
below the initial position.
(b) Take the upward direction as positi!e.
total displacement ( ) cm 1%% &% 2% #% + + + + CD BC AB AD
The negati!e sign suggests that the ball is below the initial position. /t
agrees with the result in (a).
&. (a) distance tra!elled b the batter m & . '# # . 26 # . 26 +
distance tra!elled b the ball ( ) m 2 . '6 # . 26 # . 26 & . 22
2 2
+ +
3
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(Force and Motion)
(b) magnitude of displacement of the batter m 6 . 3& # . 26 # . 26
2 2
+
The displacement of the batter is 3&.6 m (8-).
magnitude of displacement of the ball ( ) m 2 . '6 # . 26 # . 26 & . 22
2 2
+ +
The direction in which the ball tra!els is 8- and can be determined b

+
$ . 2&
# . 26 & . 22
# . 26
tan
The displacement of the ball is '6.2 m (82&.$=-).

(.
)ppling the cosine law*
magnitude of displacement of the tphoon
( )
km '&(
#' . '&(
#' cos #%% &%% 2 #%% &%%
cos 2
2 2
2 2
+
+ AOB OB OA OB OA
)ppling the sine law*

3 . 1%$
&%%
sin
#' . '&(
#' sin
OBA
OBA
Therefore the tphoon tra!els towards the direction 8(1&%=>1%$.3=)-
? 863.6=-.
The displacement of the tphoon is '&( km (863.6=-).
1%. (a) distance tra!elled m 2%%
2
6%
6
22
(%
2
6% @
(% +
+
displacement m 11# (% 6%
2 2
+
(b) <ince his final position is still at B* his final displacement is 11# m.
#
Hong Kong (O)
400 m 800 m
45=
B
A
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(Force and Motion)
11. (a)
(b) total displacement " displacement from A to D m 3 . (# '% &%
2 2
+
12. (a) diameter of the 7arth km 6#% 12 d

orth Pole
!outh Pole
aero"lane#s
dis"lacement
$2 %40 &m
cross(section of the $arth
aero"lane#s
route
(b) distance tra!elled km %%% 2%
2
6#% 12 @
2
@

d
displacement " 12 6#% km
Checkpoint (p")%)
1. :
2.
a!erage speed
( )
( )
1
s m '3( . %
%.6
@ 12 . %
tra!el of time
tra!elled distance

Take the right as the positi!e direction.
a!erage !elocit
( )
( )
1
s m 3#3 . %
6 . %
2 12 . %
3. (a) 0ockroach A has the highest a!erage speed.

(b) The three cockroaches ha!e the same a!erage !elocit.
'
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(Force and Motion)
$xercise (p")%)
1. (a) es
(b) es
(c) es
(d) es
2. (a) same
(b) different
(c) same
(d) different
3. (a) non,+ero
(b) +ero
(c) non,+ero
(d) +ero
#. )
'. (a) <tudent A walks towards the north for a certain distance and a certain time
inter!al while student B walks towards an other direction for the same
distance and time inter!al. (or an other reasonable answers)
(b) /n a running race which starts and ends at the same position* the
displacements of the runners and hence their a!erage !elocities are +ero but
not their a!erage speeds during the race. (or an other reasonable answers)
$. a!erage speed
1
s m '# . &
&& . 12
11%

6. (a) a!erage speed
1
s m $6 . 1
$%
2 '%

a!erage !elocit %
$%
%

(b) The winner is the one who has the highest a!erage speed. /n a 1%% m
swimming contest* the swimmers return to their starting position and so
their a!erage !elocities are all +ero.
&. (a) time of tra!el s 13% 1% $% 2 +
a!erage speed
1 1 1
1 1
3
h km &% h km 62 h km
1%%%
$% $%
2%
s m 2% s m
13%
1% $ . 2

<
,
_
,
_
Aer a!erage speed is lower than the speed limit.

(b) )lthough her a!erage speed is lower than the speed limit* her instantaneous
$
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(Force and Motion)
speed at a certain instant ma be higher than the limit. Aence* she ma still
be fined for speeding.
(. (a) a!erage speed
( )
km 1% &1 . 2
1.'
3'% $36% @ 2 @ 2
#

+

t
r
(b) Bet h be the height of the orbit abo!e the ground.
( )
km #$3% m 1% $3 . #
$% $% 2 . 3
1% $36% @ 2
$%%%
tra!el of time
tra!elled distance
speed a!erage
$
3

+
h
h
The orbit of the satellite is #$3% km abo!e the ground.
1%. (a) a!erage speed of the plane
1
plane
h km # . '61
' . 3
(%% 11%%

+
v
a!erage speed of the train
1
train
h km 33 . &3
2#
(%% 11%%

+
v
ratio
&$ . $
33 . &3
# . '61
train
plane

v
v
(b) a!erage speed
( )
1
h km ' . 66
1# 2 2#
11%% (%% 11%%

+ +
+ +

Take the north as positi!e direction.
a!erage !elocit
( )
1
h km ' . 22
1# 2 2#
11%% (%% 11%%

+ +
+
The a!erage speed and a!erage !elocit of the train are 66.' km h
>1
and
22.' km h
>1
(to the north) respecti!el.
11. (a) Take the right as the positi!e direction.
total displacement
( ) ( ) m & . # # 2 # & . %
Ais total displacement is #.& m to the left of his original position.
(b) a!erage speed
( ) ( )
1
s m & . %
# $ #
# 2 # & . %

