PSR & German IPPNW: Critical Analysis of UNSCEAR Report, US-letter Version

>>> CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE UNSCEAR REPORT <<<
by
Physicians for Social Resonsibili!y" USA
In!erna!ional Physicians for !he Pre#en!ion of N$clear %ar & Physicians in Social Resonsibili!y" 'er(any
Physicians for 'lobal S$r#i#al" Cana)a
*e+ican Physicians for !he Pre#en!ion of N$clear %ar" *e+ico
Associa!ion of '$a!e(alan Physicians an) Scien!is!s for !he Pre#en!ion of %ar" '$a!e(ala
Physicians for Social Resonsibili!y & IPPN%" S,i!-erlan)
.anish Physicians for !he Pre#en!ion of N$clear %ar /.L*01" .en(ar2
*e)ical Associa!ion for !he Pro!ec!ion of !he En#iron(en! an) A3ains! N$clear an) 4ioche(ical Threa!" 'reece
A$s!rian Physicians a3ains! 5iolence an) N$clear .an3ers /O*E'A1" A$s!ria
French Physicians A3ains! N$clear %eaons /A*FP'N1" France
Physicians Union Le3e Ar!is" Serbia
.$!ch *e)ical Associa!ion for Peace Research /N5*P1" The Ne!herlan)s
Irish .oc!ors En#iron(en!al Associa!ion" Irelan)
Associa!ion of Physicians an) *e)ical %or2ers for Social Resonsibili!y & IPPN%" 0enya
Socie!y of Ni3erian .oc!ors for !he %elfare of *an2in)" Ni3eria
Physicians for Social Resonsibili!y" E3y!
Physicians for Peace an) Preser#a!ion of !he En#iron(en!" Israel
In)ian .oc!ors for Peace an) .e#elo(en! /I.P.1" In)ia
Physicians for Peace an) Social Resonsibili!y" *alaysia
1
Outline
I) Introduction
II) Where we agree with the UNSCEAR report
6 Calc$la!in3 collec!i#e effec!i#e )oses for all of
7aan
8 Es!i(a!in3 ra)ia!ion )oses for non9e#ac$a!e)
)is!ric!s an) nei3hborin3 refec!$res
: .escribin3 a ($ch hi3her (arine )ischar3e
!han re#io$sly reor!e)
; Correc!ly or!rayin3 !he F$2$shi(a
ca!as!rohe as an on3oin3 rocess ra!her
!han a sin3$lar e#en!
III) Main points of criticism
6 The #ali)i!y of UNSCEAR<s so$rce !er(
es!i(a!es is in )o$b!
8 There are serio$s concerns re3ar)in3 !he
calc$la!ions of in!ernal ra)ia!ion
: The )ose assess(en!s of !he F$2$shi(a
,or2ers canno! be relie) $on
; The UNSCEAR reor! i3nores !he effec!s of
fallo$! on !he non9h$(an bio!a
= The secial #$lnerabili!y of !he e(bryo !o ra
)ia!ion is no! !a2en in!o acco$n!
> Non9cancer )iseases an) here)i!ary effec!s
,ere i3nore) by UNSCEAR
? Co(arisons of n$clear fallo$! ,i!h bac2
3ro$n) ra)ia!ion are (islea)in3
@ UNSCEAR<S in!erre!a!ions of !he fin)in3s are
A$es!ionable
B The ro!ec!i#e (eas$res !a2en by !he a$!hor
i!ies are (isreresen!e)
6C Concl$sions fro( collec!i#e )ose es!i(a!ions
are no! resen!e)
I) Conclusion
) !ist of acron"ms and a##re$iations
I) References
I) Introduction
The In!erna!ional Physicians for !he Pre#en!ion of N$clear %ar
/IPPN%1 is a 3lobal fe)era!ion of )oc!ors ,or2in3 !o,ar)s a
heal!hier" safer an) (ore eacef$l ,orl)D In (ore !han >C
co$n!ries" o$r na!ional affilia!es are ac!in3 as a)#oca!es of
n$clear aboli!ion an) roonen!s of a n$clear9free ,orl)D For
i!s ,or2" IPPN% ,as a,ar)e) !he Nobel Peace Pri-e in 6B@=D
In 8C66" !he IPPN% 4oar) of .irec!ors $nani(o$sly a3ree) !o
a)o! a (ore enco(assin3 s!ance !o,ar)s !he 3oal of a
n$clear ,eaons9free ,orl) by a))ressin3 !he s!ron3
in!er)een)ency be!,een !he (ili!ary an) ci#ilian branches of
!he n$clear chainD A ,orl) ,i!ho$! n$clear ,eaons ,ill only
be ossible if ,e also hase o$! n$clear ener3yD As hysicians"
,e are also concerne) abo$! !he en#iron(en!al an) heal!h
i(lica!ions of all asec!s of !he n$clear chain E fro( !he
$blic heal!h i(ac! of $rani$( (inin3 an) !he crea!ion of
lar3e a(o$n!s of ra)ioac!i#e !ailin3s" !he inheren! )an3ers of
rocessin3 an) !ransor!in3 fissile (a!erial aro$n) !he 3lobe"
!he $ncon!rollable ris2s a!!ache) !o !he ci#il $se of n$clear
ener3y" !he )$al $se caabili!y of fissile (a!erial for bo!h
ci#ilian an) (ili!ary $roses an) !he ens$in3 rolifera!ion
ris2" all !he ,ay !o !he 3lobal heal!h i(ac! of n$clear ,eaons
!es!in3 an) !he $nsol#e) roble( of n$clear ,as!eD E#ery
h$(an bein3 has !he ri3h! !o li#e in an en#iron(en! free of
ra)ioac!i#e con!a(ina!ion" co(a!ible ,i!h heal!h an) ,ell9
bein3D
Af!er !he F$2$shi(a n$clear (el!)o,ns in *arch of 8C66"
IPPN% hysicians ,ere aroache) by (any affec!e) fa(ilies"
local oli!icians an) )oc!ors in F$2$shi(a an) ,ere as2e) for
!heir e+er!ise on !he heal!h effec!s of ra)ioac!i#e fallo$!D In
!he as! !hree years" IPPN% hysicians ha#e been helin3 !he
eole of !he con!a(ina!e) re3ions 3a!her #ali) scien!ific
infor(a!ion an) ro!ec! !heir chil)ren fro( !he har(f$l effec!s
of ra)ia!ionD In (any ins!ances" IPPN% has ha) !o confron! an)
$blicly cri!ici-e a!!e(!s by !he n$clear in)$s!ry an) i!s lobby
3ro$s !o )o,nlay !he conseA$ences of !he ca!as!roheD %e
s$or!e) !he fa(ilies" )oc!ors an) scien!is!s ,ho oose)
!he 3o#ern(en!<s )ecree !o raise !he er(issible ann$al
ra)ia!ion e+os$re le#el for chil)ren fro( 6 !o 8C (S# an) !oo2
a s!ron3 s!ance a3ains! !he roonen!s of !he 7aanese
Fn$clear #illa3eF ,ho $blicly roclai(e) !ha! !he increase)
ra)ia!ion e+os$re ,o$l) ose no har( !o h$(an heal!hD
Af!er !he IPPN% %orl) Con3ress in 7aan in A$3$s! of 8C68"
IPPN% hysicians #isi!e) !he con!a(ina!e) re3ions in
F$2$shi(a an) ar!icia!e) in scien!ific conferences" $blic
(ee!in3s an) $ni#ersi!y lec!$resD Li2e Anan) 'ro#er" !he UN
Secial Raor!e$r on !he ri3h! !o heal!h !o !he H$(an Ri3h!s
Co$ncil" ,e are concerne) !ha! !he eole affec!e) by
2
F$2$shi(a ra)ioac!i#e fallo$! are sys!e(a!ically )eri#e) of
!heir ri3h! !o a s!an)ar) of li#in3 a)eA$a!e for !heir heal!h an)
,ell9bein3D
On Aril 8
n)
" 8C6;" !he Uni!e) Na!ions Scien!ific Co((i!!ee on
!he Effec!s of A!o(ic Ra)ia!ion /UNSCEAR1 $blishe) i!s
co(le!e reor! FLe#els an) effec!s of ra)ia!ion e+os$re )$e
!o !he n$clear acci)en! af!er !he 8C66 3rea! eas!97aan
ear!hA$a2e an) !s$na(iFD In i!s ress release" UNSCEAR $ses
!he follo,in3 hrase !o s$( $ i!s fin)in3sG FNo )iscernible
chan3es in f$!$re cancer ra!es an) here)i!ary )iseases are
e+ec!e) )$e !o e+os$re !o ra)ia!ion as a res$l! of !he
F$2$shi(a n$clear acci)en!FD
6
This echoes !he UNSCEAR ress
release fro( *ay :6
s!
" 8C6:" ,hich s!a!e)G FRa)ia!ion e+os$re
follo,in3 !he n$clear acci)en! a! F$2$shi(a9.aiichi )i) no!
ca$se any i((e)ia!e heal!h effec!sD I! is $nli2ely !o be able !o
a!!rib$!e any heal!h effec!s in !he f$!$re a(on3 !he 3eneral
$blic an) !he #as! (aHori!y of ,or2ersFD
8

C$rren! research 3i#es no H$s!ifica!ion for s$ch o!i(is!ic
res$(!ionsD Al!ho$3h UNSCEARIs e#al$a!ions of !he co(le+
)a!a (ay be $sef$l in assessin3 !he conseA$ences of !he
F$2$shi(a n$clear ca!as!rohe" ,e also feel !ha! !he reor!
)oes no! re#eal !he !r$e e+!en! of !he conseA$ences of !he
)isas!erD The 4el3ian Associa!ion for Ra)ia!ion Pro!ec!ion" a
(e(ber of UNSCEAR" cri!ici-e) !ha! !he reor! has e#en
re!rea!e) fro( !he lessons of ChernobylD
:
UNSCEAR )ra,s
(ainly on )a!a fro( !he n$clear in)$s!ry<s $blica!ions ra!her
!han fro( in)een)en! so$rces an) o(i!s or (isin!erre!s
cr$cial asec!s of ra)ia!ion e+os$reD In A$es!ion are also
so(e of !he ass$(!ions" ,hich UNSCEAR<s calc$la!ions are
base) onD E#en a (on!h af!er $blica!ion of !he reor!" !he
i(or!an! aen)ices con!ainin3 !he ra, )a!a ha#e s!ill no!
been (a)e accessible" re#en!in3 in)een)en! #erifica!ion of
UNSCEAR<s concl$sionsD For !hese reasons" )oc!ors fro( 6B
affilia!es of IPPN% ha#e fo$n) !he nee) !o iss$e !his cri!ical
analysis of !he UNSCEAR reor!D
%e are concerne) !ha! !he aaren!ly sys!e(a!ic
$n)eres!i(a!ions an) A$es!ionable in!erre!a!ions in !he
reor! ,ill be $se) by !he n$clear in)$s!ry !o )o,nlay !he
e+ec!e) heal!h effec!s of !he n$clear ca!as!rohe in
F$2$shi(aD F$r!her(ore" $blic a$!hori!ies nee) reliable
in!erre!a!ions of scien!ific )a!a in or)er !o ac! in !he bes!
in!eres! of !he $blic" as ,ell as an hones! assess(en! of !he
li(i!a!ions an) $ncer!ain!ies of a#ailable )a!a an)
ass$(!ionsD The Freca$!ionary rincileF as )efine) by !he
.eclara!ion of Rio in 6BB8 )ic!a!es" !ha! in si!$a!ions of
scien!ific $ncer!ain!y" !he ,ors! ossible o$!co(e sho$l) be
res$(e) an) ac!e) $onD Ho,e#er" ,e feel !ha! !he
UNSCEAR reor!" ,hich ,ill (os! li2ely be consi)ere) by (os!
$blic a$!hori!ies as a reliable an) scien!ifically so$n) basis for
!heir olicies" is o#er9o!i(is!ic an) (islea)in3D This co$l)
ne3a!i#ely affec! f$!$re $blic olicy" scien!ific research" social
s$or! an) heal!h ser#ices for !he affec!e) o$la!ion in
7aanD %e are also ,orrie) !ha! !he $ns$bs!an!ia!e) an)
$nreliable concl$sions of !he UNSCEAR reor! co$l) ha#e
ne3a!i#e lon39!er( i(ac!s on in!erna!ional ra)ia!ion safe!y
s!an)ar)s an) e(er3ency resonse 3$i)elines an) ris2 hi3her
e+os$re !o f$!$re 3enera!ionsD For !hese reasons" ,e resen!
o$r (e)ical an) scien!ific insi3h! on !he UNSCEAR reor!"
no!in3 firs! !he oin!s ,i!h ,hich ,e a3ree" follo,e) by o$r
!en (ain oin!s of cri!icis(D
II) Where we agree with the UNSCEAR report
The UNSCEAR reor! reresen!s an e+!ensi#e roHec!" )ealin3
,i!h a ($l!i!$)e of )a!aD In ar!ic$lar" ,e are lease) !o no!e
!he follo,in3 fo$r oin!sG
% Calculating collecti$e effecti$e doses for all of &apan
UNSCEAR es!i(a!e) !he collec!i#e effec!i#e life9!i(e )ose of
!he en!ire 7aanese o$la!ion )$e !o !he F$2$shi(a n$clear
ca!as!rohe !o be ;@"CCC Person9S# an) !he collec!i#e
absorbe) life9!i(e !hyroi) )ose of !he en!ire 7aanese
o$la!ion !o be 668"CCC Person9'yD
;
This calc$la!ion
reresen!s a s$bs!an!ial s!e for,ar) fro( !he %orl) Heal!h
Or3ani-a!ion /%HO1 heal!h assess(en!" ,hich res!ric!e) i!self
!o calc$la!in3 a#era3e in)i#i)$al life9!i(e )osesD %i!h !he
collec!i#e effec!i#e life9!i(e )oses" heal!h effec!s in lar3e
o$la!ions can be calc$la!e)D I! is arecia!e) !ha! UNSCEAR
ac2no,le)3es !he linear non9!hreshol) (o)el an) !hereby
reHec!s !he $se of a !hreshol) for ra)ia!ion effec!s of 6CC (S#"
$se) by !he In!erna!ional A!o(ic Ener3y A3ency /IAEA1 in !he
as!D Ho,e#er" !here are serio$s )o$b!s re3ar)in3 !he
es!i(a!ions behin) !he collec!i#e )ose calc$la!ions in !he
UNSCEAR reor!" ,hich ,e belie#e res$l!s in sys!e(a!ic
$n)eres!i(a!ionsD This ,ill be elabora!e) on in sec!ion IIID
' Estimating radiation doses for non(e$acuated
districts and neigh#oring prefectures
UNSCEAR es!i(a!e) !he !o!al effec!i#e )ose
=
an) absorbe)
)ose
>
!o !he !hyroi) for non9e#ac$a!e) )is!ric!s of F$2$shi(a
Prefec!$re an) si+ nei3hborin3 refec!$res in !he firs! year
follo,in3 !he acci)en!D The UNSCEAR reor! ac2no,le)3es
!ha! F!he )eosi!ion of ra)ion$cli)es in !he 3ro$n) a! loca!ions
,i!hin !he So$!h !race /To(io2a" Naraha" Hirono To,ns an)
I,a2i Ci!y1 ,as si3nifican!ly enriche) in !ell$ri$(96:8" io)ine9
6:8 an) io)ine96:6 co(are) ,i!h !he res! of 7aanDF
?
As a
res$l!" !he hi3hes! firs!9year !hyroi) )ose in non9e#ac$a!e)
)is!ric!s ,as )e!er(ine) !o be =8 ('y for a 69year9ol) infan!
li#in3 in I,a2i Ci!yD
@
This is =8 !i(es !he ann$al absorbe) )ose
!o !he !hyroi) fro( na!$ral bac23ro$n) ra)ia!ion /J 6 ('y1D
B
UNSCEAR has f$r!her(ore calc$la!e) !he a#era3e absorbe)
3
!hyroi) )oses for !he si+ nei3hborin3 refec!$res Chiba"
'$n(a" Ibara2i" I,a!e" *iya3i an) Tochi3i" ac2no,le)3in3 !ha!
ra)ioac!i#e fallo$! )i) no! H$s! affec! eole in F$2$shi(a
Prefec!$re" b$! eole all o#er 7aan ,ho ca(e in con!ac! ,i!h
airborne or in3es!e) ra)ion$cli)esD
6C
Con!a(ina!e) rice" beef"
sea9foo)" (il2" (il29o,)er" 3reen !ea" #e3e!ables" fr$i!s an)
!a ,a!er ,ere fo$n) all o#er (ainlan) 7aan an) e#en in
7aanese foo) e+or!sD
66"68"6:"6;"6="6>"6?"6@"6B"8C"86"88
Ho,e#er"
UNSCEAR s!oe) shor! of es!i(a!in3 )oses for To2yo an)
Sai!a(a in !he 0an!o re3ion" i((e)ia!ely so$!h of Chiba"
,hich also recei#e) a si3nifican! fallo$! bo!h on *arch 6=
!h
an)
86
s!
" 8C66D
8:
Since ro)$ce as far as Shi-$o2a Prefec!$re" 6;C
2( so$!h of To2yo" ,as fo$n) !o be con!a(ina!e)"
8;
no!
consi)erin3 !he ra)ioac!i#e fallo$! in !he refec!$res of To2yo"
Sai!a(a" 0ana3a,a an) Shi-$o2a re)$ces !he es!i(a!e)
ra)ia!ion )oses of !he o$la!ion in !hese re3ions an)
$l!i(a!ely lea)s !o an $n)eres!i(a!ion of !he !o!al collec!i#e
life!i(e )ose of !he 7aanese o$la!ionD
) *escri#ing a much higher marine discharge than
pre$iousl" reported
TEPCO<s ini!ial es!i(a!es of !he !o!al ra)ioac!i#e con!a(ina!ion
of !he Pacific Ocean )$e !o !he F$2$shi(a n$clear )isas!er
ca(e !o ;D? P4AD 4y far !he bi33es! (arine con!a(ina!ion"
ho,e#er" occ$rre) fro( ra)ioac!i#e fallo$! in !he )ays an)
,ee2s follo,in3 !he ini!ial n$clear (el!)o,ns an) ,as no!
consi)ere) in !he TEPCO es!i(a!eD Scien!is!s fro( !he
7aanese A!o(ic Ener3y A3ency /7AEA1 an) 0yo!o Uni#ersi!y
s$bseA$en!ly calc$la!e) !he !o!al a(o$n! of (arine
con!a(ina!ion fro( io)ine96:6 an) cesi$(96:? !o be 6= P4AD
8=
In Oc!ober of 8C66" calc$la!ions by !he French Ins!i!$!e for
Ra)ioro!ec!ion an) N$clear Safe!y /IRSN1 !oe) !his n$(ber
by )e!er(inin3 8? P4A of cesi$(96:? (arine con!a(ina!ion
aloneD
8>

