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SECTION 9 - CONCRETE FOR STRUCTURES

9.1 GENERAL
Concrete to be used in the works shall be a mixture of cement, fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. No admixture of cements
containing additives shall be used without the approval in writing of the
S.O.
9. MATERIALS
9..1 Cement
Cement shall be ordinar! or rapid hardening "ortland cement compl!ing in
all respects with re#uirements of $.S.1.
Cement shall be stored in waterproof and well ventilated lockup sheds on a
dr! raised timber platform for concrete floors. %ach consignment of cement
shall be kept separate in the sheds and the consignments shall be used in the
order in which the! are received. &he bags of each consignment shall be
given a distinctive mark to be agreed between the contractor and the S.O.
so that the consignment can be readil! identified on being delivered to the
site and when subse#uentl! used in the work. %ach consignment of cement
shall be accompanied b! a manufacturer's test certificate showing that the
cement conforms in all respects with the specified re#uirements.
&he contractor shall at all times maintain such stocks of cement as will
avoid interruptions to the proper progress of work. Notwithstanding the
production of test certificates as above the S.O. shall re(ect an! cement
found not to compl! with this specification at an! time or which has been
damaged or has deteriorated owing to inade#uate protection during storage,
transport or an! other cause. &he contractor shall remove such re(ected
cement from the site without dela! and at his own expense.
9.. Aggregates
)ggregates for concrete shall compl! in all respects with $.S.**. )ll
aggregates shall be hard, strong, durable and free from organic matter and
deleterious coatings.
+ine aggregates shall be natural sand, stone screenings or a combination of both.
&he storage and handling of aggregates shall be such as not to result in
aggregation or contamination b! foreign materials. )ggregates of such
specified si,e range shall be brought separatel! to the place of mixing and
shall be stored in such a wa! as to prevent the materials from inter-mixing.
.ashed sand shall be allowed to drain to a stable moisture content.
9...1 Grading of Coarse Aggregate
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Coarse aggregate used shall compl! with &able 0 of $.S.**1 19*2
extracted below1-
Table 4 - Coarse Aggregate
Sieve er!entage b" mass #assing $%S% sieves &or nominal si'es
Gra(e( aggregate Single-si'e( aggregate
03mm to
4mm
3mm to
4mm
10mm to
4mm
03mm 3mm 10mm 13mm
mm
43.3 133 - - 133 - -
25.4 93-133 133 - *4-133 133 -
3.3 24-53 93-133 133 3-4 *4-133 133
10.3 - - 93-133 - - *4-133 133
13.3 13-03 23-63 43-*4 3-4 3-4 3-4 *4-133
4.3 3-4 3-13 - 3-4 3-13 3-4
.26 - - - - - - 3-4
9... Grading of Fine Aggregate
+ine aggregate used shall compl! with &able 4 of $.S.**1 19*2 extracted
below1-
Table ) - Fine Aggregate
Sieve "ercentage b! mass passing $.S. sieve
si,e Overall )dditional limits for grading
limits C 7 +
13.33mm
4.33mm
.26mm
1.1*mm
633 um
233 um
143 um
133
*9-133
63-133
23-133
14-133
4-53
3-148
63-133
23-133
14-40
4-03
-
64-133
23-93
4-*3
4-0*
-
*3-133
53-133
44-133
4-53
-
* 9ncreased to 3: for crushed rock fines, except when the!
are used for heav! dut! floors.
NO&%1 +ine aggregate not compl!ing with table 4 ma! also be used
provided that the supplier can satisf! the purchaser that such materials can
produce concrete of the re#uired #ualit!.
9..2 +ater
.ater shall be clean and free from harmful matter in such #uantities as
would affect the properties of all the concrete in the plastic or hardened
state. &he contractor shall where necessar! make full allowance for all
costs in obtaining satisfactor! water.
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9.2 GENERAL MI, -ESIGN
9.2.1 Gra(es o& Con!rete
&he grades of concrete to be used in the works shall be as noted in the
drawings and given in &able 1 of $.S.40331 "art 5 extracted below1-
Table . - Gra(es o& Con!rete
;rade
Characteristics
Strength
N/mm

9.2. Con!rete Mi/ -esign


7ix design shall be the responsibilit! of the contractor. &he contractor shall
allow time in his program for designing and making trial mixes and for the
making and testing of test cubes made therefrom.
