Comparative Evaluation of Power Plant

ComparativeEvaluationofPower
PlantswithCO2Capture:
Thermodynamic,Economicand
EnvironmentalPerformance
Dissertation
Dipl.Ing.FontinaPetrakopoulou
Berlin

ComparativeEvaluationofPowerPlants
withCO2Capture:Thermodynamic,
EconomicandEnvironmentalPerformance
vorgelegtvon
DiplomIngenieurin
FontinaPetrakopoulou
ausGriechenland
vonderFakulttIIIProzesswissenschaften
derTechnischenUniversittBerlin
zurErlangungdesakademischenGrades
DoktorderIngenieurwissenschaften
Dr.Ing.
genehmigteDissertation
Promotionsausschuss
Vorsitzender:Prof.Dr.Ing.FelixZiegler
Berichter:Prof.Dr.Ing.GeorgiosTsatsaronis
Berichter:Prof.Dr.Ing.GnterWozny
TagderwissenschaftlichenAussprache:6.12.2010
Berlin,2011
D83
Foreword
This work has been conducted during my stay as a research assistant at the Institute for
EnergyEngineeringandProtectionoftheEnvironmentaloftheTechnischeUniversittBerlin.
DuringtheperiodofSeptember2006September2009,thisresearchwassupportedbythe
European Commissions Marie Curie 6th Framework Programme of the CT2005019296
INSPIREtrainingnetwork.
Withthisopportunity,Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetothepeoplethatfacilitatedthe
completionofthiswork.
IammostespeciallygratefultoProfessorGeorgeTsatsaronis,whosupervisedthisworkand
was always willing, helpful, creative and patient. His support was the most important
motivatortocompletethiswork.
Professor Tatiana Morosuk was always present and willing to assist. Her energy and
excitementbrightenedsomecloudydays!
IwouldliketothankProfessorGnterWoznyforthereviewofthisthesis.Iamalsothankful
toProfessorFelixZieglerforhiswillingnesstochairmythesisdefence.
I am indebted to the students that contributed to this work: Anna Carrasai, Christopher
Paitazoglou,CostanzaPiancastelli,FoteiniKokkali,IvanGallioandMarleneCabrera.
Special thanks to my colleagues from the INSPIRE network and the Institute for Energy
Engineering and Protection of the Environmental for the fruitful collaboration, eventful
meetingsandniceexperiencesgathered.MycloseandfulfillingcollaborationwithDr.Alicia
BoyanoLarribadeservesaspecialreference.
ForthecomfortofapersonallicenceforthesoftwareEbsilonProfessionalbyEvonikEnergy
ServicesGmbH,Iamverygrateful.
I truly appreciate the help from my companion, Alex Robinson. Without his presence and
support, the completion of this work would have been more difficult and definitely not as
fun!
Finally,Iwouldliketothankmyfamilyfortheirunderstandingandeternalencouragement.
Berlin,October2010
FontinaPetrakopoulou
InmemoryofMatteoMilanesi
Synopsis
CCS(CarbonCaptureandSequestration)intheenergysectorisseenasabridgetechnologyfor
CO2 mitigation, due to the evergrowing environmental impact of anthropogenicemitted
greenhouse gases. In this work, eight power plant concepts using CO2 capture technologies
areassessedbasedontheirefficiency,economicfeasibilityandenvironmentalfootprint.
Exergybased analyses are used for evaluating the considered power plants through
comparison with a reference plant without CO2 capture. While conventional exergybased
analysesprovideimportantinformationthatcanleadtoimprovementsinplantperformance,
additional insight about individual components and the interactions among equipment can
aid further assessment. This led to the development of advanced exergybased analyses, in
whichtheexergydestruction,aswellastheassociatedcostsandenvironmentalimpactsare
split into avoidable/unavoidable and endogenous/exogenous parts. Based on the avoidable
parts,thepotentialforimprovementisrevealed,whilebasedontheendogenous/exogenous
parts,thecomponentinteractionsareobtained.
AmongtheexaminedplantswithCO2capture,themostefficientarethoseworkingwith
oxyfueltechnology.Anexergoeconomicanalysisshowsaminimumincreaseintherelative
investmentcost(in/kW)of80%fortheconventionalapproach(chemicalabsorption)andan
increaseof86%fortheoxyfuelplantwithchemicalloopingcombustion.Thelattershowsa
somewhatdecreasedenvironmentalimpactwhencomparedtothatofthereferenceplant.On
the contrary, the plant with chemical absorption results in a higher environmental penalty
duetoitshighefficiencypenalty.Therefore,acceptingthatallassumptionsanddatarelated
tothecalculationsoftheenvironmentalimpactsarereliable,efficiencyimprovementseemsto
be a more significant factor in potentially decreasing a plants environmental impact. With
advanced exergybased analyses, interdependencies among components are identified, and
the real potential for cost and environmentalrelated improvement is revealed. A common
trend for all plants examined is that most thermodynamic inefficiencies are caused by the
internaloperationofthecomponents.Additionally,avoidablequantitiesaregenerallyfound
to be low for components with high costs and environmental impacts, leaving a relatively
narrowwindowofimprovementpotential.
Synopsis
iv
TableofContents
1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................1
2. CO2capturefrompowerplants ..................................................................................................5
2.1
Carboncaptureandstorage(CCS)...................................................................................5
2.1.1
CO2capture ...........................................................................................................5
2.1.2
CO2transport ........................................................................................................7
2.1.3
CO2storage............................................................................................................7
2.2
StateoftheartofCCS.........................................................................................................8
2.3
Theplantsconsideredinthisstudy ...............................................................................12
2.3.1
Thereferenceplant.............................................................................................15
2.3.2
The plant with chemical absorption using monoethanolamine (MEA

plant) ....................................................................................................................16
2.3.3
Thesimpleoxyfuelconcept .............................................................................18
2.3.4
TheSGrazcycle .................................................................................................19
2.3.5
Theadvancedzeroemissionplantwith100%CO2capture(AZEP100) ....20
2.3.6
Theadvancedzeroemissionplantwith85%CO2capture(AZEP85) ........21
2.3.7
Theplantwithchemicalloopingcombustion(CLCplant) ..........................22
2.3.8
The plant using a methane steam reforming membrane with

hydrogenseparation(MSRplant) ....................................................................24
2.3.9
Theplantusinganautothermalreformer(ATRplant) .................................26
2.4
Simulationsoftware..........................................................................................................27
2.5
Preliminarycomparison...................................................................................................27
2.5.1
Simulationresults...............................................................................................27
2.5.2
Additionalconsiderations .................................................................................28
3. Methodologyexergybasedanalyses....................................................................................31
3.1
Stateoftheart ....................................................................................................................31
3.2
Conventionalexergybasedanalyses..............................................................................33
3.2.1
Exergeticanalysis ................................................................................................33
3.2.2
Exergyandeconomics ........................................................................................35
TableofContents
vi
3.2.3
3.2.2.1
Economicanalysis............................................................................. 35
3.2.2.2
Exergoeconomicanalysis................................................................. 36
Exergyandenvironmentalimpacts ................................................................. 38
3.2.3.1
Lifecycleassessment........................................................................ 38
3.2.3.2
Exergoenvironmentalanalysis........................................................ 39
3.3 Advancedexergybasedanalyses ...................................................................................... 41

3.3.1
3.3.2
Advancedexergeticanalysis............................................................................. 42
3.3.1.1
Splittingtherateofexergydestruction ......................................... 42
3.3.1.2
Splitting the avoidable and unavoidable rates of exergy

destructionintoendogenousandexogenousparts ..................... 43
3.3.1.3
Calculatingthetotalavoidableexergydestruction ..................... 43
Advancedexergoeconomicanalysis ................................................................ 44
3.3.2.1
Splittingthecostratesofinvestmentandexergydestruction.... 45
3.3.2.2
Calculatingthetotalratesofavoidablecosts................................ 44
3.3.3 Advancedexergoenvironmentalanalysis....................................................... 47
3.3.3.1
Calculating the total avoidable environmental impact of

pollutantformationandexergydestruction................................. 47
4. Applicationoftheexergybasedanalysestotheplants ...................................................... 51
4.1
Conventionalexergybasedanalyses ............................................................................ 51
4.1.1
Exergeticanalysis............................................................................................... 51
4.1.2
Exergyandeconomics....................................................................................... 54
4.1.3
4.2
4.1.2.1
Resultsoftheeconomicanalysis .................................................... 54
4.1.2.2
Resultsoftheexergoeconomicanalysis......................................... 55
4.1.2.3
Sensitivityanalyses........................................................................... 58
Exergyandenvironmentalimpacts ................................................................ 59
4.1.3.1
Resultsofthelifecycleassessment ................................................ 59
4.1.3.2
Resultsoftheexergoenvironmentalanalysis ............................... 60
4.1.3.3
Sensitivityanalyses........................................................................... 61
Advancedexergybasedanalyses .................................................................................. 70
4.2.1
4.2.2
Advancedexergeticanalysis ............................................................................ 70
4.2.1.1
Applicationoftheadvancedexergeticanalysis ........................... 70
4.2.1.2
Splittingtheexergydestruction...................................................... 74
4.2.1.3
Splittingtheexogenousexergydestruction.................................. 77
4.2.1.4
Calculatingthetotalavoidablerateofexergydestruction ......... 78
Advancedexergoeconomicanalysis ............................................................... 79
TableofContents
vii
4.2.3
4.2.2.1
Splittingtheinvestmentcostrates ..................................................80
4.2.2.2
Splittingthecostrateofexergydestruction ..................................82
4.2.2.3
Splittingtheexogenouscostratesofinvestmentandexergy
destruction..........................................................................................84
4.2.2.4
Calculating the total avoidable cost rates associated with

plantcomponents ..............................................................................87
Advancedexergoenvironmentalanalysis.......................................................88
4.2.3.1
Splittingtheenvironmentalimpactofexergydestruction..........89
4.2.3.2
Splittingtheenvironmentalimpactofpollutantformation........90
4.2.3.3
Splitting the exogenous environmental impact of exergy

destruction..........................................................................................90
4.2.3.4
Calculating the total avoidable environmental impact of

exergydestruction.............................................................................92
5. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................. 95
5.1.
Exergeticanalysis.............................................................................................................. 96
5.2.
Economicanalysis............................................................................................................. 97
5.3.
Exergoeconomicanalysis................................................................................................. 97
5.4.
Lifecycleassessment........................................................................................................ 97
5.5.
Exergoenvironmentalanalysis........................................................................................ 98
5.6.
Advancedexergeticanalysis ........................................................................................... 98
5.7.
Advancedexergoeconomicanalysis .............................................................................. 98
5.8.
Advancedexergoenvironmentalanalysis ..................................................................... 99
5.9.
Summaryandfuturework .............................................................................................. 99
Appendices
A. Flowchartsandsimulationassumptionsofthepowerplants ......................................... 101

A.1. Thereferenceplant ......................................................................................................... 102
A.2. TheAZEP85 .................................................................................................................... 108
A.3. TheAZEP100 .................................................................................................................. 118
A.4. TheMCMreactor............................................................................................................ 124
A.5. TheCLCplant ................................................................................................................. 125
A.6. TheMEAplant ................................................................................................................ 135
A.7. TheSGrazcycle.............................................................................................................. 145
A.8. TheATRplant ................................................................................................................. 149
A.9. TheMSRplant................................................................................................................. 153
A.10. Thesimpleoxyfuelplant .............................................................................................. 157
TableofContents
viii
B. Assumptionsusedinthesumulationsandtheconventionalanalyses...........................161
B.1
Calculationofefficienciesandpressuredropsforcommoncomponentsofthe
powerplants .................................................................................................................... 161
B.1.1
Compressors and expanders of GT systems (C1 and GT1) and

CO2/H2Oexpanders(GT2).............................................................................. 161
B.1.2 Remainingcompressors.................................................................................. 161

B.1.3 Steamturbines.................................................................................................. 163
B.1.4 Pumps................................................................................................................ 163
B.1.5 Generatorsandmotors.................................................................................... 164
B.1.6 Heatexchangers ............................................................................................... 165
B.1.6.1
Pressuredrops..................................................................................165
B.1.6.2
Minimumtemperaturedifferences(min) ..................................167
B.1.7 Reactors ............................................................................................................. 167

B.2
Applicationoftheconventionalexergybasedmethods .......................................... 168

B.2.1 Applicationoftheexergeticanalysis ............................................................ 168
B.2.2 Applicationoftheeconomicanalysis ........................................................... 168
B.2.3 Applicationoftheexergoeconomicanalysis................................................ 172
B.2.4 ApplicationoftheLCA ................................................................................... 173
B.2.5 Applicationoftheexergoenvironmentalanalysis....................................... 178
C. Designestimatesforconstruction,operationalcostsandenvironmentalimpactof
heatexchangers ....................................................................................................... 179
C.1
Calculationofthesurfacearea,A .................................................................................179
C.1.1 Calculationoftheoverallheattransfercoefficient.......................................179
C.1.1.1
Calculationofthenonluminousheattransfercoefficient, hN .180
C.1.1.2
Calculationoftheconvectiveheattransfercoefficient, hc .........183
C.1.1.3
Calculationofthetubesidecoefficient, hi ..................................185
C.1.2 Designofthetubes ...........................................................................................188

C.1.3 Materials.............................................................................................................189
D. Generalizedcostingequations............................................................................................... 193
References ........................................................................................................................................ 197
ListofFigures
Figure2.1:CO2capturegroupsandtheircharacteristics.................................................................5
Figure2.2:OptionsforgeologicalstorageofCO2 .............................................................................8
Figure2.3:275CCSprojectsofallindustrialsectorsandscales,categorizedbycountry.........10
Figure2.4:Breakdownofthe213active/plannedprojectsclassifiedbycapturetype...............11
Figure2.5:Simplifieddiagramofthereferenceplant ....................................................................15
Figure2.6:SimplifieddiagramoftheMEAplant...........................................................................16
Figure2.7:SimplifieddiagramofaCAU.........................................................................................17
Figure2.8:ExergeticefficiencyandenergyrequirementrelativetotheleansorbentCO2
loading ..............................................................................................................................18
Figure2.9:Simplifieddiagramofthesimpleoxyfuelplant.........................................................18
Figure2.10:SimplifieddiagramoftheSGrazcycle.......................................................................19
Figure2.11:SimplifieddiagramoftheAZEP100...........................................................................20
Figure2.12:StructureoftheMCMreactor.......................................................................................21
Figure2.13:SimplifieddiagramoftheAZEP85.............................................................................22
Figure2.14:ConfigurationoftheCLCunitandthechemicalreactions......................................24
Figure2.15:SimplifieddiagramoftheCLCplant ..........................................................................24
Figure2.16:SimplifieddiagramoftheMSRplant..........................................................................25
Figure2.17:ConfigurationoftheMSRreactorandthechemicalreactions ................................25
Figure2.18:SimplifieddiagramoftheplantwithanATR............................................................26
Figure3.1:GeneralstructureoftheEcoindicator99LCIAmethod ............................................38
Figure3.2:Optionsforsplittingtheexergydestructioninanadvancedexergeticanalysis.....41
Figure4.1:InfluenceoftheinvestmentcostoftheMCMreactor,theCLCreactorsandthe
CAUontheoverallCOEoftherespectiveplants ......................................................59
Figure 4.2: Influence of pollutant formation on the EIE of the reference and MEA0.2
plants, with consideration of an environmental impact of 4.9 Pts/t of CO2
associatedwithtransportandstorage..........................................................................62
Figure 4.3: Influence of pollutant formation (on the EIE of the reference and MEA0.2
plants, without consideration of the environmental impact associated with
CO2transportandstorage..............................................................................................62
Figure4.4:TheGTsystemofthereferenceplant............................................................................73
Figure4.5:TheCLCunitaspartoftheGTsystemoftheCLCplant...........................................73
Figure4.6:TheMCMreactoraspartoftheGTsystemoftheAZEP85 ......................................74
ListofFigures
FigureA.1.1:Structureofthereferenceplant ............................................................................... 102

