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FORM 1
CHAPTER 1
Mass
Mass is the quantity of matter in an object.
SI unit : Kilogram (kg)
Lever balance

Weight
Weight is the pull of gravity on an object
SI unit : Newton (N)
Spring balance

Basic physical quantities & S.I.

Physical
quantities
SI Unit
Length Metre (m)
Mass Kilogram (kg)
Time Second (s)
Temperature Kelvin (K)
Electric current Ampere (A)

Measuring tools
Length :
Measuring tape
Metre rule
Calipers

Measure area of irregular shape:
Graph paper
Measure volume of liquid:
Measuring cylinder
Burette
Pipette

CHAPTER 2

Structure of cell and its function









Unicellular organism
Plant :
Chlamydomonas
Yeast
Euglena

Animal :
Amoeba
Paramecium
Plasmodium

Multicellular organisms:
Plant :
Spirogyra
Sea weed
Grass

Animal :
Eagle
Squirrel
Ant
Nucleus
Cell control centre
Cell membrane
Controls the entry and exit of
materials from the cell
Cytoplasm
Stores dissolved materials
Chloroplast
Produces chlorophyll
Vacuole
Contains water and
solute
Cell wall
Maintains the shape of
the cell

READ,UNDERSTAND.REMEMBER!!!!!!

PMR
SCIENCE


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Cell organisation
Cell Tissue Organ System Organism

System and function
Skeleton system:
Protects internal organs and gives support to the body
Blood circulation system:
Transport dissolved food, gases, and waste materials
Nervous system:
Conveys nerve impulses and reacts to stimuli
Reproductive system:
Produces reproductive cells
Respiratory system:
Enables the exchange of gases with the surroundings
Excretory system:
Removes wastes materials from the body
Digestive system:
Breaks up food into simples form to be absorbed and used by the
body
Muscular system:
Moves the parts of the body

CHAPTER 3
What is matter?
Matter is everything that has mass and occupies space
Matter is made up of tiny particles
Matter exist in either:
Solid: Liquid : Gas :




Particles
vibrate in
their
position
Particles
move
gliding
among each
other
Particles
move fast
and
randomly
Density:
Density is the mass per unit volume of a substance.
Unit : g/cm
3

Density formula:



CHAPTER 4
Basic resources of earth :
Water
Air
Soil
Living things
Minerals
Fossil fuels

Classification of matter:
Matter is classified into:

1. Element

Substance which is made up of one type of particle only
2. Compound
Substance that is made up of two or more types of elements.
Chemically combined
Separation method : electrolysis
3. Mixture
Substance that consist of two or more substance
Joined physically
Separation method :
o Distillation
o Filtration
CHAPTER 5
Contents of air:
Nitrogen : 78%
Oxygen : 21%
Carbon dioxide : 0.03%
Inert gases : 0.9%
Microorganisms
Water vapour
Dust

Density = ____mass of substance (g)___
Volume of substance (cm
3
)
Metal
Non - Metal
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Properties of oxygen:
Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas
slightly on water
no effect on litmus paper
supports combustion and respiration
Confirmation test for Oxygen:
Glowing wooden splinter:
Presence of oxygen causes the glowing wooden splinter to
ignites.
Properties of carbon dioxide:
Colourless, odourless and tasteless gas
Slightly soluble in water
Very soluble in sodium hydroxide
Changes moist blue litmus paper from blue to red
Confirmation test for carbon dioxide:
Limewater test:
Carbon dioxide turns the limewater cloudy
Respiration








Comparison between inhaled and exhaled air:
Inhaled Exhaled
Nitrogen 78% Nitrogen 78%
Inert gases 0.9% Inert gases 0.9%
Oxygen 21% Oxygen 16%
Carbon dioxide
0.03%
Carbon dioxide
0.03%

Combustion:





CHAPTER 6
FORMS of energy:
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Heat energy
Light energy
Chemical energy
Sound energy
Electrical energy
Nuclear energy

