WATERPROOF

WATERPROOF
CONCRETE
CONCRETE

MYTH, MYSTERY and OPPORTUNITY

MYTH, MYSTERY and OPPORTUNITY

2005 BETTER CONCRETE CONFERENCE 2005 BETTER CONCRETE CONFERENCE

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
NOVEMBER 3 NOVEMBER 3
AMES, IOWA AMES, IOWA
PERVIOUS CONCRETE
PERVIOUS CONCRETE
INSULATED FORMS
INSULATED FORMS
RECREATIONAL CONCRETE TRAILS
RECREATIONAL CONCRETE TRAILS
KGB STATE PARK
KGB STATE PARK
-
-
MOSCOW
MOSCOW

MYTH
MYTH

Why do we have to
Why do we have to
waterproof concrete, its
waterproof concrete, its
solid right?
solid right?
WRONG
WRONG

Capillary voids are essentially the residue of the
Capillary voids are essentially the residue of the
originally filled water filled spaces
originally filled water filled spaces
-
-
this is the
this is the
primary path by which water and other aggressive
primary path by which water and other aggressive
ions can penetrate into the concrete matrix,
ions can penetrate into the concrete matrix,
and
and
cause durability problems (i.e. rebar corrosion)
cause durability problems (i.e. rebar corrosion)

Macro
Macro
Cracks are caused by structural,
Cracks are caused by structural,
thermal, drying and plastic shrinkage
thermal, drying and plastic shrinkage
100 m to 3000 m
Crack
Micro Cracks
Micro Cracks

Naturally occur from restraint
Naturally occur from restraint
shrinkage forces around aggregate
shrinkage forces around aggregate

Increases with increasing load
Increases with increasing load

Influence leakage and durability
Influence leakage and durability
MYSTERY
MYSTERY
How do we waterproof concrete?
How do we waterproof concrete?

Barrier Systems
Barrier Systems

Membranes
Membranes

Bentonite
Bentonite

Integral Concrete Waterproofing

Integral Concrete Waterproofing

Hydrophobic Water Repellent

Hydrophobic Water Repellent

Crystalline
Crystalline
Conventional Waterproofing
Conventional Waterproofing
INTEGRAL WATERPROOF
INTEGRAL WATERPROOF
CONCRETE
CONCRETE
Minimum cement content
Minimum cement content

595 lb/cubic yard

595 lb/cubic yard
Maximum water/cement ratio
Maximum water/cement ratio
-
-
.45
.45
Hydrophobic component changes surface tension of cement
Hydrophobic component changes surface tension of cement
hydrates and capillary tracts.
hydrates and capillary tracts.
Polymer globules collect in bleed water tract and form a plug un
Polymer globules collect in bleed water tract and form a plug un
der
der
pressure
pressure
Crystallization
Crystallization
Reactive chemicals diffuse through the concrete using water
as the migrating medium
By-products of cement hydration, water and proprietary
chemicals are available to each other
The crystalline reaction can begin
Crystallization continues to develop
Crystallization continues to develop
As the crystalline structure matures and develops, it will
begin to fill the capillary tracts
Waterproof Concrete
Waterproof Concrete
&
&
Permeability
Permeability
EPOXY
ANULUS
2x4
BUSHING
1/8 SWAGELOK
TEST
SAMPLE
4 API LINE
COUPLING
2 PLUG WITH
1/8 PORT
1/8 PTFE
WATER
SUPPLY LINE
WATER PERMEABILITY CELL

Numerous tests have confirmed the
Numerous tests have confirmed the
ability of waterproof concrete to
ability of waterproof concrete to
prevent the flow or penetration of water
prevent the flow or penetration of water
under considerable hydrostatic pressure
under considerable hydrostatic pressure
Permeability Coefficient
( x 10
-8
m/s)
Sample Type Sample
I.D.
First Test Second Test
Control 237
238
Ave
77.5
74.6
76.1
56.8
33.6
45.2
3% Admix
C1000
235
236
Ave
1.1
2.6
1.9
1.4
1.2
1.3
3% Admix
C1000
(with sand)
235
236
Ave
1.1
2.6
1.9
1.4
1.2
1.3
James Neill & Associates, Vancouver, Canada
Chemical
Waterproof Concrete
Waterproof Concrete
&
&
Chemical Resistance
Chemical Resistance

The typical means of evaluating the ability of
The typical means of evaluating the ability of
concrete to provide chemical resistance includes,
concrete to provide chemical resistance includes,
measuring amount of mass loss, length change or
measuring amount of mass loss, length change or
relative dynamic modulus of elasticity
relative dynamic modulus of elasticity
Chemical Durability, Iwate University, Tokyo, J apan
Before Soaking 10 Weeks 5 Weeks
Sulfuric Acid Exposure
Sulfuric Acid Exposure

7% H
7% H
2 2
(SO
(SO
4 4
)
)

Control, 3%, 5% and 7% Waterproofing Admix
Control, 3%, 5% and 7% Waterproofing Admix

Curing periods were varied to determine effects
Curing periods were varied to determine effects
Aviles Engineering, Texas
Ammonium Sulfate Exposure
Ammonium Sulfate Exposure