+ +
+
a!erage !elocit
1
s m 3#3 . %
# $ #
& . #

+ +
6
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(Force and Motion)
12. (a) distance tra!elled ( ) m 2 . '(# 2'% 2% 2@
#
3
2'% + +
a!erage speed
1
s m (' . #
$% 2
2 . '(#

displacement ( ) ( )
1 2 2
s m & . 3&1 2% 2'% 2% 2'%

+ + + (87)
a!erage !elocit
1
s m 1& . 3
$% 2
& . 3&1

(87)
(b) 8o. The instantaneous !elocit of the truck is not constant as its direction
changes when the truck mo!es around the roundabout.
Checkpoint (p")6)
1. aeroplane: no
cable car: no
dog: es
capsule: es
2. a!erage acceleration
( ) ( )
( )
2
s m 3
2
1% #
t
u v
a
final !elocit
( ) ( ) ( )
1
s m 1$
2 3 1%
+
+ at u v
3. The ob;ect is speeding up because the magnitude of its !elocit is increasing.
$xercise (p")*)
1. 0
2. :
3. :
#. )
'. (a) ) car accelerates along a straight road.
(b) ) car mo!es around a corner at a constant speed.
(c) ) ball rebounds off a racket.
&
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(Force and Motion)
$. )t A* the cclist has acceleration as he gains speed b ccling down the slope.
)t B* he has no acceleration as he maintains his speed after reaching the ground
and there is no change in his direction of motion.
)t C* although he mo!es at a constant speed* he has acceleration as his direction
of motion changes.
)t D* he has no acceleration as there is no change in his speed and direction of
motion.
)t E* he decelerates b appling a hard brake on the biccle and hence he has
acceleration as there is a change in his !elocit.
6. 4or 4errari 4#3%*
1 1 1
1
s m 6& . 26 s m
$% $%
1%%%
1%% h km 1%%

,
_
v
)ppling
t
u v
a

*
2
1
s m (#' . $
#
% 6& . 26

a
4or Bamborghini Callardo*
1
2
2
s m $ . $
'
% 33
a a <

Aence* 4errari 4#3% has a larger a!erage acceleration.
&. (a) a!erage acceleration
2
s m 1%%%
%# . %
% #%

t
u v
a
(b) final speed ( )
1
s m $% %2 . % 1%%% #%

+ + at u v
(. Take the upward direction as positi!e.
acceleration during the first 2 s
2
1
1 1
1
s m 6' . %
2
% ' . 1

t
u v
a
acceleration during the ne.t 1% s
%
1%
' . 1 ' . 1
2
2 2
2

t
u v
a
acceleration during the last 2.' s
2
3
3 3
3
s m $ . %
' . 2
' . 1 %

t
u v
a
The accelerations during the first 2 s* the ne.t 1% s and the last 2.' s are
%.6' m s
>2
(upwards)* % and %.$ m s
>2
(downwards).
1%. (a) The skater mo!es to the right at a decreasing speed until her speed has
decreased to +ero. Then she re!erses her direction of motion and increases
her speed.
(
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(Force and Motion)
(b) Take the right as the positi!e direction.
)ppling
t
u v
a

*
s '
2 2
& . %

t
t
<he will reach a speed of 2 m s
>1
again but in the opposite direction ' s later.
11. (a) Take the direction down the inclined plane as positi!e.
initial !elocit
1
s m $ . 1

u
final !elocit % v
acceleration
( )
2
s m 2
& . %
$ . 1 %

t
u v
a
)s a is positi!e* it points to the direction down the inclined plane.
)ppling
t
u v
a

* the !elocit of the ball 1.2 s after the pro;ection is
( )
1
s m & . %
2 . 1
$ . 1
2
v
v
)s v is positi!e* it also points to the direction down the inclined plane.
Aence* the phsical results remain the same using the two methods of
calculation.
(b) (i) The are in the same direction.
(ii) The are in opposite directions.
12. (a) time taken for the water to mo!e from A to B s 2
2
2 2
+

v
s
t
(b) Take the right as the positi!e direction.
a!erage acceleration
2
s m 2
2
2 2

t
u v
The a!erage acceleration is 2 m s
>2
to the left.
1%
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(Force and Motion)
Checkpoint (p"&%)
1.
time interval Simons motion velocity
%D'% s Ae walks towards the right at
a constant !elocit.
( ) ( )
1
s m & . %
% '%
% #%

v
'%D11% s Ae stas at rest.
1
s m %

v
11%D1'% s Ae walks towards the left at a
constant !elocit.
)t t " 1'% s* he is at a
distance of 2% m to the left of
O.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
s m ' . 1
11% 1'%
#% 2%

v
Checkpoint (p"&6)
1. (a) Euring t " %D' s*
acceleration " slope of the v,t graph
( )
( )
2
s m 2
% '
% 1%

Euring t " 'D1% s*

acceleration " slope of the v,t graph
( )
( )
2
s m 2
' %
1% %

(b) total displacement " total area under the v,t graph m '% 1% 1%
2
1

2. E
Checkpoint (p"&+)
1. (a) 0
(b) E
$xercise (p"&+)
1. (a) )
(b) E
2. 0
3. )
#. E
'. )
11
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(Force and Motion)
$. (a) C F B F A
(b) C F B F A
(c) A F B F C
(d) A F B F C
6. (a) correct
(b) correct
(c) incorrect
(d) incorrect
&. (a) 0
(b) E
(c) :
(d) )
(. (a) 4rom the graph* the shop is located at a position 1$% m east of Geff2s home.
(b) Euring t " %>3 min* he goes to the shop at a constant !elocit. Then he stas
at the shop during t " 3>$ min. Euring t " $>11 min* he returns home with a
constant !elocit.
(c) total displacement " %
/t is because his motion starts and ends at the same position.
total distance tra!elled m 32% 1$% 1$% +
(d) a!erage speed
1
s m #&' . %
$% 11
32%

a!erage !elocit %
$% 11
%
1%. (a)
(b) distance tra!elled between the stations
" area under the v,t graph
( ) ( ) [ ]
m 2%'%
2
2% % 1#% 3' 1%%
12
a ' m s
>2
t ' m s
>2
(0 $00 $40
0
>0)5
0)5%$
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(Force and Motion)
(c) Bet t
m
be the time when the train is midwa between the stations.
distance from a station to the position midwa between the stations
m 1%2'
2
2%'%

distance tra!elled b the train
" area under the v,t graph from t " % to t " t
m
" area under the v,t graph during t " % to t " 3' s
9 area under the v,t graph from t " 3' to t " t
m
( )
( ) 3' 2% 3'%
3' 2%
2
2% 3'
m
m
+
+
t
t
Aence*
( )
s & . $& s 6' . $&
3'
2%
3'% 1%2'
1%2' 3' 2% 3'%
m
m