Accor)in3 !o !he c$rren! UNSCEAR reor!" ho,e#er" all of
!hese es!i(a!es ,ere s!ill far !oo lo,D In )e!er(inin3 (arine
con!a(ina!ion" !he a$!hors rely (os!ly on a s!$)y by
0a,a($ra e! al fro( A$3$s! of 8C66" calc$la!in3 !he !o!al
a(o$n! of ra)ia!ion !ha! en!ere) !he Pacific Ocean by
)eosi!ion fro( !he a!(oshere !o be = P4A for cesi$(96:?
an) =? P4A for io)ine96:6 in !he erio) of !i(e be!,een
*arch 68
!h
an) Aril :C
!h
an) an a))i!ional ; P4A of cesi$(9
6:? an) 66 P4A of io)ine96:6 !ha! ,ere )irec!ly release)
)$rin3 !he erio) of !i(e fro( *arch 86
s!
!o Aril :C
!h
D
8?
Ho,e#er" e#en !hese fi3$res (os! robably )o no! )escribe
!he f$ll e+!en! of (arine con!a(ina!ionD Re3ar)in3 ra)ioac!i#e
)ischar3e before *arch 86
s!
" 0a,a($ra s!a!es !ha! Fno )irec!
release in!o !he ocean ,as ass$(e) before *arch 86
s!
beca$se
!he (oni!orin3 )a!a ,ere no! a#ailable )$rin3 !his erio)FD
8@

Also" his calc$la!ions )o no! !a2e in!o acco$n! any a!(osheric
e(ission af!er Aril >
!h
" !a2in3 !he A$es!ionable s!ance !ha!
F!here is no infor(a!ion on !he a(o$n!s release) in!o !he
a!(oshere fro( Aril >D I! ,as ass$(e)" !herefore" !ha! !he
ra)ioac!i#e (a!erials ,ere no! release) in!o !he a!(oshere
fro( Aril >DF
8B
*os! inco(rehensibly" ho,e#er" all
ra)ioac!i#e )ischar3e af!er Aril :C
!h
" 8C66 is i3nore)" )esi!e
TEPCO<s recen! re#ela!ion !ha! since !he be3innin3 of !he
)isas!er" abo$! :CC !ons of ra)ioac!i#e )ischar3e reache) !he
ocean e#ery )ay" a(o$n!in3 !o a !o!al of abo$! :;>"=CC !ons
)$rin3 !he as! :@ (on!hsD 0a,a($ra<s s!$)y a! leas!
conce)es !ha! Fi! ,ill robably be necessary !o es!i(a!e !he
so$rce !er( on oceanic an) a!(osheric releases (ore
acc$ra!ely a! so(e oin! in !he f$!$reDF
:C
'i#en all !he $ncer!ain!ies an) $n)eres!i(a!ions e+laine)
abo#e" i! can be s$((ari-e) !ha! UNSCEAR ass$(es (arine
con!a(ina!ion of >@ P4A io)ine96:6 an) B P4A cesi$(96:?D
This fi3$re e+cee)s 7AEA<s es!i(a!e by (ore !han = !i(es an)
TEPCO<s ini!ial calc$la!ions by (ore !han 6= !i(esD Hence i! is
clear !ha! F$2$shi(a fallo$! cons!i!$!es !he sin3le hi3hes!
ra)ioac!i#e )ischar3e in!o !he oceans e#er recor)e)D
:6":8

Accor)in3 !o !he IAEA" F$2$shi(a n$clear fallo$! alrea)y ran2s
as one of !he ri(e ra)ioac!i#e oll$!an!s of !he ,orl)Is
oceans" !o3e!her ,i!h !he a!(osheric n$clear ,eaons !es!s"
!he fallo$! fro( Chernobyl an) !he ra)ioac!i#e )ischar3e of
n$clear rerocessin3 lan!s li2e Sellafiel)" U0 or La Ha3$e"
FranceD
::
+ Correctl" portra"ing the ,u-ushima catastrophe as
an ongoing process rather than a singular e$ent
The n$clear in)$s!ry co((only or!rays !he n$clear
ca!as!rohe in F$2$shi(a as a sin3$lar e#en!" no! !a2in3 in!o
consi)era!ion !he con!in$e) e(issions of ra)ioac!i#i!y af!er
!he ini!ial (el!)o,ns in *arch 8C66D In ar!ic$lar" !here is
$s$ally no consi)era!ion of !he con!in$e) )isersion of
ra)ioac!i#e ar!icles" lea2s in!o soil an) 3ro$n),a!er fro(
ra)ioac!i#e s!ora3e !an2s an) !he )es!roye) reac!or cores" as
,ell as !he ra)ioac!i#e con!a(ina!ion of soil an) 3ro$n),a!er
)$e !o ,asho$! of ra)ioac!i#e iso!oes in fiel)s" fores!s an)
$rban se!!le(en!sD .econ!a(ina!ion effor!s ha#e ro#en !o be
only !e(orary (eas$res" as ra)ia!ion is re)is!rib$!e) o#er
re#io$sly )econ!a(ina!e) areas fro( na!$ral reser#oirs s$ch
as fores!s or fiel)s )$rin3 rainy an) !yhoon season" on ,in)y
)ays or )$rin3 srin3" ,hen !he fli3h! of ollen can con!rib$!e
!o !he srea) of ra)ioac!i#e ar!iclesD
:;" :=
In !he UNSCEAR reor!" !he F$2$shi(a n$clear )isas!er is re9
co3ni-e) as an on3oin3 ca!as!rohe" reA$irin3 cons!an! ree9
#al$a!ion of !he c$($la!i#e e+!en! of con!a(ina!ionD UNSCEAR
no!es !ha! Freleases !o !he (arine en#iron(en! ,ere on3oin3
a! !he en) of .ece(ber 8C6:F an) !ha! F!his (ay ,arran! f$r9
!her follo,9$ of e+os$res an) !ren)s in !he co(in3 yearsDF
:>
4
UNSCEAR also reor!s !ha! F3ro$n),a!er" con!a(ina!e) by n$9
(ero$s so$rces of ra)ioac!i#e (a!erial on si!e /eD3D lea2s fro(
s!ora3e !an2s" )isersal of con!a(ina!e) reac!or coolan!" an)
)eosi!ion of ra)ion$cli)es release) !o !he a!(oshere1" re9
resen!s a con!in$in3 so$rce of release !o !he oceanF an) !ha!
Ff$r!her releases co$l) no! be e+cl$)e) in !he f$!$re" ei!her in9
a)#er!en!ly /eD3D fro( ,a!er con!in$in3 !o be release) fro(
!he reac!or b$il)in3s in!o 3ro$n),a!er1 or as ar! of !he ,as!e
(ana3e(en! s!ra!e3y a)o!e) in !he re(e)ia!ion of !he F.N9
PS KF$2$shi(a .ai9ichi N$clear Po,er S!a!ionL si!eDF
:?
In !he
lon3 r$n" !his (ay lea) !o an increase in in!ernal e+os$re in
!he 3eneral o$la!ion !hro$3h ra)ioac!i#e iso!oes fro(
3ro$n) ,a!er s$lies an) !he foo) chainD This scenario is a
realis!ic assess(en!" consi)erin3 !ha! in (any laces in Eas!ern
an) Cen!ral E$roe" ra)ioac!i#e cesi$(96:? con!aine) in
($shroo(s an) ,il) 3a(e s!ill oses a $blic heal!h concern"
al(os! !hree )eca)es af!er !he Chernobyl n$clear (el!)o,nD
:@"
:B
Unfor!$na!ely" !hese reca$!ionary asec!s ,ere no! s!a!e)
in !he UNSCEAR ress release an) see( !o be i3nore) by (os!
(e)ia reor!s abo$! !he fin)in3s of !he co((i!!eeD
III) Main points of criticism
%hile ,e belie#e !ha! ar!s of !he UNSCEAR reor! (ay be
$sef$l in f$!$re assess(en!s of !he en#iron(en!al an) $blic
heal!h conseA$ences of !he F$2$shi(a n$clear (el!)o,ns" ,e
are concerne) !ha! !his reor! co$l) lay !he 3ro$n),or2 for a
sys!e(a!ic $n)eres!i(a!ion of !he !r$e e+!en! of !he n$clear
ca!as!roheD In i!s reor! !o !he UN 'eneral Asse(bly"
UNSCEAR s!a!es !ha! Fno )iscernible increase) inci)ence of
ra)ia!ion9rela!e) heal!h effec!s are e+ec!e) a(on3 e+ose)
(e(bers of !he $blic or !heir )escen)an!sFD
;C
To (any eole
!his s!a!e(en! co$l) be $n)ers!oo) as a re)ic!ion !ha! no
heal!h effec!s are !o be e+ec!e)" ,hen in reali!y" i! is (erely
s$33es!in3 !ha! !he heal!h effec!s /eD3D cancer cases" non9
cancer )iseases" 3ene!ic (alfor(a!ions an) s!illbir!hs1 ,ill be
!oo s(all !o (anifes! !he(sel#es in ei)e(iolo3ical s$r#eys of
!he en!ire 7aanese o$la!ionD %hile ,e share !he #ie, !ha!
(any of !he e+ec!e) heal!h effec!s canno! be $na(bi3$o$sly
a!!rib$!able !o !he ra)ioac!i#e con!a(ina!ion in nor!h9eas!ern
7aan" !his is no! !r$e for rare )iseases s$ch as chil)hoo)
!hyroi) cancer" !he inci)ence of ,hich can be si3nifican!ly
increase) in !he af!er(a!h of a n$clear ca!as!roheD
;6
I! is
co((only acce!e) !ha! !he e+os$re of a lar3e o$la!ion !o
e#en s(all a(o$n!s of ioni-in3 ra)ia!ion lea)s !o a re)ic!able
n$(ber of cancer cases" a fac! also s!a!e) in !he UNSCEAR
reor!D In !he case of F$2$shi(a" !his affec!s no! only !he
o$la!ion in !he i((e)ia!e #icini!y of !he n$clear lan!s" b$!
also eole in o!her refec!$res ,ho can be affec!e) by
in!ernal ra)ia!ion !hro$3h con!a(ina!e) foo)" ,a!er" air9borne
ra)ioiso!oes or !he 3ro,in3 a(o$n!s of n$clear ,as!eD
UNSCEAR bases (any of i!s ass$(!ions re3ar)in3 (e)ical
ra)ia!ion effec!s an) )ose es!i(a!es on !he %HO&IAEA reor!s
$blishe) in *ay of 8C68 an) in Febr$ary of 8C6:D
;8" ;:
The
%HO reor!s ,ere cri!ici-e) for (isreresen!in3 !he !r$e
e+!en! of ra)ia!ion e+os$re" follo,in3 fa$l!y ass$(!ions on
!he #$lnerabili!y of !he $nborn chil) !o ra)ia!ion an) i3norin3
!he on3oin3 e(issions of ra)ioac!i#i!y fro( !he )a(a3e)
n$clear reac!orsD Also" !hey e+cl$)e) non9cancer effec!s of
ra)ia!ion ,i!ho$! a cri!ical )isc$ssion an) ,ere infl$ence) !o a
lar3e e+!en! by scien!is!s ,i!h conflic!s of in!eres!s beca$se of
close !ies !o !he n$clear in)$s!ryD
;;";=

