Aim: To prepare a standard solution of sodium carbonate

Observation:
Add 2.7 grams of sodium
Used 200 ml of solution in total
The sodium carbonate did not initial dissolve in de-ionised water but after stirring it became
a clear solution.
Calculation:
The mass of sodium carbonate used- 2.7grams
Mole of sodium carbonate- 2.7/106 =0.025mole
Concentration of sodium carbonate= 0.025/0.25= 0.1 mole/litre
Discussion:
The sodium carbonate was able to used to prepare the primary standard solution because of the
following:
1. High purity
2. Atmospheric stability
3. Absence of hydrate water
4. Readily available at a modest cost
5. Reasonable solution in the titration medium
6. Reasonably large molar mass
There was many sources of error in the experiment such as adding too much water to the solution,
not completely dissolving the sodium carbonate in the solution and some of the sodium carbonate
was left in the funnel.
Conclusion:
A standard solution of sodium carbonate was formed.





Purpose:
To determine the concentration of hydrochloric acid solution.
Observations:
The Sodium carbonate turned yellow and showed that it was a base.
The 20 ml of sodium carbonate turned pink when HCL was add and showed us that that was
more HCL than base.
Results:

First titre Second titre Third titre
Final titre 9.7ml 9.8ml 9.9ml

Mean titre= 9.8 ml
Calculation:
Balanced equation:
Na
2
CO
3
+HCL

NaCl+ H
2
O+CO
2

Mole of 200 ml of sodium carbonate= 0.025mole
Concentration of sodium carbonate = 0.1mole/litre
Concentration of in 20 ml of sodium carbonate= 0.1 x 0.002=0.002
Number of mole of HCL= 0.002 x 2=0.004
Concentration of HCL= 0.004/0.0098= 0.41 moles/litres.
Discussion:
I found the concentration of the HCl to be 0.41 mole/litre which is really close to the actual molar
concentration of HCl which is 0.45 moles/litre. The reason for the error can be attributed to lack of
accuracy in measurements, excess HCl added and not rinsing the pipette and burette properly. It is a
waste of time to weigh out accurately a primary standard of doubtful purity because it has error and
hence you will have many errors and will not have the accurate concentration of the HCl. Sodium
carbonate is used because it does not decompose or react with the air to produce excess amount of
water within the Sodium carbonate. However if sodium hydroxide is to be used it would result in the
formation of excess water within it. Therefore the concentration of the primary standard would be
highly inaccurate. The difference between precision and accuracy I that precision is the method of
getting result which are relatively close without a point of reference while accuracy is the methods
of getting the measurement relatively close with each other with a point of reference.
Conclusion:
The concentration of HCl was found to be 0.41 mole/litre which is close to the actual concentration
of 0.45moles/litres.