+
+
t
t
(d) a!erage !elocit
1
s m $ . 1#
1#%
2%'%

t
s
v
11. (a) acceleration " slope of the v,t graph
initial acceleration of car A
2
s m ' . 6
% #
% 3%

A
a
initial acceleration of car B
A B
a a <
2
s m '
% &
% #%
Aence* car A has a larger acceleration.
(b) 8o. /t onl means that the cars are tra!elling at the same !elocit at that
time.
(c) 0ar B o!ertakes car A at the time when the areas under their v,t graphs are
the same.
)t t " 1% s*
distance tra!elled b car A
" area under its v,t graph during t " %D1% s
( ) [ ]
m 2#%
3% # 1%
2
3% #
13
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(Force and Motion)
distance tra!elled b car B
" area under its v,t graph during t " %D1% s
( ) [ ]
m 2#%
#% & 1%
2
#% &
Aence* car B o!ertakes car A at t " 1% s.

12. (a)
(b) Euring t " %D' s
1 1 1
s m &( . 13 s m
$% $%
1%%%
'% h km '%

,
_

acceleration of the car
2
1
s m 6& . 2
% '
% &( . 13

a
Euring t " 'D6 s*
acceleration of the car %
' 6
'% '%
2

a
1#
$ 2 ( 4 5 * %
t ' s
0
$0
20
(0
40
50
v ' &m h
>$
5 %
t ' s
0
2)%8
a ' m s
>2
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(Force and Motion)
13. displacement " area under the v,t graph
4or 4igure H13a*
time t / s displacement s / m
% %
2 3
# 12
$ 26
& #&
1% 6'
12 1%2
1# 123
1$ 13&
1& 1#6
2% 1'%
1'
2 4 * 8 $0 $2 $4
0
20
$* $8 20
t ' s
s ' m
40
*0
80
$00
$20
$40
$*0
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(Force and Motion)
4or 4igure H13b*
time t / s displacement s / m
% %
2 1%
# 2%
$ 2%
& 2%
1% 2%
12 %
1# >2%
1$ >#%
1& >$%
2% >&%
1#. (a) /nitiall* the ob;ect mo!es with a constant acceleration from rest. /t then
maintains its !elocit after a certain time.
1$
>80
s ' m
>*0
>40
>20
0
20
t ' s
2 4 * 8 $0 $2 $4 $* $8 20
0 0
s ' m a ' m s
>2
t ' s t ' s
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(Force and Motion)
(b) The ob;ect decelerates until it stops.
(c) The ob;ect decelerates until it stops. Then it re!erses its direction of motion.
The acceleration is constant throughout the motion.
(d) The ob;ect mo!es to the negati!e direction at a constant !elocit.
16
0
0
s ' m a ' m s
>2
t ' s
t ' s
0
0
s ' m a ' m s
>2
t ' s
t ' s
0
v ' m s
>$
a ' m s
>2
t ' s
t ' s
0
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
1'. The s,t* v,t and a,t graphs of the minibus are shown below.
Checkpoint (p"'*)
1. (a) unsuitable
(b) suitable
(c) suitable
2. There are 12 ticks on the ticker,tape.
1
s m 6' . %
%2 . % 12
1& . %
tra!el of time
tra!elled distance
speed

3. 0
$xercise (p"'*)
1. E
2. E
3. (a) The v,t graph represents a uniforml accelerated motion.
(b) The trolle mo!es away from the motion sensor.
(c) a!erage acceleration of the trolle " slope of the v,t graph
2
s m 2
% 2
% #

#. (a) The car accelerates to the left.

(b) Ilot an a,t graph and see whether the acceleration is non,+ero.
JOR Ilot a v,t graph and see whether the !elocit is increasing.K
'. (a) Trolle A mo!es at a constant !elocit.
1&
v
t
t
a
0
0
0
s
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(Force and Motion)
Trolle B accelerates.
(b) Trolle B has a higher a!erage !elocit. The number of ticks on the tape of
trolle A and B are ( and 6 respecti!el. Trolle B takes less time to tra!el
the same distance and hence it has a higher a!erage !elocit.
$. (a) The ball mo!es to the right and decelerates.
(b) (i) a!erage !elocit between A and B
1 1
s m 3$ . % s cm 3$
1 . %
$ . 3

AB
v
(ii) a!erage !elocit between B and C
1 1
s m 2& . % s cm 2&
1 . %
$ . 3 # . $

BC
v
(iii) a!erage !elocit between C and D
1 1
s m 2% . % s cm 2%
1 . %
# . $ # . &

CD
v
(i!) a!erage !elocit between D and E
1 1
s m 12 . % s cm 12
1 . %
# . & $ . (

DE
v
(c)
(d) a!erage acceleration of the ball " slope of the v,t graph
2 2
s m & . % s cm &%
3 . %
2#
1 . % # . %
3$ 12