Re3ar)in3 !he c$rren! UNSCEAR reor!" !he es!ablishe)
scien!ific rincile s!ill hol)s !r$e !ha! any assess(en! can only
be as 3oo) as !he )a!a an) !he ass$(!ions !ha! i! is base)
$onD Accor)in3ly" o$r (ain oin!s of cri!icis( can be s$((e)
$ $n)er !hese !en ar3$(en!sG
6 The #ali)i!y of UNSCEAR<s so$rce !er( es!i(a!es is in
)o$b!
8 There are serio$s concerns re3ar)in3 !he calc$la!ions
of in!ernal ra)ia!ion
: The )ose assess(en!s of !he F$2$shi(a ,or2ers can
no! be relie) $on
; The UNSCEAR reor! i3nores !he effec!s of fallo$! on
!he non9h$(an bio!a
= The secial #$lnerabili!y of !he e(bryo !o ra)ia!ion is
no! !a2en in!o acco$n!
> Non9cancer )iseases an) here)i!ary effec!s ,ere i3
nore) by UNSCEAR
? Co(arisons of n$clear fallo$! ,i!h bac23ro$n) ra)i
a!ion are (islea)in3
@ UNSCEAR<S in!erre!a!ions of !he fin)in3s are A$es
!ionable
B The ro!ec!i#e (eas$res !a2en by !he a$!hori!ies are
(isreresen!e)
6C Concl$sions fro( collec!i#e )ose es!i(a!ions are no!
resen!e)
5
% .he $alidit" of UNSCEAR/s source term estimates is in
dou#t
Se#eral s!$)ies ha#e )eal! ,i!h !he calc$la!ion of !he
F$2$shi(a <so$rce !er(< E !he !o!al a(o$n! of ra)ioac!i#i!y
release) by !he n$clear )isas!erD
;>
E#en ,i!ho$! a))ressin3 !he
fac! !ha! !he e(issions of ra)ioac!i#e ar!icles fro( F$2$shi(a
.ai9ichi con!in$e $naba!e) an) !ha! !he a#ailable so$rce !er(
es!i(a!es only )eal ,i!h !he e(issions )$rin3 !he firs! ,ee2s
of !he )isas!er" !here are s!ill #ario$s concerns re3ar)in3 !he
so$rce !er( ass$(!ions $se) in !he UNSCEAR reor!D The
a$!hors s!a!e !ha! !hey base !heir calc$la!ions on !he so$rce
!er( es!i(a!e of Tera)a e! al"
;?
b$! fail !o (en!ion !ha! !his
s!$)y ,as $n)er!a2en by !he 7aanese A!o(ic Ener3y A3ency
/7AEA1" ,hich ,as se#erely cri!ici-e) by !he F$2$shi(a N$clear
Acci)en! In)een)en! In#es!i3a!ion Co((ission of !he
7aanese .ie! Karlia(en!L for i!s coll$sion ,i!h !he n$clear
in)$s!ry an) i!s carelessness in !he fiel) of n$clear safe!yD
;@
7AEA has a clear conflic! of in!eres! ,hen i! co(es !o assessin3
!he effec!s of !he n$clear )isas!er an) canno! be consi)ere) a
ne$!ral so$rce of infor(a!ion in !his re3ar)D
UNSCEAR ar3$es !ha! 7AEA<s s!$)y" $blishe) on *ay 88
n)
"
8C68" reresen!s !he (os! c$rren! assess(en!" al!ho$3h !he
reno,ne) Nor,e3ian Ins!i!$!e for Air Research /NILU1
$blishe) i!s fin)in3s H$s! !hree (on!hs earlier" in Febr$ary of
8C68" an) fo$n) a release of cesi$(96:? fo$r !i(es hi3her
!han !he 7AEA es!i(a!e /:? P4A ins!ea) of B P4A1D
F$r!her(ore" TEPCO<s o,n es!i(a!es of !he release of io)ine9
6:6 fro( *ay 8C68 ,ere also (ore !han fo$r !i(es hi3her
/=CC P4A #sD 68C P4A1D
;B
If !he ri(ary concern is !o a)eA$a!ely
assess ossible heal!h effec!s on !he o$la!ion" i! is no! clear
,hy UNSCEAR relies on !he si3nifican!ly lo,er so$rce !er(
es!i(a!es of !he con!ro#ersial 7aanese A!o(ic Ener3y A3ency
ra!her !han !hose of ne$!ral in!erna!ional ins!i!$!ions or of
TEPCO i!selfD
Table 6G So$rce !er( es!i(a!es ci!e) in UNSCEAR reor!
;B
Ano!her con!en!io$s iss$e re3ar)in3 so$rce !er( es!i(a!es is
!he release of o!her ra)ioiso!oes" s$ch as ra)ioac!i#e
s!ron!i$( /Sr9@B&9BC1D Uon in3es!ion" s!ron!i$( can
acc$($la!e in bone !iss$e" as i! is #ery si(ilar !o calci$(" an)
can ca$se bone (arro, cancer an) le$2e(iaD I! is !herefore a
hi3hly rele#an! en#iron(en!al !o+in an) i!s effec!s on h$(an
heal!h ha#e been )e(ons!ra!e) in n$(ero$s n$clear acci)en!s
in !he as! )eca)esD In i!s reor!" UNSCEAR s!a!es !ha!
ra)ioac!i#e s!ron!i$( iso!oes ,ere )e!ec!e) in
concen!ra!ions !ha! ,ere hi3her by fo$r or)ers of (a3ni!$)e
KiDeD (ore !han 6C"CCC !i(esL !han !hose !ha! rece)e) !he
acci)en!D
=C
The reor! 3oes on !o say !ha! ra)ioac!i#e s!ron!i$(
concen!ra!ions ,ere al,ays less !han 6&6C of Cs96:?
concen!ra!ions" e+ce! in .ece(ber 8C66" ,hen ra)ioac!i#e
s!ron!i$( ,as )irec!ly release) in!o !he oceanD
=6
%i!h a
(arine release of Cs96:? in !he (a3ni!$)e of abo$! B P4A"
e#en one !en!h of !his s!ill a(o$n!s !o a si3nifican! a(o$n! of
ra)ioac!i#e s!ron!i$( release) in!o !he Pacific OceanD An)
,hile (os! of !he ini!ial ra)ioac!i#e fallo$! fro( F$2$shi(a has
3one in!o !he ocean" s!ron!i$( ,as also )e!ec!e) in soil"
3ro$n),a!er an) se)i(en! sa(les in )ifferen! ar!s of
F$2$shi(a Prefec!$reD
=8
Ra)ioac!i#e s!ron!i$( iso!oes sho$l) !herefore be incl$)e) in
!he assess(en! of ra)ia!ion )oses !o !he 3eneral o$la!ionD
Ho,e#er" UNSCEAR s!a!es in i!s reor! !ha! FSr9@B an) Sr9BC
)eosi!e) on !he 3ro$n) ,ere si3nifican!ly lo,er !han !hose of
Cs96:? an) !hese ra)ion$cli)es ,ere !herefore no! incl$)e) in
!he Co((i!!eeIs es!i(a!ion of )oses !o !he $blicDF This
$nfor!$na!e o(ission is H$s!ifie) in !he raor!e$r<s reor! of
UNSCEAR<s *ay 8C68 session as follo,sG FThe firs! s!ron!i$(
(eas$re(en!s ,ere recei#e) af!er !he )ea)line an) !herefore
!hey are no! incl$)e)FD
=:
4e!,een *ay of 8C68 an) Aril of
8C6;" al(os! !,o years asse)" b$! s!ill" !he heal!h effec!s of
ra)ioac!i#e s!ron!i$( e(i!!e) by !he crile) o,er lan! in
F$2$shi(a ,ere no! !a2en in!o consi)era!ionD The sa(e is !r$e
for (ore !han !,o )o-en o!her ra)ion$cli)es e(i!!e) in !he
co$rse of !he )isas!er" (os! no!ably Menon96:: or l$!oni$(D
%hile ,e reali-e !he )iffic$l!ies in assessin3 !he !r$e e+!en! of
ra)ia!ion e(issions af!er s$ch a ca!as!rohic e#en!" ,e ha#e
)o$b!s as !o !he #ali)i!y of !he UNSCEAR so$rce !er(
es!i(a!es )$e !o !he ar3$(en!s lis!e) abo#eD I! is no! clear
,hy UNSCEAR )eci)e) a3ains! !he (ore conser#a!i#e
aroach an) ins!ea) chose !o rely on !he lo,es! $blishe)
so$rce !er( es!i(a!es an) !o o(i! rele#an! ra)ioiso!oes )$e
!o <)ea)line< iss$esD
On a si)e no!e" !he af!er(a!h of !he Toho2$ ear!hA$a2e an)
!s$na(i incl$)e) en#iron(en!al oll$!ion fro( fires a! oil re9
fineries an) in)$s!rial areas" releasin3 n$(ero$s !o+ic che(ic9
als in!o !he airD
=;
These che(icals can be har(f$l !o h$(ans
an) o!her li#in3 or3anis(s" ca$sin3 resira!ory" )er(a!olo3ical
an) he(a!olo3ical roble(s" as ,ell as carcino3enic an) !era9
!o3enic effec!sD UNSCEAR sho$l) ac2no,le)3e !ha! e+os$res
of in)i#i)$als !o ha-ar)o$s che(ical con!a(ina!ion )$e !o !he
ear!hA$a2e an) !he !s$na(i (ay se#erely confo$n) !he rela9
!ionshi be!,een ra)ia!ion e+os$re an) carcino3enic effec!sD
The coe+is!ence of ra)ia!ion an) che(ical e+os$res co$l)
ha#e syner3is!ic effec!s" ossibly lea)in3 !o earlier an) (ore
se#ere heal!h conseA$encesD Heal!h ser#ices in F$2$shi(a
sho$l) be a,are of !his ossibili!y so !ha! roer (oni!orin3 is
con)$c!e) in all !hose ,ho ,ere e+ose) !o ra)ioac!i#e fal9
lo$!D
6
Radioisotope .E0CO &AEA NI!U
Io)ine96:6 J=CC P4A 68C P4A 9
Cesi$(96:? J6C P4A B P4A :? P4A
' .here are serious concerns regarding the calculations
of internal radiation
Si(ilar !o !he so$rce !er(" !he es!i(a!e) $!a2e of ra)ioac!i#e
iso!oes ,i!h foo) an) )rin2 si3nifican!ly infl$ences !he !o!al
ra)ia!ion )ose an in)i#i)$al is e+ose) !o af!er a n$clear ca!a9
s!roheD No (a!!er ho, e+er!ly $n)er!a2en" any assess(en!
of heal!h ris2s )$e !o in!ernal ra)ia!ion can only be as e+ac! as
!he ass$(!ions i! is base) $onD F$r!her(ore" any )ose cal9
c$la!ion is infl$ence) by !he (e!ho) of choosin3 foo) sa(les
an) of )e!er(inin3 sa(le si-eD Es!i(a!es base) on )a!a
,hose #ali)i!y has !o be A$es!ione) on !he 3ro$n)s of selec!9
i#e sa(lin3" )is!or!ion an) o(ission are no! acce!able as a
basis on ,hich !o (a2e re)ic!ions an) heal!h olicy reco(9
(en)a!ionsD
==

S$ch concerns $n)er(ine !he concl$sions of !he UNSCEAR re9
or!D Re3ar)in3 ra)ia!ion )oses in foo)s!$ff" UNSCEAR $ses" as
i!s one an) only so$rce" !he s!ill $n$blishe) )a!abase of !he
IAEA an) !he Foo) an) A3ric$l!$re Or3ani-a!ion /FAO1D
=>
The
IAEA ,as fo$n)e) ,i!h !he secific (ission !o Fro(o!e safe"
sec$re an) eacef$l n$clear !echnolo3iesF an) !o Faccelera!e
an) enlar3e !he con!rib$!ion of a!o(ic ener3y !o eace" heal!h
an) roseri!y !hro$3ho$! !he ,orl)DF
=?
I! !herefore has a ro9
fo$n) conflic! of in!eres!D The reliance on foo) sa(le )a!a
fro( !he IAEA is no! a)#isable" as i! )iscre)i!s !he assess(en!
of in!ernal ra)ia!ion )oses an) (a2es !he fin)in3s #$lnerable
!o clai(s of (ani$la!ionD
There are se#eral con!en!io$s iss$es re3ar)in3 !he IAEA&FAO
foo)s!$ff )a!abaseD Firs! of all" i! only incl$)es (eas$re(en!
)a!a for I96:6" Cs96:; an) Cs96:? an) so !he UNSCEAR reor!
only consi)ere) !hese !hree ra)ion$cli)es in !he assess(en! of
)oses fro( in3es!ionD
=@
O!her ra)ion$cli)es" s$ch as Sr9@B&BC
,ere no! !a2en in!o acco$n!D Also" no co((en! is (a)e in !he
UNSCEAR reor! re3ar)in3 !he si!es ,here an) ho, !he IAEA
foo) sa(les ,ere collec!e)" raisin3 !he s$sicion !ha! selec!9
i#e sa(lin3 (ay ha#e !a2en laceD
To 3i#e a concre!e e+a(le" ,e ci!e fro( a recen! analysis of
!he %HO&IAEA )ose assess(en! reor! fro( *ay of 8C68"
,hich also bases i!s es!i(a!es on !he IAEA&FAO foo)s!$ff )a!a9
baseD The A$an!i!y an) selec!ion of foo) sa(les $se) in !he
calc$la!ions of !he in!ernal ra)ia!ion )ose in !he %HO&IAEA re9
or! ,ere sho,n !o be ina)eA$a!e an) in s!ar2 con!ras! !o
sa(les $blishe) by !he 7aanese a$!hori!ies early )$rin3 !he
)isas!erD
=B
%hile !he hi3hes! le#el of ra)ioac!i#e con!a(ina!ion
of #e3e!ables incl$)e) in !he %HO&IAEA reor! ,ere sa(les
,i!h =;"6CC 4A&23 of io)ine96:6 /inci)en!ally fo$n) o$!si)e of
F$2$shi(a Prefec!$re1 an) ;6"CCC 4A&23 of cesi$(96:?"
>C
!he
7aanese *inis!ry for Science an) Technolo3y /*EMT1 fo$n)
con!a(ina!e) ,ee)&leafy #e3e!able sa(les ,i!h io)ine96:6
concen!ra!ions as hi3h as 8"=;C"CCC 4A&23 /(ore !han ;C !i(es
hi3her !han !he (os! con!a(ina!e) #e3e!able sa(le (en9
!ione) in !he %HO&IAEA reor!1 an) cesi$(96:? concen!ra9
!ions of $ !o 8">=C"CCC 4A&23 /(ore !han >C !i(es hi3her
!han !he (os! con!a(ina!e) #e3e!able sa(le (en!ione) in
!he %HO&IAEA reor!1D S$ch hi3h le#els of ra)ia!ion in
,ee)s&leafy #e3e!ables ,o$l) s$33es! !ha! ro)$ce 3ro,n in
!he sa(e area ,o$l) ha#e acc$($la!e) si(ilar ra)ia!ion
)osesD E#en one (on!h af!er !he (el!)o,ns" *EMT scien!is!s
s!ill fo$n) (a+i($( concen!ra!ions abo#e 6CC"CCC 4A&23 for
io)ine96:6 /al(os! !,ice as hi3h as in !he %HO&IAEA reor!1
an) BCC"CCC 4A&23 for cesi$(96:? /(ore !han 8C !i(es hi3her
!han in !he %HO&IAEA reor!1 in ,ee)s&leafy #e3e!ablesD
>6
%hy are s$ch hi3hly con!a(ina!e) sa(les no! fo$n) in !he
%HO&IAEA reor! an) co$l) !his in)ica!e a selec!ion biasN No
e+lana!ion ,as offere) by %HO or IAEA ,hy !hese *EMT
sa(les" rea)ily a#ailable on !he ,ebsi!e of !he (inis!ry an)
ci!e) by n$(ero$s $blica!ions" ,ere o(i!!e) in !heir )a!a9
baseD 4y relyin3 solely on !he IAEA&FAO foo)s!$ff )a!abase"
UNSCEAR reea!s !he aroach of !he %HO&IAEA reor!" )is9
cre)i!s i!s assess(en! of in!ernal ra)ia!ion )oses an) (a2es i!s
fin)in3s #$lnerable !o !he s$sicion of selec!i#e )a!a sa(lin3D

Table 8G *a+i($( ra)ia!ion )ose rea)in3s in lan!s
>C" >6
Ano!her i(or!an! iss$e is !he ass$(!ion of )ie!ary habi!s"
,hich lay a lar3e ar! in es!i(a!in3 in!ernal ra)ia!ion e+os9
$reD The a$!hors of !he UNSCEAR reor! ass$(e) !ha! F!he
(aHori!y of eole in 7aan ob!ain !heir foo) fro( s$er(ar9
2e!s ,here foo) is so$rce) fro( !he ,hole of !he co$n!ryF an)
calc$la!e) !he a(o$n! of in!ernal ra)ioac!i#e e+os$re accor)9
in3lyD
>8
This (ay see( lo3ical" b$! i3nores !he o#er,hel(in3ly
r$ral charac!er of !he affec!e) re3ion" ,here (any eole rely
on far(er (ar2e!s an) ho(e93ro,n ro)$ceD The rincile of
<chisan9chisho< or <cons$(in3 !he foo) ro)$ce) locally< ,as
,i)ely enco$ra3e) in F$2$shi(a !o !he oin! ,here ($nicial9
i!ies enco$ra3e) or )ecree) !he $se of local F$2$shi(a
ro)$c!s in school l$nchesD
>:
UNSCEAR a)(i!s !ha! eole ea!9
in3 locally ro)$ce) foo) Fco$l) ha#e recei#e) e+os$res si3ni9
fican!ly hi3her !han !hose resen!e)FD
>;
Also no! !a2en in!o
consi)era!ion ,as !he na!ion,i)e 3o#ern(en!al ca(ai3n <!a9
be!e o$en shiyo$<" ,hich ro(o!es !he $rchase of foo) ro9
)$ce) in F$2$shi(a as an ac! of soli)ari!yD
>=
Therefore" !he as9
s$(!ion !ha! eole in F$2$shi(a ea! foo) fro( !he en!ire
co$n!ry robably lea)s !o an $n)eres!i(a!ion of !he ac!$al
cons$(!ion of con!a(ina!e) foo)D
I! also nee)s !o be recalle) !ha! a! !he be3innin3 of !he n$clear
ca!as!rohe" resi)en!s s$ffere) fro( shor!a3e of fresh foo)
an) ,a!er )$e !o !he ear!hA$a2e an) !he !s$na(iD .$rin3 !his
erio)" !here ,as no ossibili!y for !es!in3 cros for ra)ia!ionD
7
Radioisotope W1O2IAEA &AEA
Io)i ne96:6 =;"6CC 4A&23 8"=;C"CCC 4A&23
Cesi $(96:? ;6"CCC 4A&23 8">=C"CCC 4A&23
Peole (ay !herefore ha#e cons$(e) hi3hly con!a(ina!e) loc9
al foo) or ,a!er before roer !es!in3 an) re3$la!ion ca(e
in!o effec!D This fac! recei#es no (en!ion in !he UNSCEAR re9
or!" ,hich (erely s!a!es !ha! F!here ,ere ins$fficien! )a!a in
!he firs! (on!hs follo,in3 !he acci)en! !o a)o! a fine sa!ial
resol$!ion for !he assess(en! of !he in3es!ion )osesDF
>>
This
(ay resen! an a))i!ional so$rce of error in !he calc$la!ion of
!he in!ernal ra)ia!ion )oseD
) .he dose assessments of the ,u-ushima wor-ers can
not #e relied upon
The UNSCEAR reor! lis!s 8;"@:8 eole ,ho ,ere e(loye)
on !he si!e of !he n$clear ca!as!rohe as lan! ,or2ers"
e(er3ency ersonnel an) clean9$ s!affD Re3ar)in3 !heir
ra)ia!ion e+os$re" UNSCEAR relies solely on )a!a recei#e)
fro( TEPCO i!selfD
>?
The reor! lis!s 6?: ,or2ers e+ose) !o
effec!i#e )oses 3rea!er !han 6CC (S# an) abo$! 8;">=B
,or2ers ,ho recei#e) effec!i#e )oses of less !han 6CC (S#D
A))i!ionally" !hir!een of !hese ,or2ers recei#e) !hyroi) )oses
in !he ran3e of 8 !o 68 'yD
The 7aanese .ie!<s F$2$shi(a N$clear Acci)en! In)een)en!
In#es!i3a!ion Co((ission acc$se) TEPCO of coll$sion ,i!h !he
a$!hori!ies an) of i3norin3 ,arnin3s abo$! !he ossibili!y of
Ts$na(is )a(a3in3 coas!al n$clear o,er lan!s an) 3i#es !he
co(any a lar3e ar! of !he resonsibili!y for !he n$clear
)isas!erD
>@
I! is !herefore only na!$ral !o ass$(e !ha! TEPCO has
a conflic! of in!eres! ,hen i! co(es !o )i#$l3in3 fac!s an)
fi3$res abo$! ra)ia!ion )oses !o i!s e(loyeesD There is no
(eanin3f$l con!rol or o#ersi3h! of !he n$clear in)$s!ry in
7aan an) )a!a fro( TEPCO has in !he as! freA$en!ly been
fo$n) !o be !a(ere) ,i!h an) falsifie)D
>B

Also" UNSCEAR s!a!es !ha! only 6=O of !he !o!al n$(ber of
affec!e) ,or2ers ,ere )irec!ly e(loye) by TEPCO"
?C
,hile !he
res! /abo$! 8C"CCC1 ,as e(loye) by an obsc$re ne!,or2 of
s$bcon!rac!ors an) s$b9s$b9con!rac!orsD *any of !hese s$b9
con!rac!e) co(anies e(loy !e(orary ,or2ers ,ho are
$nacco$n!e) for in !he official s!a!is!icsD
?6"?8
There are also
n$(ero$s reor!s abo$! (issin3 )osi(e!ers" )elibera!e lea)
casin3 of )osi(e!ers !o )isable (eas$re(en! an) fa$l!y
ra)ia!ion (eas$rin3 ins!r$(en!sD
?:"?;"?=

