NOTES CRIMINAL LAW II (Culled from Florenz Regalados Conspe!us and Or!egas No!es" Ar!#le $$%& TREASON The details of the testimoy o the acts testified by !itesses eed ot be idetical" #Peo$le %s& Abad' The t!o(!itess r)le is ot re*)ired to $ro%e adherece to the eemy" #Peo$le %s& Alita+ta+' Treaso absorbs crimes committed i the f)rtherace thereof" #Peo$le %s& ,illa)e%a' Ri+hteo)s Actio- as !he the collaborator also hel$ed sa%e some +)errillas from death at the hads of the i%ader is illo+ical ad baseless" #Peo$le %s& ,ictoria' .efese of /)s$eded Alle+iace by reaso of cha+e of so%erei+ty !as )teable sice a citi0e o!es a absol)te alle+iace to his co)try #La)rel %s& Misa' A assembla+e e%e !itho)t a armed $)blic )$risi+ is s)fficiet& Ar!#le $$'& CONS(IRAC) AND (RO(OSAL TO COMMIT TREASON& /e$arately $)ished oly if Treaso !as ot committed& 12A t!o(!itess r)le ARTICLE $$*& MIS(RISION OF TREASON& 3eloy by omissio& Mere silece is $)ishable e%e !itho)t attem$t to coceal& #ACT4AL E56/TE1CE O3 CO1/P6RAC7 is the BA/6/' 12A t!o(!itess r)le ARTICLE $+,& CORRES(ONDENCE WIT- -OSTILE CO.NTR)& E8$ress Prohibitio by Go%ermet of Corres$odece is a mala $rohibit)m therefore $)ishable e%e if cotaied iocet matters& 12A t!o(!itess r)le ARTICLE $+$& FLI/-T TO ENEM)S CO.NTR)& E8$ress Prohibitio by Com$etet A)thority is a mala $rohibit)m therefore $)ishable for !hate%er $)r$ose of the offeder& Mere Attem$t cos)mmates crime& ARTICLE $+%& AR0ITRAR) DETENTION& A $ri%ate $erso ca be liable ad $)ished if he acted i cos$iracy !ith $)blic officers&" #Peo$le %s& Camerio' Mista9e of 3act- Good 3aith- acted !itho)t c)l$able e+li+ece are %alid defeses- e%e if it t)rs o)t that the $erso !as iocet&" #Peo$le %s& Acheta' 1o le+al +ro)d- !itho)t itet to deli%er to :)dicial a)thorities& #Arbitrary .etetio' 1o Le+al +ro)d- !ith itet to t)r o%er to :)dicial a)thorities #4la!f)l Arrest' Le+al Gro)d !ith itet to deli%er to :)dicial a)thorities b)t )reasoably delays #4d)e .elay )der ;<=' 1o itet to detai- b)t )la!f)lly $re%eted for a a$$reciable le+th of time from free mo%emet #Coercio' ,ictim is a !oma ad detaied !ith le!d desi+s from the o)tset #abd)ctio' Offeses caot be com$le8ed& Psycholo+ical ad ot oly $hysical restrait is s)fficiet for the crime of arbitrary detetio- as !he %ictim !as $ermitted to ta9e meals o)tside of detetio b)t !as too terrori0ed ot to ret)r&" #Peo$le %s& Oli%a' ; Created by HOMER PABLO ZPG & Associates ARTICLE $+'& DELA) IN T-E DELI1ER) OF DETAINED (ERSONS TO T-E (RO(ER 2.DICIAL A.T-ORITIES& Pro%isio a$$lies to arrests !itho)t !arrat ad it is la!f)l& .eli%ery refers to fili+ of com$lait> ?)dicial A)thority refers to co)rts of :)stice ot the $)blic $rosec)tor" #/ayo et al& %s& Chief of Police' 3ail)re to deli%er the arrestee does ot ma9e detetio ille+al- it :)st ma9es the arresti+ officer crimially liable" #Peo$le %s& Mabo+' Article a$$lies to s$ecial la!s& #&&"or their e*)i%alet"- referri+ to $ealty cate+ories' The ho)rs d)ri+ !hich the