1(
v ' cm s
>$
0)$ 0)2 0)( 0)4
0
$0
t ' s
20
(0
40
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(Force and Motion)
Checkpoint (p",')
1. -e are gi!en
1 1
s m 22.22 h km &%

u
* s m 13.&( h km '%
1 1
v
2
s m 2

a * we ha!e to find t and s.
)ppling the e5uation at u v + *
s 16 . #
2
22 . 22 && . 13
t
)ppling the e5uation
2
2
1
at ut s + *
( ) ( ) ( ) m 3 . 6' 16 . # 2
2
1
16 . # 22 . 22
2
1
]
1
+ s
Alternative method:
)ppling the e5uation v
2
> u
2
" 2as*
( )
m 3 . 6'
2 2
22 . 22 && . 13
2 2
s
2. E
$xercise (p",')
1. :
2. E
3. )
#. 0
'. 0
$. :
6. The final !elocit is
( )
1
s m 31% # 1' 2'%

+ + at u v
The distance it tra!el during the time inter!al is
m 112%
1' 2
2'% 31%
2
2 2 2 2
a
u v
s
Alternative method:
( ) m 112% # 1'
2
1
# 2'%
2
1
2 2

,
_
+ + at ut s
2%
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
&. (a)
1 1 1
s m # . 11( s m
$% $%
1%%%
#3% h km #3%

,
_

1 1 1
s m 22 . 22 s m
$% $%
1%%%
&% h km % &

,
_

The time taken b the <hanghai Lagle! train is
s 16$ '( . 16'
$& . %
% # . 11(
1

t
The time taken b the LTM train is
s 2 . 2%
1 . 1
% 22 . 22
2

t
(b) The distance tra!elled b the magle! train when it accelerates is
( ) m &2.$ # 1% '( . 16' $& . %
2
1
'( . 16' %
2
1
2 2
1 1 1 1 1

,
_
+ + t a t u s
The distance tra!elled b the LTM train when it accelerates is
( ) m #22 . 22# 2 . 2% 1 . 1
2
1
2 . 2% %
2
1
2 2
2 2 2 2 2

,
_
+ + t a t u s
The distance tra!elled b the magle! train is 1%#&2.$ > 22#.#22 ? 1% 3%% m
longer.
(. The time taken for the runner to accelerate is
s %3% . 3
3 . 3
% 1%
1

t
The distance she still has to run after acceleration is
m &' . &# %3 . 3 3 . 3
2
1
1%%
2

,
_
s
The time taken for her to finish the race after acceleration is
s #&' . &
1%
&' . &#
2
t
Aer finishing time is
s ' . 11 '2 . 11 #&' . & %3% . 3
2 1
+ + t t t
1%. (a) a!erage acceleration
2
s m '%
%2 . %
% 1

a
(b) a!erage acceleration of the red ball
2
s m 1 . %

a
The distance tra!elled b the red ball after the collision is
( )
cm 6% cm &% m & . %
1 . % 2
# . % %
2
2 2 2
>

a
u v
s
Aence* the red ball will fall into the pocket.
21
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
11. Bet t be the time needed to catch the train.
)ppling
2
2
1
at ut s + *
2
2
2' . 1 & . % 1'
' . 2
2
1
& . % 1'
t t
t t
+
,
_
+
s 1$ . 3 t or s &% . 3 t (re;ected)
<ince t ? 3.1$ s N 3 s* he will not be able to catch the train.
12. (a) )ppling
2
2
1
at ut s + *
( ) m 26 3 $
2
1
3 %
2

,
_
+ s
The cheetah catches the deer at a position 26 m awa from its initial
position.
(b) )ppling at u v + *
1
s m 1& 3 $ %

+ v
The !elocit of the cheetah when it catches the deer is 1& m s
>1
.
(c) distance tra!elled b the deer during the chase m ( 1& 26
!elocit of the deer
1
s m 3
3
(

13. (a)
1 1 1
s m 12' s m
$% $%
1%%%
#'% h km #'%

,
_

)ppling as u v 2
2 2
*
( )
1 2
1
s m 2 . $% 21 . $% 12' 12%% ' 2

+ v
The !elocit of the plane when it goes beond the runwa is $%.2 m s
>1
.
(b) )ppling as u v 2
2 2
*
2
2
2
s m 2' . 6 2'% . 6
2'% 2
21 . $% %

a
The acceleration of the plane is >6.2' m s
>2
. /t means the plane decelerates
at 6.2' m s
>2
when it is on the field.
(c) )ppling at u v + *
s ($ . 12
'
12' 21 . $%
1

t
s 3%' . &
2'% . 6
21 . $% %
2

t
The total time taken for the plane to stop on the ground is
s 3 . 21 26 . 21 3%' . & ($ . 12
2 1
+ + t t t
22
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
1#. (a)
1 1 1
s m 11 . 11 s m
$% $%
1%%%
#% h km #%

,
_

reaction time s (%% . %
11 . 11
1%

)ppling as u v 2
2 2
*
acceleration
2
2
s m 16 . $
1% 2
11 . 11 %

a
The assumed reaction time and acceleration of the !ehicle is %.(%% s and
>$.16 m s
>2
respecti!el. /t means the !ehicle is assumed to be decelerated
at $.16 m s
>2
.
(b)
1 1 1
s m 6& . 26 s m
$% $%
1%%%
1%% h km 1%%

,
_

thinking distance m 2'.%% 26.6& %.(%%
braking distance
( )
m '# . $2
16 . $ 2
6& . 26
2
stopping distance m ' . &6 '# . $2 %% . 2' +

1'. (a) 4rom the graph* the reaction time of the dri!er is %.& s.
(b) acceleration
2
s m 6' . 3
& . % #
12 %

a
The acceleration of the car is >3.6' m s
>2
. /t means the car decelerates at
3.6' m s
>2
.
(c) stopping distance
" area under the v,t graph
( )
( )
m & . 2&
2
& . % # 12
& . % 12