FigureA.2.1:StructureoftheAZEP85.......................................................................................... 108
FigureA.3.1:StructureoftheAZEP100........................................................................................ 118
FigureA.4.1:TheMCMreactor ...................................................................................................... 124
FigureA.5.1:StructureoftheCLCplant ....................................................................................... 125
FigureA.6.1:StructureoftheMEAplant...................................................................................... 135
FigureA.7.1:StructureoftheSGrazcycle.................................................................................... 145
FigureA.8.1:StructureoftheATRplant ....................................................................................... 149
FigureA.9.1:StructureoftheMSRplant....................................................................................... 153
FigureA.10.1:Thesimpleoxyfuelplant ...................................................................................... 157
FigureB.1:Influenceofmassflowonthepumpefficiency ........................................................ 163
FigureB.2:Influenceofthecapacityonthepumpefficiency..................................................... 165
FigureB.3:Connectionbetweencondenserandcoolingtower ................................................. 173
FigureC.1:GraphsusedfortheestimationofthehNandforbeamlengthevaluation............181
Figure C.2: Estimation of gas emissivity at different flue gas temperatures and beam
lengths............................................................................................................................ 182
FigureC.3:EstimationofthefactorKatdifferentwallandfluegastemperatures .................182
FigureC.4:EstimationofthehNatdifferenttemperaturesandbeamlengths ..........................182
FigureC.5:Estimationofthehcofdifferentgasesatdifferenttemperatures ............................185
FigureC.6:InfluenceofthehoandhivariationontheUo .............................................................185
FigureC.7:Effectoffingeometryonperformance.......................................................................189
ListofTables
Table2.1:Storageoptions.....................................................................................................................7
Table2.2:OperatingCCSprojectsinthepowergenerationindustry............................................9
Table2.3:Operatingcommercialscale,integratedCCSprojects ...................................................9
Table2.4:CompletedCCSprojectsofallindustrialsectors ..........................................................11
Table2.5:Mainoperatingparameters ..............................................................................................13
Table2.6:Efficiency,generatedpower,andinternalpowerconsumptionforthe
consideredplant ................................................................................................................28
Table3.1:Splittingthecosts ............................................................................................................... 46
Table3.2:Splittingtheenvironmentalimpacts ............................................................................... 49
Table4.1:Selectedresultsoftheexergeticanalysis ........................................................................ 51
Table4.2:Selectedresultsoftheeconomicanalysis ....................................................................... 54
Table4.3:SelectedresultsoftheLCA............................................................................................... 60
Table4.4:EnvironmentalimpactofoverallandavoidedpollutantformationduetoCO2
capture................................................................................................................................. 60
Table4.5:Resultsoftheconventionalexergybasedanalysesfortheoverallplants................. 63
Table4.6:Selectedresultsatthecomponentlevelforthereferenceplant .................................. 63
Table4.7:SelectedresultsatthecomponentlevelfortheAZEP85 ............................................. 64
Table4.8:SelectedresultsatthecomponentlevelfortheAZEP100 ........................................... 65
Table4.9:SelectedresultsatthecomponentlevelfortheCLCplant .......................................... 66
Table4.10:SelectedresultsatthecomponentlevelforMEA0.2.................................................. 67
Table4.11:SelectedresultsatthecomponentlevelforMEA0 .................................................... 68
Table4.12:SelectedresultsatthecomponentlevelfortheSGrazcycleandthesimpleoxy
fuelplant............................................................................................................................. 69
Table4.13:SelectedresultsatthecomponentlevelfortheMSRandATRplants ..................... 69
Table4.14:Assumptionsrelatedtothetheoreticalandunavoidableoperationofthe
components ........................................................................................................................ 71
Table4.15:Selectedresultsatthecomponentleveloftheadvancedexergeticanalysis ........... 76
Table4.16:Splittingtheexogenousrateofexergydestruction..................................................... 77
Table4.17:Splittingtherateofexergydestructioncausedbyeachcomponent ........................ 79
Table4.18:Assumptionsforthecalculationoftheunavoidableinvestmentcostrates ............ 80
Table4.19:Splittingtheinvestmentcostrates................................................................................. 81
ListofTables
xii
Table4.20:Selectedresultsfromsplittingtheexergydestructioncostrates...............................83
Table4.21:Selectedresultsfromsplittingtheexogenousinvestmentcostrate..........................85
Table4.22:Selectedresultsfromsplittingtheexogenouscostratesofexergydestruction ......86
Table4.23:Avoidableinvestmentcostrate......................................................................................87
Table4.24:Avoidableexergydestructioncostrate.........................................................................87
Table4.25:Rankingofthecomponentswiththehighesttotalavoidablecostrate ....................88
Table4.26:Selectedresultsfromsplittingtheenvironmentalimpactofexergydestruction ...89
Table4.27:Splittingtheenvironmentalimpactofpollutantformation.......................................90
Table4.28:Selectedresultsfromsplittingtheexogenousenvironmentalimpactofexergy
destruction ..........................................................................................................................91
Table4.29:Avoidableenvironmentalimpactofexergydestruction ............................................92
Table5.1:Thefourmostinfluentialcomponentsasrankedbyeachanalysis.............................95
TableA.1.1:Resultsoftheyearbyyeareconomicanalysisforthereferenceplant................ 103
TableA.1.2:Resultsatthecomponentlevelforthereferenceplant.......................................... 104
TableA.1.3:Resultsatthestreamlevelforthereferenceplant.................................................. 105
TableA.1.4:Splittingtheexergydestructioninthereferenceplant.......................................... 106
TableA.1.5:Splittingtheinvestmentcostrateinthereferenceplant ....................................... 106
TableA.1.6:Splittingthecostrateofexergydestructioninthereferenceplant...................... 107
TableA.1.7:Splittingtheenvironmentalimpactofexergydestructioninthereference
plant .................................................................................................................................. 107
TableA.2.1:ResultsoftheeconomicanalysisfortheAZEP85.................................................. 109
TableA.2.2:ResultsatthecomponentlevelfortheAZEP85..................................................... 110
TableA.2.3:ResultsatthestreamlevelfortheAZEP85 ............................................................ 112
TableA.2.4:SplittingtheexergydestructionintheAZEP85..................................................... 114
TableA.2.5:SplittingtheinvestmentcostrateintheAZEP85 .................................................. 115
TableA.2.6:SplittingthecostrateofexergydestructionintheAZEP85 ................................ 116
TableA.2.7:SplittingtheenvironmentalimpactofexergydestructionintheAZEP85 ....... 117
TableA.3.1:ResultsoftheeconomicanalysisfortheAZEP100................................................ 119
TableA.3.2:ResultsatthecomponentlevelfortheAZEP100................................................... 120
TableA.3.3:ResultsatthestreamlevelfortheAZEP100 .......................................................... 122
TableA.5.1:ResultsoftheeconomicanalysisfortheCLCplant ............................................... 126
TableA.5.2:ResultsatthecomponentlevelfortheCLCplant.................................................. 127
TableA.5.3:ResultsatthestreamlevelfortheCLCplant.......................................................... 129
TableA.5.4:SplittingtheexergydestructionintheCLCplant.................................................. 131
TableA.5.5:SplittingtheinvestmentcostrateintheCLCplant ............................................... 132
TableA.5.6:SplittingthecostrateofexergydestructionintheCLCplant.............................. 133
ListofTables
xiii
TableA.5.7:SplittingtheenvironmentalimpactofexergydestructionintheCLCplant ......134
TableA.6.1:ResultsatthecomponentlevelforMEA0.2............................................................138
TableA.6.2:ResultsatthecomponentlevelforMEA0...............................................................139
TableA.6.3:ResultsatthestreamlevelforMEA0.2....................................................................140
TableA.6.4:ResultsatthestreamlevelforMEA0.......................................................................143
TableA.7.1:ResultsatthecomponentlevelfortheSGrazcycle ...............................................146
TableA.7.2:ResultsatthestreamlevelfortheSGrazcycle.......................................................147
TableA.8.1:ResultsatthecomponentlevelfortheATRplant ..................................................150
TableA.8.2:ResultsatthestreamlevelfortheATRplant ..........................................................151
TableA.9.1:ResultsatthecomponentlevelfortheMSRplant ..................................................154
TableA.9.2:ResultsatthestreamlevelfortheMSRplant ..........................................................155
TableA.10.1:Resultsatthecomponentlevelforthesimpleoxyfuelplant .............................158
TableA.10.2:Resultsatthestreamlevelforthesimpleoxyfuelplant .....................................159
TableB.1:EfficienciesofC1,GT1andGT2....................................................................................161
TableB.2:Efficienciesoftheremainingcompressorsoftheplants............................................162
TableB.3:Calculatedefficienciesofpumps...................................................................................164
TableB.4:PressuredropswithintheHXsofthereference,MEAandsimpleoxyfuel
plants .................................................................................................................................166
TableB.5:Powerplantcharacteristics ............................................................................................168
TableB.6:Dataforcostcalculations................................................................................................170
TableB.7:Assumptionsinvolvedintheeconomicanalysis........................................................172
TableB.8:Typicalconstructionmaterialsforprocessequipment ..............................................174
TableB.9:Designdataforplantcomponents ................................................................................176
TableB.10:EIofincomingandexitingstreamsofthesystems...................................................178
TableC.1:BeamlengthL ..................................................................................................................181
TableC.2:ApproximationofthehNwithmassratios8:1H2Oand25:1CO2 ............................183
TableC.3:Gasandsteamproperties ..............................................................................................184
TableC.4:EstimationofthehcforhighconcentrationsofCO2andH2O...................................185
TableC.5:Dataofthereferenceplant.............................................................................................186
TableC.6:DatafortheAZEP85......................................................................................................186
TableC.7:DatafortheAZEP100....................................................................................................187
TableC.8:DataoftheplantwithCLC............................................................................................187
TableC.9:DataforMEA0 ...............................................................................................................188
TableC.10:DataforMEA0.2 ..........................................................................................................188
TableC.11:MainconstructionmaterialsofHRSGs......................................................................190
TableC.12:DesignestimatesfortheHXsofthereferenceplant ................................................191
ListofTables
xiv
Nomenclature
Symbols
a
Sizeexponent
Surfacearea(m2)
b
B
Environmentalimpactperunitofexergy(Pts/GJ)
Environmentalimpactrateassociatedwithexergy(Pts/h)
c
C
Costperunitofexergy(/GJ)
Costrateassociatedwithanexergystream(/h)
di , do
Insideandoutsidetubediameter(in)
Exergyrate(MW)
Exergoeconomicfactor(%)
f b
Exergoenvironmentalfactor(%)
Totalinletfluegasflowrate(kmol/h);gasmassvelocity(lb/ft2h)
hi , ho
Tubesideandgassidecoefficients(W/m2K)
hc , hN
Convectiveandnonluminousheattransfercoefficients(W/m2K)
Constant
Totalsorbentflowrate(kmol/h);beamlength(m)
Massflowrate(kg/s)
mwlean
Averagemolecularweightoftheleansorbent(kg/kmol)
Pressure(bar)
Relativecostdifference(%)
rb
Relativeenvironmentalimpactdifference(%)
ST , S L
Longitudinalandtransversepitch(in)
Temperature(C)
Uo
Overallheattransfercoefficient(W/m2K)
Volumetricflowrate(m3/s)
Exergydestructionratio(%)
Componentrelatedenvironmentalimpact(Pts/h)
y CO2
CO2concentration(w/w,%)
Costrateassociatedwithcapitalinvestment(/h)
Subscripts
CH
Chemical(exergy)
Nomenclature
xvi
Destruction(exergy)
Fuel(exergy)
i,j
Enteringandexitingexergystreamindices
in
Incoming
is
Isentropic(efficiency)
k , r , Y ,W
Componentindices
Loss(exergy)
l,m,n
Countingindices
out
Outgoing
Product(exergy)
PH
Physical(exergy)
pol
Polytropic(efficiency)
tot
Overallsystem
mech
Mechanical(efficiency)
Superscripts
AV
Avoidable
UN
Unavoidable
UN,EN
Unavoidableendogenous
UN,EX
Unavoidableexogenous
AV,EN
Avoidableendogenous
AV,EX
Avoidableexogenous
MX
Mexogenous
PF
Pollutantformation
Abbreviations
AR
Airreactor
ASU
Airseparationunit
ATR
Autothermalreformer
AZEP
Advancedzeroemissionplant
CAU
Chemicalabsorptionunit
CC
Combustionchamber
CCS
Carboncaptureandstorage
CEPCI
Chemicalengineeringplantcostindex
CLC
Chemicalloopingcombustion
COACO2
CostofavoidedCO2
COE
Costofelectricity
COND
Condenser
COOL
Cooler
CPO
Catalyticpartialoxidation
CT
Coolingtower
Nomenclature
xvii
DB
Ductburner
EC
Economizer
ECBMR
Enhancedcoalbedmethanerecovery
EGR
Enhancedgasrecovery
EIE
Environmentalimpactofelectricity
EOR
Enhancedoilrecovery
EV
Evaporator
FC
Fuelcost
FCI
Fixedcapitalinvestment
FG
Fluegas
FR
Fuelreactor
GEN
Generator
GT
Gasturbine
HP/IP/LP
Highpressure/intermediatepressure/lowpressure
HT/LP
Hightemperature/lowtemperature
HTT
Hightemperatureturbine
HRSG
Heatrecoverysteamgenerator
HX
Heatexchanger
IC
Investmentcost
ID
Insidediameter
IGCC
Integratedgasificationcombinedcycle
LCA
Lifecycleassessment
LCIA
Lifecycleimpactassessment
LHV
Lowerheatingvalue
LNG
Liquefiednaturalgas
LPG
Liquefiedpetroleumgases
LPT
Lowpressuregasturbine
MEA
Monoethanolamine
MCM
Mixedconductingmembrane
MMV
Measurement,monitoringandverification
MSR
Hydrogenseparatingmembrane
NG
Naturalgas
NGPH
Naturalgaspreheater
O&M
Operatingandmaintenancecosts
OC
Oxygencarrier
OD
Outsidediameter
PEC
PurchasedequipmentCost
RH
Reheater
SH
Superheater
ST
Steamturbine
TCI
Totalcapitalinvestment
TRR
Totalrevenuerequirement
Nomenclature
xviii
Greeksymbols
Exergeticefficiency(%)
Gasemissivity
Energeticefficiency(%)
Excessairfraction
Density(lb/ft3)
Annualoperatinghours
lean
LeansorbentCO2loading
1. Introduction
Greenhousegasesabsorbandtrapheatintheloweratmosphere.Acontinuous,rapidincreasein
anthropogenicatmosphericgreenhousegasconcentrationssincetheindustrialrevolutionhasled
to pronounced temperature increases and climate change. Accounting for about 80% of the
enhanced global warming effect, CO2 is thought to be the main contributor among the
greenhouse gases (VGB PowerTech, 2004). Electricpower generation remains the single largest
source of CO2 emissions, equal to those of the rest of the industrial sectors combined (IPCC,
2005). Additionally, most of the energy demand across the globe is covered by fossil fuels that
generate large amounts of pollutants like CO2, CH4 and NOX. An everincreasing demand for
energyprolongsenvironmentalaggravation,butitsimultaneouslyactsasastrongmotivatorfor
the development of new technologies to mitigate climate change. As mentioned in the IPCC
report(2005),measurestoreducetheincreasingmanmadeCO2concentrationintheatmosphere
include: (1) reducing energy demand; (2) increasing the efficiency of energy conversion and/or
fuel utilization; (3) switching to less carbon intensive fuels; (4) increasing the use of renewable
energy sources or nuclear energy; (5) sequestering CO2 by enhancing biological absorption
capacityinforestsandsoilsand(6)carboncapturingandstoring(CCS).
Carbon capture and storage is a three step process: (1) CO2 capture and compression to a
highpressure,(2)CO2transporttoaselectedstoragesiteand(3)CO2storage.CCSfrompower
plantsisatopicthatstartedattractingattentionfromalargegroupofscientistsonlyalittlemore
thanthreedecadesago,asapowerfultoolforlimitingtheimpactoffossilfueluseontheclimate
(Herzog,2001).Thisfieldis,therefore,stillinitsinfancy,butexpertiseisgrowing.
When evaluating options for CO2 capture from power stations, engineers are faced with a
large variety of alternative approaches. However, dissimilar assumptions and hypotheses in
evaluationsmakethecomparisonandassessmentofdifferentconceptsdifficult,ifnotinfeasible.
Moreover, although several alternative approaches for capturing CO2 have been proposed in
such a short time, few appear promising with respect to efficiency and cost, while the
environmentalimpactofthetechnologiesisstillunknown.Althoughenergybasedcomparative
studiesofselectedCO2capturetechnologieshavebeensporadicallyperformedinthelastdecade
(e.g.,Kvamsdalet al.,2007;Bolland, 1991; Bolland andMathieu,1998),acompletepresentation
andcomparisonofafairnumberofalternativemethodsisstillmissing.Anyemissionreduction
(up to practically 100%) can be achieved with a sufficiently high level of expenditure. The
question,however,iswhetheraCO2capturetechnologyisareasonablemeasurewhenbalancing
thebenefittotheenvironmentagainstagreatlyincreasedcostandrisk(VGBPowerTech,2004).
Chapter1.Introduction
ThisthesisaimstoevaluateavarietyofCO2capturetechnologies,takingintoaccountboth
theeconomicandtheenvironmentalperspectives(riskassessmentisnotincluded).Eightlowor
zeroemissionpowerplantswithdifferentCO2capturetechnologiesarepresentedandcompared
under equivalent conditions, based on their efficiency, economic feasibility and environmental
footprint. The focus is the evaluation of CO2 capture technologies integrated in combined cycle
power plants operating with natural gas and used for electricity production. Advantages and
disadvantages of each technology and ways to reduce the cost and environmental impact
associatedwithelectricityproduction,whilekeepingtheCO2emissionsataminimumlevel,are
discussed.
The methods used for the evaluation of the plants are based on exergy principles. An
exergeticanalysisisthefirststepinevaluatinganenergyconversionsystem,identifyingthesource
and cause of incurred thermodynamic inefficiencies (Bejan et al., 1996; Tsatsaronis and Cziesla,
2002;MoranandShapiro,2008;Tsatsaronis andCziesla,2009).Thecombinationofanexergetic
analysiswithaneconomicanalysisandalifecycleassessmentconstitutestheexergoeconomicanalysis
(Bejan et al. 1996; Tsatsaronis and Cziesla 2002; Lazzaretto and Tsatsaronis, 2006) and the
exergoenvironmental analysis (Meyer et al., 2009; Tsatsaronis and Morosuk, 2008a and 2008b),
respectively.
With conventional exergybased analyses, information about improvements of an energy
conversion system is revealed. Monetary costs and environmental impacts are assigned to all
exergy streams of the plants, as well as to the exergy destruction incurred within each plant
component, exposing appropriate compromises among thermodynamic, economic and
environmentalconsiderations.However,althoughconventionalexergybasedanalysesuncovera
path towards plant improvement, they suffer from some limitations, which are addressed by
advancedexergybasedanalyses.
Advanced exergybased methods identify mutual interdependencies among plant
components, and reveal the real improvement potential both at the component and plant level
(Tsatsaronis, 1999a; Tsatsaronis and Park, 2002; Cziesla et al., 2006; Morosuk and Tsatsaronis,
2006a, 2006b, 2007a, 2007b, 2008a, 2008b, 2009a and 2009b; Tsatsaronis et al., 2006; Tsatsaronis
andMorosuk,2007,2010;Kelly2008;Boyanoetal.,2009;Kellyetal,2009;Tsatsaronisetal.,2009).
Data obtained from advanced exergybased methods are crucial for pinpointing strengths and
weaknessesofcomplexplantswithalargenumberofinterrelatedcomponents.
This thesis is the first evaluation of CO2 capture technologies using exergoeconomic and
exergoenvironmental analyses, and it is the first complete and thorough application of the
advancedmethodstocomplexenergyconversionsystemsingeneral.Chapter2providesashort
descriptionofthedifferentstepsinvolvedinCCStechnology,aswellasanoverviewofthestate
oftheart.GlobalCCSprojectsarealsopresentedandcategorizedbasedontheirsize,application
sector and state of realization (Section 2.2). A detailed description of the eight CO2 capture
technologiesconsideredinthisthesis,andtheirincorporation intopowerplants,isprovidedin
Section 2.3.Chapter3presents the exergybasedmethodsused fortheevaluation of the plants.
Both conventional and advanced exergybased methods are described, and all the required
mathematicalequationsandvariablesofthemethodologiesareincluded.Chapter4presentsthe
application of the exergybased methods to the simulated systems and the results obtained.
Lastly, conclusions and future plans are included in Chapter 5. The appendices and the
supplementaldataprovideadditionaldetailedinformationfortheanalyticalstudyoftheresults.
Chapter2.CO2capturefrompowerplants
2. CO2capturefrompowerplants
2.1 Carboncaptureandstorage(CCS)
The three steps comprising CCS are CO2 capture, transport and storage. Transport and
storageofcarbondioxidearenotthefocusofthisthesis.However,here,inordertopresent
thecompletechainoftheCCSprocess,informationaboutallthreestepsisprovided.
2.1.1
CO2capture
CO2capturemethodscanbeclassifiedintotwomaincategories1,dependingonwhetherthe
CO2 is captured before or after the combustion process (Figure 2.1). However, the main
distinction among capture methods stems from the treatment of the fuel used: when no
treatment of the fuel occurs, the method is classified as postcombustion capture, while when
the fuel undergoes a decarbonization process, the method is classified as precombustion
capture.
Figure2.1:CO2capturegroupsandtheircharacteristics
When air is used as the oxidant in postcombustion capture, CO2 is captured with
chemical or physical solvents. The most conventional representative of this type of CO2
capture is chemical absorption, a process developed about 70 years ago to remove acid gases
1
In literature, CO2 capture technologies are generally separated into three groups: post-, pre- and oxy-combustion concepts.
Although post- and pre-combustion refer to when the carbon capture takes place, oxy-combustion refers to the oxidant type used
in the combustion process. Here the distinction is based exclusively on when the carbon capture takes place. Thus, oxycombustion is considered part of the post-combustion methods (since the produced CO2 is separated after the combustion
process).
fromnaturalgasstreams(Herzog,2001).Theadvantagesofpostcombustioncapturearethat
existingplantscanberetrofittedwithacaptureunitwithoutfurtherrearrangements,andthat
the technology is well established. However, the prominent disadvantage of the method is
theverysignificantamountofthermalenergyrequiredfortheregenerationofthechemicals
used, resulting in a significant efficiency penalty. In recent years, many studies have
revieweddifferentpostcombustiontechnologiesandcomparedtheeffectivenessofdifferent
typesofabsorbentsforchemicalabsorption(e.g.,RubinandRao,2002;Kothandaramanetal.,
2009). Analyses have yet to reveal any significant breakthrough, so chemical absorption
remainsoneofthemostenergyintensivemethodologies.
Whenoxygenisusedastheoxidantinpostcombustioncapture(oxyfuelcombustion),the
energydemandisreduced,whencomparedtochemicalabsorption,andtheCO2separation
process is simplified. Because oxygen is used, the combustion products consist mainly of
water vapour and carbon dioxide; the carbon dioxide is freed after the water is condensed
without requiring further treatment, keeping the energy demand of CO2 separation at
relatively low levels. In addition, with oxyfuel combustion, NOX emissions are reduced to
less than 1 ppm for natural gas use (Sundkvist et al., 2005). The most common method to
produce oxygen for largescale oxyfuel plants is a cryogenic air separation unit (ASU).
However,compressionandtheenergyrequirementofthedistillationcolumnincludedinthe
process result in a relatively high cost that makes the method less attractive. Oxyfuel
conceptsalsohaveimplementationchallengesassociatedwithtechnologicallimitationsofthe
components (Wilkinson et al., 2003; Anderson et al. 2008). Nevertheless, there has recently
beenalargeincreaseinprojectsassociatedwithnewlyintroducedoxyfuelapproaches.These
technologies include oxygenseparating membranes and new types of reactors that seem
promising with respect to their efficiency and their relatively low CO2 capture cost (e.g.,
(Kvamsdaletal.,2007).
In precombustion methods, suitable decarbonization methods are applied to the
availablefueltoseparatethecarboncontainedinitbeforethecombustionprocess.Thegoalis
to produce a hydrogenbased fuel that will result in clean combustion gases. If the de
carbonization method results in a mixture of CO2 and gases that do not allow the required
purity of CO2 for separation (e.g., CO2 mixed with N2), chemical absorption is used.
Otherwise, if the produced CO2 is kept separate by the decarbonization process, no
additional treatment is needed and the CO2 is captured after water condensation. The de
carbonization of the fuel is highly energy demanding, relatively expensive and its
implementationrequireslargestructuralchangestoanypreexistingplant.Oneofthemost
wellknown technologies that can be easily adopted for precombustion capture is the
gasificationofcoal.Fromthisprocesssyngasisproduced,whichcanbeusedingasturbines,
increasing the overall efficiency of the plant. However, integrated gasification combined cycles
(IGCCs),presentchallengesthatdelaythebroaderacceptanceofthistechnology.
2.1.2
CO2transport
OnceCO2hasbeencaptured,itmustbetransportedtoastoragefacilityasgas,liquidorsolid.
Transportation can be performed via pipeline, ship, rail, truck or a combination of these
means.
TransportofCO2bypipelineintheliquidphase(above7.58MPa,ambienttemperature)
is,atpresent,themosteconomical meansofmovinglargequantitiesofCO2longdistances.
Transportation infrastructure would be needed for large quantities of CO2 to make a
significant contribution to climate change mitigation, and would imply a large network of
pipelines.Asgrowthcontinues,itmaybecomemoredifficulttosecurerightsofwayforthe
pipelines, particularly in highly populated zones that produce large amounts of carbon
dioxide.Existingexperiencehasonlybeeninzoneswithlowpopulationdensities,andsafety
issues will most probably become more complicated in populated areas. Although some
experiencehasbeengainedbyenhancedoilrecovery(EOR)operations,thestandardsrequired
for CCS are not necessarily the same and, therefore, new minimum standards for pipeline
qualityforCCSarerequired(IPCC,2005).
In some cases, transport of CO2 by ship may be economically more attractive,
particularlywhentheCO2mustbemovedoverlargedistancesoroverseas(IPCC,2005).The
properties of liquefied CO2 are similar to those of liquefied petroleum gases (LPG). LPG
technology could be scaledup to large CO2 carriers, transporting CO2 by ship in a similar
way(typicallyatapressureof0.7MPa).
Road and rail tankers are also technically feasible options when there is no access to
pipelinefacilitiesorwhenthecapturedgasmustbetransferredoverlargedistances.Herethe
CO2istransportedatatemperatureof20Candatapressureof2MPa.Thesesystemsare
moreexpensivecomparedtopipelinesandships,exceptonaverysmallscale.
2.1.3
CO2storage
AvailablealternativechoicesforCO2storageareshowninTable2.1.Carbondioxidecapture
withstorageindeepgeologicalformationsiscurrentlythemostadvancedandthemostlikely
approachtobedeployedonalargescaleinthefuture.Possiblegeologicalstorageformations
includeoilandgasfields,salineformations,andcoalbeds(seeFigure2.2).
Table2.1:Storageoptions(WorleyParsons,2009)a
Geological
Salineformations
Ocean
CO2lakes
Beneficialreuse
Enhancedoilrecovery(EOR)
Terrestrial
Forestlands
Agriculturallandsincluding
Depletedoilandgasreservoirs Solidhydrate Enhancedgasrecovery(EGR)
biochar
Enhancedcoalbedmethanerecovery Grasslandandgrazingland
Unmineablecoalseams
Dissolution
(ECBMR)
management
Saltcaverns
Algaefarmingforrecycling
Desertsanddegradedlands
Basaltformations
Otherindustrialmanufacturing
Wetlandsorpeatlands
Shaleformations
aCO2canalsobestoredinothermaterials,i.e.,throughmineralcarbonation(IPCC,2005)
Everywhere under a thin overlay of soils or sediments, the earths surface is made up
primarilyoftwotypesofrocks:thoseformedbycoolingmagmaandthoseformedasthick
accumulationsofsand,clay,salts,andcarbonatesovermillionsofyears.Sedimentarybasins
consistofmanylayersofsand,silt,clay,carbonate,andevaporite(rockformationscomposed
of salt deposited from evaporating water). The sand layers provide storage space for oil,
water,andnaturalgas.Thesilt,clayandevaporitelayersprovidethesealthatcantrapthese
fluidsundergroundforperiodsofmillionsofyearsandlonger(BensonandFranklin,2008).
Sedimentary basins often contain many thousands of meters of sediments, where the
tiny pore spaces in the rocks are filled with salt water (saline formations). Oil and gas
reservoirsarefoundundersuchfinetexturedrocksandthemerepresenceoftheoilandgas
demonstrates the presence of a suitable reservoir seal. In saline formations, where the pore
space is initially filled with water, after the CO2 has been underground for hundreds to
thousandsofyears,chemicalreactionswilldissolvesomeoralloftheCO2inthesaltwater,
and eventually some fraction of the CO2 will be converted into carbonate minerals, thus
becomingpartoftherockitself.
Figure2.2:OptionsforgeologicalstorageofCO2(CO2CRC)2
2.2 StateoftheartofCCS
ThefirstcommercialplantswithpostcombustionCO2capturewereconstructedinthe
late1970sandearly1980sintheUnitedStates.TheseprojectsdidnottreatCO2asapollutant,
but as a new economic resource (Herzog, 2001), separating and injecting CO2 into oil
reservoirs to increase their productivity (EOR). This also led to the first longdistance CO2
pipelines.However,withthedeclineoftheoilpriceinthemid1980s,theseparationofCO2
was too expensive, forcing the closure of these capture facilities. An exception is the North
http://www.co2crc.com.au/
Projectname
Capturetype
Country Feedstock
Size
CO2use(currentorplanned)
SuaPan
Postcombustion Botswana Coal
109,500tpaCO2,20MW
Carbonationofbrine
LoyYangPower(LYP)/CSIROPCCProject
Postcombustion Australia Coal
1,000tpaCO2
Vent
MunmorahPCCPilotPlantProject
3,000tpaCO2
Vent
HazelwoodCarbonCaptureProject
10,000tpa
Chemicallysequestered
HuanengCoGenerationPowerPlantCO2CaptureProject Postcombustion China

EsbjergPilotPlant
Coal
3,000tpaCO2
Industrial(food,medical)
Postcombustion Denmark Coal
8,760tpaCO2
Vent
100,000tpaCO2,30MWth
Storageandindustrial
OxPPVattenfallOxyfuelPilot
Oxyfiring
SumitomoChemicalsPlantCO2Project
Postcombustion Japan
Germany Coal
Gas,Coal,Oil 54,75060,225tpaCO2,8MWe Foodindustry
NankoPilotPlant
Postcombustion Japan
NaturalGas
730tpaCO2,Power0.1MWe
Vent
WarriorRunPowerPlant
Postcombustion USA
Coal
54,750tpaCO2
Foodprocessingandrelatedpurposes
BellinghamCogenerationFacility
Postcombustion USA
NaturalGas
116,800tpaCO2
Foodgrade
IMCGlobalInc.SodaAshplant,Trona
Carbonationofbrine
Postcombustion USA
Coal
292,000tpaCO2
WeEnergiesPleasantPrairieChilledAmmoniaPilotProject Postcombustion USA
Coal
15,000tpaCO2atfullcapacity Vent
AESShadyPointLLCpowerplant
Coal
65,700tpaCO2
Postcombustion USA
Table2.2:OperatingCCSprojectsinthepowergenerationindustry(Source:WorleyParsons,2009)
Foodprocessing
Table2.3:Operatingcommercialscale,integratedCCSprojects(Source:WorleyParsons,2009)
Estimatedoperation
State/District,Country
Capturefacility
date
1986
Sleipner
1996
Transporttype
Storagetype
Appr.CO2
storagerates
Beneficialreuse(EOR)
1.0Mtpa
SaltCreekEOR
2006
ShuteCreekgasprocessingfacility NGprocessing 201kmPipeline
2.4Mtpa
2007
SnhvitLNGPlant
Geological
0.7Mtpa
NorthSea,Norway
ValVerdeCO2Pipeline Texas,USA
Wyoming,USA
SnhvitCO2Injection BarentsSea,Norway
NGprocessing 160kmPipeline
Geological(salineaquifer)(16.3Mt
1.0Mtpa
storedattheendof2008)
1.0Mtpa
2.4Mtpa
Geological(3.0Mtstoredtodate)
1.2Mtpa
1998
2000(usingCO2as
WeyburnOperations Saskatchewan,Canada
floodingagent)
InSalah
Ouargla,Algeria
2004
ShuteCreekgasprocessingfacility NGprocessing 285kmPipeline

Pipeline(capture
CO2separatedfromproducedgas
NGprocessing andstorageat
gasprocessingplatform
samelocation)
Fivenaturalgasprocessingplants NGprocessing 132kmPipeline
GreatPlainsSynfuelsplant,
Precombustion 330kmPipeline
DakotaGasification
Naturalgasprocessingplant
NGprocessing 14kmPipeline
RangelyEORProject Colorado,USA
Capturetype
Projectname
10
American Chemical Plant in Trona, CA, which produces CO2 for the carbonation of brine.
Thisplantstartedoperationin1978andstilloperatestodayasthelargestCCSrelatedproject
inthepowergenerationindustry(VGBPowerTech,2004).
Inthelast20years,therehasbeenasignificantoutbreakoftheoreticalandcommercial
CCSprojects.Fortunately,thereareavailablesourceskeepingtrackoftheprogress,providing
data for all completed and planned projects around the globe. An overview of largescale
CCS projects in the power generation industry is provided by the Carbon Dioxide Capture
and Storage Power Plant Project Database of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)3,
while a complete list of CCS projects in all different industrial sectors can be found on the
website of National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)4. Additionally, a survey of all
availableprojectsisprovidedintherecentreportoftheGlobalCCSInstitute(WorleyParsons,
2009).Thelattersurveyisusedheretopresentashortoverviewofthecurrentlyactiveand
plannedCCSprojects.
Inthepowergenerationindustry,therearecurrently14operatingCO2captureprojects
in the world (Table 2.2), 13 of which use postcombustion technology and 1 that uses oxy
combustion.Alloftheseprojectsaresmallscale,capturinglessthan290ktpaofCO2,withthe
majority of them capturing less than 100 ktpa. None include geological storage or EOR. It
shouldbenotedthatthetwolargestplants(with292and117ktpaofCO2)arelocatedinthe
USA (projects Trona and Bellingham). Outside the power generation industry, there are 7
commercialscale5,integrated6projectsoperatingtodate,6ofwhichperformNGprocessing
(Table2.3).
Figure2.3:275CCSprojectsofallindustrialsectorsandscales,categorizedbycountry(Source:
WorleyParsons,2009)
http://sequestration.mit.edu/tools/projects
http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/database/index.html
5Commercialscaleisconsideredthescalewithastorageratehigherthan1MtpaofCO2.
6IntegratedprojectsareprojectsthatincludeallthreestepsoftheCCSchain:CO2capture,transportandstorage.
3
4
11
In total, 499 activities are listed as CCS projects (WorleyParsons,2009). From these 499
activities, 275 CCS projects7 are recognized as projects that produce advancement in
components, systems and processes and support the commercialization of integrated CCS
solutionswithemissionsgreaterthan25,000tpa ofCO2.Thebreakdownoftheprojectsby
countries is shown in Figure 2.3. From the 275 CCS projects, 213 are active or planned, 34
have already been completed, 26 have been cancelled or delayed and from 2 projects, the
status was withheld. No integrated projects have been completed at any scale. The
breakdown, both by scale and type, of the completed 34, smallscale projects is shown in
Table2.4.
Table2.4:CompletedCCSprojectsofallindustrialsectors(WorleyParsons,2009)
Bench Pilot Demonstration Commercial N/C
3
15
10
Capture Storage Transport&storage
18
15
Capture type
Size
Sector of application
27
39
108
77
76
63
56
62
49
14
postcombustion
capture
pre-combustion
capture
oxy-fuel
combustion
small-scale
demonstration
Integrated projects
commercialscale (storage
rate higher than
1 Mtpa)
power
generation
sector
other sectors
Projects in the planning stage
Figure2.4:Breakdownofthe2138active/plannedprojectsclassifiedbycapturetype(green),size
(blue)andsector(yellow)(WorleyParsons,2009)
Threedifferentbreakdownsofthe213activeorplannedprojectsareshowninFigure2.4
in different colors: the CO2 capture technology used is shown in green (oxyfuel is shown
separatelyforclarity),thescaleoftheplantsinblueandtheappliedsectorinyellow.Some
additionalinformationispresentedindifferentcolorshades.Itisclearthatpostcombustion
technology is the dominant capture method. 49% of the active or planned projects (105
projects) are in the power generation sector, 77 of which are in the planning stage and 27
(shown in dark yellow) in the stages of construction or operation. In total, 101 are
commercialscaleprojects,62ofwhichareintegrated.Fromthe62integratedprojects,27are
7
8
Academicstudiesarenotincluded.
159 of the 213 active or planned projects employ a form of CO2 capture.
12
inEurope,15intheUnitedStatesofAmerica,7inAustralia,6inCanada,4inChinaand1in
each of the following: Algeria, Malaysia and United Arab Emirates. 41 of the integrated
projects are commercialscale integrated CCS projects in the power generation sector, 38 of
them use coal as fuel and most of them integrate geological storage or perform beneficial
reuse(EOR;enhancedgasrecovery,EGRorenhancedcoalbedmethanerecovery,ECBMR).
EOR projects are common practice in Canada, USA and the UAE. Due to limited
experience in geological storage, on one hand, and the mature technology related to EOR
projectsontheother,whenpossible,beneficialuseofCO2ispreferred.AlthoughEORcould
incorporate robust measurement, monitoring and verification (MMV) systems to evaluate the
capacityandqualityofaCO2storagereservoir,onlyalimitednumberofoperationsinclude
MMV. There are 22 active or planned, commercialscale, integrated projects with geological
storage in Europe. In constrast, only one CCS project has already started performing
geological storage in Algeria (In Salah, NG processing in operation since 2004) and one is
planned(tooperatein2018)intheUnitedStates(Illinois,FutureGen).Thestoragesitesoftwo
facilitiesintheUnitedStateshavenotbeendeterminedyet.
Currently there are three integrated operating projects with CO2 geological storage
(outside the power generation industry): Sleipner operating since 1996, In Salah operating
since2004(commercialscaleprojects)andSnhvitoperatingsince2007.Inallthreeofthese
projects, gas processing is performed. In Sleipner and Snhvit, offshore storage is being
realizedtoexaminethepotentialforfurtheruseofstoragesitesbelowtheseafloor.Thereare
alsoanotherfourintegratedcommercialscaleCCSprojects,allofwhichperformEOR:three
intheUnitedStates:RangelyinColorado,ValVerdeinTexasandSaltCreekinWyoming,in
operation since 1986, 1998 and 2006, respectively, and one in Saskatchewan, Canada:
Weyburnoperations,inoperationsince2000.ThetwolargestprojectsaretheSaltCreekand
theWeyburn,storing2.4Mtpaeach.
2.3 Theplantsconsideredinthisstudy
This thesis compares eight technologies for CO2 capture in power plants producing
electricity.ThestructureandoperationofthesystemswithCO2capturehavebeenbasedona
baseplantwithoutCO2capture,thereferenceplant.Basicparametervaluesweredetermined
forthisplantandhavebeenkeptconstantinthesimulationsoftheplantswithCO2capture.
Toconsidercomparablepowersystems,eitherthefuelinputorthepoweroutputofthe
facilities should be kept constant. The choice of a specified power output would lead to
different sizes of similar plant components, since, for example, a respective increase in the
poweroutputofthegasturbine(GT)systemwouldberequiredtocompensateforthepower
consumedbytheCO2compressionunit.WithcompletelydifferentGTsystems,acomparison
wouldnothavebeenmeaningful.Thus,thefuelsupplyhasbeenkeptconstantforallplants.
The resulting output has then been calculated according to structural and operating
requirements of each CO2 capture method. The goal is to reveal to which extent the
construction
and
13
CLCunit(Reactors)
Adiabaticreactors,oxygencarrier:NiO/Ni(nolosses)
Inletpressure:17bar
Reactorspressuredrop:3%
Fuelconversion:98%
Shifters
Pressuredrop:3%
CO2compressionunit(4intercooledstages)
Compressorspolytropicefficiency(4stages):seeAppendixB
CO2endpressure:103bar
13
Coolingwater:inlet/outlettemperature:21C/31C
CO2condenserexittemperature:30C
Coolersexittemperature:40C
Coolerspressuredrop(4stages):seeAppendixB
Pumpstotaleff.(includingmotor)6190%(seeAppendixB)
Chimnie:pressuredrop:0.015bar
Ambientair
15C,1.013bar,60%relativehumidity
Composition(mol%):N2(77.3),O2(20.73),CO2(0.03),H2O(1.01),Ar(0.93)
Fuel
14kg/sec,15C,50bar,LHV=50,015kJ/kg
Naturalgascomposition(mol%):CH4(100.0)
Gasturbinesystem&CO2/H2Ogasturbine(GT1andGT2)
Compressor(C1):polytropicefficiency94%,mechanicalefficiency:99%,pressureratio:16.8
Airturbine(GT1):polytropicefficiency:91%,mechanicalefficiency:99%,coolingair:11%ofincomingair
CO2/H2Oturbine(GT2):polytropicefficiency:91%
Generators:electricalefficiency:98.5%
Combustionchamber:pressuredrop:3%,losses:1%,=2.05
Steamcycle
HRSG:1reheatstage,3pressurelevels(excepttheSGrazcycle):HP(124bar),IP(22bar),LP(4.1bar)
HRSGpressuredrop:hotside:30mbar(20mbarintheSGrazcycle),coldside:10%ineachpressurelevel
SHs,ECONs(HP,IP,LP):Tmin:20C
EVAPs(HP,IP,LP):Approachtemperature:6C,pinchpoint:10C
Livesteamtemperature:(ref.plant)560C,(plantwithCLC)497C
Steamturbinepolytropicefficiency:HP(90%),IP(92%),LP(87%)
Condenseroperatingpressure:0.05bar,Tmin:10C
MCMreactor:
Pressuredrop:0.07bar
Oxygenseparation:38%
MCMHTHXoutlettemperature:1250C
*Ifnototherwisestated,thecommoncomponentsoftheplantsoperateunderthesameconditions
Table2.5*:Mainoperatingparameters(seealsoAppendixB)
14
operation of zero or nearzero emission plants are effective and feasible, from economic,
environmentalandthermodynamicviewpoints.
TheplantswithCO2captureare:aplantwithchemicalabsorptionusingmonoethanolamine,
fiveoxyfuelplants(asimpleoxyfuelplant,theSGrazcycle,twovariationsofanadvancedzero
emission plant with both 100% and 85% CO2 capture and a plant with chemical looping
combustion) and two precombustion CO2 capture plants (a plant with a hydrogen separating
membrane and a plant with an autothermal reformer). These plants have been chosen as
representativesofpromisingtechnologiesforCO2capturefrompowerplants,aspresentedin
variousreferences(e.g.,Kvamsdaletal.,2007;BollandandMathieu,1998).
In all of the oxyfuel concepts, the oxygen reacts with the provided fuel in nearly
stoichiometricconditions(excessairfraction:=1.05)(Kvamsdaletal.,2007).Intheremaining
plants,theexcessairfractionissetbylimitingtheoutlettemperatureofthereactors.Thefuel
usedineverysimulationismethane.Thisassumptionhasbeenmadetosimplifytheanalysis,
since the composition of natural gas can differ depending on its source. The ambient
conditions, as well as the composition of the input streams, are shown in Table 2.5, where
selectedoperatingparametersofthesimulatedplantsareprovided.Detailedflowdiagrams
of the plants and all thermodynamic data (mass flows, temperatures, pressures,
compositions) at the stream level are provided in Appendix A. If not otherwise stated,
commoncomponentsoftheplantsoperateunderthesameconditionsasthereferenceplant.
The efficiencies of compressors and expanders considered in each plant are shown in
AppendixB.Asvolumetriccomponents,theirisentropicefficienciesaredirectlyrelatedtothe
volumeofthegasused.
TheGTsystemoftheplantsissimulatedwiththreeseparatecomponents:acompressor,
a reactor/combustion chamber (CC) and an expander. This allows the adjustment and
examinationoftheoperationofeachcomponentseparately.Touserealisticvariablesforthe
simulation of the gas turbine system, the software GateCycle has been used. From the
availableGTlibrary,theSiemensgasturbine;modelV94.3,50Hz,withnetpowerof263MW
was chosen for the reference plant. An increase of 2.5% in the isentropic efficiencies of the
systemisassumed,inanattempttoaccountfortechnologicaladvancementachievedbythe
timetheexaminedpowerplantsmightberealized.Theinlettemperatureandpressureofthe
expanderoftheGTsystemhavebeenkeptconstantinallplants,exceptinthesimpleoxyfuel
plant and the SGraz cycle, where the inlet temperature was set to 1400C and the inlet
pressureto40bar,accordingtoavailableliterature(seesection2.3.4).
Thesteamcycleoftheplantsincludesthreepressurelevelheatrecoverysteamgenerators
(HRSGs, 124/22/4.1 bar) with one reheat stage, except for the SGraz cycle, where a single
levelHRSGhasbeenused,inordertosatisfythestructuralrequirementsoftheconcept.The
overall pressure loss assumed along the hot side (flue gas) of the HRSGs depends on the
numberofpressurelevelsineachplant(AppendixB).Thedistributionoftheoverallpressure
loss to the individual heat exchangers (HXs) of the HRSGs depends both on the number of
components constituting the HRSGs and on the temperature reduction of the gas in each
component(AppendixB).
Eachpumpandcompressorsmallerthan3MWissuppliedbyamotor.Whenthepower
requirement is higher, the component is supplied by integrated steam turbines (STs). For
15
example, intermediatepressure (IP) steam is expanded down to 0.1 bar to produce the
necessary power to feed the CO2 compression units, as well as the recycling compressors
(whereused).Forlargerenergydemand(duetolargercompressorsizes,e.g.thesimpleoxy
fuelplantandSGrazcycle),smallexpandersareused.Itisassumedthatcomponentsonthe
sameshaftoperateatthesamespeedandnogearsarerequired.
Lastly,inalloftheplantswithCO2capture,theCO2streamissenttoafluegascondenser
(FG COND), where most of the included water vapor is extracted. The almost pure CO2 is
thencompressedinafourstage,intercooled,compressionunittoafinalpressureof103bar.
AnexceptionistheATRplant,whereonlytwoCO2compressorsareused,duetothehigher
exitpressureoftheextractedCO2stream.Carbondioxideatover100barand30Cisinliquid
phase and is ready for transport and sequestration. A more detailed description of specific
characteristicsofeachplantandeachCO2capturetechnologyisprovidedinthefollowing.
2.3.1
Thereferenceplant
ThereferenceplantisacombinedcyclepowerplantwithoutCO2capture,anditisusedasthe
base case for the simulation of plants that incorporate CO2 capture. A simplified flow
diagram is shown in Figure 2.5, while its detailed diagram can be found in Appendix A
(FigureA.1.1).
Natural gas
Combustion
chamber
C1
GT1
Air
HRSG
3 pressure
levels
exhaust gas
De-aerator
1 reheat
stage
STs
Figure 2.5: Simplifieddiagramofthereferenceplant
FluegasexitingtheCCat628kg/secisledtotheexpander(GT1)oftheplantandfrom
theretotheHRSG.ThecombustionproductsentertheHRSGwithapressureof1.058barat
580C. In the HRSG, the gas provides thermal energy to produce steam at three pressure
levels, 124/22/4.1 bar, and it is then exhausted to the atmosphere at 95C. Highpressure
steamproducedat560Cisexpandedto23barinthehighpressuresteamturbine(HPST)and
returns to the HRSG, where it is reheated to 560C. The reheated steam is sent to the
intermediatepressure steam turbine (IPST), where it is expanded to 4.1 bar. The lowpressure
steamisthenmixedwithlowpressuresuperheatedsteamfromthelowpressurelevelHRSG
and it is led to the lowpressure steam turbine (LPST), where it is expanded to 0.05 bar. The
16
steamiscondensedinthecondenser,preheated,ledtothedeaeratoroftheplantandfurther
conveyedtothefeedwaterpumpstocontinuethecycle.Operatingparametersoftheplant
areprovidedinTable2.5.
2.3.2
Theplantwithchemicalabsorptionusingmonoethanolamine(MEA
plant)
Theplantwithpostcombustioncapturebearsminimalstructuralchangeswhencomparedto
the reference plant. The modifications needed to incorporate CO2 capture here are: (1) the
addition of a chemical absorption unit (CAU) at the outlet of the exhaust gases, (2) the
extractionoflowpressuresteamtoproduceadequatethermalenergyfortheregenerationof
the chemical solvent used and (3) the addition of STs to drive the flue gas and the CO2
compressors(C2&C3C6inFigureA.6.1).Thelasttwopointsresultinasignificantdecrease
in the power output and, consequently, in the efficiency of the overall system. A simple
diagramoftheplantwithchemicalabsorptioncaptureisshowninFigure2.6.Thegreybox
highlights the additional parts of this plant, when this is compared to the reference plant.
ThedetailedflowdiagramoftheplantisshowninFigureA.6.1ofAppendixA.Thefluegas
enteringtheCAUoftheplantconsistsof3.9%(v/v)CO2,resultingin38kg/secofCO2,85%of
whichiscaptured.Thesolutionusedconsistsof40%MEA.
Natural gas
CO2 -depleted gas
Combustion
chamber
C1
GT1
HRSG
3 pressure
levels
flue
gas
Chemical
Absorption Unit
CO2
FG
COND
H 2O
De-aerator
1 reheat
stage
H2O
STs
CO2
CO2
Compression
(C3-C6)
Figure2.6:SimplifieddiagramoftheMEAplant(greyboxhighlightsdifferencesfromthereference
plant)
In the CAU, the CO2rich gas enters the absorber flowing upwards, countercurrent to
theleanMEAsolution(Figure2.7).AftertheCO2isabsorbed,thecleangasisexhaustedto
theatmosphereandtheCO2richsolutionisheatedinaHXandsenttoaregenerator.Inthe
regenerator, lowpressure steam extracted from the ST of the plant provides the necessary
thermal energy to regenerate the absorption medium. In this thesis, all of the components
includedintheCAUhavebeensimulatedasablackboxwiththeembeddedEquations(2.1)
(2.4) derived from (Rubin and Rao, 2002). Two input streams (the steam that provides the
regeneration heat and the exhaust gas of the power plant) and three output streams (the
17
exitingliquidwater,theCO2streamandthestreamcontainingtheremainingelementsofthe
fluegas)havebeenconsidered.
L / G
exp 1.4352 0.1239 y CO2 3.4863 lean 0.0174 CO2 0.0397 C 0.0027 Tfg,in
Q / L
exp 2.4452 0.0037 y CO2 6.2743 lean 0.0254 C 100
41.15 0.062 Tfg,in 1.307 y CO2 18.872 lean 0.270 C )
fg,out
mw lean
16.907 2.333 lean 0.204 C
(2.1)
(2.2)
(2.3)
(2.4)
Here,Listhetotalsorbentflowrate(kmol/h),Gisthetotalinletfluegasflowrate(kmol/h),
y CO2 istheCO2concentrationintheinletfluegas(v/v%), lean istheleansorbentCO2loading
that represents the part of the leftover CO2 within the regenerated solvent (mol CO2/mol
MEA), Q is the total sorbent regeneration heat requirement (GJ/hr), C is the MEA
concentrationinthesorbent(w/w%),Tfg,inisthetemperatureofthefluegasenteringtheCO2
absorber (C), Tfg,out is the temperature of the flue gas leaving the CO2 absorber (C) and
mw lean istheaveragemolecularweightoftheleansorbent(kg/kmol).
CO2 + H2O
CO2 -depleted gas
A
B
S
O
R
B
E
R
HX
R
E
G
E
N
E
R
A
T
O
R
Low-pressure steam
Flue
gas
cooler
Rich CO2 solution
Flue gas
Figure2.7:SimplifieddiagramofaCAU
MEA is not included as a chemical compound in the simulation software