co)rts are closed ad o deli%er ca be made are ot to be co)ted" #Peo$le %s& Acasio' Arrested $erso may be detaied beyod stated $eriods if he demads $relimiary i%esti+atio #/ec& @ R)le ;;< Re%& R)les Crim& Pro&' Art& ;<= made a$$licable to sec)rity +)ards em$loyed by a com$ay !ho arrested ad delayed the t)ro%er of $)blic officers !hom they held i c)stody #Peo$le %s& /ali' ARTICLE $+*& DELA)IN/ RELEASE& Order of release may be +i%e %erbally&" #Peo$le %s& Misa' ARTILCE $+3& E4(.LSION& Oly Chief E8ec)ti%e ca order de$ortatio& ARTICLE $+5& 1IOLATION OF DOMICILE& 6m$lied ob:ectio- !here etry !as effected thro)+h a o$ei+ ot iteded for that $)r$ose& #first mode liable' 6f Offeder is a $ri%ate idi%id)al- tres$ass to d!elli+" is committed A $)blic officer eteri+ aotherAs d!elli+ to $re%et some serio)s harm to himself or the d!elli+As occ)$ats or a third $erso or etry ito ta%ers ad other $)blic ho)ses absol%es a $erso from crimial liability& ARTICLE $+6& SEARC- WARRANTS MALICIO.SL) O0TAINED AND A0.SE IN T-E SER1ICE OF T-OSE LE/ALL) O0TAINED& Per:)ry ad others crime se$arate& 6f a $ri%ate idi%id)al cos$ired he is liable )der this article& #4/ %s& Pote' ARTICLE $7,& SEARC-IN/ DOMICILE WIT-O.T WITNESSES& A$$licable i searches !ith a !arrat or %alid !arratless searches> also !here there is coset of o!er- or icidetal to a la!f)l arrest& ARTICLE $7$& (RO-I0ITION8 INTERR.(TION AND DISSOL.TION OF (EACEF.L MEETIN/S& P)blic Officers %s& ;=B( Pri%ate 6di%id)als This caot be committed by a $erso !ho is a $artici$at i the meeti+" #Peo$le %s& Calera'( C4:)st ,e8atio- $ro$er crime hereD ARTICLE $7+& INTERR.(TION OF RELI/IO.S WORS-I( P)blic Officers %s& ;=B( Pri%ate 6di%id)als C)stomarily obser%ed ad a)thori0ed by a)thorities of a reli+io& There m)st act)ally be a reli+io)s ceremoy& 6f the offese !as committed oly i a meeti+ or a rally of a sect it < Created by HOMER PABLO ZPG & Associates !o)ld be $)ishable )der Art& ;B;" #Peo$le %s& Reyes' ARTICLE $77& OFFENDIN/ RELI/IO.S FEELIN/S& P)blic Officer2Pri%ate 6di%id)als A $)blic rally by itself cod)cted by a reli+io)s +ro)$ is ot reli+io)s ceremoy&" #Peo$le %s& Madoriao- ?r&' 6f acts committed i a $lace de%oted to reli+io)s !orshi$- )ecessary that a reli+io)s ceremoy is cod)cted& ARTICLE $7%& RE0ELLION OR INS.RRECTION& ARTICLE $7%9A& CO.( DETAT& Both crimes ca be committed i $eace or !ar time A armed $)blic )$risi+ by a s)bstatial )mber of rebels is +eerally re*)ired& Rebellio caot be com$le8ed !ith b)t absorbs acts committed i the f)rtherace of the rebellio)s mo%emet&" #Peo$le %s& Herade0> Erile %s& /ala0ar' Offeses committed for $ersoal reasos or other moti%es are $)ished se$arately e%e if committed sim)ltaeo)sly !ith the rebellio)s acts" #Peo$le %s& Oli%a' 6lle+al Possessio of firearm i f)rtherace of rebellio )der P. ;EFF is distict from the crime of rebellio )der the RPC& Therefore %iolatio of P. ;EFF bei+ mal)m $rohibit)m- i%alidates the defeses of +ood faith ad absece of crimial