Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(1)
where is the shift in wavelength of a spectral line, and
0
is the wavelength that line had when it left the quasar. The
redshifts can also be expressed as a velocity by means of the Doppler shift formula. However, if the velocity is small
compared to the velocity of light, the following simple formof that formula is normally used.
c
0
v
(2)
Study and Analysis of Absorption
Spectra of Quasars
Bushra Q. AL-Abudi
1
and Nuha S. Fouad
2
1,2
University of Baghdad, College of Science, Department of Astronomy and Space,
Baghdad-Iraq
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Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2014 ISSN 2319 - 4847
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c
v
0
(3)
where v is the velocity, and c the velocity of light. If formula (2) is converted for the explicit calculation of the redshift
formula (3), we can recognize that at a given velocity, the amount of the shift is proportional to the rest wavelength
0
of
the corresponding spectral line .The classical method to estimate the distance D is based here on the Hubbles law [6].
D
(t)
H z c v (4)
Where Hubble parameter H
(t)
is 73 km s
-1
Mpc-
1
By converting of formula (4), we get the distance D in (Mpc)
(t)
H
z c
D
(5)
Formula (5) also expresses that the distance D increases proportional to the Redshift z. Given that the quasars have very
large redshifts; showing that these objects are moving at relativistic recession velocities; it is necessary to use the exact
formula for the relativistic Doppler shift [6].
(6)
On the other hand, there is another relativistic transformation equation for the volume of the material bodies. Since the
transverse dimensions do not change because of the motion, the volume V of a body decreases according to the following
formula [6].
2
2
0
1
c
v
V V (7)
Where Vo is the proper volume of the body.
It is well known fromOptics that the ratio of the image size q, to the object size p is what is called the magnification M; so
that, M=q/p. According to the relativistic transformation equation 7, it could be considered that V is the volume image, and
Vo is the volume object; in such a way that [6].
2
2
1
c
v
M (8)
And also we can calculate Redshift as lookback Time fromthe following equation [6].
2
3
) 1 ( z
t
t
n
(9)
Where t
n
13.73 Gyr
(i) Also fromRedshift we can determine the Post-recombination Density nH using the following equation [6].
n
H
1.6 x10
-7
(1+z)
3
Cm
-3
(10)
At recombination (z ~1000): n
H
~200 cm
-3
, at reionization (z ~7): n
H
~10-4 cm
-3
. Also from Redshift we can determine
the Atomic Hydrogen Abundance X(H) using the following equation [6].
X(H) = 410
8
(1+z)
3
<<1 (11)
Gunn and Peterson (GP) calculate the observed absorption optical depth fromRedshift of Quasar as following equation [6].
GP
2.610
4
X(H) (1+z)
3/2
(12)
In this work, We selected eight single quasars and four double quasars fromthe Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to
measure the Redshift of quasars [7] .
3. SPECTRAL ANALYSIS of SINGLE QUASARS
Eight single quasars have been detected from SDSS and found Object ID (objID), Right ascension (Ra) and
Declination (Dec) as shown in table 1. Figures 1-8 show the absorption spectrumlines of the eight single quasars.