1 molar
1 molar
-
-
132 g/l
132 g/l

Six mixes: control, low slag cement, silica fume,
Six mixes: control, low slag cement, silica fume,
high slag cement, silica fume cement, Xypex
high slag cement, silica fume cement, Xypex
Admix
Admix
Resistance to Ammonium Sulphate, TaywoodEngineering, Sydney, Australia
Waterproof
Waterproof
Concrete
Concrete
&
&
Chloride
Chloride
Diffusion
Diffusion
Resistance
Resistance

Exposure to
Exposure to
NaCl
NaCl
solution (1.75% chloride ion
solution (1.75% chloride ion
content)
content)

Three mixes: control, pore blocker, crystalline admix
Three mixes: control, pore blocker, crystalline admix

24 hour wet and dry cycles for 90 days
24 hour wet and dry cycles for 90 days
Waterproof
Waterproof
Concrete
Concrete
&
&
Compressive
Compressive
Strength
Strength

Numerous tests have demonstrated that the
Numerous tests have demonstrated that the
addition of admixtures for waterproofing concrete
addition of admixtures for waterproofing concrete
can increases compressive strength
can increases compressive strength
REF
1%
Admix
2%
Admix
REF
2%
Admix
3%
Admix
4%
Admix
REF
2.5%
Admix
5%
Admix
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

A
s

%
Construction Company In-House Report, Houston, Texas
Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3
WATERPROOF CONCRETE
WATERPROOF CONCRETE
ADMIX SYSTEM
ADMIX SYSTEM
WHERE IS IT USED?
WHERE IS IT USED?

new construction
new construction

cast
cast
-
-
in
in
-
-
place
place

pre
pre
-
-
cast
cast

shotcrete
shotcrete

Poured
Poured
-
-
in place
in place
Maybank Foundation Slab, Malaysia
PRE CAST STRUCTURES
PRE CAST STRUCTURES

Shotcrete
Shotcrete
Application
Application
Bronx Zoo Tunnel, New York, USA
OPPORTUNITY
OPPORTUNITY
Value Added Concrete
Value Added Concrete
Contractor
Contractor
Lower Cost Per Square Foot
Lower Cost Per Square Foot
Reduced Sub
Reduced Sub
-
-
Trade
Trade
Accelerates Construction Schedule
Accelerates Construction Schedule
Concrete Producer
Concrete Producer
More Profit
More Profit
Customer Satisfaction
Customer Satisfaction
Problem Solver
Problem Solver
Esplanade Theatres on the Bay, Singapore
Use of waterproof concrete instead of
Use of waterproof concrete instead of
traditional membrane reduced construction
traditional membrane reduced construction
by three months and saved $500,000
by three months and saved $500,000
Esplanade Arts Center
Esplanade Arts Center
Singapore
Singapore
Hollywood Casino, Shreveport, Louisiana, U.S.A.
70,000 square feet
Lower cost than traffic deck coating
Faster scheduling
Precast
Precast
Manholes
Manholes
Waterproof, Acid Resistant
Waterproof, Acid Resistant
No Coatings = Lower Cost & Convenience
No Coatings = Lower Cost & Convenience
worker compensation issues
worker compensation issues
Waterproof & Acid Resistant Pipe
Waterproof & Acid Resistant Pipe
Lower Infiltration &
Lower Infiltration &
Exfiltration
Exfiltration
Rates
Rates
J ACKSONVILLE ELECTRIC
J ACKSONVILLE ELECTRIC
COAL UNLOADING FACILITY
COAL UNLOADING FACILITY
Precast Piles and Beams
Precast Piles and Beams
J ACKSONVILLE ELECTRIC
J ACKSONVILLE ELECTRIC
COAL UNLOADING FACILITY
COAL UNLOADING FACILITY
micro fracture protection
micro fracture protection
St. Clair County Administration Annex
St. Clair County Administration Annex
Michigan
Michigan
Basement located13 feet below river level, waterproof
Basement located13 feet below river level, waterproof
concrete used to replace membrane
concrete used to replace membrane
Poochies
Poochies
& Mutts Pet Resort
& Mutts Pet Resort
Green Bay, Wisconsin
Green Bay, Wisconsin
Replaced Epoxy Flooring Material
Replaced Epoxy Flooring Material
Cast
Cast
-
-
in
in
-
-
Place Parapet Walls
Place Parapet Walls
Madison, Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin
Parapet Walls, Madison, Wisconsin
Parapet Walls, Madison, Wisconsin
-
-
waterproof concrete used to
waterproof concrete used to
protect architectural concrete
protect architectural concrete
SOMERSET STATE CORRECTION INSTITUTE
SOMERSET STATE CORRECTION INSTITUTE
SOMERSET, PA
SOMERSET, PA
1500 CUBIC YARDS
1500 CUBIC YARDS
REPLACED COATING MATERIALS ALLOWING FOR WINTER
REPLACED COATING MATERIALS ALLOWING FOR WINTER
PLACEMENT AND FAST TRACKING THE CONSTRUCTION
PLACEMENT AND FAST TRACKING THE CONSTRUCTION
SCHEDULE
SCHEDULE
High End Homes
High End Homes
8
8

thick wall
thick wall
$1.25 sq. ft.
$1.25 sq. ft.
New Horizons
New Horizons
New Applications
New Applications