itet&" #Peo$le %s& de Gracia' A crime )der the RPC caot be absorbed by a stat)tory offese- therefore char+i+ oe of ille+al $ossessio of firearms i f)rtherace of rebellio is $ro$er&" #Peo$le %s& Tio0o'& 1o crime of mis$risio of rebellio" #4/ %s& Ra%idas' GMis$risio is oly to treasoH Cocealmet by the offeder of the rebellio)s acti%ities may ma9e him a accessory& ARTICLE $73& DISLO)ALT) OF (.0LIC OFFICERS OR EM(LO)EES& 1o Crime )der this article if $rici$al crime is treaso& ARTICLE $76& SEDITION& Arms ot ecessary as lo+ as there is t)m)lt)o)s $)blic )$risi+& /editio does ot absorb m)rder committed by reaso or i f)rtherace of the seditio)s acti%ities&" #Peo$le %s& Cabrera' MA2OR CRIMES A/AINST NATIONAL SEC.RIT) AND (.0LIC ORDER&
;& TreasoI Cos$iracy ad $ro$osal #Art& ;;='- Mis$risio of Treaso #Art& ;;F' CNo Crime of Inciting to Treason> <& RebellioI Cos$iracy ad Pro$osal #Art& ;BF'- .isloyalty of P)blic Officers #Art& ;B@'- iciti+ #Art& ;BE' B& Co)$ dAetatI Cos$iracy ad $ro$osal #Art& ;BF' J& /editioI Cos$iracy #Art& ;J;'- 6citi+ #Art& ;J<' 0ASIC R.LEI Cos$iracy- $ro$osal ad iciti+ are $)ishable oly if ma:or crimes" are NOT COMMITTED& Other!ise they are absorbed ad offeders !ill be $rici$al by id)cemet& Acts or !ords of icitemet m)st ha%e bee $remeditated- other!ise if they !ere oly s$otaeo)s the crime !ill be t)m)lt)o)s dist)rbace as a o)tcry tedi+ to icite rebellio or seditio #Art&;=B' The assembla+e of $ersos $reset m)st ot ha%e bee B Created by HOMER PABLO ZPG & Associates called for the $)r$ose of listei+ to s)ch icitemet- other!ise the crime !ill be ille+al assembly #Art& ;JF'& Mis$risio of Treaso ad disloyalty of $)blic officers ca be $rosec)ted ide$edetly& 6 reI /editio- Knowingly conceal such evil practices <Art. 1!> principal not accessory" ARTICLE $%7& ACTS TENDIN/ TO (RE1ENT T-E MEETIN/ OF T-E CON/RESS AND SIMILAR 0ODIES& ARTICLE $%%& DIST.R0ANCE OF (ROCEEDIN/S& 1o $)blic )$risi+ i%ol%ed& 3orce $rod)ci+ $hysical i:)ries- or 3ra)d i%ol%i+ falsificatio& /aid offeses are com$le8ed as ecessary meas em$loyed& ARTICLE $%*& ILLE/AL ASSEM0LIES& Assembly !as for the $)r$ose of committi+ offeses other tha treaso- rebellio- seditio or assa)lt& Pres)m$tio is that there are $ersos armed other!ise it !ill be co%ered by P)blic .isorder #Art& ;=B' or )la!f)l )tteraces #Art& ;=JK<L' ARTICLE $%5& DIRECT ASSA.LT& FIRST FORM: (Fore;In!#m#da!#on < O=>e!#?es of Re=ell#on;Sed#!#on @ (u=l# .pr#s#ng To costit)te direct assa)lt a+aist a agent of a person in authority the %iolece- itimidatio or resistace em$loyed by the offeder m)st be serio)s&" #4/ %s& Tabiaa' 6f the %ictim is a person in authority the de+ree of force em$loyed a+aist him is immaterial as the mere layi+ of hads o him is s)fficiet" #4/ %s& G)mba' 6 all forms of assa)lt- resistace or disobediece- it is re*)ired that #a' the acc)sed 9e! the idetity of the %ictim ad #b' the %ictim !as the acti+ i the d)e ad la!f)l $erformace of his d)ties- or the reaso for the attac9 a+aist