(EbsilonProfessional, 2010), rendering the calculation of its thermodynamic variables
impossible.Thisleavesuswithtwochoices:eithernoconsiderationofsolventlosses( lean =0)
orconsiderationoflossesthatcauseaminorviolationofmassconservationbecausenoMEA
inputstreamisconsidered.WithoutleansolventCO2loading,theMEAisassumedtobefully
regenerated.Thisresultsinarelativelylargeamountofregenerationenergy(6MW/kgofCO2
captured).Therefore,theleansolventCO2loadinghasbeenvariedfrom0.00.3molCO2/mol
MEA. The influence of this variation on the energetic efficiency and on the energy
requirementoftheplantisshowninFigure2.8.Ascanbeseen,withmeanvalueofthelean
solvent CO2 loading (0.2 mol CO2/mol MEA), the energy requirement is reduced from 6
MW/kgofCO2,calculatedwithoutlosses,to3.7MW/kgofCO2.InChapter4,theMEAplant
isevaluatedwithboth0.0and0.2molCO2/molMEA(MEA0andMEA0.2),tofurtherassess
theeffectofthisvariable.
18
50
7
6
5
48
4
3
46
2
1
44
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
leansorbentCO2loading(molCO2/molMEA)
Exergeticefficiency(%)
0.3
0.35
Energyrequirement(MJ/kgCO2)
Figure2.8:Exergeticefficiency(blueline)andenergyrequirement(greyline)relativetotheleansorbent
CO2loading
2.3.3
Thesimpleoxyfuelconcept
AsimplifieddiagramoftheoxyfuelplantisshowninFigure2.9.Thedetailedflowdiagram
can be found in Appendix A (Figure A.10.1). The main differences relative to the reference
plantare:(1)theincorporationofanASUand(2)anadditionalrecirculationloopoftheflue
gastokeepthecombustiontemperaturewithinacceptablelimits.
Natural gas
C1,
C8/C9
Air
Recycle
compressors
(C6, C7)
Combustion
chamber
Recycling gas
~90%
GT1
Oxygen
production
(ASU)
HRSG
3 pressure
levels
FG
COND
CO2 + H2O
H2 O
De-aerator
1 reheat
stage
CO2
Compression
(C2-C5)
STs
Figure2.9:Simplifieddiagramofthesimpleoxyfuelplant(greyboxhighlightsdifferenceswiththe
referenceplant)
The oxygen stream generated in the ASU contains 95% O2 and 5% (w/w) Ar. This
composition was chosen to avoid the presence of nitrogen in the gas (Anderson et al, 2003;
Anderson and Johnsson, 2005). The penalty for O2 compression is calculated to be ca. 1.5
MJ/kgofO2(includingcompressorsC1,C8&C9ofFigureA.10.1).TheCCoperatesat40bar.
19
Aftertheoxyfuelcombustion,thefluegaspassesthroughtheHRSGoftheplantanditisled
totheFGCONDoftheplant.PartofthegasisthenledtotheCO2compressorunit,whilethe
restofthegasiscompressedintherecyclecompressors(C6&C7ofFigureA.10.1)anditis
sentbacktotheCCtocontroltheoutlettemperatureofthecombustionproducts.
2.3.4
TheSGrazcycle
The Graz cycle, developed in 1985 by Jericha (Jericha, 1985), was presented as a
combined cycle power plant with a hightemperature steam cycle, using hydrogen as fuel.
According to the initial idea, hydrogen and oxygen should be derived from the splitting of
waterusingsolarenergy.However,thelackoftechnologyrelatedtosolarenergyinthe1990s
madetherealizationoftheinitialGrazCycleinfeasible.Thisledtotheintroductionoffossil
fuelstothelayoutoftheconceptin1995(JerichaandFesharaki,1995).Theworkingfluidof
theplantconsistedofapproximately75%watervaporand25%CO2,whilechangeswerealso
made in 2000 to include the use of syngas instead of methane (Jericha et al., 2000). A
reduction in the steam content in favor of a higher concentration of CO2, with the intent to
reduce the compression work was considered, which led to a subsequent reduction of the
inlettemperatureoftheCC.In2004,thesteamcontentwasincreasedbacktoitsinitialvalues
and the name of the cycle was changed to SGraz Cycle (Sanz et al., 2005). This concept
considered a relevant increase in the inlet temperature of the CC and a decrease in the
amountofthermalenergytransferredtherebytherecyclingstream,whilethemassflowrate
ofthecoolingsteamusedforthehightemperatureturbine(HTT,GT1&GT2ofFigureA.7.1)of
theplantwasincreased.
Recycle
compressors
(C7, C8)
Natural gas
Recycling
gas
Combustion
chamber
GT1/
GT2
C1/C2
Air
CO2
Compression
(C3-C6)
Oxygen
production
(ASU)
CO2
GT3
HRSG
FG COND
De-aerator
1 pressure
level
H2O
STs
H2O
H2O
Figure2.10:SimplifieddiagramoftheSGrazcycle(greyboxhighlightsdifferenceswiththereference
plantandredlinesshownewconnections)
AsimplifieddiagramoftheSGrazcycleisshowninFigure2.10.Asinthesimpleoxy
fuel plant, the penalty for the O2 (95% O2 and 5% Ar) compression is 1.5 MJ/kg of O2
(includingcompressorsC1,C9&C10ofFigureA.7.1)andtheCCoperatesat40bar.Afterthe
HRSG, the gas is separated into two parts: one part is led to a lowpressure gas turbine
20
(LPT/GT3)followedbytheFGCONDoftheplant,whiletheremaininggasissentbacktothe
CC, after it is compressed in the recycle compressors (C7 & C8, compression with
intermediatecooling).Therecyclingcompressorsrequirelargeamountsofpowerduetothe
large mass flow of the recycled flue gas. Thus, they are assumed to be driven by the main
expanderoftheplant,theHTT.
2.3.5
The advanced zero emission plant with 100% CO2 capture (AZEP
100)
The AZEP with approximately 100% CO2 capture is referred to here as the AZEP 100. The
configuration of the AZEP 100 is shown in Figure 2.11, while a detailed diagram of the
conceptcanbefoundinAppendixA(FigureA.3.1).IntheAZEP,theconventionalCCofthe
GT system is replaced by the mixed conducting membrane (MCM) reactor, in which the
necessary oxygen for the oxyfuel combustion is produced (Sundkvist et al., 2001 and 2005;
Griffin et al., 2005; Mller et al., 2006). The MCM reactor, shown in Figures 2.12 and A.4.1,
consists of a mixed conducting membrane, a high and a lowtemperature heat exchanger
(HTHXMCMandLTHXMCMinFigureA.4.1),ableedgasheatexchanger(AirHX)anda
CC(Sundkvistet.al.,2007).
The MCM consists of complex crystalline structures, which incorporate oxygen ion
vacancies.Theoperationofthemembraneisbasedonoxygenadsorption.Oxygenatomsof
the incoming air are adsorbed onto the surface of the membrane. The atoms are then
decomposed into ions and the oxygen ions occupy the oxygen vacancies of the membrane.
The transfer of the oxygen ions is counterbalanced by an opposite electron flow. The
selectivity of the membranes is infinite as long as the membrane surface is perfect, i.e., no
cracksorporesarepresent.Forthepurposeofthisthesis,theMCMissimulatedasablack
boxusingdataprovidedin(Jordaletal.,2004).
HRSG II
FG
COND
CO2
Compression
Natural gas
GT2
CO2 + H2O
MCM reactor
C1
H2O
Oxygen
depleted
air
GT1
Air
HRSG
3 pressure
levels
exhaust gas
De-aerator
1 reheat
stage
Steam
turbines
Figure2.11:SimplifieddiagramoftheAZEP100(greyboxhighlightsdifferenceswiththereference
plant)
21
IntheAZEP,airiscompressedinthecompressor(C1)oftheplantto17bar.90%ofthe
airenterstheMCMreactoranditisheatedto900CintheLTHXofthereactor.Closeto38%
of the oxygen included in the air is separated in the MCM and it is transferred at a
temperature of 490C to the reactors CC with the help of a recycling sweep gas. The
circulatedsweepgasenteringtheCC(60%v/vH2O,30%v/vCO2,10%v/vO2)isalsousedto
control the temperature of the combustion process.By specifying the massflow of thisgas,
andsettingtheexcessairratio()oftheCC,themassflowofthemethaneisdetermined.The
methaneispreheatedto250Cinagasgasheatexchanger(NGPH)beforeitissenttotheCC
ofthereactor.Thecombustionproductsthatconsistof33.5%v/vCO2,66%v/vH2Oand0.5%
v/v O2, expand in a CO2/H2O expander (GT2) to 1.051 bar and are then driven to the
secondary, singlepressurelevel HRSG of the plant. The oxygendepleted air (14% v/v O2)
exits the MCM at 1000C and it is heated to 1200C (restricted due to material and reactor
designconstraints)intheHTHXofthereactor.Itismixedwith10%oftheincomingair,exits
thereactoranditisexpandedinthemainGToftheplantto1.058barand497C.Themixture
isthensenttothemain,threepressurelevelHRSGoftheplant.There,theheatprovidedby
thegasisusedtoproducesteamatthreepressurelevels,asinthereferenceplant.Inthehigh
pressure superheater (HPSH) and the reheater (RH) of the plant the steam is heated to a
temperature not higher than 477C, due to the relatively low outlet temperature of the GT
system and the predetermined minimum temperature difference in the heat exchangers.
Additionally,steamisgeneratedinthesecondaryHRSGoftheplant(HRSGII).
air
Low
Temperature
Heat
Exchanger
(LTHX)
O2
O2
High
Temperature
Heat
Exchanger
(HTHX)
Oxygendepleted
air
CO2, H2O
recycling gas
(O2-rich)
Combustion
chamber
recycling gas
(no O2)
Preheated methane
Figure2.12:StructureoftheMCMreactor
2.3.6
Theadvancedzeroemissionplantwith85%CO2capture(AZEP85)
TheAZEP85operatesinasimilarwaytotheAZEP100,butitincorporatesasupplementary
firing(ductburner,DB)attheexitoftheMCMreactor(Sundkvistetal.,2005).TheDBisused
toincreasethe,otherwisemateriallylimited,exittemperatureoftheMCMreactor.Theoutlet
gas temperature of this secondary combustion is near 1300C, a temperature that enhances
the overall efficiency of the plant. Cooling of the turbine blades has not been taken into
accountinthesimulationofthisplant.Inthesupplementaryfiring,partoftheprovidedfuel
is burned with the oxygen left in the oxygendepleted air. The gas emissions from this
supplementaryburningprocessarenottreated,thustheCO2captureoftheplantisdecreased
by approximately 15%. Since the mass flow of the separated CO2 in theAZEP 85 issmaller
thanthatoftheAZEP100,thepowerneededforitscompressionislower.
22
HRSG II
GT2
CO2 + H2O
MCM reactor
C1
FG
COND
Oxygen
depleted
air
CO2
Compression
(C2-C5)
H2O
DB
GT1
Air
HRSG
3 pressure
levels
exhaust gas
Natural gas
De-aerator
1 reheat
stage
STs
Figure2.13:SimplifieddiagramoftheAZEP85(greyboxhighlightsdifferenceswiththereference
plant)
AlthoughthestructureoftheAZEP85(Figures2.13andA.2.1)issimilartothatofthe
AZEP100,thetemperatureprofilesoftheHXsdiffer,duetotheincreasedinlettemperature
oftheexpanderoftheGTsysteminthecaseoftheAZEP85.Thiscausesanincreaseinthe
inlet flue gas temperature of the main HRSG to 580C, which is used to heat the steam to
560C.Inthisway,thesteamcycleworksmoreefficientlyinthisplantthanintheAZEP100.
2.3.7
Theplantwithchemicalloopingcombustion(CLCplant)
Previousstudies(RichterandKnoche,1983;HossainanddeLasa,2008)showthatCLChas
the potentialto become arelatively efficient and low cost technology. The process wasfirst
introducedbyLewisandGillilandin1954.In1968itwasproposedbyKnocheandRichteras
anoptionfordecreasingirreversibilitiesincombustionprocesses,butlateritwasidentifiedas
having important advantages due to its nitrogenfree CO2 production. This allows minimal
contributiontoNOxemissionsandalsoCO2separationwithminimalthermodynamiclosses
(Brandvoll and Bolland, 2004; Hossain and de Lasa, 2008). CLC has been examined using
natural gas (Brandvoll and Bolland, 2004; Lyngfelt and Thunman, 2005; Abad et al., 2006,
2007; Naqvi and Bolland, 2007; BolhrNordenkampf et al., 2008; Kolbitsch et al., 2008),
synthetic gas (Jin and Ishida, 2004; Abad et al., 2006, 2007; Klara, 2007) and hydrogen
(Brandvolletal.,2003).
Inthisplant,theconventionalCCisreplacedbytworeactors,anoxidizingorairreactor
(AR)andafuelreactor(FR),asshowninFigure2.14.Ametaloxideisusedasasolidoxygen
carrier(OC)betweenthesetworeactors,thusnodirectcontactbetweentheairandthefuel
takes place. Atmospheric air is introduced into the AR, where the metal (or metal oxide) is
oxidized.ThemetaloxidethenexitstheARanditisfedtotheFR,wherethefuelcombusts
withthetransportedoxygentoproduceCO2andH2O.Atthesametime,themetaloxideis
reducedandledbacktotheARcontinuingitsloopbetweenthetworeactors.Theresulting
carbon dioxide can be easily separated after water condensation, without further costly
23
energy requirements. The design of the reactors is based on two interconnected fluidized
beds and should have advantages over alternative designs, since good contact between the
gas and the solid material is required. In recent years, various arrangements of alternative
designsofthefluidizedbeds(Lyngfeltetal.,2001;MattisonandLyngfelt,2001;Abadetal.,
2006), as well as alternative GT configurations (Brandvoll and Bolland, 2004; Naqvi et al.,
2005;NaqviandBolland,2007)forintegratingCLCinpowerplants,havebeenproposedand
examined.
ThenetreactionofCLC(Figure2.14)anditsheatgenerationisequaltothatofthefuel
combustion. The oxidation is an exothermic reaction, whereas the reduction can be either
exothermic or endothermic, depending on the fuel and the metal oxide. The OC reduction
with CH4 is endothermic for all oxides examined, with the exception of CuO. Conversely,
whensyngasisused,themetalreductionisalwaysexothermic.Thiscanbeconsideredasan
advantageofcoalgasusewhencomparedtoCH4,sincethecoalgasreactionisdrivenwith
stronger intensity due to its exothermic character. Part of the produced thermal energy
duringtheoxidationisusedinthereduction,ifthelatterisendothermic.
Manydifferentmetalshavebeensuggestedasoxygencarriers,mainlybasedonnickel,
Ni(Brandvollandet.,2003;JinandIshida,2004;LyngfeltandThunman,2005;Johanssonet
al., 2006; BolhrNordenkampf et al., 2008; Kolbitsch et al., 2008), iron, Fe (Johansson et al.,
2006;Abadetal.,2007;Klara,2007)andmanganese,Mn(Abadetal.,2006;Johanssonetal.,
2006).Importantfactorsarethereductionandoxidationrates,thechemicalandmechanical
stabilities,aswellasthepriceandtheenvironmentalcharacteristicsoftheoxidizer.Generally
NianditscorrespondingoxidesshowhigheroxidationandreductionratescomparedtoFe
and Mn, as well as greater durability after many repeated cycles. A detailed status of the
developmentwithrespecttooxygencarrieralternativesispresentedinLyngfeltetal.(2008).
The compressed air and the preheated methane are sent to the CLC reactors that are
simulated here as a black box. In the FR, 98% of the methane provided is assumed to react
withoxygentransferredfromtheAR.Theremainingunreacted2%ofthefuelisnotrecycled
backtothefuelreactor,butisregardedasaloss.Theairratiotheratiobetweentheoxygen
included in the air and the oxygen needed for stoichiometric combustion required to
achieveoutlettemperaturesoftheairandthefuelreactorsof1200Cand930C,respectively,
issetto2.9.Thesetemperaturesarealsotheinlettemperaturesoftheexpandersoftheplant,
for which no cooling has been taken into account. It has been suggested that the inlet
temperature of the CO2/H2O expander (GT2) should be as low as 900C, to increase the
conversionofthefuelintheFRandtheenergyavailableforoxidationofthemetalintheAR
(Lewis and Gilliland, 1954; Brandvoll and Bolland, 2004; BolhrNordenkampf et al., 2008,
Abadetal.,2007;NaqviandBolland,2007).Withthislowertemperature,alowercostforthe
expanderisalsoachieved.AhighertemperatureintheFR,equaltothatattheoutletofthe
ARcouldbringanincreaseintheenergeticefficiencyofabout1percentagepoint(to54.2%),
iftheCH4conversionisassumedtoremainconstant.ANibasedOCisconsidered,andthe
CH4reactingisfullyconvertedtoCO2.Asimplifieddiagramoftheenergyconversionplantis
showninFigure2.15,whilethedetailedcanbefoundinAppendixA(FigureA.5.1).
24
Oxygen depleted air

(15% v/v O2)
CO2 + H2O
FR,reduction
2n m MexOy1 mH 2O nCO2
Cn H 2 m 2n m MexOy
Mex + Oy
Air
reactor,
AR
AR,oxidation
2n m MexOy
2n m MexOy1 n m 2 O2
Fuel
reactor,
FR
Mex + Oy-1
Netreaction
Cn H 2 m n m
CH4
Air
mH O nCO
O
2
Figure2.14:ConfigurationoftheCLCunitandthechemicalreactions
HRSG II
FG
COND
CO2
Compression
(C2-C5)
Natural gas
GT2
CO2 + H2O
CLC unit
C1
H 2O
Oxygen
depleted
air
GT1
Air
HRSG
3 pressure
levels
exhaust gas
De-aerator
1 reheat
stage
STs
Figure2.15:SimplifieddiagramoftheCLCplant(greyboxhighlightsdifferenceswiththereference
plant)
The two streams exiting the CLC unit are the combustion products, consisting of CO2
andwatervapor,andtheoxygendepletedair,consistingof15%v/vO2.Theoxygendepleted
airexitsthemainGTsystemat659kg/secanditisledtothemainHRSGoftheplant.The
highpressure steam produced has a temperature of 500C, which is lower than that of the
referencecaseduetothelowertemperatureattheexitofGT1andtheminimumtemperature
difference defined in the HXs (Tmin=20C). The combustion products (CO2 stream) are
expandedinaCO2/H2Oexpander(GT2)andarethensenttoasecondaryHRSG(HRSGII),
where additional steam is produced. The CO2rich gas is finally cooled in a FG COND and
compressed.
2.3.8
The plant using a methane steam reforming membrane with

hydrogenseparation(MSRplant)
This plant incorporates a hydrogenseparating membrane reactor (Figures 2.16 and

A.9.1). The included membrane uses thermal energy from the flue gas to reform the fuel
entering the plant into CO2, H2 and H2O. 99.7% of the generated hydrogen is automatically
25
separatedinthemembrane,sweptbyintermediatepressuresteamat17barandledtotheCC
oftheplant.Theremainingproducedgases(CO2andH2O)exitthemembraneandtheCO2is
capturedafterwatercondensation(Jordaletal.,2004;JohannessenandJordal,2005).
Theprovidedmethaneismixedwithsteam(massratio1:4)extractedfromaHPST(50
bar). The mixture is preheated and led to the feed side of the reactor at a temperature of
600C (Figure 2.17). The reforming process is a strongly endothermic reaction, for which
thermal energy is provided by the combustion products of the plant. After the reforming
process,theexothermicshiftingreactionfollows.99.8%oftheincomingmethaneisreformed
and99%oftheproducedCOisshifted(Bottinoetal.,2006).Themembraneseparatesthefeed
andpermeatesidesofthereactor.Thehydrogenformediscontinuouslytransportedthrough
themembraneandsweptbyIPsteamprovidedtothepermeatesideofthereactor.Tohave
sufficient energy for the reforming process of the reactor and for the HRSG of the plant, a
supplementary firing is added after the CC, increasing the temperature of the combustion
gasesto960C(Jordaletal.,2004).
CH4 + H2O
Combustion
chamber
H2 + H2O
GT1
C1
CO2 + H2O
Air
DB
MSR-H2
HRSG
3 pressure
levels
exhaust gas
GT2
FG
COND
De-aerator
1 reheat
stage
H2O
STs
CO2
Compression
(C2-C5)
H2O
Figure2.16:SimplifieddiagramoftheMSRplant(greyboxhighlightsdifferenceswiththe
referenceplant)
flue gas
flue gas
to
supplementary
firing
CO 3 H 2 206.41kJ/mol
CH 4 H 2O
feed side
CH4 + H2O
CO2 + H2O
CO2 4 H 2
CH 4 2 H 2O
H2
permeate side
H2 + H2O
CO2 H 2 +41.3kJ/mol
CO H 2O
H2O
Figure2.17:ConfigurationoftheMSRreactorandthechemicalreactions
2.3.9
26
Theplantusinganautothermalreformer(ATRplant)
IntheATR,bothpartialandcompletecombustiongivethenecessaryheatforreformingthe
methane.Inmoredetail,anATRconsistsofanadiabaticvesselwherethecatalystisplaced
andthethreemainreactionsshownontherightsideofFigure2.18canbeconsidered(Horn
et al., 2007). While the first and second reactions are the steam reforming and water shift
reactions,respectively,thethirdreactionisacombinationofthetotalcombustionthatusually
takes place in an oxygenrich environment and catalytic partial oxidation (CPO). CPO has
received considerable attention in recent years because of its close to 100% CH4 conversion
and its high H2 yields. The amount of methane converted in the reaction depends on the
steamtocarbon(S/C)andthecarbontooxygen(C/O)ratios.AsaresultoftheworkofLuwei
Chenetal.(2007),anoptimalC/Oinletratioof2wassetforanATRoperatingat15barand
850C,allowingxandyoftheCPOtobesetto1.2and0.9,respectively,asshowninEquation
2.5.TheS/Cratiowasalsosetto2.
1.2H 2 0.9CO 0.8H 2 O 0.1CO2