Six 143 mm. compression test cubes shall be made from each trial mix. &he
cubes shall be made, cured, stored and tested in accordance with $.S.1**1.
&wo cubes shall be tested 5 da!s after manufacture and four cubes * da!s
after manufacture. &he strength re#uirements shall be considered to be
satisfied if none of the strengths of the cubes tested after * da!s falls below
the 'preliminar! test' strength given for the appropriate class of concrete or
if the average strength of the cubes is greater than this strength and the
difference between the greatest and least strength is not more than 3: of
that average. &he strength of the cubes tested after 5 da!s shall be
considered as indicative onl!.
&he design mixes which satisf! the re#uirements of this specification for a
particular grade of concrete shall be designated the <approved mixes< for
the class of concrete. &he contractor shall use onl! such approved mixes
and shall not depart therefrom without the approval of the S.O. who ma!
re#uire further trial mixes to be made before giving such approval.
9.2.2 res!ribe( Mi/ For General Use
.here a particular concrete mix has been specified in the drawings,
specifications or other documents, it shall compl! with the provisions of
&able of $.S.40331 "art 51 195* extracted below1-
Table 0%res!ribe( &or general 1se
.eights of cement and total dr! aggregates, in kilograms, to produce approximatel! one
cubic metre of full! compacted concrete, together with the percentage b! weight of fine
aggregate in total dr! aggregates
S9/2
Nominal max. si,e
of aggregate =mm>
03 3 10 13
Concrete
grade .orkabilit! 7edium ?igh 7edium ?igh 7edium ?igh 7edium ?igh
Slump
limits =mm> 43 - 133 133 - 143 4 - 54 54 -
14
13 - 43 43 -
133
13 - 4 4 - 43
14 Cement =kg>
&otal aggregate =kg>
+ine aggregate =:>
43
1*43
23 - 04
53
1*33
23 - 04
*3
1*33
24 - 43
213
1543
24 - 43
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3 Cement =kg>
&otal aggregate =kg>
Sand 8
@one 1 =:>
@one =:>
@one 2 =:>
233
1*43
24
23
23
23
1543
03
24
23
23
1*33
03
24
23
243
1543
04
03
24

203
1543
04
03
24
2*3
1533
43
04
03
263
1543
43
04
03
013
1643
44
43
04
4 Cement =kg>
&otal aggregate =kg>
Sand 8
@one 1 =:>
@one =:>
@one 2 =:>
233
1*43
24
23
23
23
1543
03
24
23
23
1*33
03
24
23
243
1543
04
03
24

203
1543
04
03
24
2*3
1533
43
04
03
263
1543
43
04
03
013
1643
44
43
04
23 Cement =kg>
&otal aggregate =kg>
Sand 8
@one 1 =:>
@one =:>
@one 2 =:>
253
1543
24
23
23
293
1533
03
24
23
033
1533
03
24
23
023
1643
04
03
24

023
1533
04
03
24
053
1633
43
04
03
063
1643
43
04
03
413
1443
44
43
04
8Sand is defined as fine aggregate from the natural disintegration of rock.
7aximum cement content shall not exceed 443 kg/cu.m.
9.0 MI, -ESIGN AN- SUER2ISION
&he design of concrete mixes and manufacture and testing procedures shall
be controlled b! a suitabl! #ualified %ngineer experienced in the #ualit!
control of concrete production.
7anufacture shall be under the continuous control of a person approved b!
this #ualified %ngineer. &o deal with an! problems arising from the
manufacture of concrete the #ualified %ngineer shall be readil! available to
assist the approved person in continuous control.