Finally" shor!9li#e) ra)ioiso!oes s$ch as !ell$ri$(96:8" io)ine9
6:8" io)ine96:: an) +enon96:: ,ere e+cl$)e) fro( !he
calc$la!ions of ,or2ers< e+os$re )osesD As an e+a(le" !he
reor! s!a!es !ha! Fno acco$n! ,as !a2en of !he o!en!ial
con!rib$!ion fro( in!a2es of shor!er9li#e) iso!oes of io)ine" in
ar!ic$lar io)ine96::P as a res$l!" !he assesse) )oses fro(
in!ernal e+os$re co$l) ha#e been $n)eres!i(a!e) by abo$!
8C er cen!D For (any ,or2ers" beca$se of !he lon3 )elay
before (oni!orin3" io)ine96:6 ,as no! )e!ec!e) in !heir
!hyroi)sP for !hose ,or2ers !he in!ernal )oses es!i(a!e) by
TEPCO an) i!s con!rac!ors are $ncer!ainDF
?>

For all of !hese reasons" i! is )iffic$l! !o acce! !he )a!a
ro#i)e) by TEPCO as a reresen!a!i#e an) #ali) basis for
ro3nos!ic calc$la!ionsD The UNSCEAR reor!" ho,e#er" bases
i!s heal!h assess(en!s en!irely on !he )a!a fro( TEPCO" (os!
robably $n)eres!i(a!in3 heal!h effec!s in !his o$la!ionD
%e also )isa3ree ,i!h !he assess(en! of UNSCEAR !ha! Fs!$)9
ies ,o$l) lac2 s$fficien! s!a!is!ical o,er !o assess !he ris2 of
cancer )$e !o irra)ia!ionP !he )oses ,o$l) be !oo lo, an) !he
o$la!ion si-e !oo s(allFD
??
N$(ero$s s!$)ies ha#e sho,n si39
nifican! heal!h effec!s fro( lo,9le#el ra)ia!ion e+os$re in #ery
)i#erse o$la!ions ,ho ,ere e+ose) !o #ery )ifferen! le#els
of ra)ia!ionG fro( $rani$( (iners"
?@9@:
)o,n,in)ers of n$clear
!es!s"
@;9@>
,or2ers in n$clear fac!ories"
@?9BC
!o eole li#in3 in !he
#icini!y of o,er lan!s
B6
an) !he clean9$ ,or2ers /liA$i)a!9
ors1 in ChernobylD
B89B;
In !he en)" i! is a A$es!ion of s!$)y )esi3n
an) s!ric! a)herence !o scien!ific rinciles" ,hich in !he case
of TEPCO canno! be ass$(e)" H$)3in3 fro( !he $n,arran!e)
(a3ni!$)e of )a!a (ani$la!ion in recen! yearsD
?@"?B"@C"@6"@8"@:"
@;"@="@>" @?"@@"@B"BC" B6" B8"B:"B;
+ .he UNSCEAR report ignores the effects of fallout on
the non(human #iota
Obser#e) effec!s of lo,9le#el ra)ia!ion on non9h$(an bio!a
can hel !o $n)ers!an) !he conseA$ences !o h$(ansD In i!s
F$2$shi(a reor!" UNSCEAR )isre3ar)s c$rren! scien!ific fiel)9
,or2 on ac!$al ra)ia!ion effec!s by s!a!in3 !ha! F!he obser#a9
!ions are no! consis!en! ,i!h !he Co((i!!eeIs assess(en!F
B=
an) ra!her refers !o i!s o,n reor!s on !he effec!s of ra)ia!ion
on non9h$(an bio!a fro( 6BB> an) 8CC@D
B>"B?

This i(lies !ha! no ne, 2no,le)3e has been acA$ire) since
!hen" e#en !ho$3h a 3ro,in3 n$(ber of $blishe) ecolo3ical
an) 3ene!ic s!$)ies fro( bo!h Chernobyl an) F$2$shi(a fin)
s$bs!an!ial e#i)ence for lo, )ose ra!e ra)ia!ion effec!s 3ener9
a!in3 3ene!ic )a(a3e s$ch as increase) ($!a!ion ra!es" as ,ell
as )e#elo(en!al abnor(ali!ies" ca!arac!s" !$(ors" s(aller
brain si-es in bir)s an) (a((als an) f$r!her inH$ries !o o$9
la!ions" biolo3ical co(($ni!ies an) ecosys!e(sD
B@"BB"6CC
Unli2e ol)er ra)ia!ion s!$)ies con)$c!e) $n)er labora!ory se!9
!in3s for shor! erio)s of !i(e an) foc$sin3 on ac$!e resonses
!o rela!i#ely hi3h )oses of ra)ia!ion" !he scien!ific s!$)ies of
*o$ssea$" *Qller" Lin)3ren an) o!hers a))ress !he ($ch
(ore co(le+ A$es!ion of ,he!her or no! !here are (eas$r9
able effec!s in na!$ral o$la!ions follo,in3 ($l!ile 3enera9
!ions of chronic e+os$re !o lo, )oses of ioni-in3 ra)ia!ionD
As s$ch" !heir obser#a!ions reflec! c$($la!i#e effec!s $n)er
na!$ral con)i!ions 9 effec!s !ha! canno! be obser#e) $n)er !he
8
ar!ificial con)i!ions $se) by (os! con#en!ional !o+icolo3y s!$)9
iesD

Un)erlinin3 !his oin!" a recen! re#ie, in !he 7o$rnal of En9
#iron(en!al Ra)iolo3y s$33es!e) !ha! resonses by or3anis(s
in Chernobyl ,ere abo$! ei3h! !i(es lar3er !han re)ic!e) by
con#en!ional (o)elsD
6C6

UNSCEAR sho$l) incl$)e !he fin)in3s of !he c$rren! fiel)9s!$)9
ies fro( Chernobyl an) F$2$shi(a" 3i#en !heir $blica!ion in
eer re#ie,e) scien!ific Ho$rnalsD I3norin3 s$ch s!$)ies 3i#es
!he aearance of bias or a lac2 of ri3or by !he UNSCEAR ro9
cee)in3s !ha! can only ser#e !o $n)er(ine any cons!r$c!i#e or
$sef$l a)#ice !he co((i!!ee (i3h! ha#eD
3 .he special $ulnera#ilit" of the em#r"o to radiation
is not ta-en into account
The UNSCEAR reor! )i#i)es !he affec!e) o$la!ion in!o !hree
a3e 3ro$sG a)$l!s" chil)ren an) infan!sD The secial si!$a!ion
of !he $nborn chil) ,as secifically no! !a2en in!o
consi)era!ionG FThe Co((i!!ee )i) no! e+lici!ly es!i(a!e
)oses !o !he fe!$s or breas!9fe) infan!s beca$se !hey ,o$l)
ha#e been si(ilar !o !hose !o o!her a3e 3ro$s for bo!h
e+!ernal an) in!ernal ra)ia!ion e+os$reDF
6C8
This aroach 3oes a3ains! basic rinciles of neona!al
hysiolo3y an) ra)iobiolo3y" as !he secial #$lnerabili!y of !he
$nborn chil) is co(le!ely i3nore)D %hile i! is 2no,n !ha! !he
ra)ia!ion )ose for an e(bryo fro( e+!ernal e+os$re is lo,er
!han for chil)ren an) a)$l!s )$e !o !he a))i!ional shiel)in3 of
!he (o!her<s s2in" ab)o(inal ($scles an) $!er$s" !his is no!
!r$e for in!ernal ra)ia!ion" ,hich is !he ($ch (ore rele#an!
fac!or in a n$clear ca!as!roheD Io)ine96:6" in3es!e) or inhale)
by !he (o!her" acc$($la!es in !he fe!al !hyroi) 3lan) an) can
lea) !o !he )e#elo(en! of !hyroi) )iseases an) cancer af!er
bir!hD Ano!her ra)ioiso!oe" cesi$(96:?" freely asses !he
)e#eloin3 lacen!a in!o !he e(bryo" an) also acc$($la!es in
a(nio!ic fl$i) an) !he bla))er" affec!in3 !he $nborn chil) fro(
all si)es ,i!h be!a9 an) 3a((a9ra)ia!ionD *os! i(or!an!ly"
!he effec! of a 3i#en )ose of ra)ia!ion oses a ($ch 3rea!er
ris2 for an e(bryo !han i! ,o$l) in chil)renG hi3h !iss$e9
(e!abolis( an) (i!osis ra!es of cells increase !he chance for
($!a!ions of !he 3eno(eD As !he i(($ne sys!e( an) cell9
reair (echanis(s of !he $nborn chil) are no! ye! f$lly
)e#eloe)" !hey canno! a)eA$a!ely re#en! (ali3nancies fro(
)e#eloin3D
6C:
UNSCEAR )oes s!a!e !ha! Fre#io$s e+erience
in)ica!es !ha! !he rela!i#e ris2s for cer!ain cancers in cer!ain
o$la!ion 3ro$s /no!ably follo,in3 e+os$re as fe!$s" or
)$rin3 infancy an) chil)hoo)1 are hi3her !han for !he
o$la!ion a#era3eF" b$! 3i#es no secial consi)era!ion !o
$nborn chil)ren in i!s assess(en!sD
6C;
I! is ,i)ely acce!e) !ha! Fin $!ero e+os$re !o ioni-in3
ra)ia!ion can be !era!o3enic" carcino3enic or ($!a3enicD The
effec!s are )irec!ly rela!e) !o !he le#el of e+os$re an) !he
s!a3e of fe!al )e#elo(en!D The fe!$s is (os! s$sce!ible !o
ra)ia!ion )$rin3 or3ano3enesis /!,o !o se#en ,ee2s af!er
conce!ion1 an) in !he early fe!al erio)DF
6C=
E#ery e+os$re !o
ioni-in3 ra)ia!ion carries a A$an!ifiable ris2" as n$(ero$s
s!$)ies since !he la!e 6B=C<s ,ere able !o sho,G
.rD Alice S!e,ar! $n)er!oo2 !he firs! ei)e(iolo3ical
s!$)ies of chil)hoo) cancers ca$se) by in $!ero +9ray
e+os$reD She ,as able !o sho, !ha! a sin3le +9ray !o
!he ab)o(en of a re3nan! ,o(an co$l) res$l! in a
=CO increase in chil)hoo) cancer inci)enceD Also" her
s!$)ies sho,e) !ha! !he ris2 of chil)hoo) cancer
increases linearly ,i!h !he n$(ber of in $!ero +9ray
e+os$resD No confo$n)in3 #ariables co$l) be
i)en!ifie) !ha! co$l) offer al!erna!i#e e+lana!ions !o
!hese effec!sD
6C>"

6C?

In 6BB?" .oll an) %a2efor) concl$)e) !ha! Fa
consis!en! associa!ion has been fo$n) in (any case9
con!rol s!$)ies in )ifferen! co$n!riesD The e+cess
rela!i#e ris2 ob!aine) fro( co(binin3 !he res$l!s of
!hese s!$)ies has hi3h s!a!is!ical si3nificance an)
s$33es!s !ha!" in !he as!" a ra)io3rahic e+a(ina!ion
of !he ab)o(en of a re3nan! ,o(an ro)$ce) a
roor!ional increase in ris2 of abo$! ;COD KDDDL I! is
concl$)e) !ha! ra)ia!ion )oses of !he or)er of 6C ('y
recei#e) by !he fe!$s in $!ero ro)$ce a conseA$en!
increase in !he ris2 of chil)hoo) cancerDF
6C@
N$(ero$s lar3e9scale s!$)ies fro( aro$n) !he ,orl)
confir(e) !he fin)in3s of S!e,ar! e! al an) ha#e le)
!o a ($ch (ore caref$l aroach !o,ar)s an!ena!al
ra)ia!ion e+os$reD
6CB" 66C" 666
I! is !herefore no! acce!able !o arbi!rarily ha#e a reference 69
year9ol) infan! reresen! all infan!s yo$n3er !han =" incl$)in3
!he $nborn chil)D
668
In )is(issin3 !he effec! of !he hysiolo3ical
)ifferences be!,een an $nborn an) an infan!" !he a$!hors of
!he reor! effec!i#ely $n)eres!i(a!e !he heal!h ris2s of !his
ar!ic$larly #$lnerable o$la!ionD
4 Non(cancer diseases and hereditar" effects were
ignored #" UNSCEAR
Non9cancer heal!h effec!s s$ch as car)io#asc$lar )iseases"
en)ocrinolo3ical an) 3as!roin!es!inal )isor)ers" infer!ili!y"
3ene!ic ($!a!ions in offsrin3 an) (iscarria3es ha#e been
reor!e) in (e)ical li!era!$re b$! are no! consi)ere) in !he
UNSCEAR reor!D Ins!ea)" !he a$!hors ci!e !he %HO&IAEA
heal!h ris2 assess(en!" ,hich F)i) no! e+ec! any
)e!er(inis!ic effec!s in any of !he #ario$s 3ro$sFD Also" !hey
F)i) no! e+ec! rena!al e+os$re !o increase R!he inci)ence of
son!aneo$s abor!ion" (iscarria3es" erina!al (or!ali!y"
con3eni!al effec!s or co3ni!i#e i(air(en!DIF
66:
9
This osi!ion !a2es for 3ran!e) !ha! non9cancer effec!s of
ra)ia!ion ,o$l) ha#e !o be )e!er(inis!ic" ,hile i! is H$s! as
reasonable !o ass$(e !ha! !hey (ay be s!ochas!ic in na!$re"
si(ilar !o !he cancer9effec!s of ra)ia!ionD Lar3e ei)e(iolo3ical
s!$)ies ha#e sho,n $n)eniable associa!ions of lo, )ose
ioni-in3 ra)ia!ion !o non9cancer heal!h effec!sD As !hese
associa!ions ha#e no! been scien!ifically challen3e)" !he
in!erna!ionally ac2no,le)3e) reca$!ionary rincile in $blic
heal!h )ic!a!es !ha! broa) re#en!i#e (eas$res sho$l) be
!a2en !o (ini(i-e ra)ia!ion e+os$re of all ersons a! ris2D
One s!ri2in3 e+a(le of non9cancer )iseases associa!e) ,i!h
ioni-in3 ra)ia!ion is !he 3ro$ of car)io#asc$lar )isor)ersD
There are n$(ero$s s!$)ies !ha! s$33es! a s!ochas!ic ris2 of
ioni-in3 ra)ia!ion for !he car)io#asc$lar sys!e(" ossibly
!hro$3h ra)ia!ion )a(a3e !o !he ei!helial linin3 of bloo)
#essels" si(ilar !o !he effec!s of hi3h bloo) s$3ar" choles!erol"
fa!s" bloo) ress$re or o!her in)een)en! ris2 fac!orsG
Li!!le e! al roose) a la$sible (o)el for
car)io#asc$lar )isease )$e !o frac!iona!e) lo,9)ose
ioni-in3 ra)ia!ion e+os$re an) s$33es!s a linear
correla!ion be!,een ra)ia!ion )ose an) effec!s"
si(ilar !o !he (o)el $se) for es!i(a!in3 cancer
casesD
66;

A S,e)ish s!$)y on ,o(en ,ho recei#e)
ra)io!heray )$e !o breas!9cancer sho,e) a
ra)ia!ion9in)$ce) increase of car)io#asc$lar
)iseasesD
66=

