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1. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
2. DIMENSIONS AND MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
2.1 PD diagonal tie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
2.2 PT ladder tie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
2.3 Beam tie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
2.4 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
3. MANUFACTURING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
3.1 Manufacturing method and markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
3.2 Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
3.3 Quality control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
4. CAPACITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
4.1 Welding joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
4.2 Anchoring the cross joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
5. DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
5.1 Selecting the type of tie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
5.2 Positioning of the ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
5.3 Requirements for concrete and reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
5.4 The quantity of the diagonals in PT ladder ties and c/c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
6. INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Page
Ties are connecting reinforcement which allows you to join sandwich panels
concrete layers together. Sandwich panels can be divided in to two groups
according to their structural composition:
Panels, where the layers work together. Compression capacity is greater.
Panels, where the internal layer is the supporting structure. The external layer
is hung by connecting reinforcement from the internal layer.
PD diagonal ties are
designed to join sandwich
panel concrete layers
together. By using diagonal
ties to connect layers to
each other the compression
capacity increases.
Figure 1 Pre-cast wall element with diagonal ties
PT ladder ties are only used to hang the external layer to the internal layer.
Compression capacity depends on the elements internal layer. The structure of the
ladder tie is flexible. By using the ladder tie you can allow for movement caused by
heat and humidity transfer more effectively than with diagonal tie. This reduces
external cracking. You can also reduce external cracking by using sufficient
reinforcement or expansion joint.
Table 1 Dimensions [mm] of the PD diagonal tie
PD ties standard length is 2400 mm. PD ties can be manufactured in multiples of
300 mm. Ties H
min
is 120 mm and H
max
is 320 mm.
1. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM
2. DIMENSIONS AND MATERIALS
2.1 PD diagonal tie
3
ties H (bars c/c) L
advisable insulation
thickness
PD 150 150 90
PD 180 180 120
PD 200 200 140 - 145
PD 210 210 150
PD 220 220 160
PD 240 240 180
2
4
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2
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L = 2400 or 2950
H
INTERNAL BAR
EXTERNAL BAR
300 300
D
I
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A
L
Table 2 Dimensions [mm] of the PT ladder tie
PT ties are made to order. PT ties can be manufactured in multiples of 300 mm. Ties
Hmin is 80 mm and Hmax is 320 mm. Diagonal reinforcement amount and position
can be chosen when ordering. In 2500 mm ties one diagonal is standard and in
2800 mm ties two are standard. One diagonal consists of one bent bar.
Beam ties can be used in low structures e.g. door and window beams and also in
low foundation elements.
Table 3 Dimensions [mm] of the beam tie
2.2 PT ladder tie
4
2.3 Beam tie
2.4 Materials
ties H (bars c/c) L advisable insulation thickness
PT 150 150 90
PT 180 180 120
PT 200 200 140 - 145
PT 210 210 150
PT 220 220 160
PT 240 240 180
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L = 2500 or 2800
300
H
EXTERNAL BAR
INTERNAL BAR
C
R
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S
S
B
A
R
D
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L
top
bottom
E
X
T
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B
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B
A
R
ties
H (bars c/c) advisable insulation thickness
beam tie 150 150 90
beam tie 180 180 120
beam tie 200 200 140 - 145
beam tie 210 210 150
beam tie 220 220 160
beam tie 240 240 180
beam tie 260 260 200
beam tie 280 280 220
Table 4 Materials
Table 5 Standards of the materials
tie internal bar external bar diagonal cross bar
PDM
5 mm B500K
5 mm B500K
5 mm 1.4301 - PD
5 mm B600KX
PDR 5 mm B600KX
PTM
5 mm B500K
5 mm B500K
5 mm B600KX 5 mm B600KX PT
5 mm B600KX
PTR 5 mm B600KX
beam tie 5 mm B600KX 5 mm B600KX 5 mm B600KX -
material standard strength
5 mm B500K SFS 1257 f
yk
500 N/mm
2
5 mm B600KX SFS 1259
0,2
600 N/mm
2
5 mm 1.4301 EN 10088-3
0,2
500 N/mm
2
Ties are produced by using automatic resistance welding and are cut mechanically
to length.
The bar is ribbed bar which has the manufacturers markings 6 + 6 + 2. The mark is
repeated every half a meter. Each pile of ties is marked with the SFS-mark, the
emblem of Terspeikko Oy, the type of the product and year and a week of
manufacturing.
PD and PT ties have yellow paint marks at both ends of external bar. PDR and PTR
ties have yellow paint marks at both ends of the external bar as well as on the
diagonal or on the outermost cross bar.
Length 10 mm
Width 5 mm
Diagonal or cross bar distance 5 mm
Diagonals straightness between bars 2 mm
The welding joint is tested according to SFS 1201 standard.