9.4 CONCRETE IN CONTACT +IT3 AGGRESSI2E SOILS OR
+ET SITUATIONS
S9/0
9nasmuch as concrete with ordinar! "ortland cement normall! cannot be
made full! resistant indefinitel! to continuous acid attack or to high sulphate
concentrations, special measures ma! be re#uired as directed b! S.O. &he
acidit! and/or sulphate content of the ground shall be established b! means of
testing ground water samples which shall be taken after the excavations have
been completed and prior to pouring concrete. Should special measures be
re#uired the! will be paid for as an extra to the contract. &he! ma! include
the following1-
For mild acid exposure1-
a> Ase of an acid-resistant mineral filler with po,,olanic properties, or
b> Bispersing the attack and retarding its rate of ingress b! using
limestone or marble aggregates in the concrete, or
c> "roviding an ample volume of an acid-neutrali,ing backfill material
=for example, limestone> against the concrete.
For severe conditions1
"roviding an inert and impervious cladding or coating to effectivel! insulate
the concrete from the aggressive groundwater or soil.
Concrete for )ggressive or .et Situations
&!pe of Concrete Section
Anreinforced or when
cover to steel
Cover to steel
reinforcement
24 to 64mm
7in. water
cement ratio
7in.
cement
content
7ax. water
cement ratio
b! weight
7in.
cement
content
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Sulphate-bearing
soil or ground water in the
following concentration1 8
---------------------------------
S3
2
: b! .eight S3
0
in ppm
---------------------------------
a> 3.13 to 3.3 to 263
b> 3.3 to 3.43 to 133
c> above 3.43 above 133
3.43
3.43
3.03
kg/cu.m
203
2*3
013

3.43
3.04
3.03
kg/cu.m
203
2*3
013
Carbonated fresh water1
a> Submerged continuousl!
b> Sub(ect to differential
pressure
3.44
3.44
233
203
3.43
3.04
203
2*3
+resh water =nor abnormall!
carbonated1
a> Submerged continuousl!
in still water
b> Submerged intermittentl!
or in running water
c> Sub(ect to differential
h!drostatic pressure
3.63
3.44
3.44
*3
233

233

3.44

3.43

3.43
233

203
203
* Concrete that is speciall! sulphate resistant shall be used, as made either
with an approved cement of low susceptibilit! to sulphate attack or with
an approved admixture having the specific propert! of improving sulphate
resistance significantl!.
9.6 INTERIM MI,
Should an! design mix fail to satisf! the re#uirements of this specification and
the S.O. considers it essential to commence the manufacture of that grade of
concrete for use in the works before the results of tests on further design
mixes are available he will consult with the contractor and decide on an
interim mix for use until such time as the results of the tests on such further
design mixes have become known. )n! extra costs to the contractor arising
from this procedure shall be borne b! the contractor.
9.5 $ATC3ING AN- MI,ING OF CONCRETE
S9/6
)ll cement and each si,e of aggregate shall be proportioned separatel! b!
weight. &he cement shall be weighed in a hopper separate from the
aggregates and the cement weight shall be indicated on the scale separatel!
from the aggregates. .ater shall be weighed for gauged b! a device in which
the measured #uantit! shall not be affected b! variations of pressure in the
suppl! line, and in which the degree or error inclusive of scale and operating
errors under all conditions shall be less than 1:. &he e#uipment shall be
capable of readil! measuring an! #uantit! of water re#uired for a concrete
batch.
&he batching plant shall be so designed that materials flow efficientl! and
freel! from bins to weighing hoppers. 7eans of control shall be provided so
that the flow of material ma! be shut off with precision. .eighing hoppers
shall discharge efficientl! so that no more than 3.4: batch weights shall be
retained in the hopper in the case of aggregates nor more than 1: in the case
of cement. )ll weighing hoppers shall be e#uipped with a tare device, and
for cement the residual amounts shall be allowed for in subse#uent weighings.
9.* MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS
7aterials shall be weighed within the following tolerances inclusive of scale error
and operating error1
i> Cement C1 per cent
ii> +ine aggregate C1 per cent
iii> )n!one si,e range of coarse aggregate C per cent
iv> Overall combined weights of all
aggregates C1 percent
&he weights of the fine and coarse aggregates shall be ad(usted to allow for
the free water contained in them. &he wager to be added to the mix shall be
reduced b! the #uantit! of free water contained in the fine and coarse
aggregate which will be determined b! the contractor before mixing begins
and further as the S.O. re#uires
9.9 SCALES
Cement scales shall be divisions of not more than kg. and aggregate scales in
divisions of not more than 13 kg. ) division shall be not less than 2.3 mm. )t
the time of installation or of reconditioning the indicated weight at an! point of
the scale shall not var! from the correct weight b! more than 3.3: of the
maximum marking of the scale.