Potential energy:
Energy stored in an object due to its position or condition
Kinetic energy:
Energy stored in any moving object
Heat energy:
Is a type of energy that rises the temperature of an object.
Light energy:
Energy that enables us to see
Chemical energy:
Energy stored in chemical substances
Eq: Food, battery, fuel
Sound energy:
Energy that is produced in vibrating object
Electrical energy:
Is produced by an electric charge or current
Nuclear energy:
Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

SOURCES of Energy:
Fossil fuels
Biomass fuels
Wind
Water
Sun
Radioactive substances
Geothermal energy



Oxygen



Glucose
Carbon dioxide

Energy

water
Glucose + oxygen water + carbon dioxide + energy
Carbon + oxygen Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide
Hydrocarbon + oxygen Light E. + Heat E. + carbon dioxide + water
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Renewable & Non-renewable energy sources
Renewable energy sources:
Solar
Water
Wind
Biomass
Geothermal
Wave/tidal

Non-renewable:
fossil fuels
radioactive substances

CHAPTER 7
heat is a form of energy
heat can be produced by the following ways:
o rubbing two objects together
o burning objects
o electricity that runs through a coiled wire
heat causes solids, liquids and gases to expand and contract
differences between heat and temperature
Heat Temperature
A form of energy The degree of
hotness or coldness
of a substance
Unit = Joule (J) Unit = Kelvins (K)

Heat flows in three different ways:
1. Conduction
is the flow of heat through solid
2. Convection
is the flow of heat through fluids such as in gases and in liquids
3. Radiation
is the transfer of heat through vacuum
(Heat flows from hotter area to colder area)

Land breeze:



Sea breeze:





Physical process that involved in the change of states of matter.









Absorption of heat:
Durk and dull objects absorbs heat better than shiny objects
Gives out heat:
A dull, dark surface, gives out heat better than white shiny
surface.

FORM 2
CHAPTER 1
Sensory organs:
Skin:
sense of touch
Stimuli : hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch
Nose:
sense of smell
Stimuli : Chemical substance in the air
Tongue:
Sense of taste
Stimuli:Chemical substance in the food
Ear:
sense of hearing
Stimuli: sound
Eye:
sense of sight
Stimuli: light
At night
Sea is warmer than land
Cool air from land flows to
the sea as land breeze
solid
Liquid
Gas
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Properties of light:
light can be reflected and refracted
Defects of vision:
1. long sighted
Can see far objects clearly
Image formed behind retina
Causes:
- eyeball too small/short
- lens too thin
correction Use convex lens
2. short sighted
can see near objects clearly
image formed infront of retina
causes:
- eye ball too big/long
- Lens too thick
correction use concave lens
Properties of sound:
is a form of energy
produced by vibrating objects
travels in the form of waves
can be reflected (echo)
can be absorbed
can only travel through medium
cannot travel through vacuum

Stimuli and responses in plants:
Phototropism:
Stimuli Light
Response to obtain sunlight
Geotropism:
Stimuli gravity
Response to root itself firmly in the soil/to obtain mineral salts
and water
Hydrotropism:
stimuli water
Response to obtain water and mineral salts
Thigmotropism:
Stimuli touch
Response to obtain support and light

CHAPTER 2
Classes of food:
Carbohydrate:
supply energy
Protein:
needed for growth
produce new cells
fats:
insulator of heat for the body
supply energy
water:
helps transport excretory products from cells to excretory organs
helps the digestion of food
vitamins:
maintain good health
Minerals:
maintain good health
Fibre:
helps in peristalsis
prevents constipation

FOOD TESTS
Starch:
a few drops of iodine solution is added to food sample
+ve result = It turns Dark Blue
Glucose:
Benedicts Solution is added to the food sample and heated
+ve result = Brick red precipitate formed
Protein:
Millons reagent is added to the food sample and heated
+ve result = Brick red precipitate formed
Fats:
A little food sample is placed on a piece of filter paper
+ve result = A translucent spot is detected.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM



Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum
Small intestine Large intestine Rectum
Anus
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END PRODUCT OF DIGESTION
Starch glucose
Protein amino acids
Fat Fatty acid + glycerol

CHAPTER 3
Animal kingdom:

