+
The car stops at a distance of
( ) m 2 . 3 & . 2& 32
before the traffic light.
(d) thinking distance m 11.2 %.& 1#
braking distance
( ) m & . 2% 11.2 32
acceleration
2
2 2 2
s m 61 . #
& . 2% 2
1# %
2

s
u v
a
The acceleration of the car is >#.16 m s
>2
. /t means the car decelerates at
#.61 m s
>2
.
23
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
Checkpoint (p"6))
1. Take the downward direction as positi!e. -e are gi!en
1
s m %

u *
s 3 t
*
2
s m 1%

a * and we ha!e to find s and v.
2
2
1
at ut s + *
m #' 3 1%
2
1
%
2

,
_
+ s
at u v +
*
( )
1
s m 3% 3 1% %

+ v
2. Take the upward direction as positi!e. -e are gi!en
1
s m 1%

u * s 3 t and
2
s m 1%

a * and we ha!e to find s.
2
2
1
at ut s + *
( ) ( ) m 1' 3 1%
2
1
3 1%
2

1
]
1
+ s
The displacement is negati!e. This shows that the ball is 1' m below the point of
pro;ection at t " 3 s.
(The mark should be drawn below the point of pro;ection.)
3. (a) 4rom the v,t graph* the stone is thrown at the speed of 1' m s
>1
.
(b) The stone takes 1.' s to reach the highest point.
(c) ma.imum height " area under the v,t graph from t " % to t " 1.' s
" 11.2' m
$xercise (p"6&)
1. :
2. E
3. 0
#. :
'. E
$. (a) correct
(b) incorrect
(c) incorrect
(d) correct
(e) correct
(f) correct
2#
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
6. (a) correct
(b) incorrect
(c) correct
(d) correct
(e) correct
(f) correct
&. 0
(. (a) Take the downward direction as positi!e.
The depth of the well is
( ) m 2% 2 1%
2
1
2 %
2
1
2 2

,
_
+ + at ut s
(b) The !elocit of the coin when it reaches the water surface is
1
s m 2% 2 1% %

+ + at u v
The positi!e sign indicates the !elocit is in the downward direction.
1%. (a) Take the downward direction as positi!e.
)ppling
2
2
1
at ut s + *
s 1.1% s %(' . 1
'
$
1%
2
1
% $
2

,
_
+
t
t
The cat has 1.1% s to turn its bod.
(b) )ppling at u v + *
( )
1
s m % . 11 (' . 1% %(' . 1 1% %

+ v
The !elocit of the cat is 11.% m s
>1
in the downward direction when it
reaches the ground.
11. (a) Take the upward direction as positi!e.
( )
1 1
2
2 2
s m (# . & s m (## . &
# 1% 2 %
2

u
u
as u v
The !elocit of the dolphin is &.(# m s
>1
in the upward direction when it
lea!es the water surface.
2'
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
(b) The displacement of the dolphin is +ero when it returns to the water surface
(i.e. % s ).
)ppling
2
2
1
at ut s + *
( )
t t
t t
at ut s
' (## . & %
1%
2
1
(## . & %
2
1
2
2

1
]
1
+
+
s 6( . 1 6&( . 1 t or % t (re;ected)
The spectators ha!e 1.6( s to take pictures of the 1fling dolphin2.
(c) Ci!en that m $ 2 # + s *
( )
1 1
2
2 2
s m % . 11 s m (' . 1%
$ 1% 2 %
2

u
u
as u v
The !elocit of the dolphin has to be 11.% m s
>1
in the upward direction to
reach the ball if the ball is hung 2 m higher.
12. (a) (i) Take the downward direction as positi!e.
The displacement of the di!er is 91% m when she enters the water.
( )
1% 3 ' %
1%
2
1
3 1%
2
1
2
2
2

1
]
1
+
+
t t
t t
at ut s
s 1.6' 6#' . 1 t or s 1.1#$ t (re;ected)
The time for her to fall to the water is 1.6' s.
(ii) )ppling at u v + *
( )
1
s m ' . 1# #' . 1# 6#' . 1 1% 3

+ + at u v
Aer !elocit is 1#.' m s
>1
when she enters the water.
(b) )ppling
2
2
1
at ut s + * gi!en that s ' . 1 t *
( ) m 6' . $ ' . 1 1%
2
1
' . 1 3
2
1
2 2

,
_
+ + at ut s
Aer displacement is $.6' m (downwards) 1.' s after she ;umps.
2$
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
( )
2
2
2
' # %
1%
2
1
# %
2
1
t t
t t
at ut s

1
]
1
+
+
% t (re;ected) or s & . % t
The hang time of the plaer is %.& s.
(b) The plaer reaches the highest position when his !elocit is +ero (i.e. % v
).
)ppling as u v 2
2 2
*
( )
m & . %
1% 2
# %
2
2 2 2
a
u v
s
The highest position of his feet during the ;ump is %.& m.
(c) 4rom (b)* the highest position of his feet during the ;ump is %.& m.
The ma.imum height he can reach when he ;umps is
( ) m 3.1 m 2 . 3 # . 2 & . % > +
. Aence* he can reach the hoop.
1#. (a) (i) 4rom the graph* the fish reaches the highest point at t " %.2 s.
(ii) displacement of the fish when it reaches the highest point
" area under the v,t graph from t " % s to t " %.2 s
m 2 . %
2 2 . %
2
1

(iii) The time taken for the downward ;ourne is
( ) s # . % 2 . % $ . %
.
(i!) 4rom the graph* the initial !elocit of the fish is 2 m s
>1
.
(!) The fish reaches the table at t " %.$ s.
4rom the graph* the !elocit of the fish at t " %.$ s is ># m s
>1
.
displacement of the fish when it reaches the table
" area under the v,t graph from t " % s to t " %.$ s
( ) ( )
m $ . %
& . % 2 . %
# 2 . % $ . %
2
1
2 . % 2
2
1