9.13 SCALES MAINTENANCE
&est weights shall alwa!s be available for checking the accurac! of scales.
Cement scales shall be tested not less than once a week with standard weights
and the result recorded. 9n addition, all scales shall be inspected and tested b!
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technicians, approved b! the S.O., ever! 2 months and certificates of inspection
and testing shall be made available at an! time of the S.O.
9.11 $ATC3 RECOR-S
&he following written printed or graphic records shall be kept at the plant for
each batch1
i> .eights of aggregates and cement
ii> )mount of added water
iii> Dength of mixing time. &he mixing shall be automaticall! recorded
or alternativel!, a timing device shall be used which will not permit
discharge until specified mixing time has elapsed.
iv> %stimated slump
v> &ime at which batch is discharged
vi> &!pe and amount of admixture, if an!.
9.1 MI,ING OF CONCRETE
9.1.1 At T4e Site
Anless otherwise approved b! the S.O., the mixing of concrete shall be done in
a power-driven batch mixer of 1 cu.m. minimum capacit! compl!ing with the
provisions of $.S.1234 or other approved t!pe which will ensure the thorough
mixing of all materials. &he volume of the mixed material for each batch shall
not exceed the manufacturer's rated capacit! of the mixer. &he entire batch
shall be discharged before recharging. &he mixing time shall be measured from
the time when all the materials are in the mixer drum. &he minimum time of
mixing shall be 1.54 minutes having a capacit! of 1 cu.m., and mixers of larger
capacit! shall have the time of mixing increased b! 4 seconds for each
additional half cubic metre capacit! or fraction thereof. %xcept that these times
ma! be reduced if the mixer performance tests re#uired in $.S.2962 show that
the re#uired uniformit! can be consistentl! met in such reduced mixing time. 9n
rotating drum mixers, the drum shall rotate at a peripheral speed of
approximatel! 63m/min. at a point on the widest section of the drum or at a
speed of 1 rpm whichever is the slower. &he mixing shall continue until there
is a uniform distribution of the materials and the mass is uniform in colour and
consistenc! and in no case shall the time of mixing be less than two minutes or
more than five minutes after all the ingredients have been placed in the mixer.
)n! concrete surplus to immediate re#uirements shall be thrown awa!. 9n no
circumstances ma! the surplus be used later. ?and-mixing will onl! be allowed
for small #uantities of concrete which are to be used for a special purpose and if
hand-mixing is used, 13: extra cement shall be added to the proportions
specified.
S9/*
7ixers which have been out of use for more than 23 minutes shall be
thoroughl! cleaned before an! fresh concrete is mixed. Anless otherwise agreed
b! the S.O. the first batch of concrete through the mixer shall then contain onl!
two thirds of the normal #uantit! of coarse aggregate. 7ixing plant shall be
thoroughl! cleaned before changing from one t!pe of cement to another.
Buring hot weather the contractor shall ensure that the constituent materials of
the concrete are sufficientl! cool to prevent the concrete from stiffening in the
interval between its discharge from the mixer and compaction in its final
position. &he temperature of the concrete when deposited shall not exceed 93
degrees +erenheit.
9.1. Rea(" Mi/e( Con!rete
Eead! mixed concrete as defined in $.S.42*1 19*1 batched off the site, ma! be
used onl! with agreement of the S.O. and shall compl! with all re#uirements of
the contract.
&he concrete shall be carried in purpose-made agitators, operating continuousl!,
or truck mixers. &he concrete shall be compacted and in its final position with
hours of the introduction of cement to the aggregates, unless a longer time is
agreed b! the S.O., truck mixers units and their mixing and discharge
performance shall compl! with the re#uirements of $.S.0411 1950=19*3>.