CH 4 0.95O2
(2.5)
The necessary air is supplied by compressor extraction (Figures 2.18 and A.8.1). The
equilibriumtemperatureofthemixedstreamisapproximately380C,atemperaturetoolow
for the ATR working at 850C. For this reason, a HX is used for the preheating of the gas
stream. The ATR outlet stream, a mixture of the combustion and the reforming products,
exitstheunitat850CandisusedtopreheattheATRinletstreamto640C.AftertheATR,
thegasissenttothetwoshiftreactorsoftheplant,wheretheproducedCOisconvertedto
CO2andH2O.Thesimulationoftheshiftreactorshasbeenrealizedwiththecalculationofthe
equilibrium
ATR
40% N2
56%H2
C1
Combustion
chamber
H2O
GT1
Air
CO2
HRSG
3 pressure
levels
De-aerator
Chemical
Absorption
Unit (CAU)
H2O
CO2
Compression
(C3-C4)
1 reheat
stage
CO 3H 2
CH 4 + H 2O
CO + H 2O CO2 H 2
Steam
turbines
xH 2 yCO + 2 x H 2O + 1 y CO2
CH 4 + 2 x y O2
FG
COND
LTS
HTS
Natural gas
Figure2.18:SimplifieddiagramoftheplantwithanATR(greyboxhighlightsdifferenceswiththe
referenceplant)
27
constantsofthereaction,whichiscontrolledbytheequilibriumtemperature.Becauseofthe
highpercentageofnitrogeninthegas,chemicalabsorptionisneededtocapturetheproduced
CO2. Therefore, the gas is sent to a CAU (CAU, Figure A.8.1) after it is cooled to 60C
(otherwisethevolumeofthestreamwouldrequirealargerCO2captureunit).Thenecessary
thermal energy for the regeneration of the chemical solvent (MEA) is provided from low
pressure steam extraction. After the CAU, the captured CO2 is led to the compression unit,
whiletherestofthehydrogenrichgas(fuel)issenttotheCC.
2.4 Simulationsoftware
All simulations have been performed with versions 6.0 and 7.0 of the software
EbsilonProfessional (EbsilonProfessional, 2010). GateCycle (GE Enter Software LLC, 2000),
AspenPlus (Aspen Plus, 2009) and EES (EES, 2009) have been used redundantly, for
operationalandprogrammingconfirmation.ThesoftwareEbsilonProfessionalhasbeenchosen
as the main simulation software because of its easily accessible modelling options. User
programmable components were necessary in this study, because many of the required
componentsinCO2capturetechnologyhavenotyetbeenincludedincommerciallyavailable
simulationsoftware.
2.5 Preliminarycomparison
2.5.1
Simulationresults
All plants with CO2 capture, except the AZEP 85, the MEA and ATR plants, perform with
approximately100%CO2capture.AsshowninTable2.6,thebestperformancewasachieved
by the two AZEPs (with the AZEP 85 first) and the CLC plant. Comparing the simple oxy
fuelplantandtheSGrazcycle,somedifferencesshouldbenoted.Relativetothesimpleoxy
fuelplant,GT1intheSGrazcycleresultsinahigherpoweroutput,althoughtheexpander
drivesmuchlargerrecyclecompressors.Thispowerdifferencestemsmainlyfromthelarge
amountofwatervapor,reachingthe87%v/v,intheexpandedgasinthecaseoftheSGraz.
AlargeefficiencydecreasewasalsofoundfortheMSRplant.Inthisplant,lesspoweris
producedintheGTandSTsystems,whilemorepowerisrequiredbytheCO2compressors
than,forexample,intheotherprecombustiontechnology,theATRplant.Thus,theoverall
netpoweroftheMSRplantisfoundtobelowerthanthatoftheATRplant.
TheoperationoftheMEAplantdiffersdependingontheleansorbentCO2loading(i.e.,
theprescribedsolventlosses).Whenahighervalueisassumed,theregenerationrequirement
of the plant decreases, resulting in an increased net power output (i.e., increased plant
efficiency).
A more detailed comparison and evaluation of the plants is provided in Chapter 4,
wheretheresultsoftheexergybasedanalysesarepresented.
28
Table2.6:Efficiency,generatedpower,andinternalpowerconsumptionoftheplants(showninorderof
descendingefficiency)
Ref.
plant
Energeticefficiency(%LHV)
AZEP
AZEP100 CLC
85
SGraz
MEAa
ATR MSR
Simple
oxyfuel
58.9
55.7
53.9
53.7
50.3
288.0
239.6
232.0
239.6
285.1
125.7
97.9
83.6
86.2
30.4
GT2aftergenerator(MW)
53.7
63.1
51.4
69.5
50.8
AdditionalST(s)(MW)
21.1
24.8
15.7
33.3
9.9
19.1
GT1 Wnet ,aftergenerator(MW)

STs W aftergenerator(MW)
c
50.5(47.8) 48.5 47.8

288.0
268.7 257.0
67.0(47.8) 72.5 44.1
243.0d
104.6
CO2compressors,(MW)
13.8
16.3
15.7
18.8
Recycle/fuelcompressors(MW)
7.3
8.6
225.2
4.3
118.5
Fluegascompressor(MW)
12.5(C2)
18.5
34.1
ASUcompressors(MW)
Remainingcomponents(MW)
NetPoweroutput(MW)
14.7(13.9) 5.6 16.0
44.8
34.2
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.5
1.2
412.5
389.9
377.5
376.0
352.0
1.3 1.3
353.8(334.6) 339.8 334.5
19.1
1.2
312.3
Resultsfor0.0and0.2molCO2/molMEAleansorbentCO2loading
TheGToftheSGrazcycle(GT1&GT2)drivestheair,therecycleandtheASUcompressors(C1,C7C10)
cIntheSGrazcyclethisturbinereferstothelowpressuregasturbine(GT3)
dInthesimpleoxyfuelplanttheGT1drivestherecyclecompressors(C6andC7)
c
2.5.2
Additionalconsiderations
When different plants are compared, several parameters must be taken into consideration.
These parameters differ among the plants and depend on, among other things, structure,
technologyandoperation.
Animportantcriterionisthatsomeoftheplantspresentedinthisthesisemployalready
commercialized technology (e.g., the MEA and the ATR plants), whereas others include
components not yet available on the market. These are, therefore, components of uncertain
effectiveness,costandoperation.
Theplantthatcouldbeappliedwiththeleastpossibleimplementationchallengesisthe
MEA plant, since its structure is approximately the same as that of the reference plant.
Furthermore,itsoperationmainlydependsonthechemicalchosen.Incontrast,theoperation
of the other power plants depends on a combination of factors, such as material and
technologydevelopment(likemembrane,ASUandturbinedevelopment).Thesefactors,that
determinetheplantavailability,cannotbeestimatedeasily.
Furthermore, some of the plants are more complex than others, since they include
structuralsubsystems,likerecirculationgasroutes(e.g.,thesimpleoxyfuelplantandtheS
Grazcycle).Thehigherthenumberofthesesubsystems,themorechallengingandinvolved
theoperationofaplantbecomes.
Althoughnotconsideredhere,anothercriterionfortheevaluationofaplantcouldbethe
quantityofresources(e.g.,water)required.Insomeplants,likeintheATRandMSRplants,
the need for a constant additional water supply is dominant. This would demand specific
conditionsandextraenvironmentalconsideration.
Safety and maintainability are also very important issues to consider when CCS
technologies are considered. Components under development should satisfy safety
constraints and must be examined under realistic conditions. More safety issues are
29
associatedwiththesequestrationoftheCO2,whereallpossibleoptionsmustbethoroughly
examinedandtheirviabilitymustbeguaranteedbeforelargescalefacilitiesforCO2capture
areestablished.
Uncertainties related to the abovementioned points have not been considered in this
thesisbecausetheylieoutsideitsscope,buttheyshouldbeconsideredinthefuture.
30
Chapter3.Methodologyexergybasedanalyses
31
3. Methodologyexergybased
analyses
3.1 Stateoftheart
Exergyasanideawasconceivedinthe19thcenturybyCarnot,buttheconceptwasapplied
to industrial processes in the 20th century. The theoretical foundations of the exergetic
analysis(formulatedwellbefore1970)havebeenfurtherexpandedandsupportedbyalarge
number of published work over the last 40 years. Thus, the use of exergetic analysis has
developedrapidlyanditsconnectiontoeconomic(exergoeconomicanalysis)andenvironmental
(exergoenvironmentalanalysis)principleswasonlyamatteroftime,practiceandexpertise.
The idea of combining exergy with costs was first introduced in the beginning of the
1930s by J. H. Keenan (1932), while the first application to an air separation plant was
presentedinanunpublishedlecturein1949byM.BenedictandE.Gyftopoulos(1980).Inthe
1960s,an application of the methodology to the optimal selection of steam piping by Obert
andGaggioli(1963)wasrealized.Duringthatperiodnumerousactivitiesandpublicationsby
a large group of scientists set the foundations of the methodology (e.g., Evans and Tribus,
1962, 1965; ElSayed and Evans, 1970; ElSayed and Aplenc, 1970). Further applications are
those of Bergmann and Schmidt (1965), Szargut (1967, 1971, 1974), Gaggioli (1977), Fehring
and Gaggioli (1977), Gaggioli et al. (1978), Wepfer (1979, 1980), Beyer (1972, 1978, 1979),
Knoche and Funk (1977) and Eisermann (1979). In 1984, the term exergoeconomics was
introduced, by Tsatsaronis (1984) as an accurate and unambiguous characterization of a
combination of economics with the exergy concept. Later contributions to the field include
those byValero (1986, 1989,1994), Lozano and coworkers (1986,1994, 1989), Frangopoulos
(1983, 1987, 1988, 1992, 1994), von Spakovsky (1986, 1994), Knoche and Hesselmann (1985,
1986),LazzarettoandAndreatta(1995),ToffoloandLazzaretto(2003),VerdaandBorchiellini
(2002)andtheresearchgroupsofTsatsaronis(TsatsaronisandWinhold,1984,1985a,1985b,
1986;LinandTsatsaronis1993;Tsatsaronis,1987,1993,1995,1999a,2008,2009;Tsatsaronis
and Pisa, 1994; Tsatsaronis and Krane, 1994; Tsatsaronis and Moran, 1997; Lazzaretto and
Tsatsaronis,1997,2006;MorosukandTsatsaronis,2008a,2009a,2009b,Petrakopoulouetal.,
2010af;Tsatsaronisetal.,1989,1990,1991,1992a,1992b,1993,1994a,1994b,2006,2008,2009,
TsatsaronisandCziesla,2002,2009).
The common thread behind all exergoeconomic methodologies is the use of exergy
instead of energy as the commodity of value, and the application of the exergy costing
principle,i.e.,theassignmentofcoststoexergy.Exergoeconomicmethodscanbedividedinto
two main groups: (1) exergoeconomic accounting methods (e.g., Obert and Gaggioli, 1963;
32
Gaggioli, 1977; Tsatsaronis, 1984; Valero et al., 1986) and (2) Lagrangianbased approaches
(e.g.,EvansandTribus,1965;Frangopoulos,1983;TribusandElSayed,1980,1981,Evanset
al.,1983).
In exergoeconomic accounting methods, cost balances are explicitly formulated and
resources used in the production process are valued at the costs at which they were
purchased or generated. The aim is to (a) provide product stream costs, (b) evaluate
componentsandsystems,and(c)iterativelyimproveenergysystems.TheLagrangianbased
approaches use mathematical techniques to calculate costs. These methods aim to allow
optimizationofasystemasawholeandthecalculationofmarginalcosts.
Accounting and Lagrangianbased methods are interrelated, since their development
took place in the same time period, under similar considerations and on similar theoretical
bases. When the fuel and product definitions are the same, the costs calculated by both
methods are the same. It can also be proven that the cost balances and auxiliary equations
used in accounting methods can be obtained through derivatives in the Lagrangianbased
approaches. As a result, the use of one methodology or another differs only in practical
implementation. Accounting methodologies have no limitations with respect to the
complexity of the system being considered. Lagrangianbased methods are limited when
complex systems are considered. Therefore, there have been no new developments or
interestingapplicationsofthesemethodsinrecentyears.Inaddition,thebooksthatdealwith
someaspectsofexergoeconomics(e.g.,Moran,1982;Kenney,1984;Kotas,1985;Szargutetal.,
1988;Bejanetal.,1996;ElSayed,2003)areoutdated.Inthisthesis,accountingmethodshave
beenused.
Although exergoeconomics have been applied over the last few decades, the
exergoenvironmentalanalysisappearedonlyveryrecently(TsatsaronisandMorosuk,2008a,
2008b; Meyer, 2009). This analysis basically aims to modify the exergoeconomic analysis to
convert the problem from involving an economic assessment to involving an ecological
evaluation.
The main objective of the implementation of an exergybased approach is to find
appropriate tradeoffs between fuel cost and investment cost or environmental impact, in
ordertoimproveaprocess.Nonetheless,theconventionalexergybasedanalyses,mentioned
above, have some significant limitations: they do not provide information about (1)
componentinteractionsor(2)realpotentialforimprovement(Tsatsaronis,1999b).Toaddress
the shortcomings of the conventional methods, advanced exergetic, exergoeconomic and
exergoenvironmental analyses were developed. In advanced exergybased analyses, the
thermodynamic inefficiencies, costs and environmental impacts associated with each plant
componentaresplitintoendogenous/exogenous,avoidable/unavoidableparts,aswellasinto
their
combined
parts:
avoidable
endogenous/exogenous
and
unavoidable
endogenous/exogenous parts (Tsatsaronis and Park, 2002; Tsatsaronis and Morosuk, 2007a,
2007b,2010;Czieslaetal.,2006;Morosuketal.,2008a;MorosukandTsatsaronis,2006,2007,
2008b;Kellyetal.,2009).
The advanced exergybased analyses have been developed in the last 10 years
(Tsatsaronis, 2008). These analyses provide valuable information about how, and to what
extent,changesinaplantcomponentaffecttheoperation,costsandenvironmentalimpactof
33
theremainingplantcomponentsandtheoverallplant.Inaddition,withtheseapproachesthe
real potential for improvement is revealed through the distinction between avoidable and
unavoidableparts.Suchresultssaveengineeringtimeandshedlightontothenecessarysteps
neededfortheoptimizationofasystem.Untiltoday,advancedexergeticandexergoeconomic
analyseshaveonlybeenappliedtorelativelysimplesystems(MorosukandTsatsaronis,2006,
2008a, 2009a; 2009b, 2010; Tsatsaronis et al., 2007a, 2007b, 2009, 2010), while applications of
the advanced exergoenvironmental analysis have not yet been completed. This thesis is the
first complete application of advanced exergetic, exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental
methodstocomplexpowerplants.
3.2 Conventionalexergybasedanalyses
Conventional exergetic, exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental analyses constitute a
rigorous
evaluation
of
energy
conversion
systems.
In
exergoeconomic
and
exergoenvironmental analyses, investment costs and environmental impacts, calculated

through an economic analysis and an life cycle assessment (LCA), respectively, are linked to
irreversibilities (Meyer, 2009; Tsatsaronis and Morosuk, 2008a, 2008b; Petrakopoulou et al.,
2010a,2010b).Adetaileddescriptionoftheresultsofeachanalysisisprovidedbelow,while
theapplicationofthemethodsisdescribedinAppendixB.
3.2.1
Exergeticanalysis
An exergetic analysis reveals the locations and causes of inefficiency and loss in an energy
conversion system and provides insight into factors that cannot be found with an energetic
analysis. For a considered process, the exergetic analysis consists of a system of balance
equations,statedatthecomponentlevel,andageneralequationfortheoverallsystem.The
rateofproductexergyofcomponentk, E ,istheexergyofthedesiredoutputresultingfrom
P,k
theoperationofthecomponent,whiletherateoffuelexergyofthesamecomponent, E F , k ,is
theexpenseinexergeticresourcesforthegenerationofthedesiredoutput.Therateofexergy
destruction within component k, E , is calculated as the difference between its rate of fuel
D,k
and product exergy ( E D , k E F , k E P , k ). For the analysis at the component level, streams
exiting a component are considered either as part of the product, or they are used in the
definition of the components fuel. Thereafter, exergy loss is only defined for the overall
E
E
E
.
system(tot): E
L , tot
F , tot
P , tot
D , tot
The exergetic efficiencies of component k and the overall system consisting of n

componentsaredefinedbyEquations(3.1)and(3.2),respectively:
k P,k 1 D,k
EF , k
EF , k
(3.1)
tot
E
P ,tot 1
E
F , tot
E
k 1
D,k
34
E L ,tot
E F ,tot
(3.2)
General guidelines for the definition of exergetic efficiencies have been proposed in
Lazzaretto and Tsatsaronis (2006). In dissipative components, like condensers, intercoolers
andthrottlingvalves,exergyisdestroyedwithoutanyusefulproductinthecomponentitself;
thus, no exergetic purpose can be defined (Bejan et al., 1996; Lazzaretto and Tsatsaronis,
2006).Theessentialroleofthesecomponentsistoserveotherplantcomponents,leadingtoa
moreefficientoperationoftheoverallsystem.
Variablesoftheexergeticanalysis,relatedtoexergydestructionandexergylossarethe
exergy destruction ratio (defined both at the component level and the overall system,
Equations (3.3) and (3.4) and the exergy loss ratio (defined only for the overall plant,
Equation3.5).
yD , k
E D , k
(3.3)
F , tot
yD ,tot
E D ,tot
(3.4)
F , tot
yL ,tot
E L ,tot
E
(3.5)
F , tot
Theexergydestructionratioisameasureofthecontributionoftheexergydestructionwithin
eachcomponenttothereductionoftheoverallexergeticefficiency.Itcanbeusedtocompare
dissimilarcomponentsofthesamesystem,whilethetotalexergydestructionandexergyloss
ratioscanbeusedtocomparedifferentthermodynamicsystems.
Withtheexergeticanalysisthemainsourcesofthermodynamicirreversibilitieswithina
plantareidentified.Ifnecessary,modificationstotheplantcanthenbeapplied,inorderto
reducetheseinefficiencies.Sincetheadoptionand/orthedevelopmentofsystemsaremainly
drivenbyeconomics,thethermodynamicallyoptimaldesigncanbeusedasthestartingpoint
forcostreductionandeventuallyforcostminimization.Nowadays,theconceptofcostcould
also be substituted with environmental impact, since a rapid increase in energy demand is
foreseenthatwillimpacttheenvironmentsignificantly.
ThemethodologyofaneconomicanalysisandanLCA(astheyapplytothermodynamic
systems),aswellastheircombinationwithanexergeticanalysis,aredescribedbelow.
3.2.2
3.2.2.1
35
Exergyandeconomics
Economicanalysis
Throughaneconomicanalysis,theeconomicfeasibilityoftheconstructionandoperation,as
well as the cost of the generated product of a facility can be estimated. To conduct an
economicanalysis,differentapproachescanbeused.Inthisthesisthetotalrevenuerequirement
(TRR)methodisused(Bejanetal.,1996).
Themosttroublesomepartofcostestimatesforlargepowerstationsisthecalculationof
thepurchasedequipmentcost(PEC).Awidevarietyofdatarelatingsizeandcostofdifferent
types of components can be found in literature. However, most of these data consider
facilities much smaller than largescale power stations. To calculate costs of largescale
components using available data that consider reference equipment of different capacity, a
scaling exponent must be determined and used. This exponent, , is assumed to stay
constant within a given size range and it is usually lower than unity, expressing that a
percentageincreaseintheequipmentcostissmallerthanthepercentageincreaseincapacity
(Bejanetal.,1996):
X
CY CW Y
XW
(3.6)
Equation3.6isusedtocalculatethecostofpurchasedequipment(CY)ofanewcapacity(XY),
when a given cost (CW) at a certain capacity (XW) is known. In absence of specific cost
informationanexponentvalueof0.6maybeused.
Whenabasecost,CB,representingthecheapestpossibledesignwithbasicmaterialsat
low temperature and pressure is known, different factors depending on material,
temperature,pressureanddesign,( f m , fT , f p , f d )shouldbedeterminedtoestimatethefixed
capital investment (FCI). The cost of the module (i.e, the FCI) is then calculated as:
CM CB f m fT f p f d f BM .ThebaremodulefactorfBMconsidersanysupportingequipmentand
connectionsrequired,anditalsoincludesallindirectcostsrelatedtotheequipment.ThePEC
is then calculated as a percentage of the FCI using specified modular factors (e.g., Guthrie,
1974).
When all costs have been calculated, they must be brought to the same reference year
thatisusedasthebaseyearforallcostcalculations(ref.).Thisisrealizedusingcostindices
that are basically inflation indicators for both the reference year and the year of the
calculated,knowncosts(calc.):
Cref .Y Ccalc.,Y
Indexref .
Indexcalc.
FromthePEC,thecostrate Z k ofeachcomponentkisestimatedusingEquation(3.8).
(3.7)
36
carrying _ charges O & M

PECk
Z k
PECtot
(3.8)
Here,representstheannualoperatinghoursandO&Mtheoperatingandmaintenancecosts
of the plant. The carrying charges are calculated subtracting the fuel and O&M costs of the
plantfromitsTRR(Bejanetal.,1996). Z isassociatedwithboththeinvestmentcost(IC)and
k
the O&M costs of component k ( Z k Z kIC Z kO & M ), but it is mainly determined by the
investmentcost.Thecalculatedcostratesareusedasinputfortheexergoeconomicanalysis.
3.2.2.2
Exergoeconomicanalysis
An exergoeconomic analysis is an appropriate combination of an exergetic analysis with

economic principles. This is achieved through exergy costing, by which a specific cost c is
assignedtoeachexergystreamoftheplant.Thespecificcostofstreami, ci ,multipliedbythe
exergyofthesamestream, E i ,providesthecostrate Ci ,associatedwithstreami:
Ci ci E i
(3.9)
Toperformanexergoeconomicanalysisonaplant,costbalancesarestatedatthecomponent
levelresultinginasystemofbalanceequations.Forexample,thecostbalanceofcomponentk
isstatedasfollows:
C
i 1
i,k
C j , k Z k 0
(3.10)
j 1
Here, C i , k is the sum of the cost rates associated with the l steams entering component k
i 1
and C j , k isthesumofthecostratesassociatedwiththemstreamsleavingcomponentk.
j 1
Inthesystemofbalanceequations,whenthenumberofunknownstreamcostsislarger
thanthenumberofequationsstated,auxiliarystatementsarerequired.Foreachcomponent,
streams entering are assumed to be known, while streams leaving the component are
unknown.Whenthenumberoftheoutgoingexergystreamsofacomponentishigherthan
one(m>1),m1auxiliaryequationsareneeded.ThePprinciple(ontheproductside)andthe
Fprinciple (on the fuel side) are used to determine the auxiliary equations (Lazzaretto and
Tsatsaronis, 2006). The Pprinciple states that the cost per unit of exergy is supplied to all
streamsthatbelongtothedefinitionoftheproductofthecomponentatthesamecost.TheF
principle states that the cost, associated with the exergy removed from a considered
component,hasthesamespecificcostastheexergysuppliedtotheupstreamcomponents.
When the necessary balance equations are stated and solved, the exergoeconomic
evaluation follows. Through the evaluation, iterative steps to improve and finally optimize
37
theconsideredsystemarerevealed.Animportantoutcomeoftheexergoeconomicanalysisis
therelationofexergydestructionwithcosts:
C D , k cF , k E D , k (3.11)
where, cF , k isthespecificcostoffuelofcomponentk.
The calculation of the cost of exergy destruction facilitates the evaluation of plant
componentsandallowscomparisonbetweencostofexergydestructionandinvestmentcost.
The components are first ranked and evaluated based on their total costs C Z . The
D,k
higherthecostsare,themoresignificanttheeffectofthecomponenttotheoverallplant.The
contributionof the capital cost, Z , to the sum of costs is expressed by the exergoeconomic
k
factor f k ,definedbyEquation(3.12).
fk
Z k
Z k C D ,k
(3.12)
Theexergoeconomicfactordependsontheoperationofeachcomponent.However,for
each component type, there are some common value ranges that usually apply (lower than
55%forHXs;3575%forcompressors/turbines;higherthan90%forpumps).Highvaluesof
the factor f suggest a reduction in the investment costs, whilelow values of f suggest a
reduction in the incurred irreversibilities. Depending on the calculated values, tradeoffs
between exergy destruction and investment costs are suggested.The goalis to improve the
overallplantfromboththermodynamicandeconomicviewpoints.
Another important variable of the exergoeconomic evaluation is the relative cost
difference, rk .Foragivencomponentk,thedifferencebetweenthespecificcostofproduct,
c ,andthespecificcostoffuel, c ,dependsonthecostofexergydestruction, C ,and
P,k
F ,k
D,k
therelated Z k .
c cF , k C D , k Z k
rk P , k
(3.13)

c
F ,k
cF , k E P , k
Information about compromises between the cost of exergy destruction and the
investment cost of components, resulting from the exergoeconomic evaluation, can be used
for the iterative design improvement of the plant. The objective is to reduce the cost
associatedwiththeproductoftheoverallplant.
3.2.3
3.2.3.1
38
Exergyandenvironmentalimpacts
Lifecycleassessment
In analogy to the economic analysis used to calculate costs, an LCA is used to assess the
environmental impact associated with a product over its lifetime (Meyer et al., 2009). It is
carriedoutfollowingtheguidelinesofinternationalstandardapproaches(ISO14004).
Figure3.1:GeneralstructureoftheEcoindicator99LCIAmethod(Source:GoedkoopandSpriensma,
2000)
The quantification of environmental impacts caused by depletion and emissions of a

naturalresourcecanbecarriedoutusingdifferentlifecycleimpactassessment(LCIA)methods.
ThedamageorientedimpactanalysismethodEcoindicator99isconsideredhere(Goedkoop
and Spriensma, 2000). Ecoindicator 99 defines three categories of damage: (1) damage to
humanhealth,(2)damagetotheecosystemand(3)depletionofresources.Aftercalculating
the environmental effects of the different categories, the values are optionally normalized,
weighted and the result is expressed in Ecoindicator points (Pts). Higher values of the Eco
indicator are associated with higher damage. Depending on the attitude and perspective of
differentsocieties,thereisaweightingperperspectiverepresentedbythreeArchetypes:
Hierarchists keep a balance between short and longterm perspectives and take
environmentaldamagesintoaccountbasedonconsensus.
Egalitarians weigh the effect on future generations and take all possible effects
intoaccount,evenwithminimalscientificproof.
Individualists focus on the present, neglecting longterm effects and take only
proveneffectsintoaccount.
Thearchetypeofthehierarchistshasbeenadoptedinthisthesis.
The standard Ecoindicator 99 inventory values are available for the production and
processingofalargenumberofmaterials,fortransportprocesses,fordisposalscenarios,etc.
The impact is calculated with reference to the annual environmental impact of a European
inhabitant.Thescaleischoseninsuchawaythatthevalueof1Pointisrepresentativeforone
39
thousandthoftheyearlyenvironmentalloadofoneaverageEuropeaninhabitant(thisvalue
iscalculatedbydividingthetotalenvironmentalloadinEuropebythenumberofinhabitants
andmultiplyingitby1000).
The application of an LCA assists in understanding the formation of environmental
impactsinenergyconversionsystemsatthecomponentlevelandprovidesinformationabout
theinfluenceofthermodynamicinefficienciesinthearrangementofenvironmentalimpacts.
However, an LCA on its own is not capable of allocating the environmental impact of fuel
consumption to the specific components of a system. This is performed with an
exergoenvironmentalanalysis(Meyer,2009).
3.2.3.2
Exergoenvironmentalanalysis
In an exergoenvironmental analysis, the concepts of exergy and environmental impact are

combined.Thecomponentrelatedenvironmentalimpactofcomponentk, Y ,isobtainedin
k
anLCAconsideringtheentirelifecycleofthecomponent.Itisthesumoftheenvironmental
impact of: (a) construction, Y CO , (including manufacturing, transport and installation), (b)
k
operationandmaintenance, YkOM and(c)thedisposal, YkDI ,ofcomponentk:
Yk YkCO YkOM YkDI
(3.14)
Similartotheexergoeconomicanalysis,theexergoenvironmentalanalysisisperformed
withasystemofequationsstatedatthecomponentlevel.Theenvironmentalimpactbalance
for component k states that the sum of the environmental impact associated with all input
streams of the component equals the sum of the environmental impact associated with all
outputstreamsofthesamecomponent:
B
i 1
i ,k
B j , k Yk B kPF 0
(3.15)
j 1
Here, Bi / j bi / j E i / j (b: specific environmental impact of stream i/j), Bi , k is the sum of the
i 1
environmentalimpactsassociatedwiththelsteamsenteringcomponentk, B j , k isthesum
j 1
oftheenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththemstreamsleavingcomponentkand B kPF is
theimpactofpollutantformation.Thelatterisrelatedtotheproductionofpollutantswithin
a component is charged to the specific component, representing the potential impact that
could be caused by the generated pollutants. Pollutant formation is defined only when a
chemicalreactiontakeplace;inanyothercase,itiszero.Itiscalculatedas:
PF
Bk
b m
PF
i
i ,out
m i ,in
(3.16)
40
where, m in and m out arethemassflowratesofpollutantsenteringandexitingcomponentk,

respectively. The pollutant streams that are taken into account here include: CO, CO2, CH4
andNOX.
Whenauxiliaryequationsneedtobeformulated,tomakethenumberoftheunknowns
equal to the number of equations, the same principles are valid as for the exergoeconomic
analysis.
Theenvironmentalimpactoftheexergydestructioniscalculatedas:
B D , k bF , k E D , k (3.17)
Here,bF,kisthespecificenvironmentalimpactofthefuelprovidedtocomponentk. B D , k can
thenbecomparedtothecomponentrelatedimpactofcomponentk, Yk .Thisisthefirststep
inevaluatingtheplantcomponents,byrevealingthosewiththehighesteffectontheoverall
plant.
The exergoenvironmental analysis not only identifies the components with the highest
environmental impact, but it also reveals the possibilities for improvement, in order to
decreasetheenvironmentalimpactoftheoverallplant.Theseimprovementpossibilitiescan
be identified through the sum of the componentrelated environmental impact and the
impactofexergydestruction, Y B ,theexergoenvironmentalfactor, f ,andtherelative
k
D,k
b,k
environmentalimpactdifference, rb , k .
fb,k =
Yk
Yk B D,k
(3.18)
rb , k
F,k
bP,k
bF,k
B D , k Yk
b E
F,k
(3.19)
P,k
Withtheexergoenvironmentalfactor,thecontributionofthecomponentrelatedimpact,
Yk ,tothetotalenvironmentalimpact, Yk B D , k isexpressedatthecomponentlevel.Intheory,
whenthevalueof fb , k isrelativelyhigh, Yk isdominant,whereaswhenthevalueof fb , k is
low, exergy destruction is dominant. Thus, the higher the exergoenvironmental factor, the
highertheinfluenceofthecomponentrelatedimpactontheoverallperformanceoftheplant.
In practice, the results of the exergoenvironmental factor differ from those of the
exergoeconomic factor significantly: the componentrelated impact is very low when
compared to the impact associated with the operation of the plant (exergy destruction).
Therefore, the values of fb , k are lower than 1% for the majority of the components. This is
discussedinmoredetailinChapter4,wheretheresultsoftheanalysesarepresented.
Theenvironmentalimpactdifferenceofcomponentk, rb , k ,dependsontheimpactofits
exergydestructionanditscomponentrelatedimpact.Thus,itisanindicatorofthereduction
potentialofthecomponent.Afterthecalculationandevaluationofthementionedvariables,
41
design changes are suggested, in orderto reduce the environmentalimpact associated with
theproductoftheoverallprocess.
3.3 Advancedexergybasedanalyses
With conventional exergybased analyses, the locations, magnitudes and causes of
irreversibilities, costs and environmental impacts are identified, and a general direction for
improvement is indicated. However, none of the conventional analyses are able to reveal
interactions among plant components or to estimate the real potential for improvement.
Withoutconsiderationofcomponentinteractions,optimizationstrategiescanbemisguided,
especiallywhencomplexsystemswithalargenumberofmutuallyaffectedcomponentsare
considered.Advancedexergybasedanalysesattempttoaddressthisshortcoming.
Part of the exergy destruction, cost and environmental impact of a system can be
avoided with structural modifications, reduction of the investment costs/environmental
impactsorefficiencyimprovementsofindividualcomponents.Exergydestruction,costsand
environmental impacts that can be avoided through technically feasible design and/or
operationalimprovementareconsideredavoidable,(AV).AVquantitiesplaythemainrolein
the determination of improvement steps, as well as the estimation of the improvement
potential of a system. The remaining exergy destruction, costs and environmental impacts,
associatedwithphysical,technologicalandeconomicconstraints,thatcannotbeavoided,are
considered unavoidable, (UN). Additionally, exergy destruction, costs and environmental
impacts can be separated depending on their source: if they are incurred by component
interactions,theyareexogenous(EX),whileiftheystemfromtheoperationofthecomponent
itself,theyareendogenous(EN).Usingtheendogenousandexogenousquantities,interactions
amongcomponentsandimprovementalternativesareidentified.Furthermore,theavoidable
and unavoidable estimates are further split into their endogenous and exogenous parts. A
schematic example of the paths to split irreversibilities is shown in Figure 3.2. The same
processisappliedtocostsandenvironmentalimpacts.
Figure3.2:Optionsforsplittingtheexergydestructioninanadvancedexergeticanalysis(Source:
MorosukandTsatsaronis,2008b)
3.3.1
42
Advancedexergeticanalysis
3.3.1.1
Splittingtherateofexergydestruction
Todistinguishwhetherexergydestructionwithinacomponentiscausedbythecomponent
itself (endogenous, E EN ) or by the operation of other plant components (exogenous, E EX ),
D,k
D,k
theoperatingconditionsofthesystemmustbemodified.Tocalculatetheendogenousexergy
destruction of component k, the considered component must operate under real conditions,
whileallothercomponentsoftheprocessoperatewithoutirreversibilities(theoretically).In
all cases, the power output of the overall plant is kept constant and equal to the initial
simulation (real case). When chemical reactions take place, theoretical conditions cannot
easilybedefined.Toovercomethisproblem,differentmethodshavebeenproposed(Kellyet
al., 2009). The exergy balance method is more appropriate for complex systems and it has
beenappliedhere.
The exogenous part ( E DEX, k ) is calculated by subtracting the endogenous exergy
destructionfromtherealexergydestruction, E Dreal
, k :
EN
E DEX, k E Dreal
, k ED , k (3.20)
Theexogenousexergydestructionis,thus,theexergydestructionimposedoncomponentk
through the operation of the remaining n1 plant components that constitute the overall
process.The E EX ofcomponentkcanalsobetracedtothespecificcomponentsthatcauseit.
D,k
The sum of the individual exogenous exergy destruction terms differs from the exogenous
exergydestructionofcomponentk.Thisdifferenceisthemexogenousexergydestruction(MX,
E MX )anditoriginatesfromthesimultaneousinteractionsofthecomponentsoftheprocess
D,k
(MorosukandTsatsaronis,2008b):
E DMX, k E DEX, k E DEX, k, r
(3.21)
r 1
r k
r 1
r k
r 1
rk
with E DEX, k, r E DEN, k, r k E DEN, k .
As mentioned earlier, technological and economic limitations determine a minimum

valueofexergydestruction.Thisunavoidablepartofexergydestruction, E UN ,iscalculated
D
considering each component in isolation, separated from the system. The ratio of exergy
UN
destructionperunitofproductexergy E D* E P iscalculatedassumingoperationwithhigh
k
efficiencyandlowlosses.Forcomponentk,withrateofproductexergyintherealcase E real
P , k ,
theunavoidableexergydestructioniscalculatedas:
43
* UN
UN
real ED
ED , k E P , k
(3.22)