1
]
1
+
,
_

The !elocit and displacement of the fish when it reaches the table are
># m s
>1
and >%.$ m respecti!el.
26
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
(!ii) 4rom the graph* the !elocit of the fish at t " %.32 s is >1.2 m s
>1
.
displacement of the fish at t " %.32 s
" area under the v,t graph from t " % s to t " %.32 s
( ) ( )
m 12& . %
%62 . % 2 . %
2 . 1 2 . % 32 . %
2
1
2 . % 2
2
1

1
]
1
+
,
_

The !elocit and displacement of the fish %.32 s after it ;umps are
>1.2 m s
>1
and %.12& m respecti!el.
(b) The slope of the v,t graph represents the acceleration of the fish. /n this
case* it is the acceleration due to gra!it.
(i) The acceleration due to gra!it alwas points downwards and it is
independent of the direction of motion of the fish.
(ii) The acceleration due to gra!it is independent of the mass of an ob;ect.
1'. Take the upward direction as positi!e.
2&
a ' m s
>2
>$0
0
>$0
0
$0
0
5
$ 2
$ 2
$ 2
v ' m s
>$
s ' m
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
Chapter $xercise (p"6+)
1. :
2. :
3. :
#. 0
'. :
$. 0
6. E
&. :
(. :
1%. E
11. )
12. (a) ) suggested route to the e.it is shown below.
(1A)
(b) (i) The displacement is a measure of the change in position* which
includes the separation between the initial and final position
(magnitude) and the direction of the change (direction)
(1A)
. The
distance tra!elled is the total length of the path
(1A)
.
(ii) total displacement ( ) ( ) m & . '2 2 21 2 1$
2 2
+
(1A)
total distance tra!elled m (# 2 #6
(1A)
Jmust be consistent with the answer in (a)K
(iii) 8o
(1A)
. The total displacement depends on the initial and final
positions onl
(1A)
.
2(
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
(c) time of tra!el s 11& s ' . 116
& . %
(#
(1M+1A)
a!erage !elocit
1
s m ##( . %
' . 116
& . '2

(1M+1A)
Ae takes 11& s to e.it the ma+e and his a!erage !elocit is %.##( m s
>1
.
Jmust be consistent with the answer in (a)K
13. (a) The displacement of the hare from the starting point is
( ) m #&% $% 1 &
hare
s
The displacement of the tortoise from the starting point is
( ) m 3% $% 1 ' . %
tortoise
s (1M)
The displacement of the hare from the tortoise is m #'% 3% #&% .
Aence* the hare is #'% m ahead of the tortoise at this time.
(1A)
(b) The displacement of the tortoise is
( ) m 6'% $% 2' ' . %
tortoise
s (1M)
The displacement of the tortoise from the hare is m 26% #&% 6'% .
Aence* the tortoise is 26% m ahead of the hare at this time.
(1A)
(c) 4or the hare*
total time needed for it to finish the race
" time taken before it wakes up 9 time needed to finish the remaining race
The total time needed for the hare to finish the race is
min $6 . 2'
$%
1
&
#&% &%%
2'
hare

,
_
+ t (1M)
The total time needed for the tortoise to finish the race is
hare tortoise
min $6 . 2$
$%
1
' . %
&%%
t t > (1M)
The hare will win.
(1A)
(d) 8o
(1A)
. /f the hare sleeps for 1 min longer* the total time needed for it to
finish the race becomes 2$.$6 min. /t means that both the hare and tortoise
finish the race at the same time and hence it is a draw game
(1A)
.
1#. (a) The runner needs time to react after he hears the firing of the gun
(1A)
. This
period of time is called reaction time
(1A)
.
(b) (i) The acceleration of the runner when he speeds up is
2
s m 1$ . 2 1$2 . 2
3 . % #
% &

t
u v
a (1M+1A)
3%
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
(ii) displacement of the runner " area under the v,t graph
( )
( )
s $' . 1#
32 & . 1# 1%% &
& #
2
& 3 . % #
1%%
+
+

T
T
T
(1M)
Ais finishing time T is 1#.$' s.
(1A)
(iii) Ais a!erage !elocit during the race is
(1M)
1
s m &3 . $
$' . 1#
1%%

t
s
v (1A)
(c) new acceleration
2
s m 26% . 2 3 1%' 1$2 . 2

a
new ma.imum !elocit
1
ma.
s m # . & 3 1%' &

v
)ppling at u v + * the time needed to reach the ma.imum !elocit is
s 13 . $
26% . 2
% # . &
accel

t (1M)
)ppling
2
2
1
at ut s + * the distance tra!elled b the runner during the
acceleration is
m $' . #2 13 . $ 26% . 2
2
1
%
2
accel

,
_
+ s (1M)
The time needed to finish the remaining race is
s &26 . $
&.#
$' . #2 1%%
ma.Ospeed

t (1M)
The total time needed for the runner to finish the race is
s 2$ . 13 &26 . $ 13 . $ 3 . %
ma.Ospeed accel reaction finish
+ + + + t t t t
Ais finishing time will be impro!ed b s 3( . 1 2$ . 13 $' . 1# .
(1A)
1'. (a)
1 1 1
s m 2% s m
$% $%
1%%%
62 h km 62

,
_

1 1 1
s m 1' s m
$% $%
1%%%
'# h km # '