1
) 1 (
) 1 (
2
1
2
1
c
v
c
v
Rest
C IV 183.32 4550.949 1550.77
He II 118.8148 4838.77 1640.5
C III 113.646 5633.4 1909
Mg 75.99 8280.111 2851.6
Table 5: The chemical composition of Quasar SDSS J141647.21+521115.5
Chemical Element F()
obs
Rest
Ly 63.39 3831.25 1215.67
C IV 25.463
1
4875 1550.77
C III 15.816
5
6012.5 1909
Mg 11.905 8831.25 2851.6
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Table 6: The chemical composition of Quasar SDSS J141030.62+511113.8
Table7: The chemical composition of Quasar SDSS J005006.35-005319.2
Table 8: The chemical composition of Quasar SDSS J000552.33-000655.6
Chemical Element F()
obs
Rest
HeI 2.988 3797.659 537.029
Ly 6.5549 8729.431 1215.67
S IV+OIV 2.1964 10348.94 1507.93
Table 9: The chemical composition of Quasar SDSS J222851.23+011432.3
Chemical Element F()
obs
Rest
HeI 65.6089 4369.49 584.33
N I 207.97 6705.02 885.67
Ly 22.7273 8978.77 1215.67
Table10: The features measured of absorption line of quasar SDSS J100120.82+555349.8
Line Z V(Km/Sec) D(Mpc) M T(Gyr)
Z
Relative
n(H) X(H) (GP)
O II 0.334 100260 2005.2 0.945 8.909 0.415 3.80 x10
-7
9.50x10
-8
0.003
Ne II 0.3344 100320 2006.4 0.942 8.906 0.416 3.801x10
-7
9.50 x10
-8
0.003
H 0.1982 59460 1189.2 0.980 10.647 0.222 2.75 x10
-7
9.88 x10
-8
0.002
O III 0.3432 102960 2059.2 0.939 8.820 0.430 3.877 x10
-7
9.7 x10
-8
0.003
Average 0.3025 90750 1815 0.951 9.321 0.371 3.80 x10
-7
9.64 x10
-8
0.003
Table 11: The features measured of absorption line of Quasar SDSS J095918.70+020951.5
Chemical Element F()
obs
rest
Ly 33.77 5213.4 1215.67
C IV 17.54 6559.2 1550.77
C III 23.81 8046.36 1909
Chemical Element F()
obs
Rest
Ly 6.5077 6446.927 1215.67
C IV 3.5232 8155.307 1550.77
He II 3.4374 8579.329 1640.5
Line Z
V (km/
sec)
D(Mpc) M T(Gyr) Z Relative n(H) (cm
-3
) X(H) (GP)
C III 1.148 344400 6888 0.564 4.360 2.809 1.586X 10
-6
3.965X 10
-7
0.032
Mg 1.116 335070 6701.4 0.497 4.457 3.255 1.517 X10
-6
3.794X 10
-7
0.030
O II 1.156 346920 6938.4 0.580 4.335 2.713 1.604 X10
-6
4.011 X10
-7
0.033
H 1.155 346740 6934.8 0.579 4.337 2.719 1.603 X10
-6
4.007x X10
-7
0.033
Ne II 1.159 347940 6958.8 0.587 4.325 2.676 1.612 X10
-6
4.030 X10
-7
0.033
Average 1.147 344214 6884.28 0.561 4.363 2.834 1.584 X10
-6
3.961 X10
-7
0.032
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Table 12: The features measured of absorption line of Quasar SDSS J093857.01+412812.2
Table13: The features measured of absorption line of Quasar SDSS J141647.21+521115.5
Table 14: The features measured of absorption line of Quasar SDSS J141030.62+511113.8
Table 15: The features measured of absorption lineof Quasar SDSS J005006.35-005319.2
Table16: The features measured of absorption line of Quasar SDSS J000552.33-000655.6
Line Z V(Km/Sec) D(Mpc) M T(Gyr)
Z
Relative
n(H) (Cm
-3
) X(H) (GP)
He I 6.071
1821482.58
3
36429.6
5
5.988 0.730 0.180 5.658 X10
-5
1.414 X10
-5
6.916
Ly 6.180
1854227.23
3
37084.5
4
6.099 0.713 0.177 5.924 X10
-5
1.481 X10
-5
7.409
S
IV+OIV
5.863
1758903.26
5