7ixing shall continue for the number and rate of revolutions recommended in
accordance with item 9 in )ppendix $ of $.S.041 or, in absence of the
manufacturer's instructions, mixing shall continue for not less than 133
revolutions at a rate of not less than 5 revolutions per minute.
9.12 SAMLING AN- TESTING
9.12.1 Testing
Anless re#uired otherwise the following tests will be carried out b! the S.O.
prior to the incorporation of materials in the works and at regular intervals as
the works proceed.
9.12. Rein&or!ement
&he contractor shall demonstrate to the S.O. that all reinforcement complies
with the specification and produce manufacturer's certificates or origin.
9.12.2 Tests On Com#lete( +or5
Notwithstanding compliance with other clauses of this specification, the S.O.
ma! re#uire other tests on the concrete of structure.
9.12.0 Testing O& Aggregate
S9/9
&esting will be carried out at an approved testing laborator! or alternativel!
facilities and e#uipment shall be provided for sieve anal!sis and moisture
determination at the site of manufacture b! the contractor. Sieve anal!ses will
be made on samples taken from each source of fine aggregate supplied dail! or
from each 03 cu.m of fine aggregate delivered, whichever is the more fre#uent,
and also from each source of coarse aggregate supplied dail! or from each 13
cu.m of coarse aggregate delivered whichever is the most fre#uent. )ll such
tests will be undertaken b! the S.O. 9f after a period of 2 months the records
show that the grading of aggregate complies in all respects with $.S.** and
the fineness modulus of sand for an! given period has not varied more than 3.
from the average, then the fre#uenc! of tests ma! be reduced to a minimum of
one test a da! for sand and one test a da! for a coarse aggregate.
9f, at an! time tests reveal departure from the above grading re#uirements, then
the fre#uenc! of testing will revert to that laid down above.
9.12.4 +ater
.ill be tested b! methods described in $.S.210*.
9.12.6 +ater6Cement Ratio Tests
.ater1Cement ratio tests will be carried out b! the S.O. at a fre#uenc! of not
less than one per week to ensure that the re#uirements are complied with. 9f
93: of not less than 3 consecutive tests as certified show a departure of not
more than 3.34 from the designed water1cement ratio, then the fre#uenc! of
water1cement ratio tests ma! be not less than once a month.
&he water1cement ratio determinations will involve the following data on the
fresh concrete and aggregates being recorded.
a> Bate and time
b> $atch weights of cement and aggregates
c> 7oisture content of each si,e of aggregte
d> Sieve anal!sis of each si,e of aggregate
e> Slump
f> )mount of air entrained =if applicable>
g> Field
h> Compression test
(> &otal amount of mixing water
k> .ater1Cement ratio b! weight
9.12.5 Mi/er Testing
&his shall be carried out in accordance with $.S.2962.
9.10 TESTS -URING CONSTRUCTION
9.10.1 Tests To $e Con(1!te(
S9/13
&ests carried out b! the S.O. during construction will be conducted as set out
hereunder and shall be in accordance with re#uirements of $.S.1**1.
9n the event of an! of the following re#uirements being at variance with
$.S.1**1, the former shall take precedence over the latter.
9.10. Com#ression Tests
i> +re#uenc! of tests1 Buring manufacture and placing of concrete,
unless otherwise re#uired b! the S.O., two samples during each da!,
but not less than one sample for each 43cu.m of concrete, will be
taken. )ll samples will be random samples and taken, moulded,
cured and tested in accordance with the re#uirements of $.S.1**1.
) sample will include a minimum of 6 test blocks. Not withstanding
the above, a minimum of two samples shall be taken on each
concreting da! for a particular grade and source of concrete for
prescribed mix.
ii> %valuation of test results1 )s soon as the number of results exceed
1 the #ualit! of concrete will be evaluated as under1-
a> )n! two consecutive results each below the specified strength
will be cause to suspect the method of concrete manufacture
and control, though the placed concrete represented b! the
two results will not necessaril! be liable to re(ection unless the
mean value of the pair of results is below the minimum
permissible low value in the &able below for two results taken
together. 9n man! cases corrective measures shall be instituted
forthwith.
b> &he results will be progressivel! anal!,ed and evaluated
statisticall!. %valuation shall be on the following basis.
c> &he probabilit! of the specified strength being e#ualled or
exceeded b! all batches shall not be less than 93: for general
concrete and not less than 94: for precast elements.
d> &he probabilit! of an! batch being below the minimum low
strength value for a single result in the &able below shall be
not more than of the order of 1.3:.