,
_

The displacement of the drunken dri!er when his car is stopped is
( )
m 2'
& 2
2% %
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1

a
u v
s (1M)
Aence* the stopping distance needed b the drunken dri!er is 2' m.
31
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
The displacement of the sober dri!er when his car is stopped is
( )
m ' . 12
( 2
1' %
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

a
u v
s
Aence* the stopping distance needed b the sober dri!er is 12.' m.
The minimum distance between the cars if the do not collide is
2' 9 12.' " 36.' m N 3% m. Aence* the cars will collide.
(1A)
(b) Bet t be the time when the cars collide.
The initial displacement of the drunken dri!er from the position of the
collision is
( )
2 2 2
1 1 1
# 2% &
2
1
2%
2
1
t t t t t a t u s
1
]
1
+ + (1M)
The initial displacement of the sober dri!er from the position of the
collision is
2 2 2
2 2 2
' . # 1' (
2
1
1'
2
1
t t t t t a t u s +
1
]
1
+ + (1M)
<ince the cars are 3% m apart initiall*
( )
( ) ( )
% 3% 3' ' . &
3% ' . # 1' # 2%
3%
2
2 2
2 1
+
+
+
t t
t t t t
s s
s 216 . 1 t or s (%1 . 2 t (re;ected)
(1M)
The distance tra!elled b the drunken dri!er before the collision is
( ) ( ) m # . 1& 216 . 1 # 216 . 1 2% # 2%
2 2
1
t t s
The collision occurs at a position 1&.# m awa from the position where the
drunken dri!er applies the brake.
(1A)
(c) The !elocit of the drunken dri!er ;ust before the collision is
( ) [ ]
1
1 1 1
s m 3 . 1% 216 . 1 & 2%

+ + t a u v
(1M)
The !elocit of the sober dri!er ;ust before the collision is
[ ]
1
2 2 2
s m %' . # 216 . 1 ( 1'

+ + t a u v
The !elocities of the car dri!en b the drunken dri!er and the sober dri!er
are 1%.3 m s
>1
and >#.%' m s
>1
.
(1A)
32
(0 m
"ositive direction
car driven +, the
drun&en driver
car driven +, the
so+er driver
s
$
s
2
"osition o-
collision
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
1$. (a) The initial !elocit of the ta.i is
1 1 1
ta.i
s m $6 . 1$ s m
$% $%
1%%%
$% h km $%

,
_
u
The initial !elocit of the !an is
1 1 1
!an
s m &( . 13 s m
$% $%
1%%%
'% h km '%

,
_
u
)ppling
2
2
1
at ut s + * the time needed b the ta.i to reach the merge
point is gi!en b
$' $6 . 1$ %
2
2
1
$6 . 1$ ' $%
ta.i
2
ta.i
2
ta.i ta.i
+
+ +
t t
t t
(1M)
s 2$1 . 3
ta.i
t
or
s (3 . 1(
ta.i
t
(re;ected)
The time needed b the !an to reach the merge point is gi!en b
ta.i !an
!an
s 32% . #
&( . 13 $%
t t
t
>
(1M)
The ta.i reaches the merge point earlier than the !an.
(1A)
(b) distance tra!elled b the !an before it accelerates m &( . 13 1 &( . 13
(1M)
The time needed b the !an to reach the merge point after it accelerates is
gi!en b
11 . #$ &( . 13 %
2
2
1
&( . 13 &( . 13 $%
2
2
,
_

t t
t t
(1M)
s 6$& . 2 t or s $$ . 1$ t (re;ected)
The total time needed b the !an to reach the merge point is
ta.i !an
s 6$& . 3 1 6$& . 2 t t > +
The ta.i still reaches the merge point line earlier than the !an.
(1A)
)ppling
2
2
1
at ut s + * when the ball reaches light,gate A*
(1M)
( )

,
_
+
2
2%% . %
2
1
2%% . % 2 g u
g u %2 . % 2 . % 2 +
.........................................(1)
33
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
-hen the ball reaches light,gate B*
( )

,
_
+
2
#'& . %
2
1
#'& . % # g u
( )g u
2
#'& . % ' . % #'& . % # + .....................(2)
(1M)
Lultipl (1) b a factor of
2 . %
#'& . %
* e5uation (1) becomes
g u %#'& . % #'& . % '& . # +
..........................(3)
<ubtract (2) b (3)*
( ) [ ]
2
2
s m &2 . ( &16 . (
%#'& . % #'& . % ' . % '& . %

g
g
4rom (1)*
( ) [ ]
1
s m % . 11 (& . 1%
&16 . ( %2 . % 2 . % 2

+
u
u
The pro;ection !elocit u and the acceleration due to gra!it g are 11.% m s
>1
(upwards) and (.&2 m s
>2
(downwards) respecti!el.
(1A+1A)
(b) )ppling
2
2
1
at ut s + * the times that the ball passes light,gate A again is
gi!en b
(1M)
( ) ( )
2 (& . 1% (%&' . # %
&16 . (
2
1
(& . 1% 2
2
2
+
1
]
1
+
A A
A A
t t
t t
s %# . 2 %36 . 2
A
t or s 2%% . %
A
t (re;ected)
The times that the ball passes light,gate B again is gi!en b
( ) ( )
# (& . 1% (%&' . # %
&16 . (
2
1
(& . 1% #
2
2
+
1
]
1
+
B B
B B
t t
t t
s 6& . 1 66( . 1
B
t or s #'& . %
B
t (re;ected)
The ball will pass light,gate A and light,gate B again at the times of 2.%# s
and 1.6& s respecti!el.
(1A+1A)
(c) (i) )ppling at u v + * the !elocit of the ball when it passes light,gate A
for the first time is
( ) [ ]
1
1
s m %2 . ( %16 . ( 2%% . % &16 . ( (& . 1%

+ v
The !elocit of the ball is (.%2 m s
>1
in the upward direction when it
passes light,gate A for the first time.
(1A)
(ii) <imilarl* the !elocit of the ball when it passes light,gate A for the
second time is
( ) [ ]
1
2
s m %2 . ( %16 . ( %36 . 2 &16 . ( (& . 1%