A 7aanese s!$)y on !he Hiba2$sha of Hiroshi(a an)
Na3asa2i fo$n) increase) ris2s of hear! )isease an)
s!ro2e in a ra)ia!ion )ose ran3e of C98 'y" s$or!in3
a linear (o)el si(ilar !o !he one $se) in cancer ra!e
es!i(a!ion an) s$33es!in3 e+cess ris2 e#en a! lo,er
)osesD
66>
5 Comparisons of nuclear fallout with #ac-ground
radiation are misleading
The UNSCEAR reor! concl$)es !ha! Ffor !he 3eneral $blic of
7aan" inhabi!in3 areas ,here e+os$res fro( !he F.NPS
acci)en! in !he firs! year ,ere of !he or)er of or belo, ann$al
bac23ro$n) e+os$re !o na!$ral so$rces of ra)ia!ion /an)
life!i(e e+os$res are e+ec!e) !o be ($ch belo, !hose
inc$rre) fro( bac23ro$n) ra)ia!ion1" !he Co((i!!ee
es!i(a!e) !ha! ris2s o#er !heir life!i(es ,ere so lo, !ha! no
)iscernible increase in !he f$!$re inci)ence of heal!h effec!s
)$e !o ra)ia!ion e+os$re ,o$l) be e+ec!e) a(on3 !he
o$la!ion or !heir )escen)an!sDF
66?
This co(arison is of!en
bro$3h! $ !o )o,nlay !he heal!h i(ac! of lo,9le#el
ra)ia!ion an) aar! fro( bein3 (islea)in3" can ca$se
sys!e(a!ic $n)eres!i(a!ions of !he $blic heal!h i(ac! of a
n$clear )isas!erD
Firs! of all" i! is i(or!an! !o reali-e !ha! so(e for(s of
ra)ia!ion affec! !he ,hole bo)y /!erres!rial or cos(ic
ra)ia!ion1" ,hile in3es!e) or inhale) ra)ioac!i#e ar!icles (ay
only affec! ar!ic$lar or3ansG io)ine96:6" for e+a(le" is (ainly
incorora!e) in !he !hyroi) 3lan) an) can ca$se (ali3nancies
in !his loca!ion" ,hile s!ron!i$(9BC is (ainly )eosi!e) in
bones" ca$sin3 le$2e(ia or bone cancersD Cesi$(96:?" on !he
o!her han)" is )is!rib$!e) fairly e#enly in (os! sof! !iss$es"
lea)in3 !o !he )e#elo(en! of soli) !$(orsD Ho,e#er" all of
!he( ha#e one !hin3 in co((onG !hey )eli#er !heir ra)ioac!i#e
)ose )irec!ly an) con!in$o$sly !o !he s$rro$n)in3 !iss$e an)
!herefore ose a ($ch lar3er )an3er !o in!ernal or3ans !han
e+!ernal bac23ro$n) ra)ia!ionD Hence" or3an )oses are a be!!er
!ool for re)ic!in3 cancer inci)ence !han ,hole9bo)y )osesD
To $! !his in ersec!i#e" !he a#era3e na!$ral bac23ro$n)
ra)ia!ion !ha! an in)i#i)$al in 7aan recei#es in !he co$rse of a
year a(o$n!s !o J6D= (S# an) consis!s of JCD: (S# cos(ic
bac23ro$n) ra)ia!ion" JCD; (S# !erres!rial ra)ia!ion fro(
ra)ioiso!oes in !he 3ro$n)" s$ch as o!assi$(9;C or $rani$(9
8:@" JCD; (S# er year fro( !he inhala!ion of airborne
ra)ioac!i#e iso!oes /(os!ly ra)on 3as in ho$ses1 an) JCD; (S#
er year fro( in3es!ion" beca$se (os! foo)s con!ain a! leas!
so(e a(o$n! of inheren! ra)ia!ionD
66@
This na!$ral bac23ro$n)
ra)ia!ion is no! har(lessD N$(ero$s ,ell9)esi3ne) s!$)ies
ha#e sho,n si3nifican! associa!ions be!,een cancer le#els an)
bac23ro$n) ra)ia!ion
66B"68C"686
" (os! no!ably na!$rally occ$rrin3
ra)ia!ion in 3ro$n),a!er
688
" soil
68:
" ra)on le#els in ho(es"
68;" 68="
68>"68?"68@"68B
as ,ell as !he e+os$re !o cos(ic bac23ro$n)
ra)ia!ion in airlanesD
6:C
I! can be ass$(e) !ha! a cer!ain
roor!ion of !he <na!$rally< occ$rrin3 cases of cancer are
ca$se) by e+os$re !o na!$ral bac23ro$n) ra)ia!ionD

The in!erna!ional scien!ific consens$s is !ha! !here is no
!hreshol) belo, ,hich ra)ia!ion oses no har(D Ins!ea)" !here
is a linear rela!ionshi be!,een ra)ia!ion )ose an) cancer
inci)enceD Accor)in3 !o !he co(rehensi#e reor!" $blishe)
in 8CC> by !he US Na!ional Aca)e(y of Sciences A)#isory
Co((i!!ee on !he 4iolo3ical Effec!s of Ioni-in3 Ra)ia!ion /4EIR9
5II1" f$ll9bo)y e+os$re of 6C"CCC eole ,i!h 6 (S# of
ra)ia!ion s!ochas!ically lea)s !o one e+cess case of cancerD P$!
)ifferen!ly" a erson e+ose) !o a f$ll9bo)y )ose of 6 (S# has a
6&6C"CCC chance of )e#eloin3 cancer beca$se of !his
e+os$reD A! a )ose of 6C (S#" !his ris2 is alrea)y increase) !o
6&6"CCC an) ,i!h 6CC (S# !he ris2 is 6&6CC or 6OD This
calc$la!ion is !r$e for na!$ral bac23ro$n) ra)ia!ion" (e)ical
ra)ia!ion an) ra)ioac!i#e fallo$! fro( a n$clear ca!as!roheD
I! is !herefore no! scien!ific !o ar3$e !ha! na!$ral bac23ro$n)
ra)ia!ion is safe or !ha! e+cess ra)ia!ion fro( n$clear fallo$!
!ha! s!ays ,i!hin !he )ose ran3e of na!$ral bac23ro$n)
ra)ia!ion is har(lessD If !his ,ere !r$e" !hen )oc!ors sho$l)
ha#e no A$al(s abo$! lacin3 a chil) or a re3nan! ,o(an
10
$n)er an +9ray an) irra)ia!e !he( ,i!h 6D= (S#" !he eA$i#alen!
)ose of 7aanese bac23ro$n) ra)ia!ion /!ha! ,o$l) be
aro+i(a!ely : +9ray e+a(ina!ions of !he ab)o(en or ?= +9
ray e+a(ina!ions of !he ches!1
6:6
D The (e)ical rofession"
ho,e#er" is ,ell a,are of !he har(f$l effec!s of ioni-in3
ra)ia!ion e#en a! )ose le#els co(arable !o bac23ro$n)
ra)ia!ionD Lar3e ei)e(iolo3ical s!$)ies ,ere able !o sho,
si3nifican! (e)ical effec!s of lo,9le#el ioni-in3 ra)ia!ionD A
s!ron3 correla!ion be!,een in $!ero +9ray e+os$re an)
chil)hoo) cancers ,as alrea)y fo$n) in !he 6B=C<sD
6:8
*ore
c$rren! s!$)ies ,ere able !o sho, !ha! !he a#era3e cancer ris2
of eole ,ho $n)er,en! CT9scans ,i!h an a#era3e )ose of
;D= (S# rose by 8;O for !he firs! CT an) by 6>O for e#ery
s$bseA$en! e+a(ina!ionD The hi3hes! increase in cancer ris2
,as seen in yo$n3 chil)renD
6::" 6:;
A#oi)in3 $nnecessary (e)ical
ra)ia!ion fro( CT scans or +9rays are !herefore i(or!an!
$blic heal!h (eas$res" ,hich can hel re#en! e+cess cancer
casesD This rincile of (ini(i-a!ion ($s! also be alie) !o
n$clear fallo$!D

6 UNSCEAR/s interpretations of findings are
7uestiona#le
The a$!hors of !he UNSCEAR reor! s!a!e !ha! !heir Hob ,as !o
assess only ra)ia!ion9rela!e) heal!h effec!sD
6:=
Aar! fro(
!hese" i! is i(or!an! !o reali-e !ha! a n$clear ca!as!rohe s$ch
as !he one in F$2$shi(a has a se#ere i(ac! on o$la!ion
heal!h for a n$(ber of reasons" be i! !he ac$!e s!ress on
eole )$rin3 !he e#ac$a!ion rocess" sychoso(a!ic effec!s
an) os!9!ra$(a!ic s!ress )isor)er" chronic effec!s on eole in
!he con!a(ina!e) -one )$e !o lac2 of hysical e+ercise o$!9
)oors" e!cD These fac!ors sho$l) no! be $se) !o )is(iss !he ef9
fec!s of ra)ia!ion e+os$re" ho,e#erD E#en af!er !he Chernobyl
)isas!er" !he heal!h effec!s on !he 3ro$ of liA$i)a!ors ,ere
bla(e) on Fs!ress an) $nheal!hy lifes!yleFD
6:>
This sho$l) no!
be reea!e) in F$2$shi(aD
In i!s ress release" UNSCEAR co(es !o !he concl$sion !ha! Fno
)iscernible chan3es in f$!$re cancer ra!es an) here)i!ary
)iseases are e+ec!e) )$e !o e+os$re !o ra)ia!ion as a res$l!
of !he F$2$shi(a n$clear acci)en!P an)" !ha! no increases in
!he ra!es of bir!h )efec!s are e+ec!e)DF
6:?
I! is i(or!an! !o
reali-e !ha! !his s!a!e(en! is no! sayin3 !ha! !here ,ill be no
heal!h effec!s" only !ha! co((only $se) ei)e(iolo3ical
(e!ho)s ,ill no! be able !o fin) !he(D This is an ol) s!ra!e3y"
alrea)y $se) for )eca)es by !obacco co(anies or !he
a$!o(o!i#e in)$s!ry in or)er !o ar3$e a3ains! scien!ific
e#i)ence sho,in3 a ca$sal lin2 be!,een ci3are!!e s(o2e or
$nfil!ere) e+ha$s! f$(e an) l$n3 )iseaseD A cancer )oes no!
carry a label of ori3in an) can ne#er be a!!rib$!e) !o a sin3le
ca$seD Ho,e#er" ,hen ei)e(iolo3ical e#i)ence beco(es
o#er,hel(in3" ca$sal lin2s can be es!ablishe) ,i!h reasonable
cer!ain!yD
The reor! i!self s!a!es !ha! F!he Co((i!!ee has $se) !he
hrase Fno )iscernible increaseF !o e+ress !he i)ea !ha!
c$rren!ly a#ailable (e!ho)s ,o$l) (os! li2ely no! be able !o
)e(ons!ra!e an increase) inci)ence in )isease s!a!is!ics )$e !o
ra)ia!ion e+os$reD This )oes no! r$le o$! !he ossibili!y of
f$!$re e+cess cases or )isre3ar) !he s$fferin3 associa!e) ,i!h
any s$ch cases sho$l) !hey occ$rDF
6:@