Plant Kingdom














CHAPTER 4
Species:
A group of the same kind of organisms with common
characteristics
Population :
a group of organisms of the same species living and
reproducing in a defined area
Community :
is made up of different populations of organisms living
together in a habitat
Ecosystem :
consists of plants, animals and the non-living environment
interacting with each other for living
Habitat :
a place where an organism lives

Interaction between living organism:
1. Prey-predator
Predator : animal that hunts other animals for food
Prey : The animal being hunted
(hubungan pemangsa-mangsa)
2. Symbiosis
a) Commensalism
Vertebrates:
Have backbones
Inverertebrates:
No backbones
Mammals
Body covered with hair/fur
Breath through lungs
Give birth to young alive
Birds
Body covered with feathers
Breath through lungs
Lay eggs
Have wings
Reptiles
Body covered with dry scales
Lay eggs
Amphibians
Live on both land and water
Breath through lungs &
moist skin
Have moist skin
Lay eggs
Fish
Live in water
Breath through gills
Body covered with slimy
scales
Have fins
Breath
Through
lungs
Warm
Blooded
Flowering plant Non-Flowering plant
Monocotyledons
(Plants with only one cotyledon)
Leaves with parallel veins
Have fibrous roots
Eq: Paddy,oil palm, maize
Dicotyledons
(Plants with two cotyledon)
Have net veined leaves
Have tap roots
Eq: beans, hibiscus, rubber
trees
Ferns
Mosses
Fungi
Algae
Conifer
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satu pihak mendapat faedah dan pihak yang satu lagi tidak
ada kesan ve atau +ve
b) Mutualism
Kedua-dua pihak mendapat faedah
c) Parasitism
Satu pihak mendapat mendapat faedah dan satu pihak rugi
3. Competition
interaksi antara organisma untuk keperluan yang sama

Biological control
is a control of pests by the introduction of their natural
enemy
Food web
Producer (Selalunya tumbuhan)
Primary consumer (Yang memakan tumbuhan-Producer)
Secondary consumer(Yang memakan Primary consumer)
Tertiary consumer(Yang memakan Secondary consumer)
Decomposers (pengurai bahan atau organisma yang sudah
mati)
Photosynthesis
merupakan process membuat makanan oleh tumbuhan hijau



Conservation
means proper management on the use of natural resources to
maintain future accessibility
Preservation
Measures taken to maintain living organisms and the natural
environment in their natural balance state

CHAPTER 5
Physical characteristics of water
water can exist in 3 states : Solid, liquid, gas
Colourless, tasteless, odourless at room temperature
Freezing point of pure water : 0
o
C
Boiling point of pure water : 100
o
C
Density of pure water : 1 g/cm
3


Test for presence of water:
Cobalt chloride paper changes from blue to pink
Composition of water
Water is a compound, made up of 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1
atom of oxygen
H2O
Evaporation
is a process by which liquid changes into water vapour at any
temperature
Factors affecting evaporation:
o Surface area
o Humidity
o Movement of air
o Temperature of surroundings
Solution & Solubility
a) Solution
a mixture of solute and solvent
b) Solvent
Liquid that dissolves a substance
c) Solute
A substance that is dissolved)
1. Dilute solution
a solution that contains very little solute
2. Concentrated solution
Solution that contain a lot of solute
3. Saturated solution
Solution that contains the maximum amount of solute and
cannot dissolve any more solute

Factors affecting solubility
Nature of the solute
Nature of the solvent
Temperature of the solvent
ACID
Taste sour
Corrosive
pH less than 7
Change wet blue litmus paper to red

Carbon
dioxide
Water glucose Oxygen
+
+
sunlight
chlorophyll
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ALKALIS
Taste bitter and soapy
Corrosive
pH more than 7
Change wet blue litmus paper to red
PURIFICATION
1. Filtration
strength Remove large insoluble solids
Cant remove dissolve substance & microorganism
2. Boiling
Strengh kills microorganisms
Cant remove insoluble particles & dissolve substance
3. Distillation
Strengh removes insoluble and dissolve substance/ removes
microorganisms
Tasteless
4. Chlorination
Strengh kills microorganism
Cant remove insoluble particles & dissolved substance