The quality control involved in producing the steel parts conforms to the requirements
set by the Finnish Code of Building Regulations. Terspeikko Oy is under the SFS-
Certification for quality control. PD diagonal ties and PT ladder ties have certified
product declarations confirmed by the Concrete Association of Finland.
The welding joint between diagonal and bar
The welding joint between cross bar and bar
3. MANUFACTURING
3.1 Manufacturing method and markings
3.2 Tolerances
3.3 Quality control
4.1 Welding joints
4.2 Anchoring the cross joint
4. CAPACITIES
5
Characteristic tensile capacity F
uk
7,0 kN
Capacity value F
ud
5,6 kN
Characteristic tensile capacity F
uk
2,0 kN
Capacity value F
ud
1,6 kN
The anchor depth of bars 15 mm (+ 5) 25 mm ( 5)
Characteristic tensile capacity F
uk
4,7 kN 7,0 kN
Capacity value F
ud
3,8 kN 5,6 kN
6
In load bearing wall elements the internal layer is the compressed load bearing
structure. With stiff PD ties the layers can be made to work together and the
compression capacity of the element is increased. Because the internal layer is thin
therefore its stability limits its capacity.
In hung and light loaded wall elements its enough that the external layer is hung
from the internal layer. Then there is no need for the layers to work together. You can
use either PD diagonals ties or PT ladder ties as a connecting reinforcement.
The c/c of the ties bars is selected according to insulation thickness and required
anchoring depth. Recommended width for the tie is insulation thickness +60 mm,
which means that the anchoring depth of the bar is 25 mm.
In load bearing wall elements where the layers work together the PD diagonal ties
c/c is 600 mm. You have to pay attention to the effect that openings cause. In
narrow spaces (300 600 mm) two ties are used. The layers working together in
spaces below 300 mm usually cannot be used.
In the hung external layers usually the c/c of the ties is the same as the insulation
width.
The outermost ties distance from the elements edge has to be between 100 300
mm. Ties distance from upper and bottom edge has to be 200 mm. Placing the
ties near the element edge, will reduce element edges from bending. The smallest
c/c of the ties is 100 mm.
The concrete strength of the element has to be at least K15 before removing the
element from the mold. The element is lifted up by both layers.
Distances between diagonals in PD and cross bars in PT are designed for c/c 150
meshes. This way the ties never change the position of the mesh.
The designer has to take care of the concrete cover thickness. In environment class
Y2 the concrete cover thickness is required to be 25 mm. When using stainless steel
mesh concrete cover thickness of 15 mm is enough. This makes possible for using
thin external layers.
5. DESIGN
5.1 Selecting the type of tie
5.2 Positioning of the ties
5.3 Requirements for concrete and reinforcement
The quantity of the diagonals is designed according to the weight of the external
layer and depends on the amount of tension bars. Compression due to the weight of
the external layer is transmitted by the insulation, cross bars and compressed bar of
the diagonal.
Figure 2 Quantity of the diagonals in the PT ladder tie
The cross bars of the ladder tie transmits wind loads and stops wrapping of the
external layer. Additional load to the cross bar is caused by the insulations elastic
compression. When using bigger than c/c 600 mm for ladder ties, the interaction of
the insulations compression and wind load with thick concrete layers has to be
considered.
The ties are installed into fresh concrete in turns with insulation panels. This way it
can be ensured that the proper anchoring of the tie occurs in the lower layer. Ties
are not allowed to be inserted through the insulation. Designed anchoring length
(usually 25 mm) of the tie has to stay above the insulation. The insulation panel is
installed tightly against the tie so that there is no air gap around the tie.
PD and PT ties have yellow paint marks at both ends of external bar. PDR and PTR
ties have yellow paint marks at both ends of the external bar as well as on the
diagonal or on the outermost cross bar. Stainless steel bar is meant for the external
layer of the sandwich panel.
The erection of elements has to be done according to designs.
7
5.4 The quantity of the diagonals in PT ladder ties and c/c
6. INSTALLATION
50 60 70 80 90 100
Thickness of the external layer t [mm]
2 diagonals /
3 diagonals /
50 60 70 80 90 100
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Thickness of the external layer t [mm]
T
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m
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2 diagonals /
3 diagonals /
50 60 70 80 90 100
Thickness of the external layer t [mm]
Ties centre distance 600
2 diagonals /
tie
1 diagonal /
tie
1 diagonal /
tie
1 diagonal /
tie
Ties centre distance 900 Ties centre distance 1200
tie
tie
tie
tie
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P.O.Box 104, Vipusenkatu 20, FIN-15101 LAHTI, FINLAND
Tel. +358 (0)3 812 311, Sales Fax +358 (0)3 733 1134
Technical Support Fax +358 (0)3 812 3260
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