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cos
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Ac bus
voltage
T[s]
[V]
[Deg]
T[s]
This control can change power factor by modifying value
of K
Q
, and even if the active power reference changes due to
change of the capacitor voltage Ec, the inverter outputs
constant power factor by this control. The gain K
Q
=-0.33 is
used to make pf=0.95 in the simulation.
The P-Q control circuit of the inverter is shown in Fig.12.
This control circuit makes the amplitude reference (Iref) and
the phase reference (ref) of the current from reference values
of the active power (Pref) and the reactive power (Qref). They
are compared with detected values S and , and error signals
are fed to lead-lag controls. Finally, this control makes current
signal (Iacref) by the amplitude and the phase. This current
signal Iacref is supplied to an ac current control.
D. Current control
The ac current control of hysteresis comparator method is
applied for switching inverter arms. A principle of the
hysteresis comparator method current control for a single-
phase inverter is shown in Fig.13, and the calculated output
current waveform is shown in Fig.14. The hysteresis band Ihy
of 2A is assumed in this simulation.
Figure13. Hysteresis comparator method
Figure14. Output current waveform
IV. SIMULATION
Simulation results are shown in Fig.15 ~ Fig.17. In this
simulation, the initial voltage of capacitor voltage Ec is set to
500V, the active power reference is 1.0pu.
Fig. 15 shows a case of photovoltaic power system output
is reduced largely as in Fig. 2(b) cloudy day that condition is
represented by PV voltage drop in the simulation. The PV
voltage is changed from 320V to 220V at 2.0s. The PV
voltage drops, but the Ed is maintained in 470V by
discharging the capacitor energy. The active power of the
inverter changes very slowly due to large capacitor. The
reactive power remains -0.33 pu to keep power factor 0.95.
This shows even if the PV output drops suddenly, the inverter
output changes very slowly.
(a) Voltages of PV, Ed and Ec
(b) Active and reactive power
Figure15. Simulation result of PV voltage drop case
Fig. 16 shows a case of photovoltaic power system output
is increased that is represented by PV voltage rise. The PV
voltage is changed from 320V to 420V at 2.0s. The voltage Ed
rises, and the capacitor is charged to maintain Ed 530V. The
residual energy of C increases and the active power of the
inverter increases slowly, and the reactive power remains to
keep power factor 0.95. This shows even if the PV output rises
suddenly the inverter output changes very slowly.
(a) Voltages of PV, Ed and Ec
(b) Active and reactive power
Figure16. Simulation result of PV voltage rise case
Very slow inverter power output change is observed in
above cases, then performance is unclear during this
simulation time span. To confirm adequacy of the control, a
small capacitor is assumed and responses are examined.
Fig.17 shows a result of C=0.25F that is 1/100 of the original
capacity. The PV voltage is dropped from 320V to 220V at
2.0s, and is raised to 420V at 4.0s. The capacitor C is
discharged from 2.0s to 4.0s, and is charged after 4.0s. The
capacitor voltage Ec is changed largely, and the active power
of inverter is also changed similarly but slowly. Also the
reactive power reference is set to (-0.33*Pref) in this
simulation, and simulation result shows the power factor
remains almost 0.95. It is confirmed the new control has
enough performance.
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Hysteresis
comparator
Q2
i
Iacref
Q1
Ihy
-Ihy
ACload
iref+Ihy
(Q1on)
iref-Ihy
(Q2on)
i
iref
[A]
T[s]
Active power
Reactive power
Ec PV
Ed
Ec PV
Ed
T[s]
T[s]
T[s]
T[s]
[pu]
[pu]
[V]
[V]
Active power
Reactive power
(a) PV, Ed and Ec
(b) Active and reactive power
(c) Power factor
Figure17. Simulation result of C=0.25F
From simulation results it is observed that lager capacitor
generates slower inverter output power change. This means
even if the PV output changes frequently due to climate
change, the smoothed output is obtained applying large
capacitor and control proposed here. It is also feasible to
control reactive power and it will be applicable to power
factor control of the inverter output. It will be useful for
overvoltage suppression in distribution line brought by reverse
power flow from photovoltaic power system.
V. CONCLUSION
In this study, we have proposed a new control of
smoothing household photovoltaic power system output using
large capacitor, and we have proposed one idea for selecting
suitable capacity for output smoothing. Furthermore we have
proposed active power and reactive power controls to get any
power factor operation. The performance of these controls has
been confirmed by simulation. The proposed photovoltaic
power system circuit and control will be useful for promoting
much installation of photovoltaic power system.
REFERENCES
[1] Hiromu Kobayashi and Masayuki Ito, Development of Transient
Analysis Model of Grid Interconnected PCS for Photovoltaic
Generation, Rep.No.R07027, p1-4, System Engineering Research
Laboratory, CRIEPI, 2008
[2] Yoshihiro Hamakawa, Photovoltaic Generation newest technology and
system, CMC Books : p206-209, 2000
[3] Kyosuke Okamura, Junichi Arai, Yukihiro Sawada, Study on Voltage
Control of Distribution Network with Photovoltaic power Generation,
ICEE-A-130, 17
th
ICEE, 2011
[4] Tsuyoshi Takada, Junichi Arai, Inverter Analysis for Household
Photovoltaic Cell with Active Power and Reactive Power Controls, The
2011 Annual Meeting I.E.E.Japan, Mar., Osaka, Japan, vol.7, p49, 7-031,
2011
[5] Tsuyoshi Takada, Junichi Arai, Kaoru Koyanagi, Ryuichi Yokoyama,
Analysis of Flexible Inverter for Household Photovoltaic Cell with
Active Power and Reactive Power Controls, ICEE-A-134, 17
th
ICEE,
2011
[6] Ryo Tanaka, Junichi Arai, Simulation of an Inverter on ATPDraw,
IEEJ-EIT Joint Symposium on Advanced Technology in Power Systems,
Nov, 26-27, Baugkok, Thailand, PSE-09-198, 2009
[7] Ryo Tanaka, Junichi Arai, A stability Analysis of Operation for
Renewable Energy, 16
th
ICEE, July 11-14, Busan, Koria, PSMSA-08,
2010
[8] Vijay K. Sood, HVDC and FACTS controllers, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 2004
Ec PV Ed
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[pu]
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Active power Reactive power
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