EP k
When the unavoidable part of the exergy destruction within component k is known, the
avoidablepartisobtainedwithEquation(3.23):
AV
D,k
UN
E Dreal
, k ED , k
(3.23)
For dissipative components no rate of product exergy can be defined, thus no distinction
betweenavoidableandunavoidableexergydestructionhasbeenmade.
3.3.1.2
Splitting the avoidable and unavoidable rates of exergy destruction into

endogenousandexogenousparts
Theunavoidableendogenousandexogenousexergydestruction E DUN, k, EN and E DUN, k, EX within

componentkiscalculatedwithEquations(3.24)and(3.25):
* UN
UN , EN
EN ED
ED , k E P , k

EP k
E UN , EX E UN E UN , EN
D,k
D,k
D,k
(3.24)
(3.25)
The avoidable endogenous and exogenous exergy destruction E DAV, k, EN and E DAV, k , EX is then
calculatedbysubtractingthecorrespondingunavoidablepartfromthetotalendogenousand
exogenousexergydestruction,respectively:
E DAV, k , EN E DEN, k E DUN, k, EN
(3.26)
E DAV, k , EX E DEX, k E DUN, k, EX (3.27)

3.3.1.3
Calculatingthetotalavoidableexergydestruction
In general, high avoidable exergy destruction reveals high improvement potential for a
component. However, it is possible that a component has relatively low avoidable exergy
destruction, but relatively high total avoidable exogenous exergy destruction (exergy
destruction caused by the component both within itselfand to the other components of the
system).Thus,anevaluationshouldtakeintoaccountalldataavailableandtheconclusions
should be adjusted accordingly. To facilitate the identification of the real improvement
potential of plant components, the total amount of avoidable exergy destruction caused by
eachcomponentkisdefined(MorosukandTsatsaronis,2008b):
44
E DAV, k , E DAV, k , EN E DAV, r , EX , k
(3.28)
r 1
r k
Here,
E
r 1
r k
AV , EX , k
D,r
is the sum of the avoidable exergy destruction caused by component k
within the remaining n1 plant components. Each part of this sum is calculated for each
componentrseparately,viatheunavoidableexogenousexergydestruction.Theunavoidable
exogenous exergy destruction is calculated through the unavoidable endogenous exergy
destructionofeachcomponentr,whenrandkoperateunderrealconditions(Morosukand
Tsatsaronis,2008b),:
E *
E DUN, r , EN , r k E PEN, r , r k D
EP r
UN
(3.29)
E PEN, r , r k is the E P of component r, when components r and k operate under real conditions
and all remaining components operate under theoretical conditions. The unavoidable
exogenousexergydestructionincomponentrduetocomponentk, E UN , EX , k ,iscalculatedas:
D,r
E DUN, r , EX , k E DUN, r , EN , r k E DUN, r , EN (3.30)
Finally,theavoidableexogenousexergydestructionofcomponentrcausedbycomponentk,
is found by subtracting the unavoidable exogenous exergy destruction from the total
exogenousexergydestructioncausedtorbycomponentk:
E DAV, r , EX , k E DEX, r , k E DUN, r , EX , k (3.31)
3.3.2
3.3.2.1
Advancedexergoeconomicanalysis
Splittingthecostratesofinvestmentandexergydestruction
Similar to exergy destruction, the endogenous and exogenous parts of investment cost and
cost of exergy destruction are the parts related to internal operating conditions and to
component interactions, respectively. Moreover, depending on whether the costs can be
avoided or not, they can be split into avoidable and unavoidable parts, respectively. All
equationsusedforthesecalculationsareshowninTable3.1.
3.3.2.2
45
Calculatingthetotalratesofavoidablecosts
To identify the real potential for improving plant components, the sum of both avoidable
costsassociatedwithexergydestructionandavoidableinvestmentcostsarecalculatedatthe
componentlevel:
C DAV, k , C DAV, k , EN C DAV, r , EX , k (3.32)

r 1
r k
Z kAV , Z kAV , EN Z rAV , EX , k (3.33)

r 1
r k
C
r 1
r k
AV , EX , k
D,r
and Z rAV , EX , k are the totalavoidable cost rates associatedwith the exogenous
r 1
r k
exergydestructionandinvestmentcostofcomponentr,respectively,causedbycomponentk.
The term related to the avoidable exogenous investment cost is calculated for each
component r separately, via the unavoidable exogenous investment cost of the component
causedbycomponentk, Z UN , EX , k :
r
Z rAV , EX , k Z rEX , k Z rUN , EX , k (3.34)
The unavoidable exogenous part of the cost is calculated through the unavoidable
endogenouscost, Z UN , EN :
r
Z rUN , EX , k Z rUN , EN , r k Z rUN , EN
(3.35)
UN
Z
,with E PEN, r , r k equivalentto E P , r ,whencomponents rand k
where, Z DUN, r , EN , r k E PEN, r , r k

E
P r
operateunderrealconditionsandallremainingcomponentsoperatetheoretically.
Tocomparetheavoidablecostofexergydestructionwiththeavoidableinvestmentcost,
thecostofexergydestructionmustbesplitintoitssources,aswell.Theavoidableexogenous
costofexergydestructioniscalculatedwithEquation(3.36):
AV , EX , k (3.36)
C DAV,r , EX ,k cFreal
, r ED , r
where, E DAV, r , EX , k hasbeencalculatedusingEquation(3.31).
Thetotalcost,uponwhichtheperformanceofacomponentisevaluated,isthesumof
theavoidablecostratesofexergydestructionandinvestment.
46
Table3.1:Splittingthecosts
Definition
ofcostrate
Endogenous
Costratewithincomponentkassociatedwith
theoperationofthecomponentitself
( Z
EN
, C D )
EN
EX
Costratewithincomponentkcausedbythe
remainingcomponents
Differencebetweenexogenousandsumof
splitexogenouscostratesforcomponentk,
causedbysimultaneousinteractionsbetween
thecomponentandtheremaining
componentsoftheplant
Costratethatcannotbeavoided
, C D )
EX
Mexogenous
( Z
MX
, C D )
MX
Unavoidable
( Z
destruction, C D ,k , (ofcomponentk)
UN
, C D )
UN
Comments
Z kEN
Exogenous
( Z
Costrateofinvestment, Z k ,andexergy
EN
D ,k
F ,k
Z k Z
C
real
D ,k
E Preal and Z real :Rateofproductexergyandinvestmentcostintherealcase

cFreal
,k :Averagecostperunitoffuelexergyprovidedtocomponentkintherealcase
D ,k
real
k
EX
EX
D ,k
E PEN,k :Rateofproductexergyofcomponentkwhentheremainingcomponentsoperatetheoretically
real
Z
E PEN,k
EP k
c real E EN
EN
k
EN
D ,k
Z kMX Z kEX Z kEX ,r

r 1
r k
n
Z
Z kEX ,r Z kEN ,r k Z kEN ,with Z kEN ,r k EPEN ,r k k
E
r 1
r 1
P ,k
r k
r k
n
Avoidable
Costratethatcanbeavoided
PECUN
Z kreal forHXs
Z kUN
real
PEC k
real
%of Z forothercomponents
Z kUN :Unavoidableinvestmentcostrate,i.e.,minimumcostassociatedwithcomponentk.Foreachheat
r 1
r k
r 1
r k
EX ,r
D ,k
EN ,r k
C DEN,k ,r k C DEN,k ,with C DEN,k ,r k cFreal
,k E D ,k
r 1
r k
exchanger a new simulation of the component in isolation, operating with low effectiveness and high
irreversibilities,isrequired.Forothercomponents,partoftheir Z
PEC
C DMX,k C DEX,k C DEX,k ,r
real
UN
C DUN,k cFreal
,k E D , k
UN
k
real
ischosenasunavoidable.
:Purchasedequipmentcostofcomponentk,calculatedattheunavoidableconditions
E DUN : Unavoidable part of exergy destruction rate (calculated in an advanced exergetic analysis with
mostfavorableoperatingconditionsthatresultinthelowestpossibleexergydestruction).
( Z
AV
, C D )
AV
Unavoidable Endogenous
( Z
UN , EN
, C D
UN , EN
Unavoidable
( Z
UN , EX
Exogenous
, C D
UN , EX
AvoidableEndogenous
AV , EN
AV , EN
, C D
)
( Z
AvoidableExogenous
( Z
AV , EX
, C D
AV , EX
Unavoidablecostratewithincomponentk
associatedwiththeoperationofthe
componentitself
Unavoidablecostratewithincomponentk
causedbytheremainingcomponents
Avoidablecostratewithincomponentk
associatedwiththeoperationofthe
componentitself
Avoidablecostratewithincomponentk
causedbytheremainingcomponents
Z kAV Z kreal Z kUN
UN
C DAV,k C Dreal
,k C D ,k
, EN
Z UN
k
UN
Z *
E PEN,k
EP k
UN
Z *
Z UN
real
E
P k
EP k
UN ,EN
C DUN,k,EN cFreal
, k E D ,k
UN , EX
Z k
UN , EX
D ,k
UN
k
UN
D ,k
UN , EN
k
UN , EN
D ,k
E DUN ,EN :Unavoidableendogenouspartofexergydestructionrate(calculatedinanadvancedexergetic
analysis)
, EN
Z kAV ,EN Z kEN Z UN

k
C DAV,k ,EN C DEN,k C DUN,k,EN

Z kAV ,EX Z kEX Z kUN ,EX
C DAV,k ,EX C DEX,k C DUN,k,EX
Chapter3.Methodologyexergybasedanalyses46
TERM
3.3.3
47
Advancedexergoenvironmentalanalysis
Asbrieflydiscussedinthedescriptionoftheconventionalexergoenvironmentalanalysis,the
componentrelated environmental impact, Yk , is significantly lower than the impact
associatedwiththeoperationoftheplant(representedbytheexergydestruction).Therefore,
Yk hasnotbeensplithere.Thefocusisratherontheimpactsrelatedtotheexergydestruction
andpollutantformation(Boyanoetal.,2010).Liketheexergydestruction,theenvironmental
impacts associated with exergy destruction and pollutant formation are separated into
avoidable/unavoidable, endogenous/exogenous and the respective combined parts. The
equationsusedtoperformthisanalysisareshowninTable3.2.
3.3.3.1
Calculatingthetotalavoidableenvironmentalimpactofpollutantformationand
exergydestruction
As mentioned in the description of the advanced exergoenvironmental analysis, to identify

the real improvement potential of plant components, the total avoidable environmental
impactassociatedwithexergydestructionmustbecalculatedatthecomponentlevel:
B kPF , AV , B kPF , AV , EN B rPF , AV , EX , k
(3.37)
r 1
r k
B DAV, k , B DAV, k, EN B DAV, r , EX , k
(3.38)
r 1
rk
r 1
r k
r 1
r k
Here, B rPF , AV , EX , k and B DAV, r , EX , k arethetotalavoidableenvironmentalimpactsofpollutant

formationandexergydestructionofcomponentr,respectively,causedbycomponentk.The
avoidableexogenousimpactofexergydestructioniscalculatedwithEquation(3.39):
AV , EX , k
B DAV,r , EX ,k bFreal
, r ED , r
(3.39)
where E DAV, r , EX , k has been calculated for all components in a preceding advanced exergetic
analysis.
The term related to the avoidable exogenous environmental impact of pollutant
formation is calculated for each component r separately, via the unavoidable exogenous
impactofpollutantformationcausedbycomponentk, B PF ,UN , EX , k :
r
B rPF , AV , EX , k B rPF , EX , k B rPF ,UN , EX , k
(3.40)
48
The unavoidable exogenous environmental impact of pollutant formation is calculated

throughitsunavoidableendogenousimpact, B PF ,UN , EN :
r
B rPF ,UN , EX , k B rPF ,UN , EN , r k B rUN , EN (3.41)
UN
B PF
,with E PEN, r , r k equivalenttothe E P , r ,whencomponentsrandk
B DPF, r,UN , EN , r k E PEN, r , r k

E
P r
operateunderrealconditionsandallremainingcomponentsoperatetheoretically.
The total avoidable environmental impacts (Equations 3.37 and 3.38) reveal the
components with the largest influence on the overall plant. Actions to improve their
operationshouldleadtoanimprovementoftheimpactoftheplantasawhole.
49
Table3.2:Splittingtheenvironmentalimpacts
Definition
ofenvironmentalimpact
Environmentalimpactofpollutant
formation, B k
PF
andexergy
Comments
destruction, B D ,k (forcomponentk)
Impactwithincomponentkassociatedwiththe
operationofthecomponentitself
Endogenous
PF , EN
EN
, B D ,k )
( B k
EN
B kPF ,EN biPF m i ,out m i ,in
biPF :Specificpollutantformation(variesdependingonthepollutant)
EN
B DEN,k bFreal
, k ED , k
i ,out
real
F ,k
b
Exogenous
( B k
PF , EX
Impactassociatedwithcomponentkcausedbythe
remainingcomponents
Differencebetweenexogenousandsumofsplit
exogenousimpactsforcomponentk,causedby
simultaneousinteractionsbetweenthecomponent
andtheremainingcomponentsoftheplant
, B D ,k )
EX
Mexogenous
( B
PF , MX
k
, B
MX
D ,k
Unavoidable
( B k
PF ,UN
B kPF ,EX B kPF ,real B kPF ,EN

B
EX
D ,k
EN
D ,k
:Averagespecificenvironmentalimpactperunitoffuelexergyofcomponentkintherealcase
B DMX,k B DEX,k B DEX,k ,r
B kPF ,UN biPF m i ,out m i ,in
B kPF ,UN : The unavoidableenvironmental impactofpollutantformation rateincludes allemissions of
r 1
r k
r 1
r k
UN
D ,k
real
F ,k
EX ,r
D ,k
EN ,r k
B DEN,k ,r k B DEN,k ,with B DEN,k ,r k bFreal
,k BD ,k
r 1
r k
CO2 whencompletecombustiontakesplace(i: CO2 )
:massflowdifferenceofpollutanti,betweenoutletandinletintheendogenouscase
UN
EN
Impactthatcannotbeavoided
, B D ,k )
real
D ,k
m i ,in
UN
D ,k
E DUN :Unavoidablepartofexergydestructionrate(calculatedinanadvancedexergeticanalysiswith
mostfavorableoperatingconditionsthatresultinthelowestpossibleexergydestruction).
( B k
PF , AV
PF
B kPF , AV bNO
m NOX ,out
X
Impactthatcanbeavoided
Avoidable
, B D ,k )
AV
UN
B DAV,k B Dreal
,k BD ,k
Unavoidable
Endogenous
( Bk
PF ,UN , EN
, B D ,k
UN , EN
PF ,UN , EX
, B D ,k
UN , EX
AvoidableEndogenous
( Bk
PF , AV , EN
, B D ,k
AV , EN
Unavoidableimpactassociatedwithcomponentk
causedbytheoperationofthecomponentitself
B PF
B kPF ,UN ,EN E PEN,k k
E
P ,k
UN
,
EN
real
UN
B
b E ,EN
Unavoidableimpactwithincomponentkcaused
bytheremainingcomponents
B kPF ,UN ,EX BkPF ,UN B kPF ,UN ,EN
Avoidableimpactwithincomponentkcausedby
theoperationofthecomponentitself
B kPF , AV ,EN B kPF ,EN B kPF ,UN ,EN
UnavoidableExogenous
( Bk
B kPF , AV :NOXemissionsthatcanbeavoidedassuming,forexample,differentexcessairfraction()
D ,k
F ,k
UN
D ,k
B PF

EP
B DUN,k,EX B DUN,k B DUN,k ,EN
B DAV,k ,EN B DEN,k B DUN,k,EN
AvoidableExogenous
( Bk
PF , AV , EX
, B D ,k
AV , EX
Avoidableimpactwithincomponentkcausedby
theremainingcomponents
B kPF , AV ,EX B kPF , AV B kPF , AV ,EN