35178.0
7
5.777 0.763 0.187 5.172 X10
-5
1.293 X10
-5
6.044
Average 6.038
1811537.69
3
36230.7
5
5.955 0.735 0.182 5.584 X10
-5
1.396 X10
-5
6.790
Line Z
V (Km/
Sec)
D(Mpc) M T(Gyr)
Z
Relative
n(H) (cm
-3
) X(H) (GP)
C IV 1.934 58038 11607.6 1.656 2.731 0.772 4.043X 10
-6
1.010 X10
-6
0.132
He II 1.949 58488 11697.6 1.673 2.710 0.762 4.105 X10
-6
1.026 X10
-6
0.135
C III 1.951 58530 11706 1.675 2.708 0.761 4.111 X10
-6
1.027 X10
-6
0.135
Mg 1.903 57111 11422.2 1.619 2.774 0.792 3.9171X10
-6
0.979 X10
-6
0.126
Average 1.934 580417.5 11608.35 1.656 2.731 0.772 4.044X 10
-6
1.011X 10
-6
0.132
Line Z V
(Km/Sec)
D(Mpc)
M
T(Gyr)
Z
Relative
n(H) (cm
-3
)
X(H)
(GP)
Ly 2.151 645480 12909.6 1.905 2.454 0.654 5.008 X10
-6
1.252X10
-6
0.182
C IV 2.143 643080 12861.6 1.896 2.463 0.658 4.970 X10
-6
1.242 X10
-6
0.180
C III 2.149 644880 12897.6 1.902 2.456 0.655 4.998 X10
-6
1.249 X10
-6
0.181
Mg 2.096 629070 12581.4 1.843 2.519 0.680 4.752 X10
-6
1.188 X10
-6
0.168
Average 2.135 640627.5 12812.55 1.886 2.473 0.662 4.932 X10
-6
1.232X10
-6
0.178
Line Z V(Km/Sec) D(Mpc) M T(Gyr)
Z
Relative
n(H) (Cm
-3
) X(H) (GP)
Ly 3.288 986550 19731 3.132 1.546 0.3689 1.261X10
-5
3.154 X10
-6
0.728
C IV 3.229 968880 19377.6 3.070 1.5784 0.377 1.210X10
-5
3.026 X10
-6
0.684
C III 3.215 964500 19290 3.055 1.5866 0.379 1.198 X10
-5
2.995 X10
-6
0.673
Average 3.244 973310 19466.2 3.086 1.570333 0.375 1.223 X10
-5
3.058 X10
-6
0.695
Line Z V (Km/Sec) D(Mpc) M T(Gyr)
Z
Relative
n(H) (Cm
-3
) X(H) (GP)
Ly 4.303 1290960 25819.2 4.1854 1.1243 0.267 2.386X10
-5
5.96X10
-6
1.894
C IV 4.258 1277670 25553.4 4.1398 1.1385 0.270 2.327 X10
-5
5.81 X10
-6
1.824
He II 4.229 1268910 25378.2 4.1098 1.148 0.272 2.288 X10
-5
5.72 X10
-6
1.779
Average 4.263 1279180 25583.6 4.145 1.1369 0.269 2.333 X10
-5
5.83 X10
-6
1.832
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Table 17: The features measured of absorption line of Quasar SDSS J222851.23+011432.3
Fig9: Relationship between Optical depth and Redshift
Fig .10: Relationship between Velocity and Distance
.
Fig.11: Relation between Look back time and Redshift
4. SPECTRAL ANALYSIS of DOUBLE QUASARS
Four double quasars have been detected from SDSS and found Object ID (objID), Right ascension (Ra) and
Declination (Dec) as shown in table 18. Figures 12-15 show the absorption spectrum lines of these quasars. Tables 19-22
reflect the extrapolated chemical elements for these quasars. The features measured fromabsorption spectra are illustrated
in Tables 23-26. Also, we can find that the relationship between the optical depth as a function of different values of
redshift of some simple of double quasars, as shown in figure 16. Figure 17 illustrates the linear relationship between
recession velocities as a function of distance. By drawing the relationship between the Look back times as a function of the
redshift of different quasars, we find that whenever the redshift is less whenever the value of look back time is higher (see
figure 18).