him !as his $erformace of s)ch official d)ties&" #Peo$le %s& Relli' 6f both are acc)sed ad %ictim are $)blic officers- 1O .6RECT A//A4LT- beca)se it $res)$$oses that the acc)sed !as ot dischar+i+ his official d)ties d)ri+ the attac9& Offese may be coercio or $hysical i:)ries C66 ,iada <JFD Attac9 !as o the occasio of the $erformace by %ictim of his official d)ties- moti%e is immaterial&" #4/ %s& Garcia' 6f the ca)se of the direct assa)lt !as the $ast $erformace by the %ictim of his official d)ties !hich the acc)sed reseted- the acc)sed is +)ilty of direct assa)lt e%e if he attac9ed the %ictim !hile both !ere +oi+ o)t to fi+ht #?)sto %s& CA' .irect assa)lt is committed e%e if se%eral days had tras$ired bet!ee the %ictimAs $erformace of his official d)ty ad the assa)lt- as !here the :)d+e !as attac9ed by the offeder by reaso of a cotem$t order he iss)ed for the icarceratio of the latter se%eral days before the offese" #Peo$le %s& Torrecario' 6f moti%e !ill ot be established- as !he a :)d+e !as bo8ed o)t !hile it is stadi+ o a rail!ay statio- crime !ill be $hysical i:)ries" #Peo$le %s& /aMiel' 6f a school teacher !as sla$$ed by the acc)sed ot !hile she !as $erformi+ her school f)ctios or by reaso thereof- b)t i the $resece of her $)$ils- the crime !as held to be J Created by HOMER PABLO ZPG & Associates slader by deed" #Peo$le %s& Gamo' 6f direct assa)lt !as committed !ith sli+ht $hysical i:)ries ad the %ictim is a $erso i a)thority- they !ill be se$arate crimes> b)t if the %ictim is a a+et of a $erso i a)thority- the sli+ht $hysical i:)ries !ill be absorbed i the direct assa)lt" #Peo$le %s& Acierto' 6f the $)blic officer !as acti+ !ith ab)se of his official f)ctios- he is deemed to be acti+ i a $ri%ate ca$acity ad if he is attac9ed- there !o)ld be o crime of direct assa)lt& Th)s- !here t!o co)cillors fo)+ht i the sessio hall- there co)ld be o direct assa)lt if the ca)se of the fi+ht !as a $ri%ate matter&" #Peo$le %s& 7osoya' ARTICLE $%6& INDIRECT ASSA.LT& Nhether or ot there is re*)est or order from the $erso i a)thority to aid the latter& #/aid $erso is cosidered a a+et of a $erso i a)thority' 6f the a+et of a $erso i a)thority is attac9ed ad a third $erso comes to aid- ad the latter !as also attac9ed- the offeder is liable for $hysical i:)ries or coercio de$edi+ o the acts committed& ARTICLE $'7& T.M.LTS AND OT-ER DIST.R0ANCES OF (.0LIC ORDER& There ca be se$arate crimes of $hysical i:)ries thr) rec9less im$r)dece ad t)m)lt)o)s dist)rbace ca)sed by the firi+ of a s)bmachie +)& #Peo$le %s& Bacolod' A acc)sed co)ld also be liable for the com$le8 crime of assa)lt ad t)m)lt)o)s dist)rbace if the latter offese !as committed o the same occasio ad by the same meas of attac9i+ some electio is$ectors&" #,illa)e%a %s& Orti0' ARTICLE $'%& .NLAWF.L .SE OF MEANS OF (.0LICATION AND .NLAWF.L .TTERANCES& Para+ra$h <- sho)ld be disti+)ished from iciti+ to seditio as the latter re*)ires offeder at the same time to icite the $eo$le to rise $)blicly a+aist the +o%ermet&" #Peo$le %s& Arro+ate' ARTICLE $'*& DELI1ER) OF (RISONERS FROM 2AIL& Cos$irators are liable )der the article- b)t the !arde or :ail c)stodia of $risoers is liable for ifidelity i the c)stody of $risoers" #Alberto %s& dela Cr)0' Bribery shall be a se$arate crime& 6f the $risoer is detaied for the crime of treaso- $arricide- m)rder or a attem$t a+aist the PresidetAs life it has bee s)++ested that those !ho deli%ered him from :ail are accessories to those crimes& Nhe a +)ard !ho !as off d)ty too9 o)t a $risoer from :ail for = ho)rs re$laci+ him i his cell aother $risoer- +)ard is liable )der the article" #Peo$le %s& .el Barrio' ARTICLE $'3&E1ASION OF SER1ICE OF SENTENCE ARTICLE $'5& E1ASION OF SER1ICE OF SENTENCE ON T-E OCCASION OF DISORDERS8 CONFLA/RATIONS8 EART-A.ABES8 OR OT-ER CALAMITIES& ARTICLE $'6& OT-ER CASES OF E1ASION OF SER1ICE OF SENTENCE& There is o e%asio of ser%ice of setece if the esca$ee is #a' = Created by HOMER PABLO ZPG & Associates oly a detetio $risoer- #b' is a yo)thf)l offeder committed to a rehabilitatio ceter- #c' is a de$ortee !ho %iolates the de$ortatio order&" #4/ %s& Loo Hoe' Article ;=@& A$$licable to .estierro #Peo$le %s& Abilo+' Article ;=E& 6m$risomet& 12A .estierro Article ;=O& A$$licable to .estierro Acc)sed !as forced by some detaiees to lea%e the :ail- b)t he ret)red thereafter& There !as o m)tiy&" #Peo$le %s& Padilla' ,iolatio )der Art& ;=O is s)bstati%e if $ealty remitted is F years or less sice a $ealty is im$osed therei" #Peo$le %s& Marti' ARTICLE $*,& A.ASI9RECIDI1ISM The offese committed !hile the acc)sed is ser%i+ setece m)st be a feloy- ot a crime $)ished by a s$ecial la!& Nith re+ard to the offese of !hich the acc)sed !as already seteced by fial :)d+met- it does ot matter !hether it !as also a feloy or a crime $)ished by a s$ecial la!&" #Peo$le %s& Peralta' P)asi(recidi%ism ca also be committed !hile offeder !as at lar+e after esca$i+ from the $eal istit)tio" #Peo$le %s& Materal' or !hile he !as i the act of esca$i+ therefrom" #Peo$le %s& Tio+so' ARTICLE $*$& CO.NTERFEITIN/ T-E /REAT SEAL OF T-E /O1T& OF T-E (-ILI((INES8 FOR/IN/ T-E SI/NAT.RE OR STAM( OF T-E C-IEF E4EC.TI1E& ARTICLE $*+& .SIN/ FOR/ED SI/NAT.RE OR CO.NTERFEIT SEAL OR STAM(& 6f the doc)met is oe s)$$osedly si+ed by the Presidet i a $ri%ate ca$acity the crime !o)ld be falsificatio ad ot for+ery )der the Article ;F;& ARTICLE $**9$*6& FOR/IN/ TREAS.R) OR 0ANB NOTES8 O0LI/ATIONS AND SEC.RITIESC IM(ORTIN/ AND .TTERIN/ FALSE OR FOR/ED NOTES8 O0LI/ATIONS AND SEC.RITIES& A Phili$$ie Charity /!ee$sta9es tic9et has bee declared to be a +o%ermetal obli+atio" #Peo$le %s& Balmores' 6tet to )se ille+ally $ossessed co)terfeit otes ad istr)mets of credit may be determied from the %ol)me or )mber of said otes ad the acts of the acc)sed ta9e i coectio there!ith& 1o im$ossible crime here- as it deals !ith crimes a+aist $ersos ad $ro$erty oly& Nhere the acc)sed ecashed a treas)ry !arrat- !hich is a +o%ermetal obli+atio- b)t he did so by $osi+ ad si+i+ as the $ayee thereof- the crime is falsificatio ad ot for+ery" #Peo$le %s& /amso' CArt& ;@; Par& <D ARTICLE $3$& FALSIFICATION 0) (.0LIC OFFICER8 EM(LO)EE OR NOTAR) OR ECCLESIASTIC MINISTER& 6 imitati+ or co)terfeiti+ there m)st be some similarity or resemblace bet!ee the ori+ial ad the co)terfeit" #4/ %s& Lam$a' ,oti+ i $lace of a re+istered %oter- a e8am$le of %iolatio )der $ar& <" #Peo$le %s& Ab)ba9ar' Para+ra$h JI Ma9i+ false statemets i a a$$licatio form for $atrolma e8amiatio #Ci%il /er%ice 3orm 1o& <'- )der oath as re*)ired F Created by HOMER PABLO ZPG & Associates costit)tes $er:)ry ot falsificatio" #Peo$le %s& Cr)0' 1o s)ch le+al obli+atio i the $re$aratio of the formatio $a$ers of a cor$oratio to state the tr)th- so there is o falsificatio" #Peo$le %s& P)asha' There !as o le+al obli+atio to disclose the fact of a $re%io)s co%ictio i the $ersoal data form s)bmitted by the offeder to the $olice de$artmet sice that form !as ot a official doc)met- hece o falsificatio !as committed&"#Peo$le %s& Poserio' There is a le+al obli+atio to disclose the tr)th i etries made i a residece certificate- hece the acc)sed !as liable for falsificatio&" #Peo$le %s& Po Gio9 To' 1B6 $ersoal data sheet is a official doc)met" #Peo$le %s& 4y' Nhere force !as em$loyed to com$el aother to e8ec)te a cotract- the offeder is ot liable for falsificatio as s)ch com$)lsio does ot ma9e it a false istr)met- b)t oly a %oidable oe&" #4/ %s& Milla' 3alsificatio ca be committed by im$r)dece- either by a $ri%ate idi%id)al #Peo$le %s& BaMas' or by a $)blic officer" #Peo$le %s& Castillo' The $erso i $ossessio of a falsified doc)met is $res)med to ha%e falsified the same- es$ecially so if he had the o$$ort)ity ad the moti%e to do so&" #Peo$le %s& Maasala' Nhat is re*)ired to be tr)e is a assertio of fact by the acc)sed> hece !here the declarat stated that she !as eli+ible" for the $)blic $ositio- a iacc)racy therei co)ld ot hold her liable for falsificatio as she !as act)ally e8$ressi+ oly a o$iio&" #Peo$le %s& 7a0a' /imilar to the case of claimat of lad #Peo$le %s& /a ?ose'& Ma9i+ alteratios or correctios i a doc)met to ma9e it s$ea9 the tr)th- e%e if )ilaterally doe- caot be falsificatio as the essece of this offese is to ma9e the doc)met tell a lie&" #4/ %s& /a Mateo' ARTICLE $3+& FALSIFICATION 0) (RI1ATE INDI1ID.ALS& .ama+e or itet to ca)se dama+e is a essetial elemet& .ama+e to hoor is s)fficiet&" #Peo$le %s& Marasi+a' 1o crime of estafa thr) falsificatio of a $ri%ate doc)met& 3alsificatio is ot a coti)i+ offese ad is cos)mmated !he the doc)met is act)ally falsified- re+ardless of !hether or ot it !as thereafter $)t to ille+al )se&" #Alfelor et al %s& 6tia' .ama+e is ot re*)ired if the falsified doc)met is itrod)ced as e%idece i a :)dicial $roceedi+& .ama+e is a elemet oly !he the doc)met is itrod)ced i a $roceedi+ or trasactio other tha :)dicial& #Peo$le %s& Pr)dete' @