Ho,e#er" (os! eole rea)in3 !he reor!" i!s brief e+ec$!i#e
s$((ary or !he ress release" ,ill $n)ers!an) !ha! no heal!h
effec!s are !o be e+ec!e)D 4y hrasin3 i!s concl$sion in s$ch a
,ay !ha! ,o$l) (os! li2ely be (is$n)ers!oo) by (os! eole"
!he a$!hors are $!!in3 a <sin< on !heir reor!D The reor!<s
fin)in3s" ho,e#er" 3i#e no H$s!ifica!ion for s$ch an o!i(is!ic
concl$sionD The reor! )oes no! a)here !o scien!ific s!an)ar)s
of ne$!rali!y" b$! sys!e(a!ically $n)eres!i(a!es !he heal!h
ris2s for !he affec!e) o$la!ionD
Also" i! is ,orryin3 !ha! ,hen co(arin3 !he co(le!e 8B89
a3e reor! ,i!h !he shor! 88 a3e s$((ary for !he UN 'en9
eral Asse(bly an) !he one9a3e ress release" !he le#el of cer9
!ain!y ,i!h ,hich in!erre!a!ions are resen!e) see(s !o in9
crease" !he (ore s$ccinc! !he !e+! beco(esD %hile !he co(9
le!e reor!" s$ose)ly ,ri!!en by scien!is!s for scien!is!s" in9
cl$)es a lar3e n$(ber of $ncer!ain!ies" !hese are no! carrie)
!hro$3h !o !he (ore ,i)ely rea)" shor!er )oc$(en!s" ai(e) a!
olicy9(a2ers" (e)ia an) !he 3eneral $blicD In i!s co(le!e
reor!" UNSCEAR a)(i!s !o Finco(le!e 2no,le)3e abo$! !he
release ra!es of ra)ion$cli)es o#er !i(e an) !he ,ea!her con9
)i!ions )$rin3 !he releasesDF
6:B
The a$!hors 3o on !o s!a!e !ha!
F!here ,ere ins$fficien! (eas$re(en!s of 3a((a )ose ra!e
an) of ra)ion$cli)es in air )$rin3 !he assa3e of !he ra)ioac!9
i#e l$(es for an assess(en! !o be (a)e of e+!ernal e+os$re
base) on en#iron(en!al (eas$re(en!sDF
6;C
Also" Frela!i#ely
fe, (eas$re(en!s of foo)s!$ff ,ere (a)e in !he firs! (on!hsF
an) !ha! !here F,as ins$fficien! infor(a!ion on !he !ransfer of
ra)ion$cli)es !o foo) as a f$nc!ion of !i(e for foo)s ro)$ce)
in 7aanDF
6;6
%i!h !hese $ncer!ain!ies" ho, can !he collec!i#e
)ose es!i(a!es be resen!e) ,i!h !he le#el of cer!ain!y e(9
loye) in !he e+ec$!i#e s$((aryN
8 .he protecti$e measures ta-en #" the authorities are
misrepresented
In i!s reor! an) ress releases" UNSCEAR freA$en!ly ala$)s
!he ro!ec!i#e (eas$res !a2en by !he a$!hori!iesD %i!ho$!
,an!in3 !o $n)eres!i(a!e !he la$)able effor!s of (any !ens of
!ho$san)s of e(er3ency ,or2ers" relief coor)ina!ors an)
o!hers in#ol#e) in !he oera!ions ai(e) a! re#en!in3 e#en
hi3her ra)ia!ion e+os$re in !he 3eneral o$la!ion" i! see(s
o)) !ha! a scien!ific bo)y li2e UNSCEAR ,o$l) !$rn a blin) eye
!o !he (any 3ra#e (is!a2es of !he 7aanese )isas!er
(ana3e(en!" ,hich ha#e ri3h!ly been cri!ici-e) no! only by
11
ci!i-ens" Ho$rnalis!s" )oc!ors" scien!is!s an) oli!icians in !he
affec!e) refec!$res" b$! also by !he F$2$shi(a N$clear
Acci)en! In)een)en! In#es!i3a!ion Co((ission of !he
7aanese .ie!G
FThe cen!ral 3o#ern(en! ,as no! only slo, in
infor(in3 ($nicial 3o#ern(en!s abo$! !he
n$clear o,er lan! acci)en!" b$! also faile) !o
con#ey !he se#eri!y of !he acci)en!D KSL
Secifically" only 8C ercen! of !he resi)en!s of
!he !o,n hos!in3 !he lan! 2ne, abo$! !he
acci)en! ,hen e#ac$a!ion fro( !he :2( -one
,as or)ere) a! 86G8: on !he e#enin3 of *arch
66D *os! resi)en!s ,i!hin 6C2( of !he lan!
learne) abo$! !he acci)en! ,hen !he e#ac$a!ion
or)er ,as iss$e) a! =G;; on *arch 68" (ore !han
68 ho$rs af!er !he Ar!icle 6= no!ifica!ion Kn$clear
)isas!er resonseL 9 b$! recei#e) no f$r!her
e+lana!ion of !he acci)en! or e#ac$a!ion
)irec!ionsD *any resi)en!s ha) !o flee ,i!h only
!he bares! necessi!ies an) ,ere force) !o (o#e
($l!ile !i(es or !o areas ,i!h hi3h ra)ia!ion
le#elsD KSL So(e eole e#ac$a!e) !o areas ,i!h
hi3h le#els of ra)ia!ion an) ,ere !hen ne3lec!e)"
recei#in3 no f$r!her e#ac$a!ion or)ers $n!il
ArilD KSL
The Co((ission concl$)es !ha! !he si!$a!ion
con!in$e) !o )e!eriora!e beca$se !he crisis
(ana3e(en! sys!e( of !he 0an!ei Koffice of !he
7aanese ri(e (inis!erL" !he re3$la!ors an)
o!her resonsible a3encies )i) no! f$nc!ion
correc!lyD KSL
Resi)en!sI conf$sion o#er !he e#ac$a!ion
s!e((e) fro( !he re3$la!orsI ne3li3ence an)
fail$re o#er !he years !o i(le(en! a)eA$a!e
(eas$res a3ains! a n$clear )isas!er" as ,ell as a
lac2 of ac!ion by re#io$s 3o#ern(en!s an)
re3$la!ors foc$se) on crisis (ana3e(en!D The
crisis (ana3e(en! sys!e( !ha! e+is!e) for !he
0an!ei an) !he re3$la!ors sho$l) ro!ec! !he
heal!h an) safe!y of !he $blic" b$! i! faile) in
!his f$nc!ionD KSL !he 3o#ern(en! an) !he
re3$la!ors are no! f$lly co((i!!e) !o ro!ec!in3
$blic heal!h an) safe!yP KSL !hey ha#e no! ac!e)
!o ro!ec! !he heal!h of !he resi)en!s an) !o
res!ore !heir ,elfareDF
6;8
The )is!rib$!ion of s!able io)ine ri3h! af!er !he n$clear
(el!)o,n ill$s!ra!es A$i!e #i#i)ly ho, UNSCEAR<s raises of
!he ro!ec!i#e (eas$res !a2en by 7aanese a$!hori!ies are
of!en ill9)eser#e)D Accor)in3 !o UNSCEAR" F(e)ical
co$n!er(eas$res incl$)e) !he $se of s!able io)ine for !hyroi)
bloc2in3DF
6;:
Only caref$l rea)ers ,ill no!ice !ha! s!able io)ine
,as only rescribe) !o abo$! 8"CCC ,or2ers in#ol#e) in !he
e(er3ency resonse an) no! !o !he 3eneral $blicD
6;;
In fac!"
!he 7aanese .ie!<s F$2$shi(a N$clear Acci)en! In)een)en!
In#es!i3a!ion Co((ission concl$)e) !ha! Fal!ho$3h !he
osi!i#e effec!s of a)(inis!erin3 s!able io)ine an) !he roer
!i(in3 ,ere f$lly 2no,n" !he 3o#ern(en!Is n$clear e(er3ency
resonse hea)A$ar!ers an) !he refec!$ral 3o#ern(en! faile)
!o 3i#e roer ins!r$c!ions !o !he $blicDF
6;=
This 3ra#e error
ca$se) !ho$san)s of chil)ren !o beco(e irra)ia!e) ,i!h
io)ine96:6D The %HO&IAEA reor! on F$2$shi(a concl$)e)
!ha! )$e !o !he lac2 of s!able io)ine )is!rib$!ion" !he es!i(a!e)
!hyroi) )oses of !he affec!e) o$la!ion ,o$l) be Fhi3her !han
!hose e+ec!e) in eole ,ho ha#e $n)er3one !hyroi)
bloc2in3 !o re)$ce !he $!a2e of ra)ioac!i#e io)ineDF
6;>
Unli2e !he (e(bers of UNSCEAR" ,e are )is!$rbe) by !he
e#i)ence !ha! !he a$!hori!ies ha#e no! (a)e $blic heal!h an)
safe!y !heir !o riori!yD The 7aanese 3o#ern(en! has faile) in
!he ara(o$n! )$!y of ro!ec!in3 i!s ci!i-ensD 4y raisin3 !he
er(issible ann$al e+os$re li(i!s !o 8C (S# on Aril 6B
!h
"
8C66" !he a$!hori!ies ha#e effec!i#ely force) (any chil)ren !o
li#e in ra)ioac!i#ely con!a(ina!e) areasD
6;?
Only af!er ro!es!s
by aren! or3ani-a!ions" scien!is!s an) )oc!ors" !he
3o#ern(en! a)#ise) !o $se 698C (S# er year in schools as a
3$i)e le#el ,i!h !he ai( of re)$cin3 !he ann$al )ose !o 6 (S#
or lessD Unfor!$na!ely" !his reco((en)a!ion is no! (an)a!ory
an) has no! been f$lly i(le(en!e)D
6;@
The 7aanese *inis!ry
of E)$ca!ion (a)e a )ecision !o res!ar! schools in F$2$shi(a
soon af!er !he acci)en! ,i!ho$! ro#i)in3 air con)i!ionin3 $ni!s
for classroo(s so !ha! ,in)o,s co$l) re(ain sh$! !o 2ee
ra)ioac!i#e )$s! fro( )rif!in3 inD
6;B
School officials ha#e been
i3norin3 ra)ia!ion ho! so!s H$s! a fe, fee! o$!si)e of school
re(ises an) are rein!ro)$cin3 F$2$shi(a rice !o school
l$nchesD
6=C
None of !hese iss$es are !al2e) abo$! in !he
UNSCEAR reor!D
Finally" i! is i(or!an! !o reali-e !ha! !he eole of 7aan ha#e
been sare) !he ,ors!9case scenario" as abo$! @CO of !he
ra)ioac!i#e fallo$! of !he n$clear (el!)o,ns )iserse) o#er
!he Pacific Ocean an) no! o#er lar3e ($nicial areasD
6=6
The
reason for !his ,ere no! !he Fn$(ber of (eas$res !o ro!ec!
!he $blic" incl$)in3 i((e)ia!e an) la!e /<)elibera!e<1
e#ac$a!ion" shel!erin3 in ho(es" res!ric!in3 )is!rib$!ion an)
cons$(!ion of con!a(ina!e) foo)s!$ffsF
6=8
" as !he UNSCEAR
reor! i(lies" b$! ra!her sheer l$c2 !ha! !he ,in) !$rne)
!o,ar) !he nor!heas! an) no! !o,ar)s !he so$!h" ,here
*e!rooli!an To2yo" ,i!h a o$la!ion of (ore !han := (illion
eole" ,as a! ris2 of hea#y con!a(ina!ionD One sin3le )ay of
,in) blo,in3 !o,ar)s !he coas!" ho,e#er" le) !o a lar3e
ra)ioac!i#e !race reachin3 )o-ens of 2ilo(e!ers inlan) fro( !he
crile) lan!" forcin3 !ens of !ho$san)s of eole !o e#ac$a!e
12
fro( s(all !o,ns an) #illa3esD F$2$shi(a clearly sho,e) !ha!
e#en a hi3hly in)$s!riali-e) co$n!ry s$ch as 7aan is $nable !o
con!rol !he inheren! )an3ers of n$clear ener3yD
%9 Conclusions from collecti$e dose estimations are not
presented
The UNSCEAR reor! incl$)es a n$(ber of )ose es!i(a!ions"
,hich can hel $n)ers!an) !he e+ec!e) heal!h effec!s of !he
n$clear ca!as!rohe in 7aanD %hile !he scien!ific basis of !he
calc$la!ions $n)erlyin3 !hese es!i(a!es is A$es!ionable" as ,as
ill$s!ra!e) in re#io$s cha!ers" i! is !he in!erre!a!ion of !he
res$l!s !ha! is (os! cri!icalD UNSCEAR lis!s collec!i#e )oses in i!s
reor!" b$! )oes no! e+lain !he e+ec!e) cancer cases !ha!
,o$l) res$l! fro( !hese )osesD In !he follo,in3 cha!er" ,e ,ill
!ry !o e+lain in lay(an< !er(s" ,hich heal!h conseA$ences can
be e+ec!e) for !he o$la!ion of 7aan" base) on !he
UNSCEAR calc$la!ions E 2eein3 in (in) !ha! !hese (os!
robably reresen! $n)eres!i(a!ions for !he reasons lis!e)
abo#eD %e ,ill res!ric! o$rsel#es !o cancer cases" ,hile ,e
ha#e alrea)y s!a!e) abo#e !ha! non9cancer )iseases also
reresen! a s$bs!an!ial ar! of !he !o!al heal!h effec!s of a
n$clear ca!as!rohe s$ch as !he one in F$2$shi(aD
O$erall cancer cases
To)ay ,e 2no, !ha! !here is a linear rela!ionshi be!,een !he
)ose of ra)ia!ion e+os$re an) !he ris2 of )e#eloin3 cancer"
,i!h no !hreshol) $n)er ,hich ra)ia!ion )oses ,o$l) be
har(lessD This (o)el is calle) !he linear non9!hreshol) (o)el
an) is in!erna!ionally acce!e) by or3ani-a!ions s$ch as
UNSCEAR or !he %HOD In or)er !o calc$la!e ho, (any cases of
cancer are !o be e+ec!e) in an irra)ia!e) o$la!ion" i! is
necessary !o 2no, !,o #ariablesG !he !o!al collec!i#e life!i(e
effec!i#e )ose an) !he a!!rib$!able cancer ris2 for a )efine)
effec!i#e )oseD
S!ar!in3 ,i!h !he collec!i#e life!i(e effec!i#e )ose" UNSCEAR
calc$la!es !ha! in !he firs! year of !he ca!as!rohe" infan!s in
F$2$shi(a Prefec!$re ,ere e+ose) !o ,hole9bo)y ra)ia!ion
)oses of 6D> !o 6: (S#D
6=:
To $! !his in ersec!i#e" !he
a#era3e ann$al )ose fro( na!$ral bac23ro$n) ra)ia!ion in
7aan is abo$! 6D= (S#" so !ha! e#en !he leas! e+ose) chil)ren
in F$2$shi(a s!ill recei#e) (ore !han !,ice !heir nor(al
ra)ia!ion )ose in !he firs! yearD These an) all o!her es!i(a!es
re3ar)in3 ra)ia!ion )oses are a#era3e calc$la!ionsD Tr$e )oses
)een) on a lar3e n$(ber of lifes!yle an) )ie!ary habi!s" as
,ell as in)i#i)$al heal!h fac!ors" so !ha! cer!ain eole"
esecially chil)ren" (ay ha#e inc$rre) hi3her )osesD 4eca$se
ra)ioac!i#e fallo$! an) foo) con!a(ina!ion e+!en)e) beyon)
!he bo$n)aries of F$2$shi(a Prefec!$re" eole all o#er 7aan
,ere e+ose) !o increase) le#els of ra)ia!ionD Accor)in3 !o
UNSCEAR" infan!s in o!her ar!s of !he co$n!ry recei#e) ,hole9
bo)y )oses of CD898D= (S# in !he firs! year of !he
ca!as!roheD
6=;
In 3eneral" a)$l!s recei#e) lo,er firs!9year
)oses !han chil)renG 6DC !o BD: (S# in F$2$shi(a Prefec!$re
an) CD6 !o 6D; in !he res! of 7aan" accor)in3 !o UNSCEAR<s
es!i(a!ionsD
6==
Fro( !hese a#era3e ,hole9bo)y e+os$re )a!a"
UNSCEAR calc$la!e) !he collec!i#e life9!i(e effec!i#e )ose for
!he en!ire 7aanese o$la!ion !o be ;@DCCC Person9S#D
6=>
%e
,ill $se !his fi3$re in o$r assess(en!" 2eein3 in (in) !ha! )$e
!o !he reasons lis!e) in !he re#io$s cha!ers an) beca$se of
UNSCEAR<s conser#a!i#e (e!ho) of calc$la!in3 life!i(e )ose"
!his fi3$re (os! robably reresen!s a sys!e(a!ic
$n)eres!i(a!ionD
The secon) i(or!an! #ariable in es!i(a!in3 cancer inci)ences
is !he ris2 fac!or for a 3i#en ra)ia!ion )oseD The (os! ,i)ely
$se) so$rce of s$ch ris2 fac!ors is !he 4EIR 5II reor!D In !his
reor!" !he a3e9 an) se+9a#era3e) life!i(e a!!rib$!able ris2 of
cancer is calc$la!e) !o be 6"6BC />6=98":C=1 cases er 6C"CCC
Person9S# /J CDC>9CD8:&PS#1" an) !he a3e9 an) se+9a#era3e)
life!i(e a!!rib$!able cancer (or!ali!y ris2 >6C /:C=968;C1 cases
er 6C"CCC Person9S# /J CDC:9CD68&PS#1D
6=?
The 4EIR 5II reor!
s!ill $ses an arbi!rary re)$c!ion fac!or for lo,9)ose ioni-in3
ra)ia!ion /..REF1 of 6D=" ho,e#erD This fac!or has been
)ee(e) obsole!e by recen! s!$)ies" reference) in !he la!es!
%HO $blica!ion on F$2$shi(a" ,hich s!a!es !ha! Fa ..REF of
6 ,o$l) be reasonableDF
6=@
So ,i!ho$! !he ..REF of 6D=" !he
a3e9 an) se+9a#era3e) life!i(e a!!rib$!able ris2 of )e#eloin3
cancer )eri#e) fro( !he 4EIR 5II reor! is 6D?@= /B8:9:";=@1
cases er 6C"CCC Person9S# /J CDCB9CD:=&PS#1" an) (or!ali!y
ris2 B6= /;=@96"@>C1 cases er 6C"CCC Person9S# /JCDC=9
CD6B&PS#1D Recen! s!$)ies !ha! analy-e !he effec!s of lo,9)ose
ioni-in3 ra)ia!ion on )o,n9,in)ers of n$clear !es!s or
ra)ia!ion ,or2ers in o#er 6= co$n!ries sho,e) !ha! ris2 fac!ors
of CD;&PS# for cancer inci)ence an) CD8&S# for cancer (or!ali!y
,ere e#en (ore realis!ic in assessin3 !he rela!ionshi be!,een
ra)ia!ion )ose an) cancerD
6=B"6>C"6>6
Ne#er!heless" in !his aer
,e ,ill $se !he ,i)ely acce!e) n$(bers fro( !he 4EIR 5II
reor! an) hence a ran3e of CDCB9CD:=&PS# for es!i(a!in3
cancer inci)ence an) a ran3e of CDC=9CD6B&PS# for es!i(a!in3
cancer (or!ali!yD
Table :G Cancer ris2 fac!ors fro( 4EIR 5II reor!
6=@
4rin3in3 !o3e!her !he es!i(a!e) !o!al collec!i#e )ose of ;@"CCC
Person9S# an) !he ris2 fac!ors e+laine) abo#e" ,e arri#e a! an
es!i(a!e) ;":CC !o 6>"@CC e+cess cases of cancer )$e !o !he
F$2$shi(a n$clear ca!as!rohe in 7aan in !he co(in3
)eca)es" ,i!h (or!ali!y fi3$res ran3in3 be!,een 8";CC an)
B"6CCD UNSCEAR (ay call !hese n$(bers insi3nifican! an) ,i!h
7aan<s rela!i#ely hi3h baseline inci)ence of cancer
13
:EIR II ris- factors Incidence Mortalit"
%i!h ..REF CDC> E CD8: & Ps# CDC: E CD68 & Ps#
%i!ho$! ..REF CDCB E CD:= & Ps# CDC= E CD6B & Ps#
/aro+i(a!ely >:C"CCC ne, cases of cancer er year1
6>8
" i! can
ri3h!ly be ass$(e) !ha! !he a))i!ional ;":CC96>"@CC
F$2$shi(a9associa!e) cancer cases (ay no! be no!ice) in
na!ional ei)e(iolo3ical s!a!is!icsD Fro( an in)i#i)$al<s
ersec!i#e ho,e#er" e#ery case of cancer is one !oo (any an)
,e as )oc!ors 2no, !he !ra3ic conseA$ences !ha! cancer has
on a erson<s hysical an) (en!al heal!h" as ,ell as !he
si!$a!ion of !he en!ire fa(ilyD In !he case of a n$clear
ca!as!rohe" !hese e+cess cancer cases reresen! re#en!able
an) (an9(a)e )iseases an) sho$l) be 3i#en secial a!!en!ion
by $blic heal!h ins!i!$!ionsD
Radiation e;posure of the th"roid
The !hyroi) 3lan) is of secial in!eres! af!er a n$clear
ca!as!rohe" beca$se one of !he (ain iso!oes of ra)ioac!i#e
fallo$! af!er n$clear (el!)o,ns is io)ine96:6D If in3es!e)"
io)ine96:6 beha#es li2e nor(al io)ine an) is incorora!e) in!o
!he !hyroi) 3lan)D Here" i! )a(a3es s$rro$n)in3 !iss$e ,i!h
be!a9 an) 3a((a9ra)ia!ion $n!il i!s f$ll )ecay /i! has a half9life
of @ )ays1" ca$sin3 !hyroi) cancerD
6>:
Af!er Chernobyl" !he (os!
ro(inen!ly obser#e) !ye of (ali3nancy ,as !hyroi) cancerD
A s!$)y $blishe) in !he In!erna!ional 7o$rnal of Cancer in
8CC> re)ic!e) (ore !han 6="CCC e+cess cases of !hyroi)
cancer )$e !o n$clear fallo$!D
6>;

The !oic of !hyroi) cancer is re)o(inan!ly a e)ia!ric iss$e"
as chil)ren<s s$sce!ibili!y !o ra)ioac!i#e fallo$! is roor!ion9
ally hi3her !han !ha! of a)$l!s )$e !o !heir layin3 an) ea!in3
habi!sD In a))i!ion" !heir ($co$s (e(branes ha#e a 3rea!er
er(eabili!y an) !heir resira!ory (in$!e #ol$(e is hi3her so
!ha! lar3er a(o$n!s of fallo$! are absorbe)D Abo#e9a#era3e !is9
s$e9(e!abolis( an) hi3h ra!es of (i!osis increase !he chance
!ha! ($!a!ions ca$se (ali3nancies before !hey can be s!oe)
by !he bo)y<s self9re3$la!ory (echanis(sD As !he chil)ren<s i(9
($ne sys!e(s an) cell9reair (echanis(s are no! ye! f$lly )e9
#eloe)" !hese (echanis(s canno! a)eA$a!ely re#en! !he )e9
#elo(en! of cancerD A recen! (e!a9analysis fo$n) !ha! FA$al9
i!a!i#e an) A$an!i!a!i#e hysiolo3ical an) ei)e(iolo3ical e#i)9
ence s$or!s infan!s bein3 (ore #$lnerable !o cancerF an) es9
!i(a!e) !ha! infan!s ha#e abo$! 6C !i(es hi3her ra)ia!ion ris2s
er $ni! )ose ,hen i! co(es !o ra)ioac!i#e fallo$! !han
a)$l!s"
6>=
,hile !he (ore conser#a!i#e In!erna!ional Co((is9
sion on Ra)iolo3ical Pro!ec!ion /ICRP1 ass$(es !ha! !he sensi!9
i#i!y !o ioni-in3 ra)ia!ion in yo$n3 chil)ren an) fe!$ses is hi3h9
er !han in a)$l!s by only a fac!or of :D
6>>
Se#eral in!erna!ional
s!$)ies also fo$n) !ha! !hyroi) no)$les in chil)ren ha#e a
($ch hi3her (ali3nancy ra!e !han in a)$l!s" be!,een 8 an)
=COD
6>?"6>@"6>B
I! beco(es clear !ha! any assess(en! of !hyroi)
a!holo3ies in !he ,a2e of a n$clear )isas!er nee)s !o a)o! a
)ifferen!ia!e) aroach !o,ar)s !he )ifferen! a3e 3ro$sD
Loo2in3 a! !he (e!ho)olo3y of !he UNSCEAR )ose assess9
(en!s" i! is hi3hly A$es!ionable ,he!her all of !hese fac!ors
,ere aroria!ely !a2en in!o consi)era!ionD
6?C

