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CDB2012
Health, Safety and
Environment
Heat, Temperature
and Pressure Hazards
Lecture 8
Dr. Abrar Inayat
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Identify the information on heat, temperature and
pressure hazards at workplace.
To overcome the hazards associated with the
extreme heat, temperature and pressures.
OBJECTIVE
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Part I:
Heat and Temperature Hazards
Part II:
Pressure Hazards
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Part I:
Heat and Temperature Hazards
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HEAT AND TEMPERATURE HAZARDS
Operations with high potential of causing heat
stress normally involve high temperatures, radiant
heat sources, high humidity, direct physical contact
with hot objects.
The American Conference of Government Industrial
hygienists 1992 (ACGIH) states that workers should
not be permitted to work when their deep body
temperature exceeds 38C.
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Example :
Iron and steel foundry
Electrical utilities (boiler room)
Bakeries , food canneries
Chemical plants
Construction, refining, asbestos removal
Hazardous waste site (require wearing
impermeable protective clothing)
POTENTIAL HEAT STRESS
OPERATION
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DEFINITIONS
Temperature The degree of hotness or coldness of
a body or environment (corresponding to its
molecular activity) that can be measured using a
thermometer.
Heat A form of energy that can be transferred from
one system to another system as a result of
temperature difference (from high to low
temperatures).
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WET BULB GLOBE THERMOMETER
(WBGT)
Most accurate measurement of heat hazards
Takes into account humidity, radiant heat and air
temperature
Reading lower than regular thermometer
Testing should be done under normal working
conditions as close to the work as possible
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BODYS RESPONSE TO HEAT
Factors affecting Heat Stress:
Intensity of the heat
Duration of the exposure period
Tasks involved
Person performing the tasks
Presence of other stresses
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CAUSAL FACTORS
Personal Factor:
Age, weight, degree of fitness, degree of
acclimatization, metabolism, use of drug or alcohol,
type of clothing worn, hypertension
Environmental Factor:
Radiant heat, air movement, conduction, relative
humidity
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EFFECTS ON PERSONNEL
The severity at which a person will burn is based
mainly on the depth to which the burn penetrates,
which is dependent on:
Intensity of thermal energy transfer through-
* Radiation
* Convection
* Conduction
Absorptivity of the skin
Length of exposure
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Conduction
Convection
Radiation
HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM
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HEAT DISORDER AND HEALTH
EFFECTS
A. Heat Cramps
Involve muscular pains and spasms, cold
sweating and vomiting. Generally occurs due to a
depletion of salt and potassium.
Action: Replenish the bodys salt and potassium
supply orally. (ie. Commercially produce liquids
with proper quantity of salts, potassium,
electrolytes and other elements).
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B. Heat Exhaustion
Next step after heat cramp. May lose the ability to
stand erect. Water or salt depletion. Body
becomes dehydrated.
Action: Move person to a cool, but not cold
environment and allowed to rest lying down.
Fluids should be taken slowly but steadily by
mouth until the urine volume indicates that the
bodys fluid level is once again in balance.
HEAT DISORDER AND HEALTH
EFFECTS
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C. Heat Stroke
More serious than heat cramps or exhaustion.
Patient will have a temperature of 105 F(40.5 C)
or more, with corresponding hot skin, but it will
be dry, with no perspiration.
Action: Immediately reduce his or her body core
temperature. Victim should be immersed in
chilled water if facilities are available.
HEAT DISORDER AND HEALTH
EFFECTS
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CONTROLLING AND PREVENTING
HEAT STRESS
Engineering controls: ventilation, shielding, cooling
fans etc.
Work practise : provide plenty of drinking water, first
aids training
Alternating work and rest periods
Employee education
Heat Stress Card : OSHA publication 3154
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CLASSIFICATION OF BURN
SEVERITIES
Tolerance to Burns:
The ability of a person to survive exposure to heat is
governed by two factors:
Tolerance to pain
Heat-exposure level at which second-degree
burns begin
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SEVERITY OF BURNS
First-degree burn: Only cause a redness of the skin,
which indicates a mild inflammation. The most
common is sunburn. All are considered minor.
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Second-degree burn: Blister of the skin will form,
and in severe cases, fluid will collect under the skin.
Sometimes more painful than 3
rd
degree based on
nerve endings not damaged. Considered minor when
only 15% of the body is covered
SEVERITY OF BURNS
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Third-degree burn: Burns the skin, subcutaneous
tissue, red blood cells, capillaries, and sometimes
muscle are destroyed. Burned skin may be white,
light gray, or even charred black. Considered minor
when only 2% of the body is covered
SEVERITY OF BURNS
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Part II:
Pressure Hazards
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Pressure Hazard - Hazard caused by a
dangerous condition involving pressure
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BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELS HAZARDS
Boiler: A closed vessel in which water is
heated to form steam, hot water, or high
temperature water under pressure.
Common types of failures:
Cracking
Leakage
Explosion
Rupture
Corrosion
Creeping
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BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELS HAZARDS
Common Hazards associated with rupture / leakage:
Blast effects
Fragmentation
Suffocation
Poisoning
Fire
Chemical burn
Thermal burn
Explosion
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BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSELS HAZARDS
Potential causes of hazards :
Design, construction, and / or installation errors
Poor or insufficient training of operators
Human Error
Mechanical breakdown / failure
Failure or blockage of control and / or safety devices
Insufficient or improper inspection
Improper applications of equipment
Insufficient preventive maintenance
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Proper design
Proper training
Proper housekeeping
Continual inspection
Visual observation (for detecting cracks)
Use of appropriate safety equipment
Periodic testing
PREVENTIVE MEASURES
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NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF PRESSURE
VESSELS
Visual Examination visually check for sign of
corrosion, erosion or hydrogen blistering
Liquid Penetration Test use liquid penetrant
over an area and letting it seep in. When removed,
some of penetrant remains in the area of
discontinuities
Magnetic Particle Test applying fine
particles of ferromagnetic material to surface of
vessel. Discontinuity can cause disturbance in
magnetic field
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Radiography Test Use X-ray negative on a given
portion of vessel. Irregularities (eg. Holes, voids) or
discontinuities appear darker on the X-ray negative
Ultrasonic Testing short signal induced into the
material. Waves reflected back from discontinuities are
detected by transducers
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF PRESSURE
VESSELS
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Summary
Heat and temperature hazards
Factors involved in heat hazards
Health effects (e.g. Heat stroke etc)
Severity of burns (e.g 1
st
degree burn etc)
Pressure hazards
Boilers and pressure vessels
Prevention measures for heat, temperature
and pressure hazards