B DAV,k ,EX B DEX,k B DUN,k,EX
UN
B PF ,UN
real
EP k
k
Chapter3.Methodologyexergybasedanalyses49
TERM
50
Chapter4.Applicationoftheexergybasedanalysestotheplants
51
4. Applicationoftheexergybased
analysestotheplants
This chapter includes details and particularities of the applied methods and the obtained
results. Information about the application of the conventional exergybased analyses can be
found in Appendix B.2. Selected results for the considered plants of each method are
presentedintherespectivesectionsandsummarizedinTable4.5.Resultsforselectedplant
components are shown in Tables 4.64.13 (end of section 4.1), while analytical results are
presentedinAppendixA.
4.1 Conventionalexergybasedanalyses
4.1.1
Exergeticanalysis
Alloftheplantsareprovidedwiththesameamountoffuel.Thus,thederivedrateofproduct
)dependsontheoperatingcharacteristicsofeachplantandtherequirementsof
exergy( E
P , tot
eachCO2capturetechnology.SelectedresultsoftheanalysisarepresentedinTable4.1.
Table4.1:Selectedresultsoftheexergeticanalysis
Ref.Plant
AZEP AZEP
85
100
CLC
Plant
MEA0.2 SGRAZ
ATR
MEA0
Plant
MSR
Plant
Simpleoxy
fuelPlant
tot (%)
56.5
53.4
51.7
51.5
48.4
48.0
46.5
45.8
45.8
42.7
E P ,tot (MW)
412.5
389.9 377.5
376.0
353.8
352.0
339.8
334.6
334.6
313.4
E F ,tot (MW)
300.4
313.4 320.7
307.4
349.1
349.3
358.1
368.3
338.7
388.7
E L ,tot (MW)
17.6
27.2
32.5
47.3
27.6
31.9
32.7
27.7
57.3
31.1
yD ,tot (%)
41.1
42.9
43.9
42.1
47.8
47.6
49.0
50.4
46.4
53.0
The reference plant performs with an exergetic efficiency of 56.5%. Of the plants that
include CO2 capture, the AZEP 85 achieves the best performance (53.4%), followed by the
AZEP100(51.7%)andtheCLCplant(51.5%).MEA0.21isrankedfourth(48.4%),whiletheS
Graz cycleis rankedfifth(48.0%),followed by theATR plant(46.5%). MEA0and theMSR
plantoperatewithasimilarefficiency(45.8%)and,therefore,occupythesamerankingplace
0and0.2standfortheassumedleansorbentCO2loading(0or0.2molCO2/molMEA).Seealsosection2.3.2.
52
(the efficiency of the MSR plant is slightly lower than that of MEA0). Lastly, the lowest
efficiencyisfoundforsimpleoxyfuelplant(42.7%).TheresultsofMEA0.2agreebetterwith
publishedwork(RubinandRao,2002).Therefore,althoughMEA0willsometimesbeused
for comparison purposes, MEA0.2 is considered as the main representative plant for
chemicalabsorption.Ifnototherwisestated,MEAplantreferstoMEA0.2.
The three most efficient plants (AZEP 85, AZEP 100 and CLC plant) are oxyfuel
concepts.ThisindicatesthatthisgeneralapproachisrelativelypromisingforCO2capture,as
long as current implementation challenges, related to their operation and component
feasibility,aremet.Whencomparedtothereferenceplant,theseplantsresultinarelatively
smallreductionintheexergeticefficiencyofaboutfivepercentagepoints.Althoughthetotal
) in the CLC plant is lower by 613 MW than that of the
rate of exergy destruction ( E
D , tot
AZEPs,therateofproductexergyofbothAZEPsisfoundtobehigher.Withthesame E F ,tot
andlower E D ,tot ,thelower E P ,tot oftheCLCplantisexplainedbyitslargerrateofexergyloss
( E L ,tot ).Indeed,theexergylossoftheAZEP100andAZEP85is32.5and27.3MW(4.5and
3.7%ofthe E F ,tot ),respectively,whileintheCLCplantitis47.3MW(6.5%ofthe E F ,tot ).The
higherexergylossinthelatterisaresultoftheassumed2%nonreactedmethane(seealso
section 2.3.7). The lower exergy loss of the AZEP 85 is smaller than that of the AZEP 100,
becauseofthereducedmassflowratesof(1)thecapturedCO2,(2)theMCMworkingfluids
and(3)theGTsystem,andthesmallermassflowrateandlowertemperatureoftheexhaust
gases.ThecombinationofrelativelylowexergydestructionandlossintheAZEP85resultsin
highernetpoweroutput,i.e.higherexergeticefficiency.
The large difference between the simple oxyfuel concept and the SGraz cycle results
from a combination of factors. In the SGraz, (1) additional power is produced in the low
pressureGT(GT3),(2)theexergydestructionwithinthesinglepressurelevelHRSGislower
whencomparedtothatofthethreepressurelevelHRSGofthesimpleoxyfuelplant,(3)the
waterseparatedthroughgascondensationisrecycledandreusedintheplantand(4)steamis
addedatdifferentpressurelevelsoftheGTsystem,increasingtheexpandingmassflowand
allowingalowcondenserworkingpressure.Allofthesepointscontributetoanincreasein
the net power output of the SGraz cycle. The SGraz cycle performs with lower efficiency
whencomparedtotheCLCplantandtheAZEPconcepts,mainlybecauseofthelargepower
demandofitsrecyclecompressors.
Thetwoprecombustionplantsperformwithrelativelylowefficiencies.Thejustification
ofthisresultfortheATRplantisthatitcombinestwocostlyCO2capturemethods:chemical
absorptionandfueldecarbonization.Chemicalabsorptionrequireslargeamountsofthermal
energy, while the decarbonization process includes a, strongly endothermic, reforming
reaction that is fueled by a supplementary fuel burning. The low effectiveness of the MSR
plantisexplainedbyitshighrateofexergyloss.TheMSRplantpresentsthehighestrateof
),duetotherelativelyhighexergyrate
exergylossamongalloftheplants(7.8%ofthe E
F , tot
ofthestreamexhaustedtotheenvironment.
The MEA plant results in an efficiency of 8 percentage points lower than that of the
referenceplant,withanexergylosssimilartothatoftheAZEP85becauseofthelowexergy
53
rateoftheexhaustgases.However,theMEAplantpresentsaloweroverallefficiencyof35
percentage points when compared to the three most efficient oxyfuel plants. The relatively
lowpenaltyofthethreeoxyfuelplantsstemsfromtheirmoreefficientcombustionprocesses,
the additional power produced in the additional expander(GT2in FiguresA.2.1,A.3.1and
A.5.1),andtheadditionalHRSG(SHII,EVII,ECII)thatincreasesheatrecovery.
Asexpected,themainexergydestructioninalloftheplantsoccurswithintheirchemical
reactors(CC,CLCreactors,DB),causedbythehighirreversibilitiesincurredthere.Whenthe
reactants are preheated, the thermodynamic irreversibilities within the reactors decrease
significantly.ThecombustionprocessisrealizedmoreefficientlyintheAZEPsandtheCLC
100
85
CLC
/ yDAZEP
plant resulting in an exergy destruction ratio yDAZEP
, CC
, CC DB / y D , reactors 1218% lower (the
best case being the AZEP 100), when compared to the reference plant. Furthermore, in the
AZEP 100 the exergy destruction ratio of the combustion process is lower than that of the
AZEP85,whichincludesbothaCCandaDB.Thisisrelatedtothelowerexergeticefficiency
oftheDB.TheexergydestructionwithintheCCoftheMEAplantisexactlythesameasthat
ofthereferenceplant,becausetheGTsystemsofthetwoplantsareidentical.
Apart from the GT system, with a dominant influence due to its high values of E D , k ,
othercomponentsappeartobeequallyimportant.IntheCAUoftheMEAandATRplants,4
6%, and in the ASUs of the simple oxyfuel plant and the SGraz cycle, 56% of the plants
E
isdestroyed.TheCAUintheMEAplant,andtheASUsintheSGrazandsimpleoxy
F , tot
fuel plants have the second highest values of exergy destruction among the plant
components. In the ATR plant, the second highest exergy destruction is found within the
ATR,followedbytheCAU.Intheremainingplants,theCCisfollowedbytheexpanderand
the compressor of the GT system (GT1 and C1) in descending order of exergy destruction.
ThehighpressureleveloftheHRSG(HPHRSG)isthemostimportantpartoftheHRSGinall
oftheplants,followedbyitsrespectivelowpressurelevelpart(LPHRSG).Lastly,theLPST
and the additional ST used to drive the CO2 compressors (ST4) also present relatively
significant values of exergy destruction. The CO2 compression unit is responsible for
approximately 3% of the E F ,tot in the AZEPs, the CLC and MSR plants, 2% in the MEA,
simpleoxyfuelandSGrazplantsand1%intheATRplant.
In general, the AZEPs and the CLC plant perform comparably, resulting in similar
component efficiencies. While on close inspection, the majority of the components in the
AZEPs operate slightly more efficiently than those in the CLC plant, the total exergy
destruction ratio in both of the AZEPs is higher because of the higher exergy destruction
withintheMCMreactors,HRSGIIandST4.ST4presentsahigherexergydestructionratioin
theAZEPs,becauseitcoversboththeCO2compressionunitandtherecyclecompressorofthe
plants.HRSGIIoftheAZEPshashigherexergydestruction,becauseofthelargersteammass
flows,whicharearesultofthelargeramountofavailablethermalenergyintheCO2stream.
The CO2 compression unit in the AZEP 100 operates with larger CO2 mass flow, therefore
requiring a higher mass flow of cooling water that results in higher exergy destruction
compared to the AZEP 85. Between the AZEP 100 and the CLC plant, the CO2 mass flow
differencesaresignificantlysmallerandarecausedbytheloweramountofCH4reactingin
thelatter.
54
The subsequent analyses of sections 4.1.2 and 4.1.3 have been applied to the reference
plantandfourplantsincorporatingCO2capture:theMEAplants(MEA0andMEA0.2),the
CLC plant, the AZEP 100 and the AZEP 85. The chemical absorption technique has been
chosen as representative of the most conventional CO2 capture method, whereas the three
oxyfuel plants have been chosen due to their high efficiencies, when compared to the
alternativetechnologies.
4.1.2
4.1.2.1
Exergyandeconomics
Resultsoftheeconomicanalysis
The investment cost of the reference plant is calculated to be 213 million (Table 4.2). The
largestcostincreaseisestimatedfortheAZEP100(414million),followedbytheAZEP85
(395million)andtheCLCplant(362million).TheMEAplantsarefoundtobetheleast
expensivealternatives,sinceanoverallinvestmentcostincreaseof50%hasbeenassumed.
Table4.2:Selectedresultsoftheeconomicanalysis
Ref.Plant AZEP85 AZEP100 CLC MEA0.2 MEA0.0
FCItot(106)
213
395
414
362
326
319
FCIMCMreactor(106)*
130
153
FCICLCunit(106)
123
FCICAU(106)
52
55
FCICO2compr.unit(106)
40
45
43
40
39
517
1012
1097
962
921
953
12.1
10.8
9.6
9.9
9.7
FCItot(/kW)
FCItot(106/kgCO2captured)
*itdoesnotincludetheDB
BetweenthetwoMEAplants,theregenerationrequirementinMEA0.2isreducedand
the CAU is smaller and, therefore, cheaper. However, since a smaller steam mass flow is
neededfortheCAU,moresteamwillflowthroughthecondenseroftheplant(COND,Figure
A.6.1). Thus, the cooling water requirement of the plant increases, resulting in a larger
condenserandalargercoolingtower(CT).Moreover,thefirstCO2compressor(C3)islargerin
MEA0.2 than in MEA0, because the outlet temperature of the CAU is calculated to be
higher. Finally, the investment cost of MEA0.2 (326 million) is higher than that of the
referenceplantandslightlyhigherthanthatofMEA0(319million).
Taking into account the relative costs (/kW), MEA0.2 is the most economical
alternative (921 /kW), followed by MEA0 (953 /kW) and the CLC plant (962 /kW).
Although the relative cost based on the power output is more representative of the cost
effectivenessofaplant,arelativecostbasedontheCO2capturedshouldalsobeconsidered.
BecausetheMEAplantsonlycapture85%oftheproducedCO2,whiletheCLCplantcaptures
essentially the complete amount of CO2 produced, the relative cost per captured CO2 is
55
calculatedtobelowerfortheCLCplant(9.6million/kgCO2capturedversus9.7and9.9
million/kgCO2capturedforMEA0andMEA02,respectively).
The most expensive parts of the plants are the components used for the production of
thenecessaryoxygenorthecombustionprocess.TheCLCandMCMreactorsareaccountable
for34%and33%/37%ofthetotalinvestmentcostoftheCLCplantandtheAZEP85/AZEP
100,respectively.ThelowercostassociatedwiththereactoroftheAZEP85isjustifiedbyits
smallersize.
TheCO2compressionunit,i.e.,theCO2compressorsandcoolers,isaccountablefor10
11% of the investment cost in the AZEPs, and 1213% in the CLC and MEA plants. The
investment cost of both the main and the additional HRSG in the AZEP 100 is higher than
thatoftheAZEP85,duetothelargersizeoftheequipmentused.ThecostofthemainHRSG
oftheCLCplantissimilartothatoftheAZEP100,whilethecostofthesecondaryHRSGis
estimatedtobemuchlower,duetothedecreasedwater/steammassflow.Additionally,the
mainHRSGofalloftheoxyfuelplantsissomewhatcheaperwhencomparedtothatofthe
reference plant, due to lower steam temperatures and mass flows. Lastly, the cost of the
HRSGoftheMEAplantsissimilartothatofthereferenceplant.
4.1.2.2
Resultsoftheexergoeconomicanalysis
ResultsforselectedcomponentsoftheexergoeconomicanalysisareshowninTables4.64.13
attheendofsection4.1,whilethecompleteresultsatthecomponentandthestreamlevelcan
befoundinAppendixA.
An important outcome of the exergoeconomic analysis is the correlation of exergy
destructionwithcosts.Thecostrateofexergydestructioniscalculatedatthecomponentlevel
and it is then compared to the respective investment cost rates. The components are then
ranked depending on their total cost rate, which consists of their investment and exergy
destruction cost rates ( C Z ). The higher this total cost, the higher the influence of the
D ,k
componentontheoverallplantandthus,themoresignificantthecomponentisconsidered.
Thiscostrankingexposesthecomponentsthatshouldhaveimprovementpriority,inorderto
improvethecosteffectivenessoftheoverallplant.
Inthereferenceandtheoxyfuelplants,thethreecomponentswiththehighestcostrates
are those constituting the GT system: reactors, GT1 and C1. In the reference plant, the
componentsthatfollowtheGTsysteminorderofimportancearetheLPSTandtheHPHRSG.
IntheAZEPs,thecomponentsthatfollowarethegroupoftheCO2compressors,theMCM
LTHXandtheMCMandintheCLCplant,theCO2compressorsandtheLPST,duetotheir
relativelyhighexergydestruction.IntheMEAplants,theCAUpresentsthesecondhighest
costofexergydestructionandtotalcost,rightaftertheCCoftheplant.GT,C1andthegroup
oftheCO2compressors,followtheCAU.
AlthoughthecostofexergydestructionassociatedwiththeCLCreactorsislowerthan
thatoftheCCofthereferenceplant,theirtotalcostishigher,duetotheirapproximatelyfour
times higher investment cost rate. The smaller reaction range in the MCM reactor of the
AZEP 85, when compared to that of the AZEP 100, leads to lower exergy destruction and
56
investment cost rates of its constitutive components. The exergy destruction within the
components of the GT system in the AZEP 85 is lower than in the AZEP 100, while the
oppositeistruefortheinvestmentcostsofthecompressorandtheexpander.Asinthecost
calculations GT1 and C1 are considered parts of the same GT system. The larger power
output,relatedtotheincreasedinlettemperatureoftheexpander,intheAZEP85increases
thecostofC1.
The LPST has a significantly large total cost in most of the plants. In the AZEP 85 this
cost is higher than in the AZEP 100 because of the higher power output of the turbine,
resultingfromthehigherinlettemperatureoftheexpandedsteam.Althoughthecostrateof
exergydestructionoftheLPSTintheCLCplantishigherthanintheAZEP100(andthesame
as in the AZEP 85), its investment cost rate is lower2, resulting in a lower total cost. An
importantcontributiontotheoverallcostisalsomadebyST4intheAZEPs,becauseitdrives
theCO2compressionunitandtherecyclecompressoroftheMCMreactors(C6).IntheCLC
plant,thesteammassflowofthisSTisreducedsignificantly,becauseitonlydrivestheCO2
compressors. The higher steam mass flow and inlet temperature, relative to the AZEP 100,
increasetheimprovementpriorityoftheHPHRSGintheAZEP85andtheCLCplantabove
thatofST4.IntheMEAplants,theHPHRSGperformssimilarlytothatofthereferenceplant,
exceedingtheSTsincost.
Effectivemeanstocompareandevaluatedifferentcomponentsaretheexergoeconomic
factor, f k ,andtherelativecostdifference, rk (calculatedwithEquation3.13). rk ishighfor
compressors and pumps, where electric power is used as fuel. rk shows the theoretical
improvement potential of the components. However, the exergoeconomic factor will be the
maintoolforevaluatingthecosteffectivenessofaconsideredcomponent.Highvaluesofthe
exergoeconomic factor for components with high total cost suggest that a reduction of the
investment cost should be considered. On the other hand, low values of the factor suggest
thatareductionintheexergydestructionshouldbeconsidered,evenifthiswouldincrease
theinvestmentcostofthecomponent.
The low exergoeconomic factors of the CC in the reference and MEA plants and the
AZEPs, show that most of the components total cost is related to exergy destruction. This,
however,iscommonforreactors,duetothehighlevelofirreversibilitiespresentthere.The
exergoeconomicfactoroftheCLCreactorsissubstantiallyhigher,duetothelargesizeofthe
unit,whichresultsinarelativelyhighinvestmentcost.
Ingeneral,thevaluesoftheexergoeconomicfactorarewithintheexpectedvalueranges
for the most influential components (see section 3.2.2). Exceptions could be the high
exergoeconomicfactorscalculatedfortheMCMHTHXandLTHX,suggestingthatadecrease
intheinvestmentcostofthesecomponents(iflessexpensivematerialscouldbeintegrated)
should be considered in an attempt to improve the cost effectiveness of the plant. The
recyclingcompressor(C6)oftheMCMreactorintheAZEPsandtheCO2compressors(C2C5
for the AZEPs, CLC; C3C6 for MEA) also exhibit relatively high values of the
TheabsoluteinvestmentcostoftheLPSTintheCLCplantishigherthanthatoftheLPSTintheAZEP100,dueto
theslightlyhigherpoweroutputofthecomponent.However,theinvestmentcostratesfortheCLCplantarefound
tobesmallerduetoitslowercarryingcharges,whencomparedtothoseoftheAZEP100.
2
57
exergoeconomicfactor.Itisthuslikelythatlessexpensivecompressors(ifpossible)wouldbe
morecosteffectivefortheoverallplant.AlowexergoeconomicfactoriscalculatedforST4in
all of the plants. This relates to the exergy destruction within this component, which is
consideredtobehighbothonitsownandwhenitiscomparedtotheotherSTsoftheplants.
Thus, to improve the overall operation of the plants, the efficiency of this ST should be
increased.Lastly,relativelylowexergoeconomicfactorsarefoundfortheairpreheaters(HX
Air)andthenaturalgaspreheaters(NGPHs).However,bothoftheseresultsareassociated
withdesignrequirementsandcalculationassumptions.Thelargevalueofexergydestruction
intheHXAirresultsfromthehightemperaturedifferencebetweentheworkingfluids.This,
however, is required to sustain the performance of the MCM reactor and to keep the inlet
temperature of the GT2 within acceptable limits. The low factors for the NGPHs are
associatedwithhighpressurelossesinthevalvepriortheheatexchangers,whicharecharged
to them3. Additionally, for all of the plants, low factors are calculated in coolers and
condensers,whererelativelyhighexergydestructionisfound.
Sincealloftheplantshavethesame cF ,thetotalcostrateofexergydestruction, C D ,tot ,
depends on the E D ,tot of the plants (i.e., C D ,tot cF E D ,tot ). Thus, the C D ,tot increases with
increasing values of the E D ,tot . The cost of exergy destruction of the oxyfuel plants is
comparable to that of the reference plant, while a larger difference is found for the MEA
oftheAZEPsishigherby47%,thatofCLCplantby2%,thatof
plants.Specifically,the C
D , tot
MEA0 by 23% and that of MEA0.2 by 16%. As expected, all cost differences are
of the plants and that of the reference
representative of the differences between the E
D ,tot
plant.
ValuesfortheoverallplantsareshowninTable4.5andunderTotalinTables4.64.13.
Theoverallexergoeconomicfactorofthereferenceplantiscalculatedtobe40%.Ontheother
hand,thetwoAZEPspresentincreasedfactorsof52and53%,slightlyhigherthanthatofthe
CLC plant (51%). These factors reveal roughly equal contributions between investment cost
andcostofexergydestruction.Thedifferencesamongtheplantsareessentiallyrelatedtothe
highinvestmentcostofthecomponentsusedforoxygenproductionand/orCO2separation
andcompression.Whilethecommoncomponentsinalloftheplantshavecomparablevalues,
the MCM and CLC reactors increase the investment costs and, consequently, the
exergoeconomic factors significantly. The total investment cost rates of the MEA plants are
similar to that of the CLC plant, while their cost rates of exergy destruction are higher,
resultinginloweroverallexergoeconomicfactors(4345%).
TheoverallrelativecostdifferenceishigherfortheplantswithCO2capturethanforthe
referenceplant.Thisisjustifiedwiththeadditionalchargesofthesupplementaryequipment
used. Among the oxyfuel plants, the total relative cost difference remains essentially
unchanged,whileitbecomeshigherfortheMEAplants.
3Approximately40%ofthetotalexergydestructionassignedtotheNGPHisassociatedwiththepressurelossesof
thevalve.
58
To further compare the costs of the plants, the cost of electricity (COE) and the cost of
avoidedCO2(COACO2)areconsidered.Thelattershowstheaddedcostofelectricityperton
ofCO2avoidedbasedonnetplantcapacity(RubinandRao,2002):
COA-CO2=
/ kWh capture / kWh reference
CO2
/ kWh
emitted
ref . plant
tCO2 / kWh
emitted
(4.1)
plant capture
The COACO2 cost relates only to the capture of the CO2 and it does not include
transportationorstoragecosts.
TheresultinglevelizedCOEandtheCOACO2fortheplantsareshowninTable4.5.CO2
capturecausesaminimumincreaseinthecostofelectricityof22%,achievedbytheAZEP85.
Increases of23% and 28% are calculated for the CLC plant and the AZEP100, respectively.
BetweenthetwoMEAplants,alowerCOEisachievedbyMEA0.2.TheCOEofthisplantis
28% higher than that of the reference plant. Larger differences in the energy penalty of the
plantsareobservedwhentheCOACO2isconsidered.ThecostdifferencesbetweentheMEA
plantsandtheotherplantsaremainlyassociatedwiththehighenergydemandofthesolvent
regeneration in the CAU and the relatively low percentage of CO2 capture (85%), in
comparisontothecloseto100%captureoftheoxyfuelconcepts.WhiletheAZEP85hasthe
lowestCOE,itisrankedsecond,aftertheCLCplant,whentheCOACO2isconsidered.The
CLCplanthasthesameCO2emissionsastheAZEP100,butitresultsinalowerCOACO2,
duetoitslowerCOE.
ThethreeoxyfuelplantsperformCO2captureinarelativelycosteffectiveway.Someof
the differences in the costs and the general results of the plants are based on calculation
assumptionsanddesignrequirements.Thechoiceofthebestalternativecandifferdepending
ontheprioritiesofthedecisionmaker.
4.1.2.3
Sensitivityanalyses
InordertoexaminetheeffectofthecostoftheCAU,CLCandMCMreactorsontheCOEof
thepowerplants,sensitivityanalyseshavebeenconducted(Figure4.1).Intheseanalysesthe
assumed costs have been varied from 50% to +100% of the base cost. The results show a
lowerinfluenceoftheCAUontheCOEoftheMEAplants,whilearapidincreaseintheCOE
of the AZEPs and the CLC plant is revealed with changes in the costs of the respective
reactors.ItshouldbenotedthatbecausetheCOEoftheAZEP100increasesrapidlywiththe
cost of the MCM reactor and that the base COE of the AZEP 100 and the MEA plant are
similar.ThebaseCOEoftheMEAplantwilleventuallybesurpassedbythatoftheAZEP85
ifanincreaseofapproximately50%inthecostoftheMCMreactortakesplace,whileitwill
onlybesurpassedbythatoftheCLCplantifanincreaseofover40%inthecostoftheCLC
reactorstakesplace.ItcanbeconcludedthattherelationshipsamongtheCOEofmostplants
ismaintainedforawiderangeofcostvaluesoftheexaminedcomponents.
59
Figure4.1:InfluenceoftheinvestmentcostoftheMCMreactor,theCLCreactorsandtheCAUonthe
overallCOEoftherespectiveplants
Asensitivityanalysisoftheassumedcostofthefuel(7/GJLHV)hasalsobeenperformed.It
wasfoundthatwhilechangesinthecostofthefuelaffecttheCOEoftheplants,therelative
differenceoftheCOEamongtheplantsremainsessentiallyunchanged.
4.1.3
Exergyandenvironmentalimpacts
4.1.3.1
Resultsofthelifecycleassessment
ThecomponentrelatedenvironmentalimpactsdeterminedbytheLCAoftheplantsdifferin
relative magnitude from costs obtained in the economic analysis. While in the economic
analysis, the cost rates (calculated in /h), are relatively substantial, in the LCA, the
componentrelated environmental impact rates, ( Y , in Pts/h) are much lower in scale.
k
Relatively high values are calculated for components constructed with materials of higher
environmentalimpactandfortheCTsoftheplants,duetotheirlargesize.Ascanbeseenin
Table4.3,theMEAandCLCplantshavethelowestincreaseinrelativetotalenvironmental
impact (Pts/kW), when compared to the reference plant, because of the similar equipment
usedinbothplants.ComparingMEA0withMEA0.2,thedifferencesarealsosmall.While
theabsorberofMEA0.2issmallerandresultsinalowerimpact,itsCONDandCTarelarger.
This happens because of the larger mass of steam flowing through the COND, which is a
direct result of the lower mass of steam extracted and used in the CAU of this plant. An
impact ten times higher is found for the two AZEPs, mainly associated with the MCM
reactors.
For the completion of the LCA, the environmental impact of pollutant formation B PF
(see section 3.2.3) of the reactors of each plant has been calculated separately. The specific
environmental impact associated with each pollutant and the results of the calculations,
includingtheimpactthatisavoidedduetoCO2capture,areshowninTable4.4.Ascanbe
60
seen,60%ofpollutantformationinthereferenceplantisrelatedtotheCO2emissionsofthe
plant,whiletheremaining40%isrelatedtoitsNOXemissions.ThesameNOXemissionsare
considered for the MEA plants, while no NOX emissions are considered for the oxyfuel
plants.IntheDBoftheAZEP85,combustiontakesplacewithair,buttheNOXemissionsare
lowduetotheloweramountofreactingmethane.Theenvironmentalimpactofpollutants,
like CO2, can affect the result of the overall analysis. A sensitivity analysis of the impact of
CO2 emissions for the reference and MEA0.2 plant (with and without consideration of the
environmental impact of CO2 sequestration, Figures 4.2 and 4.3) has been performed in the
exergoenvironmentalanalysis.
Table4.3:SelectedresultsoftheLCA
Ref.
Plant AZEP85
Totalenvironmentalimpact(103Pts) 2,592
Totalenvironmentalimpact(Pts/kW)
AZEP100
CLC
MEA0.2
MEA0.0
26,066
26,061
3,414
3,223
2,871
66.9
69.0
9.1
9.1
8.6
6.3
Table4.4:EnvironmentalimpactofoverallandavoidedpollutantformationduetoCO2capture
CO2
(kg/s)
Ref.Plant
38.41
AZEP85
DB
5.76
CC
32.65
NOX
(Pts/t)
5.4
(kg/s)
(Pts/h)
(Pts/h)
1259
0.03
459
641
641
(Pts/t)
PF
BCO
2 _ capt
2749.4
(kg/s)
B PF
0.05
(Pts/t)
CH4
114.6
AZEP100
38.42
754
754
CLCplant
37.73
0.28
856
741
MEA0.2
38.42
0.05
1270
646
MEA0.0
38.42
0.05
1268
646
4.1.3.2
Resultsoftheexergoenvironmentalanalysis
As shown in Table 4.5, the componentrelated impact ( Ytot ) differs among the plants.
However, this difference is almost negligible and differences among the total impact
Y ) of the reference and oxyfuel plants are determined by the impact of exergy
( B
D , tot
tot
destruction. This indicates that the construction phase is not the key area for reducing the
environmentalimpactoftheseplants.
In the reference plant, the highest environmental impact ( B D , k Yk ) corresponds to the
CC, GT1, the LPST and C1. In the oxyfuel plants, the highest impact is caused by the
reactors,GT1,theFGCONDandC1.IntheAZEPs,theMCMLTHXalsohasahighimpact.
In the MEA plant, the CC is followed by the CAU, which presents a high environmental
impact of exergy destruction. In the exergoenvironmental analysis, dissipative components
becomemoreimportantthanintheexergoeconomicanalysis:ahighimpactiscalculatedfor
61
the condensers (COND and FG COND) of all of the plants. As already mentioned, in the
exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental analyses, the influence of the nonexergy related
costs/impacts (investment cost rate and rate of the componentrelated impact) is different.
Becauseintheexergoenvironmentalanalysisthecomponentrelatedenvironmentalimpactis
almostnegligible,theexergydestructionandthespecificenvironmentalimpactoffuelarethe
main deciding factors of the significance of a component. Differences between the results
oftheexergoenvironmental analysis and that of the exergetic analysis are found for the
components constituting the MCM reactors.Here, thetotal environmental impact results in
relatively high values, leading to conclusions that diverge from those obtained by the
exergeticanalysis.
The total exergoenvironmental factor is similar for plants with similar component
related environmental impact: approximately 4% for the AZEPs and around 0.5% for the
reference, CLC and MEA plants. A reduction in the overall environmental impact could be
achievedbyincreasingtheexergeticefficiencyoftheGTsystemandthereactors.Ingeneral,a
decrease in the irreversibilities present in reactors is difficult because they are mostly
unavoidable.However,preheatingofthereactants,aswellastheuseofdifferentGTsystems
(e.g.,steamcooledexpanders)wouldleadtobetterefficiencies,thusdecreasingtheincurred
exergy destruction. In the case of the oxyfuel plants, a further reduction of the overall
environmentalimpactcouldbeachievedbydecreasingthecomponentrelatedimpactofthe
reactors (e.g., by replacing the construction materials assumed, with materials of lower
impact),orbyincreasingtheexergeticefficiencyoftheremainingcomponents.Ingeneral,in
order to reduce the overall impact of the plants, more attention should be given to the
effectivenessofthecomponentoperation,thustheexergeticefficienciesofthecomponents.
To compare the overall performance of the plants, the environmental impact of electricity
(EIE)hasbeencalculated,theresultsofwhicharepresentedinTable4.5.Theenvironmental
impactoftheelectricityproducedbythereferenceplantisfoundtobe25.1Pts/MWh.Thisis
comparabletotheEuropeanaverageimpact oflowvoltageelectricity:26Pts/MWh(SimaPro
7.1 manual, 2000). When compared to the reference plant, the EIE of the oxyfuel plants
presents a relatively low reduction, while that of MEA0.2 is increased by 2.3 Pts/MWh.
Consideringthatnoimpacthasbeenconsideredforpollutantsgeneratedbytheprocessingof
the solvent used in the plant, the case presented is considered the best case scenario of this
plant.
4.1.3.3
Sensitivityanalyses
ThehighenvironmentalimpactoftheMEAplantcanhavetwopossibleinterpretations:(1)
eithertheCO2capturetechnologyhasnoenvironmentalbenefit,butapenaltyduetothehigh
decreaseoftheefficiencyoftheplant,or(2)theprovidedvaluesoftheenvironmentalimpact
ofpollutants/reactantsarenottrustworthy.Toexaminethelatter,asensitivityanalysisofthe
environmentalimpactsoftheCO2emissionshasbeeninvestigated.MEA0.2hasbeenfurther
considered for the sensitivity analysis, because it represents the most realistic alternative
between the two MEA plants and because it has the highest impact when compared to the
oxyfuelalternatives.TheenvironmentalimpactofCO2emissions(usedforthecalculationof
62
pollutant formation) has been varied from 90% to +500% and the EIE has been calculated
withandwithouttheadditionofimpactassociatedwithmineralstorageoftheCO2captured
(Khoo and Tan, 2006). The influence of these variations on the EIE of the MEA and the
reference plants is presented in Figures 4.2 and 4.3. As shown, CO2 capture becomes
meaningful when the environmental impact of CO2 is higher than 20 Pts/t (when storage is
also accounted for). This is a value approximately four times higher than that provided by
Goedkoop and Spriensma (2000), shown by the grey, dotted line. As shown in Figure 4.3,
when CO2 transport and sequestration are not accounted for, the limit for a positive
environmentalimpactofCO2capturedecreasesto14Pts/t.
EIE(Pts/MWh)
35
30
25
20
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
ImpactofCO2(Pts/t)
EIEMEA0.2/EI_CO2
25.0
30.0
EIERef.plant/EI_CO2
Figure4.2:InfluenceofthespecificenvironmentalimpactofCO2ontheEIEofthereferenceandMEA
0.2plants,withconsiderationofanenvironmentalimpactof4.9Pts/tofCO2associatedwithmineral
storage(thegrey,dottedlineshowsthechosen,basevalueoftheimpactofCO2emissions)
EIE(Pts/MWh)
35
30
25
20
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
ImpactofCO2(Pts/t)
EIEMEA0.2/EI_CO2
25.0
30.0
EIERef.plant/EI_CO2
Figure4.3:InfluenceofthespecificenvironmentalimpactofCO2ontheEIEofthereferenceandMEA
0.2plantswithoutconsiderationoftheenvironmentalimpactassociatedwithCO2mineralstorage(the
grey,dottedlineshowsthechosen,basevalueoftheimpactofCO2emissions)
63
Ref.Plant
38.72
337.90
CO2emitted(kg/s)
CO2emitted(kg/MWh)
CO2captured(kg/s)
CO2captured(%)
AZEP85
6.06
55.97
32.71
84.4
TotalFCI(106)
TotalFCI(/kW)
TotalFCI(106/kgCO2capt.)
213
517
COE(/MWh)
COACO2(/t)
EIE(Pts/MWh)
74.1
N/A
25.1
3,414
9.1
90.4
57.8
24.9
326
921
9.9
26,061
69.0
3,223
9.1
94.7
61.6
24.5
SGRAZ ATRPlant
0.00
9.62
0.00
101.87
38.58
29.08
100.0
75.2
362
962
9.6
26,066
66.9
MEA0.2
5.81
59.10
32.91
85.0
414
1097
10.8
2,592
6.3
CLCPlant
0.35
3.39
37.73
99.1
395
1012
12.1
Totalenvironmentalimpact(Pts)
Totalenvironmentalimpact(Pts/kW)
AZEP100
0.35
3.36
38.48
99.1
91.4
52.0
24.5
94.6
73.5
27.4
MEA0.0
5.81
62.49
32.91
85.0
MSRPlant SimpleoxyfuelPlant
0.26
0.13
2.80
1.54
37.95
38.58
99.3
99.7
319
953
9.7
2,871
8.6
99.5
92.2
29.0
COACO2:CostofavoidedCO2,COE:Costofelectricity,EI:Environmentalimpact,EIE:Environmentalimpactofelectricity,FCI:Fixedcapitalinvestment
Table4.6:Selectedresultsatthecomponentlevelforthereferenceplant
Component,k
C1
CC
GT
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
LPST
Total
Exergyloss
B kPF (Pts/h)
E F ,k
E P ,k
E D ,k
(MW) (MW) (MW)

242.68 231.30 11.38
729.62 508.76 220.87
551.15 530.67 20.47
35.07 31.72 3.35
43.64 39.91 3.73
28.92 24.91 4.00
26.47 23.89 2.58
0.18
0.12
0.06
6.10
5.67
0.43
1.06
0.87
0.19
1.43
1.04
0.38
19.03 15.48 3.55
11.49 7.71
3.78
70.99 61.35 9.64
730.58 412.54 300.41
17.63
1259
y D ,k
(%)
95.3
69.7
96.3
90.5
91.5
86.2
90.3
69.0
92.9
82.5
73.3
81.4
67.1
86.4
56.5
(%)
1.56
30.23
2.80
C D ,k
Z k
C D ,k Z k
fk
(/h)
693
7,276
1,140
(/h)
1,423
1,017
1,627
(/h)
2,116
8,293
2,766
(%)
67.3
12.3
58.8
617
432
1,049
41.2
181
186
367
50.7
429
743
9,897
287
764
6,519
716
1,508
16,416
40.1
50.7
39.7
cF ,k
1.52
0.44
1.06
1.32
41.12
cP , k
(/GJ) (/GJ)
16.9
19.5
9.2
13.7
15.5
16.9
15.5
19.4
15.5
19.0
15.5
20.4
15.5
19.4
15.5
35.4
15.5
20.5
15.5
22.3
15.5
29.5
15.5
24.2
15.5
30.8
21.4
29.7
9.2
20.6

rk
bF ,k
B D ,k
bP ,k
Yk
(%) (Pts/GJ) (Pts/GJ) (Pts/h) (Pts/h)

15.0
6.1
6.4
249.71
0.24
49.5
3.5
5.6
2746.20 0.38
9.4
5.9
6.1
432.58
1.12
25.6
5.9
6.8
23.1
5.9
6.7
234.07 1.42
31.8
5.9
7.2
25.4
5.9
6.8
128.8
5.9
9.7
32.8
5.9
6.5
68.64
0.85
44.3
5.9
7.7
90.9
5.9
9.0
56.4
5.9
7.8
162.97 0.23
99.3
5.9
10.1
38.5
7.2
8.8
251.49
0.49
124.8
3.5
7.0
3735.22 17.33
B D ,k Yk
f b ,k
(Pts/h)
249.94
2746.58
433.71
(%)
4.9
63.3
3.9
15.5
13.6
0.60 23.3
15.8
65.2
11.1
1.22 30.9
53.0
33.3
0.14 71.3
0.20 21.5
0.46 101.7
235.49
69.49
163.20
251.98
3752.54
rb ,k
(%)
0.09
0.01
0.26
Table4.5:Resultsoftheconventionalexergybasedanalysesfortheoverallplants
63
64
Component,k
C1
CC
MCM
MCMHTHX
MCMLTHX
DB
GT1
C6
AIRHX
NGPH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
LPST
ST4
C2
C3
C4
C5
Total
Exergyloss
B PF (Pts/h)
E F ,k
E P ,k
E D ,k
(MW)
238.30
620.26
82.65
120.72
221.06
109.46
495.66
7.31
6.91
5.80
31.65
39.82
26.17
1.06
15.25
11.20
49.32
27.92
3.38
3.48
3.47
3.52
730.56
27.25
641(CC)
459(DB)
(MW)
227.13
466.61
77.03
119.49
211.51
78.20
477.85
7.07
5.15
0.10
28.65
36.29
22.65
0.77
12.50
7.83
42.62
21.14
2.81
2.88
2.85
2.85
389.89
(MW)
11.17
153.65
5.62
1.24
9.55
31.26
17.81
0.24
1.76
5.70
3.00
3.54
3.52
0.29
2.75
3.37
6.70
6.78
0.57
0.60
0.62
0.66
313.43
y D ,k
(%) (%)
95.3 1.53
75.2 21.03
93.2 0.77
99.0 0.17
95.7 1.31
71.4 4.28
96.4 2.44
96.8 0.03
74.5 0.24
1.7 0.78
90.5
91.1
86.6 1.38
72.5
81.9
69.9 0.88
86.4 0.92
75.7 0.93
83.3
82.8
82.2
81.2 0.33
53.4 42.90
cF ,k
cP , k
C D ,k
Z k
(/GJ) (/GJ) (/h) (/h)