In !he firs! !hree (on!hs of !he F$2$shi(a n$clear )isas!er"
ra)ioac!i#e io)ine ,as )e!ec!e) in (il2" )rin2in3 ,a!er"
#e3e!ables" rain an) 3ro$n),a!er" as ,ell as soil sa(les
aro$n) Nor!heas!ern 7aan"
6?6
incl$)in3 ar!s of )o,n!o,n
To2yo" ,ere io)ine96:6 le#els reache) :>"CCC 4A&(
8
on *arch
8:
r)
" 8C66D
6?8
In !his con!e+!" i! is i(or!an! !o recall !ha! !he
na!ional e(er3ency a$!hori!ies in 7aan )i) no! 3i#e !he or)er
!o a)(inis!er io)ine rohyla+is !o !he 3eneral o$la!ion"
o!en!ially e+osin3 (any chil)ren !o ra)ioac!i#e io)ine96:6D
Accor)in3 !o !he %HO" i! can be ass$(e) !ha! Fs!able io)ine
!able!s ,ere no! !a2en by (e(bers of !he $blic" ei!her in
7aan or else,hereD Therefore !he es!i(a!e) eA$i#alen!
!hyroi) )oses are hi3her !han !hose e+ec!e) in eole ,ho
ha#e $n)er3one !hyroi) bloc2in3 !o re)$ce !he $!a2e of
ra)ioac!i#e io)ineDF
6?:
Li2e all for(s of (ali3nancies" ra)io3enic !hyroi) cancer ra!es
sho, a linear rela!ionshi ,i!h ra)ia!ion e+os$re )osesD In
or)er !o calc$la!e ho, (any cases of !hyroi) cancer are !o be
e+ec!e) in an e+ose) o$la!ion" ,e a3ain nee) !o 2no,
!,o fi3$resG !he !o!al collec!i#e life!i(e or3an )ose of !he
7aanese o$la!ion an) !he a!!rib$!able !hyroi) cancer ris2
for a )efine) or3an )oseD
S!ar!in3 ,i!h !he collec!i#e life!i(e or3an )ose" UNSCEAR has
loo2e) a! !he !hyroi) e+os$re fro( e+!ernal an) in!ernal
ra)ia!ion in F$2$shi(a Prefec!$re an) !he res! of !he co$n!ryD
*os! affec!e) by ra)ioac!i#e fallo$! are !he chil)renD Accor)in3
!o UNSCEAR" in !he firs! year of !he ca!as!rohe" !he !hyroi)s
of infan!s in F$2$shi(a Prefec!$re ,ere e+ose) !o ra)ia!ion
)oses be!,een 6= an) @: ('y" Fas ($ch as one half of ,hich
arose fro( !he in3es!ion of ra)ioac!i#i!y in foo)FD
6?;" 6?=
To $!
!his in ersec!i#e" F!he a#era3e ann$al absorbe) )ose !o !he
!hyroi) fro( na!$rally occ$rrin3 so$rces of ra)ia!ion is !yically
of !he or)er of 6 ('yFD
6?>
Tha! (eans !ha! in !he firs! year of
!he ca!as!rohe alone" !he !hyroi)s of infan!s in F$2$shi(a
Prefec!$re ,ere e+ose) !o har(f$l ra)ia!ion 6= !o @: !i(es
hi3her !han na!$ral bac23ro$n) ra)ia!ionD These an) all o!her
es!i(a!es re3ar)in3 ra)ia!ion )oses are a#era3e calc$la!ionsD
Tr$e )oses )een) on a lar3e n$(ber of lifes!yle an) )ie!ary
habi!s" as ,ell as in)i#i)$al heal!h fac!ors" so !ha! cer!ain
eole (ay ha#e inc$rre) hi3her !hyroi) )osesD 4eca$se
ra)ioac!i#e io)ine )i) no! s!o a! !he refec!$ral bor)ers of
F$2$shi(a an) ,as fo$n) in (il2" seafoo)" (ea!" ,a!er"
#e3e!ables an) rice fro( !he re3ion" infan!s in o!her ar!s of
!he co$n!ry ,ere also e+ose) !o ra)ioac!i#e io)ine96:6 an)
recei#e) !hyroi) )oses abo$! 8D> !o 6= !i(es !he nor(al
ann$al )oseD In 3eneral" a)$l!s recei#e) lo,er firs!9year )osesG
?D8 !o := ('y in F$2$shi(a Prefec!$re an) CD= !o =D6 ('y in
!he res! of 7aanD E+!raola!in3 !he )a!a of !he a#era3e !hyroi)
14
e+os$re" UNSCEAR calc$la!e) !he collec!i#e absorbe) life9
!i(e )ose !o !he !hyroi) for all of 7aan !o be 668"CCC Person9
'y
6??
D %e ,ill $se !his fi3$re in o$r assess(en!" 2eein3 in
(in) !ha! )$e !o !he (any reasons lis!e) abo#e an) !he #ery
conser#a!i#e ,ay of calc$la!in3 life!i(e )oses e(loye) by
UNSCEAR" !his n$(ber (os! robably reresen!s a sys!e(a!ic
$n)eres!i(a!ion an) (ay in fac! be si3nifican!ly hi3herD
Re3ar)in3 !he ris2 fac!or" ,e a3ain )ra, fro( !he 4EIR 5II
reor!" ,hich calc$la!es !he a3e9 an) se+9a#era3e) life!i(e
a!!rib$!able ris2 of !hyroi) cancer !o be >CD= cases er 6C"CCC
Person9'y /JC"CC>&P'y1D
6?@
As !his fi3$re s!ill incl$)es !he
obsole!e ..REF of 6D=" !he correc!e) a3e9 an) se+9a#era3e)
life!i(e a!!rib$!able ris2 of !hyroi) cancer )eri#e) fro( !he
4EIR 5II reor! is BCD?= cases er 6C"CCC Person9'y
/C"CCB&P'y1D
Ta2in3 !his n$(ber an) !he collec!i#e absorbe) life9!i(e )ose
of 668"CCC P'y" ,e arri#e a! an es!i(a!e) 6"C6> cases of
!hyroi) cancer )$e !o !he n$clear ca!as!rohe in F$2$shi(aD
UNSCEAR (ay be ri3h! !ha! !his n$(ber )oes no! cons!i!$!e a
F)iscernible increase) inci)enceF
6?B
of !hyroi) cancer" b$! !o $s
)oc!ors" i! (eans !ha! for (ore !han 6"CCC eole" (os!ly
chil)ren" !he )irec! conseA$ence of !he ($l!ile (el!)o,ns"
!he $ncoor)ina!e) e#ac$a!ions" !he fail$re !o )is!rib$!e s!able
io)ine !able!s an) !he con!in$in3 co#er9$ of !he ris2s of
ra)ioac!i#e con!a(ina!ion ,ill be !hyroi) cancerD
%hile i! is of!en clai(e) by !he n$clear lobby !ha! !he rise of
!hyroi) cancer is of rela!i#ely s(all concern )$e !o 3oo)
!rea!(en! o!ions" ,e sho$l) no! $n)eres!i(a!e !he i(ac! of
s$ch )iseases on chil)ren an) !heir fa(iliesD The necessary
oera!ion an) re(o#al of !he en!ire !hyroi) carries ,i!h i! no!
H$s! a sycholo3ical i(ac!" b$! also cer!ain erioera!i#e ris2s
connec!e) ,i!h 3eneral anes!hesia an) !he close ro+i(i!y of
!he #a3$s ner#e !o !he oera!ion fiel)D The lifelon3 nee) !o
!a2e ar!ificial !hyroi) hor(ones" freA$en! (e)ical follo,9$s"
bloo) !es!s" $l!raso$n)s" ossibly fine9nee)le biosies an) !he
cons!an! fear of a ossible relase are all #ery serio$s iss$es
for !he in)i#i)$al a!ien!s an) !heir fa(iliesD The US Na!ional
Co$ncil on Ra)ia!ion Pro!ec!ion an) *eas$re(en!s /NCRP1
es!i(a!es !ha! ?O of !hyroi) cancers ca$se) by ra)ia!ion ,o$l)
be fa!alD
6@C
This ,o$l) (ean !ha! of !he aro+i(a!ely 6"CCC
es!i(a!e) e+cess cases of !hyroi) cancers" abo$! ?C ,o$l) lea)
!o )ea!hD The n$(ber of non9fa!al cases" ,hich lea) !o
s$bs!an!ial hosi!ali-a!ion an) loss of A$ali!y of life canno! be
a)eA$a!ely assesse)" b$! also ha#e !o be !a2en in!o
consi)era!ionD
In a))i!ion !o !he re)ic!ions of f$!$re !hyroi) cancer cases on
!he basis of )ose es!i(a!es" !here is alrea)y ei)e(iolo3ical
)a!a a#ailable fro( !he firs! ro$n) of !hyroi) e+a(ina!ions on
chil)ren a3e) 6@ or less on 66 *arch 8C66" erfor(e)
be!,een Oc!ober 8C66 an) *arch 8C6;D
6@6
I! is i(or!an! !o
no!e !ha! fro( !his firs! ro$n) of screenin3" i! is no! ossible !o
(a2e asser!ions re3ar)in3 !he inci)ence of !hyroi) cancer" as
!he screenin3 of !he en!ire cohor! of chil)ren in !he refec!$re
yiel)s !he re#alence /iDeD !he !o!al n$(ber of cases in !he
o$la!ion1 of !hyroi) cancers an) only f$!$re screenin3s ,ill
re#eal !he inci)ence /iDeD !he rise in n$(bers fro( year !o
year1D So far" !he re#alence of !$(or9s$sec! !hyroi) biosies
in F$2$shi(a is 8BD6 er 6CC"CCC chil)ren $n)er !he a3e of 6@
/absol$!e n$(berG ?;1 an) !he re#alence of confir(e) cases
of !hyroi) cancer 6:DC er 6CC"CCC /absol$!e n$(ber ::1D
6@8
In
co(arison" !he inci)ence of !hyroi) cancer in 7aanese
yo$!hs /< 6B years1 in !he years 8CCC !o 8CC? ,as CD:= er
6CC"CCCD
6@:
%hile ,e canno! )irec!ly co(are !he re#alence
fo$n) in !he screenin3 ro3ra( !o !he inci)ence le#els before
!he F$2$shi(a )isas!er" !his is none!heless a ,orryin3 n$(ber"
,i!h !he n$(bers of )e!ec!e) !hyroi) cancers hi3her !han
e+ec!e)D
The ass$rance in !he UNSCEAR reor! !ha! !hese cases of
!hyroi) cancer in F$2$shi(a are Fconsis!en! ,i!h res$l!s fro( a
s!$)y of a cohor! of U2rainians /!he FU2rA( cohor!F1 ,ho ha)
been e+ose) )$rin3 chil)hoo) or a)olescence !o 6:6I fro(
!he Chernobyl acci)en!F
6@;
is )iffic$l! !o acce!" as i! is no!
e+laine) ho, s$ose) Fnon9ra)ia!ion9rela!e)F !hyroi)
cancer cases ,ere )ifferen!ia!e) fro( !hose ,i!h a Fra)ia!ion9
rela!ionF in a o$la!ion of irra)ia!e) chil)ren in !he So#ie!
Union in !he la!e 6B@C<s" ,hen (o)ern $l!raso$n) )e#ices
,ere no! a#ailable an) ,here" )$e !o 3o#ern(en!al
res!ric!ions an) li(i!e) reso$rces" li!!le scien!ific ,or2$
ac!$ally !oo2 laceD
There are also so(e o!her inconsis!encies in !he UNSCEAR
reor! re3ar)in3 !he F$2$shi(a !hyroi) e+a(ina!ionsD %hile
!he reor! ,as release) in Aril of 8C6;" i! only $se) !he )a!a
of !he !hyroi) e+a(ina!ions $ !o 7$ly :6
s!
" 8C6:D *ore c$rren!
$blica!ions by F$2$shi(a *e)ical Uni#ersi!y fro( No#e(ber
68
!h
" 8C6: an) Febr$ary ?
!h
" 8C6; ,ere no! incl$)e)" e#en
!ho$3h !he n$(ber of )ia3nose) !hyroi) cancers has increase)
fro( !he B cases (en!ione) in UNSCEAR<s reor! !o !he
c$rren! n$(ber of ::" ,i!h ano!her ;8 s$sec! (ali3nancy
cases ,ai!in3 for f$r!her )ia3nos!icsD E#en ,i!h an
$n)ers!an)in3 !ha! !he F$2$shi(a !hyroi) e+a(ina!ion is an
on3oin3 rocess an) !ha! secon)ary e+a(ina!ion for !he firs!
ro$n) is no! ye! co(le!e" UNSCEAR co$l) s!ri#e !o
incorora!e !he la!es! res$l!s ,i!h an acc$ra!e n$(ber of
cancer cases" ins!ea) of (en!ionin3 H$s! ar! of !he a#ailable
res$l!sD

*oreo#er" UNSCEAR ci!es an $l!raso$n) e+a(ina!ion in !he
refec!$res of Ao(ori" Na3asa2i an) Ya(anashi as a
co(arison s!$)y" s$ose)ly reresen!in3 !he nor(al
baseline ris2sD
6@=
UNSCEAR fails !o (en!ion" ho,e#er" !ha! !he
15
cohor!s ,ere no! (a!che) for a3e" se+ or o!her )e(o3rahic
charac!eris!ics an) consis!e) ri(arily of s!$)en!s fro(
ins!i!$!ions associa!e) ,i!h na!ional $ni#ersi!ies" no!
reresen!a!i#e of !he 3eneral o$la!ionD In a))i!ion" !he
len3!h of $l!raso$n) e+a(ina!ion ,as sai) !o be lon3er for !his
s!$)y" o!en!ially lea)in3 !o (ore )e!aile) e+a(ina!ion !han
!he F$2$shi(a e+a(ina!ionD

Ins!ea)" UNSCEAR ci!e) a re#ie, ar!icle $blishe) on
.ece(ber :
r)
" 8C6:" s!a!in3" FThe re#alence of clinically occ$l!
s(all aillary !hyroi) cancers co$l) be as hi3h as :=O in (any
ar!s of !he ,orl)"F s$33es!in3 !ha! !he hi3h ra!es of cancers
fo$n) in !he F$2$shi(a !hyroi) e+a(ina!ions are si(ly
screenin3 effec!s an) !ha! o!her e)ia!ric o$la!ions ,o$l)
ha#e si(ilar ra!es of cancer if screene)D
6@>
This s!a!e(en!"
ho,e#er" is solely base) on a Finnish a$!osy s!$)y"
,hich" in!eres!in3ly eno$3h" (en!ions a re#alence of 8?O an)
no! :=O an) secifically fo$n) no clinically occ$l! !hyroi)
cancers in chil)ren $n)er !he a3e of 6@D This fac! is no!
(en!ione) by UNSCEAR" as i! con!ra)ic!s !he screenin3 effec!
hyo!hesisD
6@?