Eval1ation o& Com#ression Tests
Number of Eesults
taken together
7inimum permissible low strength
coefficients of the specified *
da! strength
9n Situ Concrete "recast Concrete
1

2
3.*4
3.93
1.33
3.93
3.94
1.33
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0
4
6
1.34
1.35
1.3*
1.36
1.3*
1.13
&arget )verage 1.14 1.3
Note 1 - &he coefficient of variation is assumed as 3.13
Note - &he corresponding percentage exceeding the * da!
strength necessar! for compliance with the minimum
strength limit is 93, or for precast concrete 94.
9.10.2 Sl1m# Tests
) slump test will be made b! the S.O. immediatel! concreting is commenced
and at all times when compression test samples are taken and at such other
times as the S.O. ma! re#uire. Slump test will be made in accordance with
$.S.1**1.
&he slump of the concrete immediatel! prior to placing shall have the value
specified for the t!pe of work with a tolerance of C4: of the specified value of
C6.3 mm. whichever is the greater.
&he slump of concrete shall be the lowest possible that will permit thorough
compaction with the e#uipment approved for the work. 7aximum normal
values are set out in the &able below1-
T"#e o& Constr1!tion Ma/im1m Sl1m# mm%
Columns and walls
?eav! mass construction
Other concrete members
133
43
54
9.14 TRANSORT AN- LACING CONCRETE
Concrete shall be so transported and placed that there is no contamination,
segregation or loss of the constituent materials.
$efore placing concrete all formwork and reinforcement shall be clean and free
from standing water.
+or section involving 'Gertical' placing of the concrete =e.g. walls and piers>
each lift shall be deposited in la!ers extending for the full width between the
formwork and of such depth that each la!er can be effectivel! incorporated with
the la!er below b! the method of compaction emplo!ed.
S9/1
+or sections involving '?ori,ontal' placing of the concrete =e.g. deck slabs> the
concrete shall be placed in such #uantities as will allow the member to be cast to
its full depth along the full width between the side forms and then graduall!
brought towards the finishing points along its entire front parallel to the end
forms the tamping and compacting e#uipment following as closel! behind as
practicable.
Concrete shall be placed continuousl! throughout each section of the structure
or between indicated (oints and at such a rate as will eliminate an! possibilit! of
fresh batches of concrete being deposited ad(acent to batches which have
commenced to set.
Concrete shall not be dropped into place from a height exceeding metres.
.hen trunking or chutes are used the! shall be kept clean and used in such a
wa! as to avoid segregation. Concrete shall not be discharged through
aluminium allo! conduits.
No concrete shall be placed in flowing water. Anderwater concrete shall be
placed in position b! tremies or b! pipeline from the mixer. +ull details of the
method proposed shall be submitted in advance to the S.O. and his approval
obtained before concreting begins. .here concrete is placed b! tremie its si,e
and method of operation shall be in accordance with $ritish Standard C" 330.
Buring and after concreting under water, all pumping or dewatering operations
in the immediate vicinit! shall be suspended until the S.O. permits them to be
continued.
Should an! unforeseen occurrence result in a stoppage of concreting for such
time as might allow the concrete alread! placed to begin to set before the next
batches can be compacted into place the contractor shall immediatel! insert an
end-form normal to the work at the point to form a construction (oint.
9.16 COMACTION OF CONCRETE
)ll concrete shall be compacted to produce a dense homogeneous mass.
Concrete shall be thoroughl! compacted b! vibration, unless otherwise agreed
b! the S.O., during the operation of placing, and thoroughl! worked around the
reinforcement, tendons or duct formers, around embedded fixtures and into
corners of the formwork to form a solid mass free from voids. .hen vibrators
are used to compact the concrete, vibration shall be applied continuousl! during
the placing of each batch of concrete until the explosion of air has practicall!
ceased and in a manner that does not promote segregation of the ingredients.