Table 18: Object ID , Right ascension , and Declination for Selected Double Quasars
Dec Ra objID Quasar Name
19.6617253 178.82622193 1237668297664692248,
587742576439787545
SDSS J115518.29+193942.2
12.06167583 245.10892899 1237668366927004166,
587742645702099442,
SDSS J162026.14+120342.0
13.17767316 204.77974079 587738568175058991,
1237664289399963687,
SDSS J133907.13+131039.6
22.59348404 193.57895411 587742014361174098,
1237667735586078852,
SDSS J125418.94+223536.5
Line Z V(Km/Sec) D(Mpc) M T(Gyr)
Z
Relative
n(H) (cm
-3
) X(H) (GP)
He I 6.477 1943333.39 38866.67 6.400 0.671 0.168 6.69 X10
-5
1.672 X10
-5
8.892
N I 6.570 1971168.72 39423.37 6.494 0.659 0.165 6.942 X10
-5
1.735 X10
-5
9.399
Ly 6.385 1915758.388 38315.17 6.307 0.684 0.171 6.446 X10
-5
1.611 X10
-5
8.410
Average 6.478 1943420.166 38868.4 6.400 0.671 0.168 6.693 X10
-5
1.673 X10
-5
8.900
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Fig. (12): Absorption Spectrumline of Quasar SDSS J115518.29+193942.2
Fig13: Absorption Spectrumline of Quasar SDSS J162026.14+120342.0
Fig.14: Absorption Spectrumline of Quasar SDSS J133907.13+131039.6
Fig.15: Absorption Spectrumline of Quasar SDSS J125418.94+223536.5
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Table (19): The chemical composition of Quasar SDSS J115518.29+193942.2
Table (20): The chemical composition of Quasar SDSSJ162026.14+120342.0
Chemical Element F()
obs
Rest
C III 18.54 4104.76 1909
Mg II 13.15 5985.41 2795.5
Ne IV 9.101 5227.2 2439.5
C II 9.425 4989 2326
He I 5.9816 8245.161 4388
Table (21): The chemical composition of Quasar SDSSJ133907.13+131039.6
Chemical Element F()
obs
Rest
Ly 59.57 3932.99 1215.42
N V 41.43 4005.232 1239.42
O I 28.23 4219.036 1305.53
C II 26.5 4293.13 1335.32
C IV 29.58 4968.9 1545.86
Table (22): The chemical composition of Quasar SDSSJ125418.94+223536.5
Table (23): The features measured of Quasar SDSS J115518.29+193942.2
Table (24): The features measured of Quasar SDSSJ162026.14+120342.0
Line Z V(Km/Sec) D(Mpc) M T(Gyr)
Z
Relative
n(H) (Cm-
3)
X(H) (GP)
C III 1.150 345064.431 6901.288 0.568 4.354 2.783 1.590X10
-6
3.976X10
-7
0.0325
Mg II 1.141 342326.238 6846.524 0.549 4.382 2.895 1.570X10
-6
3.926X10
-7
0.0319
Chemical Element F()
obs
Rest
C III 147.67 3852.033 1909
C II 76.17 4669.705 2326
Mg II 87.05 5606.311 2800
Ne IV 72.35 4900.14 2439.5
Ne V 48.52 6847.68 3346.79
Chemical Element F()
obs
Rest
Ly 28.0571 5613.03 1215.24
N V 10.65 5720.76 1239.42
C IV 8.95 7110.45 1545.86
C III 5.8913 8715.24 1909
O IV 5.8913 4760.76 1033.3
Line Z V(Km/Sec) D(Mpc) M T(Gyr)
Z
Relative
n(H) (cm-3) X(H) (GP)
C III 1.017 305348.297 6106.965 0.189 4.790 9.647 1.314X10
-6
3.286 X10
-7
0.024
C II 1.007 302283.534 6045.670 0.123 4.826 15.252 1.294 X10
-6
3.236 X10
-7
0.023
Mg II 1.002 300676.178 6013.523 0.064 4.846 29.167 1.284 X10
-6
3.210 X10
-7
0.023
Ne IV 1.008 302599.713 6051.994 0.131 4.822 14.229 1.296 X10
-6
3.241 X10
-7
0.023
Ne V 1.046 313813.236 6276.264 0.306 4.691 5.669 1.370 X10
-6
3.426 X10
-7
0.026
Average 1.016 304944.191 6098.883 0.162 4.795 14.793 1.311 X10
-6
3.279 X10
-7
0.024
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Ne IV 1.142 342820.250 6856.405 0.553 4.377 2.883 1.574X10
-6
3.935X10
-7
0.0320
C II 1.144 343465.176 6869.303 0.557 4.370 2.847 1.578X10
-6
3.947 X10
-
7
0.0322
He I 0.879 263707.452 5274.149 0.476 5.330 1.852 1.061X10
-6
2.653 X10
-
7
0.0177
Avera
ge
1.091 327476.709 6549.534 0.541 4.563 2.652 1.475X10
-6
3.687X10
-7
0.0293
Table (25): The features measured of Quasar SDSS J133907.13+131039.6
Table (26): The features measured of Quasar SDSS J125418.94+223536.5
Fig.16: Relation between Optical depth and Redshift
Fig.17: Relation between Velocity and Distance