16
I) Conclusion
The F$2$shi(a n$clear )isas!er is far fro( o#erD .esi!e !he
)eclara!ion of Tcol) sh$!)o,nU by !he 7aanese 3o#ern(en! in
.ece(ber of 8C66" !he crile) reac!ors ha#e no! ye! achie#e)
a s!able s!a!$s an) e#en UNSCEAR a)(i!s !ha! e(issions of
ra)ioiso!oes are con!in$in3 $naba!e)D
6@@
TEPCO is s!r$33lin3
,i!h an enor(o$s a(o$n! of con!a(ina!e) ,a!er" ,hich
con!in$es !o lea2 in!o !he s$rro$n)in3 soil an) seaD Lar3e
A$an!i!ies of con!a(ina!e) coolin3 ,a!er are acc$($la!in3 a!
!he si!eD Fail$res in !he (a2eshif! coolin3 sys!e(s are occ$rrin3
reea!e)lyD The )ischar3e of ra)ioac!i#e ,as!e ,ill (os! li2ely
con!in$e for a lon3 !i(eD
4o!h !he )a(a3e) n$clear reac!ors an) !he sen! f$el on)s
con!ain #as! a(o$n!s of ra)ioac!i#i!y an) are hi3hly #$lnerable
!o f$r!her ear!hA$a2es" !s$na(is" !yhoons an) h$(an errorD
Ca!as!rohic releases of ra)ioac!i#i!y co$l) occ$r a! any !i(e
an) eli(ina!in3 !his ris2 ,ill !a2e (any )eca)esD *oreo#er"
(any of 7aanIs o!her n$clear o,er s!a!ions are H$s! as
sensi!i#e !o seis(ic ca!as!rohes as !he F$2$shi(a .ai9ichi
lan!D
A!!e(!s !o (a2e reliable forecas!s for !he ne+! )eca)es see(
f$!ile a3ains! !he bac2)ro of so ($ch $ncer!ain!yD %hile
($ch of !he UNSCEAR reor! reresen!s $sef$l an) i(or!an!
3ro$n),or2 for f$!$re assess(en!s" i! )oes no! in any ,ay
H$s!ify !he !ye of <all9clear< !ha! UNSCEAR is roosin3D
I! is i(ossible a! !his oin! !o co(e $ ,i!h an e+ac!
ro3nosis of !he effec!s !ha! !he F$2$shi(a n$clear )isas!er
,ill ha#e on !he o$la!ion in 7aanD Ho,e#er" base) on !he
ar3$(en!s resen!e) in !his aer" i! has !o be s!a!e) !ha! !he
UNSCEAR reor! reresen!s a sys!e(a!ic $n)eres!i(a!ion an)
conH$res $ an ill$sion of scien!ific cer!ain!y !ha! obsc$res !he
!r$e i(ac! of !he n$clear ca!as!rohe on heal!h an) !he
en#iron(en!D
In i!s reor!" UNSCEAR calc$la!es !he collec!i#e effec!i#e )oses
an) absorbe) !hyroi) )oses for !he 7aanese o$la!ionD
Ho,e#er" !he a)(i!!e) $ncer!ain!ies re3ar)in3 e+os$re
)oses" A$es!ionable )a!a selec!ion" fa$l!y ass$(!ions an) !he
fac! !ha! on3oin3 ra)ioac!i#e e(issions ,ere no! consi)ere)
$n)er(ine !he #ali)i!y of !hese calc$la!ionsD The res$l!in3
)ose es!i(a!es are (os! li2ely $n)eres!i(a!e) an) )o no!
reflec! !he !r$e e+!en! of ra)ia!ion recei#e) by !he affec!e)
o$la!ionD
4y $!ili-in3 (ore ne$!ral se!s of )a!a" ac2no,le)3in3 inheren!
$ncer!ain!ies in )ose es!i(a!es" ci!in3 !he f$ll ran3e of ossible
e+os$re ra!es ra!her !han !he bes!9case scenarios" an) by
incorora!in3 !he la!es! infor(a!ion abo$! on3oin3 ra)ioac!i#e
e(issions" UNSCEAR co$l) ha#e resen!e) a (ore realis!ic
ic!$re of ,ha! effec!s eole can e+ec! fro( !he ra)ioac!i#e
fallo$! in !he co(in3 )eca)es" incl$)in3 !hyroi) cancer"
le$2e(ia" soli) !$(ors" non9cancer )iseases an) 3ene!ic
)efec!s" all of ,hich ha#e been fo$n) in !he o$la!ion
affec!e) by !he Chernobyl n$clear ca!as!roheD
E#en ,i!h (ore realis!ic )a!a" ho,e#er" !he n$(ber of cancer
cases in)$ce) by F$2$shi(a ra)ioac!i#e fallo$! (ay s!ill be
consi)ere) insi3nifican! !o !he (e(bers of UNSCEAR"
esecially 3i#en !he rela!i#ely hi3h baseline inci)ence of cancer
in 7aanD Fro( a hysicianIs ersec!i#e ho,e#er" e#ery
re#en!able case of cancer is one !oo (any an) !he !ra3ic
conseA$ences !ha! cancer has on a erson<s hysical an)
(en!al heal!h" as ,ell as !he si!$a!ion of !he en!ire fa(ily ha#e
!o be consi)ere)D
To re)$ce !he horrible effec!s of !he F$2$shi(a n$clear
)isas!er on !ens of !ho$san)s of fa(ilies !o a s!a!is!ical
roble( an) !o )is(iss !hese in)i#i)$al s!ories of s$fferin3 by
s!a!in3 !ha! Fra)ia!ion e+os$re follo,in3 !he n$clear acci)en!
a! F$2$shi(a9.aiichi KDDDL is $nli2ely !o be able !o a!!rib$!e any
heal!h effec!s in !he f$!$re a(on3 !he 3eneral $blic an) !he
#as! (aHori!y of ,or2ersF
6@B
is inaroria!e for a co((i!!ee of
!he Uni!e) Na!ions" an or3ani-a!ion !ha! ri)es i!self on !he
.eclara!ion of Uni#ersal H$(an Ri3h!sD
Thro$3h !he co(bina!ion of a (an9(a)e n$clear )isas!er"
corr$! oera!ors" re3$la!ory ins!i!$!ions an) oli!icians"
ina)eA$a!e e(er3ency (eas$res" an) finally !hro$3h !he
sys!e(a!ic $n)eres!i(a!ion of ra)ia!ion )oses an) e+ec!e)
heal!h effec!s" !he eole of F$2$shi(a are bein3 )eri#e) of
!heir ri3h! !o a s!an)ar) of li#in3 a)eA$a!e for !heir heal!h an)
,ell9bein3D
As hysicians" ri(arily concerne) ,i!h !he heal!h of !he
eole affec!e) by !he n$clear )isas!er" ,e $r3e !he Uni!e)
Na!ions 'eneral Asse(bly an) !he 3o#ern(en! of 7aan !o
reali-e !ha! !he affec!e) o$la!ion nee)s ro!ec!ion fro(
f$r!her ra)ia!ion e+os$reD In o$r oinion" !he follo,in3 iss$es
nee) !o be a))resse)G
All a#ailable e+er!ise sho$l) be $se) for !he
!re(en)o$s !as2s of (ini(i-in3 on3oin3 ra)ioac!i#e
e(issions fro( !he )a(a3e) reac!ors an) sen! f$el
ools an) re#en!in3 lar3er e(issions in !he f$!$reD
Accor)in3 !o UNSCEAR" (ore !han 8;"CCC ,or2ers
ha#e ,or2e) on !he re(ises of !he crile) reac!ors
since !he s!ar! of !he )isas!erD Tens of !ho$san)s (ore
,ill be reA$ire) o#er (any )eca)esD In a))i!ion !o !he
ro#ision of a)eA$a!e ra)ia!ion ro!ec!ion"
(oni!orin3 an) heal!h care for !hese ,or2ers" a
na!ional life!i(e ra)ia!ion e+os$re re3is!er for all
17
,or2ers in !he n$clear in)$s!ry is reA$ire) in 7aanD
This ($s! incl$)e s$bcon!rac!ors as ,ell as $!ili!y
e(loyeesD In)i#i)$al ,or2ers sho$l) ha#e rea)y
access !o !heir res$l!sD
The iss$e of f$nc!ionin3 re3is!ries is also i(or!an! for
!he ci#ilian o$la!ionD C$rren!ly" !he absence of bo!h
effec!i#e cancer re3is!ries in (os! refec!$res in 7aan
an) co(rehensi#e re3is!ers of e+ose) ersons ,i!h
)ose es!i(a!es !ha! can be $se) !o assess lon3 !er(
heal!h o$!co(es (eans !ha! o!en!ial i(ac!s ,ill 3o
$n)e!ec!e)D S$ch re3is!ries sho$l) be crea!e) so !ha!
f$!$re heal!h effec!s of !he ra)ioac!i#e con!a(ina!ion
can be roerly assesse)D
I! is $nacce!able !ha! eole are c$rren!ly bein3
enco$ra3e) !o re!$rn !o so(e areas ,here !hey can
be e+ec!e) !o recei#e $ !o 8C (S# in a))i!ional
ann$al ra)ia!ion e+os$reD %e see no a)eA$a!e
al!erna!i#e !o (ini(i-e s$ch $nacce!able e+os$res
o!her !han (ore reloca!ions !han ha#e c$rren!ly
occ$rre)D Lo3is!ic an) financial s$or! for fa(ilies
li#in3 in !he ra)ioac!i#ely affec!e) ($niciali!ies ,ho
,an! !o (o#e !o less con!a(ina!e) re3ions sho$l) be
offere) !o re)$ce !he ris2 of f$!$re heal!h effec!sD
E#ac$ees sho$l) no! be ress$re) or bribe) in!o
re!$rnin3 !o con!a(ina!e) re3ionsD
.econ!a(ina!ion on !he scale !ha! ,o$l) be reA$ire)
!o s$fficien!ly an) s$s!ainably re)$ce ra)ia!ion
e+os$res has no! ro#en feasibleD Also" ra)ioac!i#e
con!a(ina!ion 2no,s no bo$n)aries" an) fallo$! has
no! been confine) !o F$2$shi(a Prefec!$re aloneD
Par!s of Tochi3i" *iya3i" Ibara2i" '$n(a" Sai!a(a an)
Chiba ha#e also been con!a(ina!e)D A! resen!"
3o#ern(en! ro3ra(s reson)in3 !o !he n$clear
)isas!er are lar3ely li(i!e) !o F$2$shi(a Prefec!$reD A
na!ional aroach base) on con!a(ina!ion le#els" no!
refec!$ral bo$n)aries is nee)e)D
%e as2 !he Uni!e) Na!ions 'eneral Asse(bly an) !he
7aanese 'o#ern(en! !o s!$)y !he reor! of !he UN
Secial Raor!e$r on !he ri3h! of e#eryone !o !he
enHoy(en! of !he hi3hes! a!!ainable s!an)ar) of
hysical an) (en!al heal!h" *rD Anan) 'ro#er" an)
hee) his cons!r$c!i#e s$33es!ionsD
6BC
The
reca$!ionary rincile sho$l) be e(loye) in
ra)ia!ion ro!ec!ion oliciesD
The eole of F$2$shi(a are no! bein3 hele) by false clai(s
an) re(a!$re reass$rances !ha! no heal!h effec!s are !o be
e+ec!e)D They nee) roer infor(a!ion" heal!h (oni!orin3"
s$or! an) (os! of all" !hey nee) ac2no,le)3(en! of !heir
ri3h! !o a s!an)ar) of li#in3 a)eA$a!e for !heir heal!h an) ,ell
bein3D This sho$l)

be !he 3$i)in3 rincile in e#al$a!in3 !he
heal!h effec!s of !he n$clear ca!as!roheG
FThe n$(ber of chil)ren an) 3ran)chil)ren ,i!h
cancer in !heir bones" ,i!h le$2e(ia in !heir
bloo)" or ,i!h oison in !heir l$n3s (i3h! see(
s!a!is!ically s(all !o so(e" in co(arison ,i!h
na!$ral heal!h ha-ar)sD 4$! !his is no! a na!$ral
heal!h ha-ar) 9 an) i! is no! a s!a!is!ical iss$eD
The loss of e#en one h$(an life" or !he
(alfor(a!ion of e#en one baby 9 ,ho (ay be
born lon3 af!er ,e are 3one 9 sho$l) be of
concern !o $s allD O$r chil)ren an) 3ran)chil)ren
are no! (erely s!a!is!ics !o,ar) ,hich ,e can be
in)ifferen!DF
7ohn FD 0enne)y" 7$ly 8>
!h
" 6B>:
18
) !ist of acron"ms and a##re$iations
Acron"ms<
:EIR US Na!ional Aca)e(y of Sciences A)#isory
Co((i!!ee on !he 4iolo3ical Effec!s of
Ioni-in3 Ra)ia!ion
C. Co($!er To(o3rahy
,*N0S F$2$shi(a .ai9ichi N$clear Po,er S!a!ion
IAEA In!erna!ional A!o(ic Ener3y A3ency
I00NW In!erna!ional Physicians for !he Pre#en!ion of
N$clear %ar
IRSN French Ins!i!$!e for Ra)ioro!ec!ion an)
N$clear Safe!y
&AEA 7aanese A!o(ic Ener3y A3ency
!N. Linear no9!hreshol)
MA,, 7aanese *inis!ry A3ric$l!$re" Fores!ry an)
Fisheries
ME=. 7aanese *inis!ry of E)$ca!ion" C$l!$re"
Sor!s" Science an) Technolo3y
NI!U Nor,e3ian Ins!i!$!e for Air Research
0SR Physicians for Social Resonsibili!y
.E0CO To2yo Elec!ric Po,er Co(any
UNSCEAR Uni!e) Na!ions Scien!ific Co((i!!ee
on !he Effec!s of A!o(ic Ra)ia!ion
W:C %hole 4o)y Co$n!er
W1O %orl) Heal!h Or3ani-a!ion

Scientific units<
:7 > :ec7uerel
Uni! for ra)ioac!i#i!y in !he In!erna!ional Sys!e( of Uni!s /SI1
.efine) as !he n$(ber of )isin!e3ra!ions er secon)
For(er $ni!G C$rie /Ci1G 6 4A V 8D? + 6C
966
Ci
E+a(les $se) in !he !e+!G
*4A V *e3abecA$erel /6 + 6C
>
4ecA$erel1
P4A V Pe!abecA$erel /6 + 6C
6=
4ecA$erel1
?" > ?ra"
SI $ni! for absorbe) )ose by (a!!er
.efine) as !he a(o$n! of ener3y absorbe) er (ass
For(er $ni!G Ra)ia!ion absorbe) )ose /ra)1G 6 ra) V CDC6 'y
To con#er! 4A in!o 'y" i! is necessary !o 2no, !he )ose
con#ersion fac!or rele#an! !o !he iso!oe in A$es!ion an) !he
secific irra)ia!ion a!h,ay
('y V *illi3ray /6 + 6C
9:
'ray1
Person9'y V collec!i#e absorbe) )ose of a o$la!ion
/n$(ber of eole + a#era3e in)i#i)$al )ose1
S$ > Sie$ert
SI $ni! for eA$i#alen! )ose by !iss$e
.efine) as !he a(o$n! of ener3y absorbe) er (ass
For(er $ni!G Roen!3en eA$i#alen! (an /re(1G 6 S# V 6CC re(
To con#er! 'y in!o S#" !he absorbe) )ose is ($l!ilie) ,i!h !he
ra)ia!ion ,ei3h!in3 fac!or %
R
/%
R
V 6 for +9ray" 3a((a9 an)
be!a9ra)ia!ionP %
R
V 8C for alha9ra)ia!ion1
(S# V *illisie#er! /6 + 6C
9:
Sie#er!1
Person9S# V collec!i#e eA$i#alen! )ose of a o$la!ion
/n$(ber of eole + a#era3e in)i#i)$al )ose1
19
1
"Increase in Cancer Unlikely following Fukushima Exposure - says UN Report". Unite Nations
Information !er"ice #UNI!$ press release% &pril '
n
% '()*.
www.unis.un"ienna.org+unis+en+pressrels+'()*+unisous',-.html
2
"No Immeiate .ealth Risks from Fukushima Nuclear &ccient !ays UN Expert !cience /anel". UNI!
press release% 0ay ,)
st
% '(),. www.unis.un"ienna.org+unis+en+pressrels+'(),+unisinf*-1.html
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0olitor 0. "2es 3l3gu3s 4elges inign3s5 67n minimise les cons38uences e Fukushima6". 9e4site of
Raio :3l3"ision ;elge Francophone #R:;F$% <uly =
th
% '(),. www.rt4f.4e+info+societe+etail>les-elegues-
4elges-inignes-on-minimise-les-conse8uences-e-fukushima?i@A(*'1==
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on the Effects of &tomic Raiation #UN!CE&R$% &pril '
n
% '()*% p. =(% ta4le A.
www.unscear.org+ocs+reports+'(),+),-A1*)A>Report>'(),>&nnex>&.pf
5
UN!CE&R '()*% p. )A'% ta4le C=
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UN!CE&R '()*% p. )AA% ta4le C)(
7
UN!CE&R '()*% p. )A,% paragraph CA,
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UN!CE&R '()*% p. )A=% paragraph CH'
9
UN!CE&R '()*% p. '11% paragraph E*,
10
UN!CE&R '()*% p. )A-% paragraph CH,
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"Fukushima Nuclear &ccient Upate". International &tomic Energy &gency #I&E&$% 0arch '*
th
% '()).
www.iaea.org+newscenter+news+'())+fukushima'*(,)).html
12
"Important Information from <apanese Go"ernment% Reaings of Iust !ampling". 0inistry of Eucation%
Culture% !ports% !cience an :echnology #0EJ:$% &pril )A
th
% '()).
http5++e8.wie.a.Kp+files>en+))(*)Aust>)(((>en.pf
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"Fukushima Nuclear &ccient Upate". I&E&% 0arch '(
th
% '()).
www.iaea.org+newscenter+news+'())+fukushima'((,)).html
14
"I4araki /refecture &gricultural /roucts :est Results". I4araki /refectural Go"ernment% &ugust A
th
% '()).
www.pref.i4araki.Kp+4ukyoku+seikan+kokuko+en+links+agriculture>raiation.html
15
"Current !tatus of Fukushima Iaiichi Nuclear /ower !tation". :okyo Electric /ower Company #:E/C7$%
<anuary '-
th
% '()'. www.tepco.co.Kp+en+nu+fukushima-np+f)+images+f)'np-gaiyou>e>,.pf
16
"Fukushima Nuclear &ccient Upate". I&E&% 0arch '(
th
% '()).
www.iaea.org+newscenter+news+'())+fukushima'((,)).html
17
"Cesium etecte from more Fukushima rice". Earth8uake Report No. '-= 4y the <apanese &tomic
Information Forum #<&IF$% No"em4er 'H
th
% '()).
www.Kaif.or.Kp+english+news>images+pf+ENGNE9!()>),''1*)H*H/.pf
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"Regaring the 2imitation of :ap 9ater for Infants to Intake - Iisaster Information =1th D :ranslation
Eition". 0ultilingual !upport Center for the :ohoku Earth8uake out at /acific 7cean% 0arch ',
r
% '()).
http5++e8infoKp.net+?p@'HHH
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9eiss I. "Contamination of water% seiments an 4iota of the Northern /acific coastal area the "icinity of
the Fukushima N//". Gesellschaft fLr &nlagen- un Reaktorsicherheit #GfR$% 7cto4er ,)
st
% '()).
www.eurosafe-forum.org+userfiles+'>'>M'(paper>marineM'(en"ironment>Fukushima> '()))(,).pf
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"Results of the emergency monitoring inspections D pro"isional translation". <apanese 0inistry of
&griculture% Forestry an Fisheries #0&FF$% &pril ),
th
% '()).
www.Kfa.maff.go.Kp+e+inspection+pf+'())(*),>fukushima>kounago>en.pf
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"&nalysis Report5 &nalysis of 0atrices of the 0arine En"ironment #!eawees$". &CR7 2a4oratoire
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th
, 2014
?erman Affiliate of the International 0h"sicians for the 0re$ention of Nuclear War @I00NW)
,,,Din,D)e
0h"sicians for Social Responsi#ilit" @0SR)
,,,DsrDor3
Online a#ailable a!G ,,,Din,D)e&s!rahl$n3
W 'er(an affilia!e of IPPN% /.e$!sche Se2!ion )er IPPN% eD5D1" 7$ne >!h" 8C6;
All ri3h!s reser#e)D
A$!horsG Ale+ Rosen" IPPN% 'er(anyP Y$ri Hiran$(a" Alfre) *eyer an) 7ohn Racho," PSR USA
Con!ac!G rosenXin,D)e

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