"articular care shall be taken when concreting bridge decks of substantial
thickness to avoid la!ering of concreting, and the whole thickness shall be
placed in one pass. 9n deck slabs where void formers are used, ade#uate means
to prevent flotation shall be emplo!ed and care taken to ensure ade#uate
compaction of the concrete placed beneath the void formers.
) sufficient number of vibrators in serviceable condition shall be on site to
ensure that spare e#uipment is alwa!s available in the event of breakdowns.
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9nternal vibrators shall be capable of producing not less than 13333 c!cles per
minute, and external vibrators not less than 2333 c!cles per minute.
Gibration shall not be applied b! wa! of the reinforcement. .here vibrators of
the immersion t!pe are used contact with reinforcement and all inserts shall be
avoided.
Concrete shall not be sub(ected to disturbance between 0 hours and 0 hours
after compaction.
.henever vibration has to be applied externall!, the design of formwork and
disposition of vibrators shall ensure efficient compaction and the avoidance of
surface blemishes.
9.15 CONSTRUCTION 7OINTS
.here construction (oints are detailed in the drawings the! shall not be varied
without the S.O's express consent. Gertical (oints shall be formed with suitable
bulkheads. Eeinforcement shall run continuousl! through construction (oints
unless shown otherwise in the drawings. )t least three clear da!s shall elapse
between ad(acent pours of concrete.
osition O& 7oints1-
a> Slabs 9f not shown the contractor shall ascertain the
re#uirements of the S.O. for construction (oints
before starting the work.
b> Columns, .all7a! be poured in lifts exceeding metres
provided that the contractor can demonstrate to
the S.O. his abilit! to do so properl! and
consistentl!.
c> $eams, .alls Anless detailed otherwise on the drawings, or
expressl! approved b! the S.O., lengths of pours
shall not exceed 13.3 m. beams or 6.3 m. for
walls.
Anless otherwise described in the contract the upper surface of lifts of
concrete walls and columns shall be hori,ontal. Should the formwork extend
above the (oint on the exposed face it shall be cleaned of adherent concrete
before the next lift is placed. &he concrete placed immediatel! above a
hori,ontal or inclined construction (oint shall contain onl! two-thirds of the
normal #uantit! of coarse aggregate.
S9/10
.here a construction (oint contains a formed surface the surface shall be
roughened b! mechanical means to expose the aggregate care being taken to
avoid damaging the aggregate and the arrises of the (oint. &he roughened
surface shall then be washed with clean water to remove loose particles.
.here sections of the work are carried out in lifts the reinforcement
pro(ecting above the lift being placed shall be ade#uatel! supported so as to
prevent movement of the bars during placing and setting of the concrete.
.here possible laitance and all loose material shall be removed while the
concrete has still not set and no further roughening shall then be re#uired.
.here this is not possible the laitance shall be removed b! mechanical means
provided the concrete has been in position for not less than 0 hours. &he
roughened surface shall then be washed with clean water.
9.1* CURING
9.1*.1 General
)ll concrete shall be cured for a minimum of 10 da!s. &he S.O. ma! however
direct the contractor to extend the period of curing wherever found necessar!
and no extra pa!ments will be made for such extension.
+irst 5 da!s after pouring
)ll concrete and its enclosing forms, and all surfaces at (oints shall be kept
continuousl! wet b! approved means and shall be thoroughl! protected from
direct ra!s of the sun and from dr!ing winds.
&o this end, as soon as concrete has set sufficientl!, covers of continuousl!
wetted approved materials shall be placed as re#uired, or a s!stem of fine
water spra!s shall be set up and operated continuousl! against the work or
another suitable method adopted. &he method adopted for an! part of the
works shall be approved b! the S.O. in advance.
* - 10 da!s after pouring
)ll concrete surfaces shall be protected from direct ra!s of the sun and from
exposure to severe dr!ing winds. &he surface shall be kept damp b!
occasional hosing, the fre#uenc! of this depending on the prevailing weather
conditions. )t no time during this period shall an! surface be allowed to be
totall! free of surface moisture.