CHAPTER 6
Kinetic theory of gas
gas particles move freely in all direction
Gas particles collide with the wall of the container and bounce
back
A force is exerted by the particles onto the wall
This force produces a pressure on the walls of the container
Factors affecting Air pressure (AP)
Volume Temperature
Volume = AP

Temperature = AP
Volume = AP

Temperature = AP

CHAPTER 7
FORCE
Is an act of push and pull
Cannot be seen
EFFECT can be seen or felt
Has magnitude and direction
TYPE OF FORCE
Frictional force
o Occurs when two surface in contact
o Always opposes the motion of the object
o Acts in the opposite direction to movement
o Can slow down or stop moving object
Gravitational force
o Force that pull objects to the earth
o Causes all objects to have weight
Electrostatic force
o Force of attraction or repulsion between charged substance
o Enables charge substance to attract neutral substance such
as small pieces of paper
o Same charges repel each other
o Different charges attract each other
Magnetic force
o Enables a magnet to attract magnetic substances like iron,
nickel and cobalt
WORK
Work is said to be done when a force moves an object over a
distance in the direction of the force
Equation for calculating work done:


POWER
Power is the rate of doing work, which means the amount of
work done per unit time.
Power can be calculated using the equation:



CHAPTER 8
Vertebrates have
1. Endoskeleton
also known as internal skeleton
Made up of bones and cartilage
Invertebrates have
1. Exoskeleton
Made of cuticle or calcium carbonate
Examples animals: centipede, ant, crab
Work (joule) = Force (Newton) x distance (metre)
Power (watts)
Work done (joules)
Time taken (seconds)
=
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2. Hydrostatic skeleton
Consist of a muscular wall which encloses a body cavity that is
filled with fluid
This body fluid pressure gives support and shape to the animal
Examples animals: earthworm, leech, jellyfish
SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS
Buttress Root
thick and wide roots that grow from the stem above the ground
e.q: Angsana tree, durian tree
Prop roots
Roots which grow from the stem or branches
E.q.: pandan plant, maize plant
Prickles
An outgrouwth of the epidermis and can be easily removed from
the stem.
E.q: Rose
Tendrils
Curly string-like structures modified from stems and leaves
Curl and twine round parts of other plants or objects to help the
plant to climb
E.q: Cucumber plant, bitter gourd, pumpkin
Stilt roots
Roots that develop from the main stem and grow into the ground
for support.
E.q: Mangrove tree (Bakau)
Clasping roots
Roots that grip onto other plants or structure to get support
E.q: betel vine (sirih), orchid
Thorns (duri)
Sharp modified branches that cannot be easily removed
Act as hooks to hold on to supports.
E.q: Bouganvillea (Bunga Kertas)

CHAPTER 9
The point of equilibrium
is the point where the whole weight of an object appears to act
on.
It is also the point which an object can be balanced on and it is
present in all objects.
It is also known as the centre of gravity of the object

FACTORS AFFECTING THE STABILITY OF AN OBJECT
1. The position of the centre of gravity.
the lower the centre of gravity, the more stable the object
2. The base area
The wider the base area, the more stable the object

CHAPTER 10
LEVER
is a simple machine
makes work easier
have 3 parts :
o F = Fulcrum
o E = Effort
o L = Load
CLASSES OF LEVER
Notice the middle part of the lever
L F E = 1
st
class

F L E = 2
nd
class

F E L = 3
rd
class

THE MOMENT OF FORCE
The SI unit for moment of force
= Newton-metre (Nm)
Formula for moment of force:




LEVER IN EQUILIBRIUM
when a lever is in equilibrium, the sum of the anticlockwise
moments is equal to the sum of the clockwise moments.
The principle of moments can be represented by the following
formula:




Moment of force
(Nm)
Force
(N)
X
=
Perpendicular distance from the
pivot to the force
(m)
Load
(L)
Effort
(E)
X =
Distance of load
from the fulcrum
X
Distance of effort
from the fulcrum
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