+ v
The !elocit of the ball is (.%2 m s
>1
in the downward direction when it
3#
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
passes light,gate A for the second time.
(1A)
3'
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
1&. (a) Take the upward direction as positi!e.
)ppling as u v 2
2 2
* the !alue of u is gi!en b
(1M)
( )
1 2
s m $ & . 1 1% 2 % 2

as v u
(1A)
(b) :all A takes 3Pt to return to the ;uggler2s hand.
)ppling
2
2
1
at ut s + *
(1M)
( ) [ ] ( ) ( )
( )
2
2
#' 1& %
3 1%
2
1
3 $ %
t t
t t

1
]
1
+
s # . % t or % t (re;ected)
(1A)
(c) 4rom (b)* the time when ball A returns to the ;uggler2s hand is
s 2 . 1 # . % 3 3 t .
<ince ball B is thrown at a time Pt after ball A is thrown* its time of flight is
s & . % # . % 2 2 3 t t t
(1M)
)ppling
2
2
1
at ut s + * the displacement of ball B from the ;uggler2s hand
is
(1M)
( ) ( ) m $ . 1 & . % 1%
2
1
& . % $
2
1
]
1
+
B
s
)ppling at u v + * the !elocit of ball B at that time is
(1M)
( )
1
s m 2 & . % 1% $

+
B
v
<imilarl* since ball C is thrown at a time 2Pt after ball A is thrown* its time
of flight is s # . % 2 3 t t t
The displacement of ball C from the ;uggler2s hand is
( ) ( ) m $ . 1 # . % 1%
2
1
# . % $
2
1
]
1
+
C
s
The !elocit of ball C at that time is
( )
1
s m 2 # . % 1% $

+
C
v
)t that time* ball B is 1.$ m abo!e the ;uggler2s hand and mo!es at a
!elocit of 2 m s
>1
in the downward direction
(1A)
. :all C is also 1.$ m
abo!e the ;uggler2s hand and mo!es upwards at a !elocit of 2 m s
>1
in the
upward direction
(1A)
.
3$
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
(d) 4rom (c)* ball B is at 1.$ m abo!e the ;uggler2s hand when ball A is thrown
again* so its displacement is >1.$ m when it returns to his hand.
)ppling
2
2
1
at ut s + * the time when ball B returns to the ;uggler2s hand
is gi!en b
(1M)
( ) ( )
% $ . 1 2 '
1%
2
1
2 $ . 1
2
2
+
1
]
1
+
B B
B B
t t
t t
t t
B
s # . % or s & . %
B
t (re;ected)
(1A)
<imilarl* the displacement of ball C is >1.$ m when it returns to the
;uggler2s hand.
)ppling
2
2
1
at ut s + * the time when ball C returns to the ;uggler2s hand
is gi!en b
( ) ( )
% $ . 1 2 '
1%
2
1
2 $ . 1
2
2

1
]
1
+
C C
C C
t t
t t
t t
C
2 s & . %
or
s # . %
C
t
(re;ected)
(1A)
:all B and C return to ;uggler2s hand at a time Pt and 2Pt after ball A is
thrown again respecti!el.
1(.
(Edecel AS!level May "##" $aper %&'1/#1 (nit )est $*+1 ,-)
2%.
(A,A AS!level .an "##& $aper $A#" ,")
21.
(*/0EE "### $1 ,&)
22.
(*/0EE "##" $1 ,1)
23. (a) The a!erage speed of the :ar,tailed Codwit is gi!en b
a!erage speed h km ( . '% (3 . '%
2# (
11%%%
1

(1A)
/ts a!erage !elocit should ha!e a magnitude smaller than its a!erage speed
(1A)
because the magnitude of the displacement is smaller than the distance
tra!elled
(1A)
.
36
All rights reserved
(Force and Motion)
(b) (i) /n 4igure H23b* ' mm on the map represents 1%% km* and hence 1 cm
on the map represents 2%% km.
)ppling
t
s
v *
The a!erage !elocit of the :and,tailed Iigeon from1' <ep to 21 <ep
is
1
1
h km (62 . % (622 . %
2# $
2%% 6 . %

v (1A)
/ts a!erage !elocit of from 21 <ep to %3 Qct is
1
2
h km (%3 . % (%2& . %
2# 12
2%% 3 . 1

v (1A)
/ts a!erage !elocit of from %3 Qct to 31 Qct is
1
3
h km 2$& . % 2$6( . %
2# 2&
2%% ( . %

v (1A)
/ts a!erage !elocit of from 31 Qct to 2' 8o! is
1
#
h km 3%% . %
2# 2'
2%% ( . %

v (1A)
(ii) 4rom (b)(i)* the a!erage !elocit of the :and,tailed Iigeon from
%3 Qct to 31 Qct is %.2$& km h
>1
.
)ppling vt s *
(1M)
its displacement on 2' Qct from its position on %3 Qct
( ) [ ] km 1#1 2# 3 2' 2$6( . %
Aence* the :and,tailed Iigeon is 1#1 km from its position on 3rd
Qctober.
(1A)
3&

Position and Movement: Checkpoint (p.8)

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Position and Movement: Checkpoint (p.8)

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(b) time taken for the atomic clock to miss 1 s das 1% 1

$. ) stopwatch is more suitable because it is more con!enient to use a stopwatch

The displacement of the ball is '6.2 m (82&.$=-).

3. (a) 0ockroach A has the highest a!erage speed.

Aer a!erage speed is lower than the speed limit.

Euring t " 'D1% s*

Aence* car B o!ertakes car A at t " 1% s.

#. (a) The car accelerates to the left.

stopping distance m ' . &6 '# . $2 %% . 2' +

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