19.8
22.2
797
1,169
9.3
12.7 5,120
746
13.6
18.9
275
1,192
13.6
15.4
61
696
13.6
15.7
467
1,113
9.3
13.9 1,042
277
18.4
19.8 1,177 1,336
36.4
61.5
31
607
13.1
18.0
83
8
13.1 795.8
269
6
18.4
22.6
18.4
22.2
18.4
23.6
664
383
18.4
34.2
18.4
27.6
18.4
33.8
424
262
24.4
32.8
587
489
22.8
36.4
557
257
36.4 169.1
36.4
86.6
36.4
91.2
36.4
93.2
320
1,425
9.2
25.1 10,326 11,198
C D ,k Z k
(/h)
1,966
5,866
1,468
757
1,580
1,318
2,513
638
91
275
1,047
686
1,077
814
1,745
21,524
fk
rk
bF ,k
bP ,k
B D ,k
Yk
(%)
59.5 12.1
6.2
6.5
250.79
0.19
12.7 37.7
3.5
5.0
1932.51
0.31
81.2 38.9
5.1
8.9
103.16 53.34
92.0 12.9
5.1
5.2
22.79
32.67
70.4 15.3
5.1
5.4
175.99 67.57
21.0 50.6
3.5
6.5
393.12
0.05
53.2
8.0
6.0
6.2
385.39
0.91
95.1 68.9
10.0
10.4
8.54
0.60
8.8
37.5
5.1
6.8
32.09
0.00
2.2 5974.4
5.1
301.0
103.97
0.00
23.1
6.0
6.9
21.2
6.0
6.8
36.6 28.6
6.0
7.3
217.49
1.29
86.3
6.0
9.2
50.4
6.0
7.9
6.0
9.7
38.3 83.9
138.76
0.22
45.4 34.6
7.3
8.8
175.98
0.37
31.5 59.6
7.0
10.0
170.64
0.22
364.3
10.0
39.8
137.9
10.0
13.7
150.5
10.0
14.3
81.7 156.0
10.0
14.5
88.15
0.23
52.0 174.3
3.5
6.9
3897.09 174.95
B D ,k Yk
(Pts/h)
250.98
1932.82
156.50
55.46
243.56
393.17
386.30
9.14
32.09
103.97
218.78
138.98
176.35
170.86
88.37
4072.05
f b ,k
rb ,k
(%)
(%)
0.08
4.9
0.02
43.9
34.08 75.2
58.90
2.5
27.74
6.2
0.01
86.6
0.23
3.7
6.53
3.6
0.01
34.2
0.00 5843.8
14.9
13.8
0.59
21.9
53.6
31.1
60.7
0.16
0.21
21.1
0.13
43.5
297.3
36.2
42.9
0.26
45.1
4.30 100.2
Table4.7:SelectedresultsatthecomponentlevelfortheAZEP85
64
65
Component,k
C1
CC
MCM
MCMHTHX
MCMLTHX
GT1
C6
AIRHX
NGPH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
LPST
ST4
C2
C3
C4
C5
Total
Exergyloss
B kPF (Pts/h)
E F ,k
(MW)
280.47
729.72
97.30
142.04
260.08
532.11
8.59
8.20
5.82
18.82
32.96
22.53
1.08
16.73
12.06
44.78
32.85
3.96
4.08
4.07
4.13
730.73
32.50
754
E D ,k
(MW) (MW)
267.32 13.15
549.07 180.65
90.54
6.75
140.61 1.43
248.86 11.22
512.51 19.60
8.31
0.28
6.12
2.09
0.10
5.72
17.15
1.68
30.50
2.46
19.04
3.49
0.78
0.31
13.76
2.97
8.19
3.87
38.70
6.08
24.83
8.02
3.31
0.66
3.39
0.69
3.35
0.72
3.36
0.78
377.52 320.71
E P ,k
(%)
95.3
75.2
93.1
99.0
95.7
96.3
96.8
74.6
1.7
91.1
92.5
84.5
71.8
82.2
67.9
86.4
75.6
83.4
83.0
82.2
81.2
51.7
0.39
43.89
y D ,k
(%)
1.80
24.72
0.92
0.20
1.54
2.68
0.04
0.29
0.78
1.04
0.98
0.83
1.10
cF ,k
cP , k
C D ,k
Z k
(/h)
(/GJ) (/GJ) (/h)
20.6
22.8
975
1,133
9.3
12.7
6,020
831
13.6
19.1
330
1,459
13.6
15.3
70
791
13.6
15.6
548
1,270
19.2
20.6
1,352 1,295
37.7
61.5
38
675
13.1
18.0
98
9
13.1
791.7
269
6
19.2
23.8
19.2
23.0
19.2
25.3
526
340
19.2
36.2
19.2
28.6
19.2
36.1
494
277
25.8
34.5
564
435
23.7
37.7
686
288
37.7
167.7
37.7
86.1
37.7
90.7
37.7
92.8
387
1,583
9.2
26.3 10,566 11,706
C D ,k Z k
(/h)
2,108
6,851
1,789
861
1,818
2,647
713
107
275
866
771
999
974
1,970
22,272
fk
rk
bF ,k
bP ,k
B D ,k
Yk
(%)
53.8 10.6
6.1
6.4
288.47
0.18
12.1 37.4
3.5
5.0
2272.15 0.30
81.6 40.4
5.1
8.4
123.85 35.87
91.9 12.5
5.1
5.2
26.38
38.37
69.8 15.0
5.1
5.4
206.67 79.33
48.9
7.5
5.9
6.1
414.12
0.87
94.7 63.1
9.9
10.2
9.85
0.60
8.6
37.3
5.1
6.8
38.02
0.00
2.2 5955.1
5.1
300.1
104.32
0.00
24.2
5.9
6.7
19.9
5.9
6.5
39.3 32.2
5.9
7.4
161.13
1.03
88.7
5.9
9.2
49.5
5.9
7.7
36.0 88.5
5.9
9.8
151.16
0.23
43.5 33.7
7.2
8.8
158.54
0.34
29.6 58.9
6.9
9.9
198.25
0.24
344.5
9.9
39.4
128.3
9.9
13.5
140.4
9.9
14.1
80.3 145.8
9.9
14.3
101.52
0.23
6.8
3987.65 174.91
52.6 187.4
3.5
B D ,k Yk
(Pts/h)
288.65
2272.44
159.72
64.75
286.01
415.00
10.44
38.02
104.32
162.16
151.39
158.88
198.49
101.75
4162.56
f b ,k
rb ,k
(%)
(%)
0.06
4.9
0.01
43.8
22.46 65.9
59.25
2.5
27.74
6.2
3.8
0.21
5.71
3.5
0.01
34.1
0.00 5826.8
14.1
11.5
0.63
26.1
56.0
30.8
0.15
67.4
0.21
21.1
0.12
44.0
298.4
36.1
42.9
0.22
45.0
4.20
97.0
Table4.8:SelectedresultsatthecomponentlevelfortheAZEP100
65
66
Table4.9:SelectedresultsatthecomponentlevelfortheCLCplant
E F ,k
Component,k
C1
CLC
GT1
NGPH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
LPST
ST4
C1
C2
C3
C4
Total
Exergyloss
(MW)
281.78
694.73
540.99
6.32
22.43
35.74
24.25
16.60
0.63
11.97
2.03
1.12
17.03
11.28
48.80
20.73
3.85
3.96
3.91
3.93
730.73
47.33
B kPF (Pts/h)
856
E P ,k
E D ,k
y D ,k
(MW) (MW)
268.57 13.21
500.67 194.06
521.34 19.65
1.12
5.20
20.43
1.99
32.97
2.77
20.58
3.67
14.36
2.24
0.49
0.14
11.00
0.97
1.70
0.33
0.81
0.32
13.99
3.03
7.52
3.76
42.17
6.63
15.66
5.06
3.24
0.61
3.32
0.64
3.27
0.64
3.26
0.67
375.99 307.41
(%)
95.3
72.1
96.4
17.7
91.1
92.2
84.9
86.5
78.1
91.9
83.6
71.9
82.2
66.6
86.4
75.6
84.1
83.8
83.5
83.0
51.5
(%)
1.81
26.56
2.69
0.71
0.35
42.07
1.15
0.50
0.97
0.91
0.69
cF ,k
cP , k
C D ,k
Z k
(/GJ) (/GJ) (/h)

(/h)
19.3
21.3
919
964
9.1
15.5
6,391 4,974
18.1
19.3
1,278 1,102
11.8
69.1
220
10
18.1
22.2
18.1
21.5
18.1
23.7
548
301
18.1
23.4
18.1
30.2
18.1
22.8
18.1
24.8
240
161
18.1
33.4
18.1
26.7
18.1
34.4
463
221
24.6
32.5
587
387
23.2
36.5
424
157
36.5
165.8
36.5
76.3
36.5
78.8
36.5
79.8
338
1,275
9.2
25.4 10,128 10,347
C D ,k Z k
fk
(/h)
1,884
11,365
2,380
231
(%)
51.2
43.8
46.3
4.4
850
35.5
400
40.1
684
974
580
32.4
39.7
27.0
1,612
20,474
79.1
50.5
rk
bF ,k
bP ,k
B D ,k
Yk

10.1
6.0
6.3
286.48
0.19
68.9
3.5
5.3
2418.44
2.54
7.0
5.8
6.0
410.68
0.91
487.2
4.1
22.9
75.87
0.01
22.7
5.8
7.1
19.2
5.8
6.6
31.2
5.8
6.5
176.20
1.16
29.4
5.8
7.3
67.0
5.8
8.2
26.1
5.8
6.5
37.4
5.8
7.4
77.03
0.53
84.8
5.8
9.1
47.7
5.8
7.6
90.7
5.8
10.0
148.65
0.22
32.0
7.2
8.8
172.69
0.36
57.2
6.9
10.0
125.88
0.18
353.6
10.0
40.4
108.9
10.0
13.1
115.8
10.0
13.5
118.5
10.0
13.6
92.03
0.23
177.5
3.5
6.8
3822.32 22.84
B D ,k Yk
f b ,k
rb ,k
(Pts/h)
286.67
2420.97
411.59
75.88
(%)
0.07
0.10
0.22
0.01
177.36
0.65
77.56
0.69
148.87
173.05
126.07
0.15
0.21
0.15
92.26
3845.17
0.25
0.59
(%)
4.9
52.5
3.8
465.6
14.3
12.1
25.6
22.6
40.5
12.8
28.2
56.2
31.2
72.1
21.3
44.3
305.3
31.0
35.5
36.6
94.5
66
67
Component,k
C1
CC
GT
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
LPST
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
CAU
Total
Exergyloss
E F ,k
E P ,k
E D ,k
y D ,k
cF ,k
cP , k
(MW)
242.68
729.62
551.15
35.06
43.64
28.92
26.46
0.18
6.10
1.06
1.43
19.02
11.57
40.94
18.53
4.33
3.45
3.44
3.49
59.28
730.58
27.62
(MW)
231.30
508.76
530.67
31.72
39.91
24.91
23.89
0.12
5.67
0.87
1.05
15.47
7.81
35.38
16.93
3.78
2.86
2.82
2.83
353.82
(MW)
11.38
220.87
20.47
3.34
3.73
4.01
2.57
0.06
0.43
0.19
0.38
3.54
3.76
5.56
1.59
0.55
0.59
0.61
0.66
40.59
349.14
(%)
95.3
69.7
96.3
90.5
91.4
86.1
90.3
69.0
92.9
82.5
73.3
81.4
67.5
86.4
91.4
87.3
82.9
82.1
81.1
48.4
(%)
1.56
30.23
2.80
(/GJ)
16.9
9.2
15.4
15.4
15.4
15.4
15.4
15.4
15.4
15.4
15.4
15.4
15.4
21.4
22.5
22.4
22.4
22.4
22.4
23.7
9.2
(/GJ)
19.4
13.7
16.9
18.9
18.6
19.6
18.9
33.3
20.1
21.3
27.8
23.1
28.5
27.8
43.6
132.9
100.1
77.0
77.4
26.3
B kPF (Pts/h)
1270
1.52
0.44
1.05
0.76
0.46
0.09
5.56
47.79
C D ,k
Z k
C D ,k Z k
fk
rk
bF ,k
bP ,k
(/h)
691
7,276
1,137
(/h)
1,396
997
1,595
(/h)
2,086
8,273
2,732
(%)
66.9
12.0
58.4
615
424
1,040
40.8
180
182
362
50.3
427
428
284
296
711
723
39.9
40.9
270
53
3,463
11,502
2,297
354
1,023
9,440
2,567
406
4,486
20,942
89.5
87.0
22.8
45.1
(%)
14.9
49.4
9.3
22.6
20.4
27.3
22.2
115.7
30.3
38.2
80.4
49.8
84.5
30.0
94.0
493.8
347.2
244.3
245.7
187.0
(Pts/GJ)
6.1
3.5
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
6.9
3.5
(Pts/GJ)
6.4
5.6
6.1
6.7
6.6
7.1
6.7
9.2
6.4
7.5
8.6
7.6
9.5
8.6
8.0
25.8
16.3
11.5
11.4
7.6
B D ,k
Yk
B D ,k Yk
f b ,k
rb ,k
(Pts/h)
249.98
2746.20
433.06
(Pts/h)
0.24
0.38
1.13
(Pts/h)
250.22
2746.59
434.18
(%)
0.09
0.01
0.26
234.36
1.46
235.82
0.62
68.58
0.83
69.41
1.19
162.68
144.91
0.23
0.32
162.90
145.23
0.14
0.22
87.31
17.13
1006.53
4341.17
4.90
0.20
1.75
21.63
92.21
17.34
1008.28
4362.80
5.31
1.18
0.17
0.50
(%)
4.9
63.5
3.9
13.5
11.9
20.4
13.8
57.1
9.7
27.0
46.4
29.1
61.2
19.2
10.3
256.9
125.2
58.3
57.5
120.7
Table4.10:SelectedresultsatthecomponentlevelforMEA0.2
67
68
E F ,k
E P ,k
E D ,k
y D ,k
cF ,k
cP , k
Component,k
C1
CC
GT
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
LPST
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
CAU
Total
Exergyloss
(MW)
242.68
729.62
551.15
35.06
43.64
28.92
26.46
0.18
6.10
1.06
1.43
19.02
11.57
17.84
18.53
3.54
3.45
3.44
3.49
86.54
730.58
27.68
(MW)
231.30
508.76
530.67
31.72
39.91
24.91
23.89
0.12
5.67
0.87
1.05
15.47
7.81
15.42
16.93
3.00
2.86
2.82
2.83
334.63
(MW)
11.38
220.87
20.47
3.34
3.73
4.01
2.57
0.06
0.43
0.19
0.38
3.54
3.76
2.42
1.59
0.54
0.59
0.61
0.66
67.95
368.27
(%)
95.3
69.7
96.3
90.5
91.4
86.1
90.3
69.0
92.9
82.5
73.3
81.4
67.5
86.4
91.4
84.6
82.9
82.1
81.1
45.8
(%)
1.56
30.23
2.80
(/GJ)
19.4
13.7
16.9
18.7
18.4
19.3
18.6
32.2
19.9
20.8
27.0
22.6
27.3
29.3
43.2
153.7
78.6
77.2
77.6
9.2
(/GJ)
690
7,276
1,137
615
18.7
19.6
180
33.3
20.4
21.2
427
23.1
28.0
200
191
161.9
83.6
82.2
52
5,417
27.6
B kPF (Pts/h)
1268
1.52
0.44
1.05
0.33
0.33
0.09
9.30
50.41
C D ,k
Z k
C D ,k Z k
(/h)
1,395
997
1,595
(/h)
2,086
8,273
2,732
(/h)
66.9
12.0
58.4
423
1,039
40.8
182
362
50.3
284
134
711
334
39.9
40.1
1,435
1,626
360
412
1,086
6,503
12,133 9,257
88.2
87.3
16.7
21,390
fk
rk
bF ,k
bP ,k
(%)
(%) (Pts/GJ) (Pts/GJ)
14.9 19.4
6.1
6.4
49.4 13.7
3.5
5.6
9.3
16.9
5.9
6.1
5.9
6.6
20.9 18.7
19.0 18.4
5.9
6.5
24.9 19.3
5.9
6.9
20.6 18.6
5.9
6.6
108.7 32.2
5.9
8.9
29.2 19.9
5.9
6.4
35.0 20.8
5.9
7.3
5.9
8.3
74.7 27.0
46.3 22.6
5.9
7.4
77.3 27.3
5.9
9.1
27.9 29.3
7.5
8.8
95.4 43.2
7.1
7.8
594.8 153.7
7.1
30.2
255.3 78.6
7.1
11.8
7.1
11.3
249.1 77.2
250.8 77.6
7.1
11.2
6.8
43.3 201.9
67.8
73.0
B D ,k
Yk
B D ,k Yk
f b ,k
rb ,k
(Pts/h)
249.94
2746.20
432.98
(Pts/h)
0.24
0.38
1.13
(Pts/h)
250.17
2746.59
434.11
(%)
0.09
0.01
0.26
234.32
1.45
235.77
0.62
68.57
0.83
69.40
1.19
162.65
65.52
0.23
0.19
162.87
65.71
0.14
0.29
61.40
16.79
1658.02
4579.01
1.32
0.20
3.50
19.27
62.72
16.99
1661.52
4598.28
2.11
1.20
0.21
0.42
(%)
4.9
63.5
3.9
12.1
10.6
18.2
12.3
51.0
8.7
24.1
41.4
26.0
54.6
17.4
10.3
325.7
66.4
58.7
57.8
7.6
Table4.11:SelectedresultsatthecomponentlevelforMEA0
68
69
Table4.12:SelectedresultsatthecomponentlevelfortheSGrazcycleandthesimpleoxyfuelplant
SGrazcycle
Component,k
C1
CC
GT1
GT2
GT3
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
NGPH
WPH1
WPH2
WPH3
ASU
C2
C3
C4
C5
C7
C8
C9
C10
Total
Exergyloss
ATRplant
E F ,k
E P ,k
E D ,k
(MW)
53.76
736.37
264.57
362.41
78.21
52.48
65.48
1.35
7.05
5.57
31.83
16.19
51.24
12.45
4.69
4.70
4.75
92.86
132.31
16.43
17.72
733.16
31.89
(MW)
50.84
551.82
253.32
345.23
69.56
46.00
58.00
1.27
3.61
3.09
25.56
14.67
11.46
11.04
3.95
3.93
3.94
86.56
124.67
13.73
14.93
352.01
(MW)
2.92
184.55
11.25
17.18
8.65
6.48
7.47
0.08
3.44
2.48
6.27
1.52
39.78
1.41
0.74
0.77
0.81
6.30
7.63
2.70
2.80
349.26
y D ,k
(%) (%)
94.6 0.40
74.9 25.17
95.7 1.53
95.3 2.34
88.9 1.18
87.7
88.6 1.91
93.9
51.2 0.47
55.5
80.3 1.40
90.6
22.4 5.43
88.7
84.1
0.51
83.5
83.0
93.2
1.90
94.2
83.5
0.75
84.2
48.0 47.64
Component,k
C1
CC
GT
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
LPST
ST4
ASU
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
Total
Exergyloss
E F ,k
E P ,k
E D ,k
(MW)
56.60
733.81
437.91
41.65
51.98
33.59
22.83
0.10
4.45
0.77
0.85
12.43
10.23
51.25
21.91
53.95
4.82
4.80
4.76
4.83
62.77
56.67
16.43
17.89
733.18
31.08
(MW)
53.53
512.57
420.80
35.88
45.21
28.22
18.78
0.06
4.20
0.65
0.62
10.24
7.73
44.29
19.22
11.59
4.05
4.01
3.95
3.96
57.08
54.82
13.73
15.08
313.40
(MW)
3.07
221.24
17.11
5.78
6.78
5.37
4.05
0.04
0.25
0.13
0.23
2.20
2.50
6.96
2.69
42.36
0.78
0.79
0.81
0.87
5.70
1.85
2.70
2.81
388.71
y D ,k
(%) (%)
94.6 0.42
69.9 30.18
96.1 2.33
86.1 2.44
87.0
84.0
82.3 0.61
61.4
94.4
83.7
72.9 0.67
82.3
75.6
86.4 0.95
87.7 0.37
21.5 5.78
83.9 0.44
83.5
83.0
82.1
90.9 1.03
96.7
83.5 0.75
84.3
42.7 53.02
Table4.13:SelectedresultsatthecomponentlevelfortheMSRandATRplants
MSRplant
Component,k
C1
CC
DB
GT1
GT2
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
NGPH
LPST
MSRH2
C2
C3
C4
C5
Total
Exergyloss
ATRplant
E F ,k
E P ,k
E D ,k
y D ,k
(MW)
206.31
598.70
338.16
481.89
54.18
36.79
47.13
32.45
3.17
27.16
13.93
32.62
22.33
180.20
3.84
4.06
4.04
4.10
730.63
57.29
(MW)
196.73
455.59
252.94
463.51
50.81
32.41
40.95
25.58
2.40
21.11
9.33
28.56
19.29
171.88
3.19
3.37
3.33
3.34
334.64
(MW)
9.58
143.11
85.23
18.37
3.37
4.38
6.17
6.86
0.77
6.05
4.60
4.06
3.03
8.32
0.64
0.69
0.71
0.76
338.70
(%)
95.4
76.1
74.8
96.2
93.8
88.1
86.9
78.8
75.7
77.7
67.0
87.6
86.4
95.4
83.2
83.0
82.4
81.4
45.8
(%)
1.31
19.59
11.66
2.51
0.46
2.38
1.56
0.56
0.42
1.14
0.38
46.36
Component,k
C1
CC
GT1
HPSH1
HPSH2
HPEV
HPEC
RH1
RH2
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH1
LPSH2
LPEV
LPEC
NGPH
H2PH
APH
LPST
ATR
SHIFTER1
SHIFTER2
CAU
MixCH4/Air
MixCH4/H2O
Total
Exergyloss
E F ,k
E P ,k
(MW)
221.95
659.64
519.91
2.37
26.00
36.90
10.69
11.37
8.76
5.51
30.37
6.89
1.54
3.37
19.39
13.01
34.36
32.61
9.38
23.85
809.32
690.54
659.61
33.54
428.31
507.54
730.62
32.75
(MW)
211.43
502.80
500.85
2.06
23.38
32.76
9.40
10.65
7.95
4.72
26.75
5.75
1.14
2.86
15.73
8.44
30.19
25.32
5.91
20.61
419.98
500.94
339.81
E D ,k k yD ,k
(MW)
10.53
156.84
19.06
0.31
2.62
4.14
1.29
0.72
0.81
0.79
3.62
1.14
0.40
0.52
3.66
4.57
4.17
7.30
3.47
3.24
51.81
3.43
0.63
29.95
8.33
6.60
358.06
(%)
95.3
76.2
96.3
86.9
89.9
88.8
87.9
93.7
90.8
85.6
88.1
83.5
74.1
84.7
81.1
64.9
87.9
77.6
63.0
86.4
98.1
98.7
46.5
(%)
1.44
21.47
2.61
1.14
0.97
1.25
0.57
1.00
0.47
0.44
7.09
0.47
4.10
1.14
0.90
49.01
70
4.2 Advancedexergybasedanalyses
The advanced exergetic, exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental analyses have been
appliedtothereferenceplantandthetwomosteconomicalplantsperformingCO2capture,
theAZEP85andtheCLCplant.
4.2.1
4.2.1.1
Advancedexergeticanalysis
Applicationoftheadvancedexergeticanalysis
Toconducttheadvancedexergeticanalysis,thetheoreticalandunavoidableconditionsforall
the components must be defined (see section 3.3). For the calculation of the unavoidable
exergydestruction,thebestpossibleoperatingconditionsareconsideredforeachcomponent.
These calculations regard each component in isolation, thus simultaneous component
interactions are not a concern here. On the other hand, the calculation of the endogenous
exergydestructioninvolvestheoreticaloperationofcomponents,considerstheoverallplant
and it, therefore, examines simultaneous component interactions (mexogenous exergy
destruction,Equation3.21)aswell.Forthecalculationoftheendogenousexergydestruction
of component k, component k operates under real conditions, while all other components
operate theoretically. For the calculation of component interactions, the examined
componentsoperateunderrealconditionsinpairs,whileallremainingcomponentsoperate
theoretically. The assumptions made for the theoretical and unavoidable operation of all of
thecomponentsareshowninTable4.14.
Assumptions related to the theoretical operation of components include zero pressure
losses, high efficiencies, low temperature differences, etc. When a component operates
withoutpressurelosses,thepressurelossesofanyparallelcomponentsarealsoconsideredto
bezero,eveniftheparallelcomponentsoperateunderrealconditions.Additionally,changes
in the minimum temperature differences of some components might affect the operation of
parallel components by increasing or decreasing their exergy destruction. As already
mentioned, in the description of the methodology (section 3.3.1), theoretical reactors are
definedusingtheexergybalance,whilethemassandenergybalancesofthecomponentsare
notmaintained.Toachievethis,theplantsaresplitintotwopartsaftereachreactor.
In the case of the reference plant, when either the CC or the neighboring components
operatetheoretically,streams3and4Figure4.44willdiffertomaintainthepredefined(either
real or theoreticalrelated) exergy balance of the reactor. When theoretical operation is
assumedforacomponentoragroupofcomponents,themassflowsoftherequiredairand
fuelarecalculatedthroughthenetpoweroutputoftheplant, W ,andtheexcessairfraction
net
( ) of the CC, which have the same values as in the real case. For the calculation of the
endogenous exergy destruction, the CC must operate with its real exergetic efficiency
4Forsimplicity,thenumberingofthestreamsinFigure4.4differsfromthatinFigureA.1.1.Thecorrelationofthe
numbersinFigure4.4withFigureA.1.1isthefollowing:1is1,2is2,3&4are4,5is5and6is3.
71
Table4.14:Assumptionsrelatedtothetheoreticalandunavoidableoperationofthecomponents
Component,
k
GT1
GT2
C1
CC
DB
STs
CLC
Reactors
MCM
EDreal
,k
EDUN, k
is=9294%
mech=99%
is=9094%
mech=99%
is=9194%
mech=99%
Qloss=0.01
P=3%f
=2.05
Qloss=0.01
P=1%f
=10
Theoretical
operation
is=100%
mech=100%
is=100%
mech=100%
is=100%
mech=100%
Qloss=0
P=0
=2.05
Qloss=0
P=0
=10d
=8694%
is=100%
mech=99%
Qloss=0
mech=100%
Qloss=0
P=3%f
P=0
P=0
=1.05
=1.05
=1
Qloss=0.0
Qloss=0
Qloss=0
p=0.3%f
p=0
p=0
is=96%
C2C5
mech=100%
is=96%
C6
mech=100%
is=94%
mech=100% SH/RH
Qloss=0
P=0
=1
EV
Qloss=0
P=0
=1
is=95%HP,
EC
IP92%LP
mech=100%
Qloss=0
Tmin=60 Tmin=dependant
Qloss=0.01
CCMCM
Component,
k
Qloss=0
P=3%f
P=0
=1.05
=1.05
Tmin=35C Tmin=dependantg
MCM
PHP=0.65%
HTHX
P=0
bar/100C
Tmin=60C Tmin=dependantg
MCMLTHX PHP=0.65%
P=0
bar/100C
NGPH
AirHX
Tmin=20
Qloss=0
P=0
=1
Tmin=20
P=0
COOL
Pumps
Tmin=20 Motors
P=0
Generators
EDreal
,k
EDUN, k
is=7579%
mech=99%
is=96.8%
is=8588%
Tmin=20C
PHSa
PCS=5%f
Pinchpoint=10C
Appr.T=6C
PHSa
PCS=5%b,f
Tmin=dependantg
Theoretical
operation
is=100%
mech=100%
is=100%
mech=100%
Tmin=0
P=0
Tmin=0
Appr.T=0
P=0
Tmin=0
is=94%
mech=100%
is=94%
mech=100%
Tmin=4
P=0
Tmin=1
Appr.T=0
P=0
Tmin=1
PHSa
P=0
P=0
PCS=3%/100C
Tmin=400e
Tmin=dependantg
PHP=0.65%
P=0
bar/100C
PLP=0.60%
bar/100C
Tmin=700e
Tmin=dependantg
PHP=0.65%
P=0
bar/100C
Tmin =20C(10C
Tmin=0
inFGCOND)
PHSa
P=0
PCS=3%/100C
is=6790%c
is=100%
Tmin=20
P=0
Tmin=20
P=0
Tmin=1
P=0
is=95%
mech=98%
mech=100%
nmech=100%
el=8095%
nel=100%
nel=98%
el=98.5%
el=100%
el=99.5%
Here,HS:hotsideandCS:coldside
aThePHSofaHXiscalculatedbasedonthepressuredropwithintheoverallHRSGandthetemperaturevariationwithintheHX
(seeAppendixB)
bCoveredbyanintegratedpump
cSeeAppendixBformoredetailsaboutthecalculations
dResultoftemperaturelimitationattheexitofthecomponent
eDuetodesignrequirements
fPercentagedecreasebasedonthepressureoftheincomingstream
gDependsontheoperationofothercomponents(seebelow)
real
), while in the theoretical case its exergy destruction must be
( E 2 cc E 6 E 4 , with cc CC
settozero( E D ,CC 0 CC 1 E 2 E 6 E 4 ).Thethermodynamicvaluesofstream4agree

with those of the real case throughout the analysis, while stream 2 differs depending on
different combinations ofoperating states of the compressor(C1) and the CC. For example,
whenbothofthecomponentsoperatetheoretically,nopressurelossesareincurredwithinthe
CC. With lower pressure losses present, stream 1 must be compressed to a lower pressure,
since theinlet pressure ofthe expander is kept constant, resulting in lower temperatures in
streams 2 and 3. Moreover, the temperatures of streams 2 and 3 are also decreased by the
high isentropic efficiency of the theoretical compressor. In total, there are two possible
72
thermodynamicstates(realandtheoretical)andtwoconsideredcomponents(theCCandthe
compressor),thus22=4possiblecombinationstotakeintoaccountwhendefiningtheexergy
balance of the CC. The temperature and pressure of stream 2 is calculated for all 4
combinationsanditsexergyisprovidedasinputtotherespectivesimulation.
NG
3
CC
4
2
C1
GT
1Air
5toHRSG
Figure4.4:TheGTsystemofthereferenceplant
IntheCLCplant,therearetwostreamsexitingthereactors(CLCunitinFigure4.55):theCO2
stream(stream8,ledtoGT2)andtheoxygendepletedair(stream4,ledtoGT1).Inorderto
controltheexergybalanceofthereactors,bothexitingstreamsmustbesplit.
6NG
7
8
CLC
GT2
Unit/reactors 3
9 toHRSGII
4
2
C1
GT1
1Air
5 tomainHRSG
Figure4.5:TheCLCunitaspartoftheGTsystemoftheCLCplant
Analogously to the reference plant, the Wnet and the excess air fraction, controlled here
through the mass flow ratio between the streams 1 and 6, are kept constant. When the
reactorsoperateasintherealcase,theirexergeticefficiencyagreeswiththatoftherealcase
E E E with
real ). When the CLC unit is assumed to operate
( E
2
reactors
reactors
reactors
theoreticallyitsexergydestructionissettozero( E D , reactors 0 reactors 1 E 2 E 6 E 4 E8 ).