Line Z V(Km/Sec) D(Mpc) M T(Gyr)
Z
Relative
n(H) (Cm-
3)
X(H) (GP)
Ly 2.235 670773.0 13415.46 1.999 2.358 0.618 5.421X10
-6
1.355X10
-6
0.205
N V 2.231 669461.1 13389.22 1.994 2.363 0.62 5.399X10
-6
1.349X10
-6
0.203
O I 2.231 669499.5 13389.99 1.995 2.363 0.619 5.400X10
-6
1.350X10
-6
0.203
C II 2.215 664517.0 13290.34 1.975 2.381 0.627 5.317X10
-6
1.329X10
-6
0.199
C IV 2.214 664298.1 13285.96 1.975 2.382 0.626 5.313X10
-6
1.328X10
-6
0.199
Average 2.225 667709.8 13354.2 1.988 2.369 0.622 5.370X10
-6
1.342X10
-6
0.202
Line Z V(Km/Sec) D(Mpc) M T(Gyr)
Z
Relative
n(H) (Cm-3) X(H) (GP)
Ly 3.618 1085659.6 21713.19 3.477 1.383 0.328 1.576X10
-5
3.941 X10
-6
1.017
N V 3.615 1084702.5 21694.05 3.4745 1.384 0.365 1.573 X10
-5
3.933 X10
-6
1.014
C IV 3.599 1079901.8 21598.04 3.457 1.391 0.330 1.557 X10
-5
3.892 X10
-6
0.998
C III 3.565 1069602.9 21392.06 3.422 1.407 0.334 1.522 X10
-5
3.806 X10
-6
0.965
O IV 3.607 1082200.7 21644.01 3.465 1.388 0.330 1.564 X10
-5
3.912 X10
-6
1.005
Average 3.601 1080413.5 21608.27 3.459 1.391 0.337 1.558 X10
-5
3.897 X10
-6
1.000
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Fig18: Relation between Lookback time and Redshift
5. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the absorption spectra of eight single and four double quasars were studied and analyzed, We found that
mostly elements of spectra single quasars are (O II, O III, Mg, H , Ne II, C III, He II, and sometime He I, N I), but mostly
elements of spectra double quasars are (C II, C III, Mg II, Ne IV, N V, and Sometimes O I, O IV, Ne V). Fromthe results,
it is found that the single quasars span a redshift range of 0.335 z 6.47and the double quasars span a redshift of 1.01
z 3.64. The features of absorption line, speed, distance, relativistic redshift, magnification, post-recombination density,
look back time and Gunn-Peterson Optical depth were calculated. The value of magnification always less than one if speed
of quasar is less than the speed of light (if v<c always M<1). .Also the results indicated that whenever the redshift is less
whenever the value of look back time is higher and the value of optical depth is less.
References
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infrared: High Signal-to-Noise Spectral Templates", Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2013.
[2] Valentina D., " Quaser Absorption Spectra: Probes Of The Baryonic Gas At High Redshift ", Ph.D. thesis submitted to
Isis-international school for advanced studies,1999.
[3] Gisella D. "A comprehensive analysis of optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of z_6 quasars",Ph.D thesis submitted
to Combined Faculties of the Natural Sciences and Mathematics ,University of Heidelberg, Germany,2011.
[4] Huang, W.-R., Chen, Z.-F., Qin ,Y.-P., . Li , Liao M.-S, He, R.-H., Han W.-W., F., Zhong, Y.-Q., Gan J.-Q. and Zhou
,W. "Identification of MgII Absorption Line Systems from SDSS Quasar Catalogue" J. Astrophys. Astr., 32, 277280,
2011.
[5] Liddle, A. , "An Introduction to Modern Cosmology second Edition ", West Sussex PO19 8SQ, 2003.
[6] "Quasar Absorption Lines" http://astro.berkeley.edu/~ay216/08/NOTES/Lecture26-08.pdf,1996.
[7] Sloan Digital Sky Survey http://www.sdss.org
Authors
Bushra Q. Al-Abudi received Ph.D. degree in Astronomy in 2002 fromUniversity of Baghdad, College of
Science, Department of Astronomy and Space . Currently she is professor in Astronomy department and her
research interests include spectroscopy and photometry analysis of binary stars.
Nuha S. Fouad received B.Sc. degrees in Astronomy in 2012 fromuniversity of Baghdad, College of Science,
Department of Astronomy and Space. Currently she is M.Sc. student in Astronomy department.