)ll works shall be protected from damage b! shock or overloading due to
falling earth, etc.
9.19 TOLERANCES
S9/14
&olerances not exceeding those in the &able 9.19 will be accepted and shall
appl! to the hardened concrete when still supported b! the forms. Closer
tolerances shall be maintained where called for elsewhere in the specification.
)n! work exceeding a specified tolerance shall be cut out and replaced at no
extra cost.
9.3 CORRECTION OF ERRORS
.here it is necessar! to correct an! member which has been cast out of
position, such correction shall have the approval of the S.O.
Table 9%.9 Toleran!es
Item Toleran!e mm
1> Gariations from the plumb,
a> 9n the lines and surfaces of columns,
piers, walls and arrises1-
9n an! 2m =maximum>
9n an! 6m =maximum>
9n an! 1m or more
b> +or exposed corner columns, control
Hoints grooves and other conspicuous lines
9n an! 6m =maximum>
9n an! 1m or more
6 mm.
13 mm.
3 mm.
6 mm.
3 mm.
> Gariation from the level, or from the
grades indicated on the drawings.
)t an! point 8 13mm
from true elevation but not
more than 2mm. variation
between two points within
0mm. in a hori,ontal plant
2> Gariation of the liner of the structure
from established position in plan and
related position of columns and walls1
9n an! 6m. =maximum>
9n an! 1m. or more
1 mm.
4 mm.
0> Gariation in the si,es and locations of
sleeves, openings and cast in place items 6 mm.
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4> Bimensions of cast concrete1
Bimensions up to 233 mm
Bimensions from 233-633 mm
Bimensions over 633 mm
Ander 2 Over 13
Ander 6 Over 1
Ander 6 Over 16
6> +ootings1
a> Gariation in dimensions in plan
b> 7isplacement or eccentricit!1
per cent of the footing width in
the direction of misplacement but
not more than
c> Eeduction in thickness
84
-1
84
7inus 4 per cent of
specified thickness
5> Slabs1 &olerances to be in
Clause 13.0
9.1 ACCUMULATION OF ERRORS
Notwithstanding the maximum tolerances specified herein, the contractor
shall ensure that no tolerances are permitted to accumulate to such an extent
that the total error exceeds twice the specified tolerance, and/or the accurate
places of fixing, e#uipment reinforcement, etc. is (eopardi,ed.
9. RECAST CONCRETE
)ll precast concrete works shall be carried out in accordance to C" 1161
1964 <&he Structural Ase of "recast Concrete<. Concreting of each
component shall be carried out in one continuous operation, and vibration
either b! methods previousl! specified or b! means of vibrator attached to the
formwork, is to be used to ensure ade#uate compaction of the concrete.
Components shall be clearl! marked with their date of casting.
Difting and handling of precast components shall be carried out in a manner
that will avoid damage or overstressing, and when lifting points are indicated
on the drawings, the components shall be lifted b! slipping at these points and
at no other. Should an! component in the opinion of the S.O. be so damaged
b! mishandling as to be inade#uate for its purpose the S.O. ma! order its
removal from the site to be replaced at the contractor's expense.
Component shall be stacked in such a manner that no damage is caused to
them b! the weight of upper la!ers of the stack, and where this is important
the! shall be placed in such a manner that their removal in correct order of
age is facilitated.
)ll fittings, splice bars etc., shown on the drawings as cast into precast
components shall be accuratel! positioned in the formwork and held to
maintain their position during concreting. &he fittings shall be protected after
removal of formwork to ensure that during subse#uent handling and stacking
no damage is caused to them. "recast beams shall be supported in such a
S9/15
manner that the machine surfaces of end bearings are protected at all times
before placing the beams in position on their lower bearing plates.
&he components shall be fixed accuratel! in the positions shown on the
drawings. &he! shall be true in alignment and level and where units are
reinforced in one face onl! ever! care shall be taken to ensure the placing of
the units correctl! as shown on the drawings.
)ll preformed holes in precast units as shown on the drawings shall be
properl! formed and accuratel! positioned. &he method of forming these
holes shall be to the approval of the S.O.
S9/1*

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