Todefineallunknownsoftheconsideredsystem,anauxiliaryassumptionisrequiredforone
ofthetwostreamsexitingtheCLCunit.Duetomateriallimitations,thetemperaturesofthe
streamsexitingtheCLCunitshouldnotexceed1200C.Therefore,thetemperatureofstream
5Forsimplicity,thenumberingofthestreamsinFigure4.5differsfromthatinFigureA.5.1.Thecorrelationofthe
numbersinFigure4.5withFigureA.5.1isthefollowing:1is1,2is3,3&4are4,5is5,6is60,7&8are61and9is62.
73
4 has been kept constant at 1200C and the temperature of stream 8 has been varied
dependingonsimulationrequirements.Theexergyofstream2isalsodefinedherebasedon
thethermodynamicstateofthecomponentsthataffectit,i.e.C1andtheCLCunit.Asinthe
reference plant, there are four possible component operating combinations that result in
differentvaluesofexergyforstream2.
InthecaseoftheAZEP85,thingsbecomemorecomplex(Figure4.66).Heretworeactors
(CCandDB)areusedandinordertomaintainbothoftheirexergybalances,thesystemmust
be separated in two places, once after each reactor. Analogously to the previous plants, the
W and the excess air fractions of the CC and the DB are kept constant. When the CC
net
operates as in the real case, its exergetic efficiency matches that of the real case
real
).WhentheCCoperatestheoretically,itsexergydestruction
( E 21 CC E 22 E13 with CC CC
is set to zero ( E D ,CC 0 CC 1 E 21 E 22 E13 ). The same conditions apply for the DB of
the plant: The real DB performs with the same efficiency as it does in the real case
real
) , while the theoretical DB presents no exergy destruction
( E 6 DB E 23 E8 with DB DB
( E D , DB 0 DB 1 E 6 E 23 E8 ). The exergies of streams 21 and 6 at the inlet of the CC
and the DB, depend on the operation of the components that can cause a change to their
pressure and/or temperature. For example, the exergy of stream 21 depends on the MCM
LTHX,theMCM,theMCMHTHXandtheCC(16possiblecombinations),whiletheexergy
ofstream6dependsontheMCMLTHX,theMCM,theMCMHTHXandtheC1(16possible
combinations).Whenthepressuresofstreams2and6aredefined,thepressuresofstreams10
and 11 are adjusted accordingly. Because the predefinition of this many different exergy
valuesisnotrecommended,aroutineforthecalculationofthephysicalexergyofstreamshas
beenaddedintheEbsScriptofEbsilonProfessional(thechemicalexergyofthestreamsagrees
withtherealcase).
22NG
21
10
12 13 14
17
CC
C6
18
2
LTHX
GT2
20
15
AirHX
MCM
11
HTHX
DB
C1
21
19
toHRSGII 16
23NG
GT1
1Air
9tomainHRSG
Figure4.6:TheMCMreactoraspartoftheGTsystemoftheAZEP85
6 For simplicity, the numbering of the streams in Figure 4.6 differs from that in Figures A.2.1 and A.3.1. The
correlationofthenumbersinFigure4.6withFigureA.2.1/A.3.1isthefollowing:1is1,2is83,3is84,4is85,5is88,
6is96,7and8are4,9is5,10is82,11is81,12and13are90,14is60,15is61,16is62,17is91,18is92,19is86,20is
87,21is89,22is93and23is95.
74
Assumed restrictions related to the operation of the MCM inevitably lead to a strong
interaction between the MCM and the MCM LTHX. When the LTHX is real, the inlet
temperatureofstream20mustbehighenoughtoachieveamin(determinedbystreams20
and 3) as close as possible to the real case. The minimum inlet temperature of the MCM is
900C and the minimum temperature of stream 20 would, in this case, be 964C. When the
LTHXortheMCMoperatetheoretically,thetemperaturesofstreams4and20aredecreased
tolowertheminofthecomponents.Lastly,asinthepreviouscases,theinletpressuresof
bothoftheGTsmustagreewiththoseoftherealcaseandanypressurevariationsmustbe
accountedfor.
4.2.1.2
Splittingtheexergydestruction
Results for selected components of the advanced exergetic analysis for the three analyzed
plantsareshowninTable4.15andwereobtainedusingEquations(3.20)(3.27).Thecomplete
resultscanbefoundinAppendixAandthesupplementaldata.
The main variable used to evaluate the potential for improvement of a plant is the
avoidable exergy destruction, EDAV . Larger values of avoidable exergy destruction indicate
significant improvement potential. A second quantity for consideration is the endogenous
part of the exergy destruction, EDEN . Endogenous irreversibilities are usually easier to
manipulatethanexogenous( EDEX ),becausetheydependontheoperationofthecomponent
itself and not on component interactions that are more difficult to manage. Nonetheless, a
changeintheendogenousexergydestructioncanaltercomponentinteractionsaswell.Thus,
thesetwopartsoftheirreversibilitiesshouldbeexaminedinparallel.
As already mentioned, in the conventional exergetic analysis, the larger the absolute
valueoftheirreversibilitieswithinacomponent,thehigheritsimprovementprioritymustbe.
Withtheadvancedexergeticanalysisthisvalueisscaledtoreferonlytoitsavoidablepart.In
general, the reactors in allof the three plants are the components with the highest absolute
valueofexergydestruction.However,theresultsrelatedtothereactorsoftheAZEP85show
someparticularities.AlthoughintheAZEP85,theCChasarateofexergydestructionalmost
fivetimeshigherthantheDBoftheplant,theDBresultsina23%higher EDAV .Thus,ithas
the highest improvement priority, followed by the CC, GT1, ST4 and C1. Moreover, while
68% and 67% of the exergy destruction in the reactors of the reference and CLC plants,
respectively, is unavoidable, 91% of the exergy destruction in the CC of the AZEP 85 is
unavoidable. The high unavoidable exergy destruction within the CC of the AZEP 85 is
justifiedbyitsoperation.Becausepreheatedgasesofhighphysicalexergyareused,itsexergy
destruction decreases less with decreasing lambda than for the conventional CC of the
referenceplant.IntheCLCplant,thereactorsresultinsimilarvaluestothatoftheCCofthe
referenceplant.InthereferenceandCLCplants,GT1andC1followthereactorsinabsolute
valuesofavoidableexergydestruction.IntheCLC,ST4andtheLPSTfollowC1.
Ingeneral,themajorityoftheexergydestructionwithinthecomponentsoftheplantsis
unavoidable.ExceptionsaretheCO2compressors,theHXsthatintherealcaseoperatewith
high minimum temperature differences due to design requirements, ST4 of the oxyfuel
75
plants, the DB of the AZEP 85 and GT1 in the reference plant and the AZEP 85. Moreover,
mostofthetotalexergydestructionoftheplantsisendogenous(83%inthereferenceplant,
77% in the AZEP 85 and 79% in the CLC plant). This shows that component interactions,
represented by the exogenous exergy destruction, do not play a very significant role.
Therefore, focus should be placed more on the improvement of internal component
inefficiencies.
For the reactors, C1, the IPST, the LPST and the majority of the HXs, most of the
endogenous exergy destruction is unavoidable ( EDUN, k, EN ). In contrast, more than half of the
irreversibilitieswithintheDBoftheAZEP85areavoidable( EDAV, k , EN ).Also,inalloftheplants,
GT1,theHPSTandtheCO2compressors(oftheCLCplantandtheAZEP85),presenthigher
avoidable endogenous exergy destruction. Similarly, the exogenous exergy destruction is
foundtobemostlyunavoidableforthemajorityofthecomponents.
Negativevaluescalculatedfortheexogenousexergydestruction(Table4.15)resultfrom
changes in the mass flow rates between the real and the endogenous cases. As already
mentioned, for the calculation of each components endogenous exergy destruction, the
examined component operates under real conditions, while all other components operate
theoretically. When the conditions of the theoretically operating components result in
increasedmassflows,theendogenousexergydestructionishigherthanintherealcase, EDreal ,
andthe EDEX is,therefore,foundtobenegative.Forexample,inthecalculationofthe EDEN of
thegeneratoroftheGTsystem(GEN1)intheCLCandreferenceplants,thepoweroutputof
the steam cycle is decreased, due to the lower temperature of the combustion products
entering the HRSG a result of the high isentropic efficiency of the theoretical expander.
Withthislowertemperature,thepowerofthesteamturbinesisreduced.Tokeeptheoverall
power output of the process constant, the power output of GT1 must increase. This is,
however,determinedbythemassflow,sincetheinlettemperatureofGT1remainsconstant.
With increased mass flow, the EDEN of the generator is higher than its EDreal , resulting in a
negative EDEX .Similarexplanationscanbegivenforthenegativevaluesofthe EDUN , EX ,since
theircalculationdependsonthecalculationofthe EDUN , EN ,whichisafunctionofthe EPEN (see
Equation3.24).Generally,withtheexceptionofthegeneratorsandmotorsthatareinfluenced
onlybythecomponentstowhichtheyaredirectlyconnected,thecomponentswithnegative
exergydestruction(e.g.,someHXsoftheIPHRSG,SHIIandEVIIandtheCO2compressors
andGT2oftheAZEP85)shouldoperatewithreducedperformance,inordertoimprovethe
overallsystem.
76
Ref.Plant
EDreal
,k
EDEN, k
EDEX, k
EDAV, k
EDUN, k
EDUN, k, EN
C1
CC
GT
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
LPEC
LPST
GEN1
11.38
220.87
16.09
3.35
3.73
4.00
3.78
8.71
4.39
6.94
193.06
13.52
1.78
2.00
2.24
2.42
6.10
4.76
4.44
27.80
2.57
1.57
1.72
1.76
1.37
2.61
0.38
5.11
71.03
8.32
0.87
0.67
1.28
1.83
3.61
2.94
6.26
149.84
7.77
2.48
3.06
2.72
1.95
5.10
1.45
3.79
130.81
6.23
1.30
1.84
1.75
1.13
3.57
1.57
AZEP85
EDreal
,k
EDEN, k
EDEX, k
EDAV, k
EDUN, k
EDUN, k, EN
C1
CC
MCM
MCMLTHX
DB
GT1
NGPH
HPEC
LPST
ST4
C5
FGCOND
GEN1
11.17
153.65
5.62
9.55
31.26
14.16
5.70
3.52
6.05
6.78
0.66
13.52
3.65
7.39
120.57
3.41
4.58
20.16
10.64
3.72
1.72
4.65
4.53
0.91
18.21
3.39
3.78
33.09
2.21
4.97
11.10
3.53
1.98
1.79
1.40
2.25
0.25
4.69
0.26
5.02
13.56
1.40
4.90
16.74
7.11
5.66
1.04
2.51
5.78
0.53
1.24
6.15
140.10
4.23
4.65
14.52
7.06
0.05
2.48
3.54
1.01
0.13
4.89
4.06
109.81
1.45
3.54
9.43
5.12
0.01
1.33
2.72
0.67
0.17
4.54
CLC
EDreal
,k
EDEN, k
EDEX, k
EDAV, k
EDUN, k
EDUN, k, EN
C1
CLC
GT1
GT2
NGPH
HPEV
HPEC
LPEV
LPEC
HPST
LPST
ST4
GEN1
13.21
194.06
16.01
2.02
5.20
2.77
3.67
3.03
3.76
1.39
5.99
5.06
3.65
7.79
166.54
13.00
1.49
2.98
1.26
1.86
1.52
2.26
0.81
4.33
2.82
3.99
5.42
27.52
3.01
0.54
2.22
1.51
1.80
1.52
1.50
0.57
1.66
2.25
0.34
5.94
64.72
7.69
1.21
0.04
0.79
0.94
0.83
1.65
0.73
2.48
4.32
2.44
7.27
129.34
8.31
0.81
5.17
1.98
2.72
2.20
2.11
0.66
3.51
0.74
1.20
4.26
109.49
6.33
0.60
2.84
1.03
1.55
1.24
1.13
0.37
2.53
0.41
1.32
EDUN, k, EX
2.47
19.03
1.53
1.18
1.21
0.97
0.82
1.53
0.12
EDUN, k, EX
2.09
30.29
2.78
1.11
5.08
1.94
0.04
1.15
0.82
0.34
0.04
0.35
EDUN, k, EX
3.01
19.85
1.98
0.22
2.33
0.95
1.17
0.97
0.98
0.29
0.97
0.33
0.11
EDAV, k , EN
EDAV, k , EX
3.14
62.25
7.29
0.48
0.16
0.49
1.28
2.53
3.19
1.97
8.77
1.03
0.38
0.51
0.79
0.55
1.08
0.25
EDAV, k , EN
EDAV, k , EX
3.33
10.76
1.96
1.05
10.73
5.52
3.71
0.39
1.93
3.87
0.74
1.15
1.69
2.80
0.57
3.86
6.01
1.59
1.95
0.65
0.58
1.91
0.20
0.09
EDAV, k , EN
EDAV, k , EX
3.53
57.05
6.67
0.89
0.14
0.23
0.31
0.28
1.14
0.44
1.79
2.40
2.67
2.41
7.67
1.03
0.32
0.10
0.56
0.63
0.55
0.52
0.28
0.69
1.92
0.23
EPreal
EPEN
231.30
508.76
535.06
31.72
39.91
24.91
7.71
62.29
288.00
140.05
444.15
429.50
16.59
24.09
16.00
4.47
43.60
312.87
EPreal
EPEN
227.13
466.61
77.03
211.51
78.20
481.50
0.10
22.65
43.27
21.14
2.85
239.55
149.88
365.73
26.35
160.99
50.82
349.47
0.02
12.18
33.26
14
3.85
222.58
EPreal
EPEN
268.57
500.67
524.99
52.13
1.12
32.97
20.58
13.99
7.52
22.75
42.81
15.66
239.56
157.27
423.84
399.90
38.28
0.61
17.16
11.74
7.85
4.02
12.79
30.96
8.65
262.13
Table4.15:Selectedresultsatthecomponentleveloftheadvancedexergeticanalysis(MW)
76
4.2.1.3
77
Splittingtheexogenousexergydestruction
Table4.16:Splittingtheexogenousrateofexergydestruction(MW)a
EX
E D,k
Ref.plant Component,k
CC
27.80
C1
4.44
AZEP85
Component,k
E EX
D,k
33.09
DB
11.10
MCMLTHX 4.97
C1
3.78
CC
E EX
D,k
E EX , r
D , k
Component,r
C1
GT1
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
GT1
LPST
SUM
MX
Component,r
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
C1
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
5.59
8.84
3.39
25.67(7.96)
2.14
3.51
0.29
0.11
4.18(6.78)
0.26
,r
E EX
D,k
0.05
0.06
3.44
5.13
0.06
0.81
1.66
24.68(5.86)
8.41
4.27
0.01
0.46
0.71
0.01
0.18
0.35
8.18(0.26)
2.92
0.76
0.04
0.27
0.23
0.20
0.11
0.10
2.84(0.24)
2.13
1.59
0.03
0.01
0.27
0.01
0.07
0.10
2.88(6.98)
0.91
E EX , r
D,k
Component,k
LPST
GT1
Component,k
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
E EX
D,k
2.61
2.57
E EX
D,k
3.53
2.21
2.25
1.40
E EX
Component,r
CC
C1
GT1
SUM
MX
CC
C1
LPST
SUM
MX
Component,r
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
MCM
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
MCM
ST4
SUM
MX
Component,r
Component,r
CLCplant Component,k
Component,k D , k
CLC
27.52
C1
3.13
ST4
2.25
C1
GT1
8.27
CLC
ST4
1.10
GT1
SUM
23.46(12.81)
SUM
MX
4.06
MX
C1
5.42
CLC
3.77
GT1
3.01
C1
GT1
0.35
CLC
ST4
0.05
ST4
SUM
4.65(5.17)
SUM
MX
0.78
MX
aThesumofexergydestructioncausedbycomponentktotheremainingcomponentsrisshowninparentheses
E EX , r
D , k
0.70
0.19
1.07
1.96(4.57)
0.65
1.12
0.29
0.25
2.22(14.08)
0.35
EX , r
E D , k
2.21
0.01
0.01
0.15
0.02
0.10
0.16
3.34(11.78)
0.19
0.66
0.03
0.02
0.07
0.19
0.03
0.07
1.65(0.57)
0.56
1.17
0.01
0.07
0.31
0.14
0.16
0.05
1.85(1.77)
0.40
0.39
0.04
0.10
0.14
0.82
0.00
0.25
0.93(0.54)
0.47
E EX , r
D , k
0.10
0.39
0.12
1.63(1.41)
0.62
0.34
1.36
0.08
2.65(14.23)
0.36
78
Although the exogenous exergy destruction accounts for a relatively small amount of the
exergydestructionintheplants,thedeterminationofitsspecificsourcescanshedlightonto
improvementoptions.Splittingtheexogenousirreversibilities(alsousedinthecalculationof
themexogenousexergydestruction)requiresadditionalsimulations,becausethecomponents
are considered to operate under real conditions in pairs, while the necessary quantities are
calculated as defined in Chapter 3. The operating assumptions lead to a total of n 2 n 2
simulations,withnbeingthenumberofthecomponentsintheplant.
The results for the components with the highest exogenous exergy destruction of the
plants and their mexogenous values (MX) are shown in Table 4.16. Four components have
beenchosenfromthereferenceandCLCplantsandeightfromtheAZEP85tobeexplained
here.Thecompleteresultscanbefoundinthesupplementaldata.Asshown,themexogenous
values are relatively low for all of the plants. The highest difference between the starting
resultsoftheexogenousexergydestructionandtheamountcalculatedthroughthesplitting
is found for the reactors, while for the remaining components, the mexogenous values are
small.IntheAZEP85themexogenousexergydestructionoftheCCishigher,revealingmore
intensecomponentinteractions.AsshowninTable4.16,52%,41%and26%oftheexogenous
exergy destruction in the reactors of the reference plant, the CLC plant and the CC of the
AZEP85stemfromGT1andC1,asmallpartofwhichisavoidable.Similarly,inGT1andC1,
theexogenousexergydestructionismainlyimposedbythereactors.Nonetheless,alargepart
oftheexogenousexergydestructionstemmingfromthereactorsisavoidable(3233%forGT1
inthereferenceandCLCplantsand52%intheAZEP85andapproximately44%forC1inall
of the plants). It should be noted that the exogenous exergy destruction caused by GT1 is
higherthanthatcausedbythereactorsby77%inthereferenceplantandby12%intheCLC
plant (SUM, the value in parentheses in Table 4.16). In the AZEP 85, the exogenous exergy
destructioncausedbytheCCisfoundtobenegative.Thisisaresultmainlydeterminedby
thecomponentsrelatedtotheCO2capture.InefficienciesintheCCresultinanimprovement
ofGT2,andallofthecomponentsconstitutingtheCO2compressionunit.Thiscontradictsthe
resultsofthereferenceandCLCplants,butitisjustifiedwiththemorecomplexstructureof
theplantandthestrongerinterrelationsofitscomponents.
4.2.1.4
Calculatingthetotalavoidablerateofexergydestruction
To better understand the improvement potential of the components, the variable E DAV, k, , as
stated in Equation (3.28) has been calculated (Table 4.17). The total avoidable exergy
destruction of component k, consists of both its avoidable endogenous and avoidable
exogenousexergydestructioncausedbyittotheremainingcomponentsoftheplant.When
this value is high, the component is considered to have a large influence on the overall
system.
Inthereferenceplant,theavoidableexogenousexergydestructionofGT1is34%higher
thanthatoftheCC,intheCLCthetwovaluesaresimilar(withtheexergydestructionofGT1
14%lowerthanthatoftheCLCreactors)andintheAZEP85boththeCCandtheDBhave
negative avoidable exogenous values. In the reference and CLC plants, due to the
79
significantlylargeendogenousexergydestructionofthereactors,theirtotalavoidableexergy
destruction( E AV , ) resultsinavalueapproximatelyfivetimeshigher,whencomparedtothat
D,k
ofGT1.IntheAZEP85,theendogenousavoidableexergydestructionoftheCCisrelatively
lowandsimilartothatoftheDB,whileitsexogenousexergydestructionishighlynegative.
Therefore,itstotalavoidableexergydestructionislow(1.61MW).Becausethe E AV , EX ofthe
D,k
DBisslightlynegative,theDBresultsinthelargesttotalavoidableexergydestructionamong
theplantcomponentsoftheAZEP85,closelyfollowedbyGT1.WhencomparingGT1with
C1, GT1 causes higher avoidable exogenous exergy destruction in all of the plants.
Additionally, due to the much higher avoidable endogenous exergy destruction of GT1, its
totalavoidableexergydestructionisfoundtobemorethandoublethatofC1inthereference
plant,approximatelythreetimeshigherintheCLCplantand54%higherintheAZEP85.
Table4.17:Splittingtherateofexergydestructioncausedbyeachcomponent(MW)
Ref.Plant
Component,k
r 1
rk
AV , EX ,k
D,r
E DAV, k , EN
E DAV, k,
CC
3.65(6%)
62.25(94%)
65.90
GT1
4.89(40%)
7.29(60%)
12.18
C1
2.52(45%)
3.14(55%)
5.67
LPST
1.81(42%)
2.53(58%)
4.34
AZEP85
Component,k
E
r 1
rk
AV , EX ,k
D,r
E DAV, k , EN
E DAV, k,
DB
0.09
10.73
10.64
GT1
3.76(41%)
5.52(59%)
9.28
C1
2.68(45%)
3.33(55%)
6.02
MCM
0.63(24%)
1.96(76%)
2.60
LPST
0.63(25%)
1.93(75%)
2.56
CC
9.15
10.76
1.61
MCMLTHX
0.10(9%)
1.05(91%)
1.15
CLCplant
Component,k
4.2.2
E
r 1
rk
AV , EX ,k
D,r
E DAV, k , EN
E DAV, k,
CLC
6.71(11%)
57.05(89%)
63.76
GT1
5.75(46%)
6.67(54%)
12.42
C1
0.74(17%)
3.53(83%)
4.28
ST4
0.66(63%)
0.39(37%)
1.05
Advancedexergoeconomicanalysis
Selected results of the advanced exergoeconomic analysis at the component level are
presented in Tables 4.194.20. More detailed tables can be found in Appendix A and in the
supplementaldata.
4.2.2.1
80
Splittingtheinvestmentcostrates
Theassumptionsmadeforthecalculationoftheunavoidableinvestmentcostrates, Z kUN ,are

showninTable4.18.MostofthecostoftheGTsystem,theSTsandthepumpswasassumed
heretobeunavoidable,duetolimitedmodificationpossibilitiesintheirdesign.Ontheother
hand,mostoftheinvestmentcostoftheHXsisfoundtobeavoidable.Theunavoidablecost
associated with HXs is estimated through additional simulations, where each component is
consideredinisolation,operatingwithhighirreversibilities,i.e.highminimumtemperature
differences and pressure drops. The lowest possible cost of production of the plant
componentsisthenestimated.Theresultsfromsplittingtheinvestmentcostratesforselected
componentsoftheplantsareshowninTable4.19.
Table4.18:Assumptionsforthecalculationoftheunavoidableinvestmentcostrates
Z kUN
Componentsa
Z kUN
(operatingconditions
or%of Z k
real
Components
(operatingconditionsor
%of Z k
real
GT
90%
SH/RH
GT2
90%
Tmin=100C
PUN=Preal
C1
85%
EV
Tmin=50C
C2C5
90%
PUN=Preal
C6
85%
EC
Tmin=75C
CC
80%
PUN=Preal
DB
80%
NGPH
Tmin=600C
STs
90%
PUN=Preal
CLCreactors
80%
AirHX
Tmin=800C
MCM
80%
PUN=Preal
CCMCM
80%
Coolers
Tmin=75C
MCMHTHX
Tmin=100C
PUN=Preal
PUN=Preal
Pumps
60%
MCMLTHX
Tmin=100C
Motors
Incl.withpumps
PUN=Preal
Incl.withturbines
Generators
Nodistinctionbetweenavoidableandunavoidableinvestmentcostrateshasbeenmadeformixers,deaerators,or
dissipativecomponents.
a
The endogenous investment cost rate, Z kEN , is found to be higher than the exogenous,
Z kEX , for all of the plant components, with the exception of the MCM and some HXs in the
AZEP85.Thisemphasizesagainthatinternaldesignchangesplayamoresignificantrolein
thedeterminationofeachcomponentscost.Inaddition,theorderofthespreadbetweenthe
absolutevaluesoftheendogenousandexogenousinvestmentcostratesissignificantinsome
cases:fortheCCandGT1,forexample,inalloftheplantstheendogenousinvestmentcost
ratesaremuchhigherthantheexogenousrates(inthereferenceplant,sevenandfourtimes
81
Table4.19:Splittingtheinvestmentcostrates(/h)
Z kreal
Z kUN
Z kAV
Z kEN
Z kEX
C1
CC
GT1
HPSH
1423.3
1016.7
1626.7
111.2
1209.8
813.3
1464.0
50.8
213.5
203.3
162.7
60.4
861.8
887.6
1305.7
73.5
561.5
129.1
320.9
37.7
129.3
177.5
130.6
39.9
84.2
25.8
32.1
20.5
732.6
710.0
1175.2
33.6
477.3
103.3
288.8
17.2
HPEV
HST
IPST
LPST
157.7
181.7
328.9
764.1
68.5
163.5
296.0
687.7
89.2
18.2
32.9
76.4
82.4
115.3
230.1
534.9
75.2
66.4
98.8
229.2
46.6
11.5
23.0
53.5
42.6
6.6
9.9
22.9
32.7
59.7
89.0
206.3
Z kAV
Z kEN
Z kEX
Ref.Plant
Z kAV
Z AV , EN Z AV , EX
k
Z kUN
Z UN , EN Z UN , EX
35.8
103.8
207.1
481.4
AZEP85
Z kreal
Z kUN
Z kAV
Z AV , EN Z AV , EX
Z kUN
Z UN , EN Z UN , EX
C1
MCM
GT1
CC
DB
1169.3
1192.3
1336.4
745.9
276.8
993.9
953.9
1202.8
596.7
221.5
175.4
238.5
133.6
149.2
55.4
771.7
407.9
970.0
584.6
179.9
397.7
784.4
366.4
161.3
96.9
115.7
81.6
97.0
116.9
36.0
59.7
156.9
36.6
32.3
19.4
655.9
326.3
873.0
467.7
143.9
338.0
627.6
329.8
129.0
77.5
MCMLTHX
MCMHTHX
HPST
IPST
LPST
LPEV
1113.0
696.3
182.6
201.8
489.2
145.0
320.2
108.9
164.3
181.7
440.3
70.1
764.5
548.8
18.3
20.2
48.9
74.8
847.1
434.4
124.4
161.0
376.1
77.0
265.8
261.9
58.2
40.8
113.2
68.0
558.5
309.8
12.4
16.1
37.6
39.7
206.0
239.0
5.8
4.1
11.3
35.1
288.7
124.7
112.0
144.9
338.5
37.2
31.6
15.8
52.3
36.7
101.8
32.9
LPEC
ST4
GT2
C2
C3
C4
102.5
256.7
247.3
347.9
358.4
356.9
44.1
231.1
222.5
295.7
304.6
303.3
58.4
25.7
24.7
52.2
53.8
53.5
59.0
170.0
341.1
448.8
479.9
480.3
43.5
86.8
93.9
100.9
121.5
123.5
33.6
17.0
34.1
67.3
72.0
72.0
24.8
8.7
9.4
15.1
18.2
18.5
25.4
153.0
307.0
381.5
407.9
408.3
18.7
78.1
84.5
85.8
103.3
104.9
362.1
307.8
54.3
488.2
126.1
73.2
18.9
415.0
107.2
Z kUN
Z kAV
Z kEX
Z kAV
Z AV , EN Z AV , EX
C5
CLCplant
Z kreal
Z kEN
Z kUN
Z UN , EN Z UN , EX
C1
CLC
GT1
HPSH
964.4
4974.5
1102.2
105.2
819.7
3979.6
992.0
40.6
144.7
994.9
110.2
64.6
564.7
4211.1
839.6
46.0
399.7
763.3
262.6
59.2
84.7
842.2
84.0
28.2
59.9
152.7
26.3
36.4
480.0
3368.9
755.6
17.8
339.7
610.7
236.4
22.9
HPEV
HPST
IPST
LPST
ST4
GT2
139.7
102.8
148.5
386.9
156.5
215.8
71.4
92.5
133.6
348.2
140.9
194.2
68.3
10.3
14.8
38.7
15.7
21.6
72.7
57.8
107.5
279.8
86.5
158.5
67.0
45.0
40.9
107.1
70.1
57.3
35.5
5.8
10.8
28.0
8.6
15.8
32.7
4.5
4.1
10.7
7.0
5.7
37.2
52.0
96.8
251.8
77.8
142.6
34.3
40.5
36.8
96.4
63.1
51.6
C2
C3
C4
C5
313.8
322.8
318.4
320.0
266.7
274.3
270.7
272.0
47.1
48.4
47.8
48.0
216.8
230.7
228.8
230.3
97.0
92.0
89.6
89.7
32.5
34.6
34.3
34.5
14.6
13.8
13.4
13.5
184.3
196.1
194.5
195.7
82.5
78.2
76.2
76.3
82
higher,intheCLCplantfiveandthreetimeshigherandintheAZEP85fourandthreetimes
higherfortheCCandGT1,respectively).Forthecompressor,thisdifferenceissmaller.Some
HXsinalloftheplants,aswellastheCO2compressorsintheAZEP85resultina Z EN thatis
k
higher than the Z kreal . This is again related to increased mass flow rates in the endogenous
case,whencomparedtotherealprocess,whichresultsinahigherrateofproductexergy.The
interpretation of these results is that the cost of a component with negative Z EX increases
k
when all other components operate under theoretical conditions. Thus, to decrease its cost,
theirreversibilitieswithintheothercomponentsmustbeincreased.
Theresultsfromsplittingtheinvestmentcostratesindicatethat,priorityshouldbegiven
totheGTsystem,withthereactorsfirst,C1secondandGT1thirdfortheCLCplantandC1
first,CCsecondandGT1thirdforthereferenceplant.Thesecomponentshavethehighest
avoidable cost rates, while the components that follow prioritywise, in the reference and
CLC plants, are the HXs of the high and lowpressure HRSG (ranking varies among the
HPSH,HPEVandtheLPEV).Ontheotherhand,intheAZEP85priorityshouldbegivento
thetwoHXsoftheMCMreactor,theMCM,C1,theCCandthentoGT1.
Since the components with the larger investment cost rates, Z k , are the main
turbomachinery and the reactors and their investment cost is mainly unavoidable, the
investmentcostrateoftheplantislargelyunavoidable.Additionally,mostoftheexogenous
values are relatively low, when compared to the endogenous values, showing that
components interactions are not as important as the internal operation of the components.
Specifically,6487%and7380%oftheinvestmentcostofthereactorsandGT1,respectively,
canbeavoidedthroughoperatingchangesinthecomponentsthemselves.
4.2.2.2
Splittingthecostrateofexergydestruction
The calculations used for splitting the cost of exergy destruction, C D , k , are based on the
equationsshowninTable3.1.Theresultsforselectedcomponentsoftheplantsareshownin
Table4.20.
Inalloftheplants,themajorityoftheHXs,theLPST,thereactors(withtheexceptionof
theDB)andC1,presenthighratesofunavoidableexergydestruction.Theoppositeistruefor
GT1, the CO2 compressors, the high and intermediatepressure ST. The highest values of
bothavoidableandunavoidablerateofexergydestructionarefoundforthereactors,GT1,C1
and the LPST. In the case of the reference plant, the LPST presents a 13% higher avoidable
costrateofexergydestructionwhencomparedtothatofC1.
In the reference and CLC plants, more than 67% of the total cost rate of exergy
destruction of the reactors is considered unavoidable, whilefor the CC of the AZEP85 this
percentage reaches 91%. Yet, the absolute values of the avoidable cost rates of exergy
destruction associated with these components are significantly larger than other plant
components,withtheexceptionoftheCCintheAZEP85thatresultsinalowervaluethan
GT1andtheDB.Furthermore,6587%oftheunavoidablecostofthereactorsisendogenous.
83
Table4.20:Selectedresultsfromsplittingtheexergydestructioncostrates(/h)
Ref.Plant
C Dreal
,k
C DUN, k
C DAV, k
C DEN, k
C DEX, k
C DAV, k
C DAV, k , EN
C DUN, k
C DAV, k , EX
C DUN, k, EN C DUN, k, EX
C1
692.7
381.3
311.4
422.3
270.4
191.5
119.9
230.9
150.4
CC
7276.3
4936.4
2339.9
6360.4
916.0
2050.8
289.1
4309.5
626.9
GT1
1139.7
432.3
707.4
752.7
387.0
405.6
301.7
347.0
85.3
HPEC
222.8
151.4
71.4
124.8
98.1
27.5
43.9
97.2
54.2
LPEV
197.5
166.0
31.5
93.4
104.1
1.4
30.1
91.9
74.0
LPEC
210.7
108.8
101.9
134.6
76.1
71.5
30.4
63.1
45.7
LPST
743.4
393.2
350.2
470.0
273.4
194.7
155.5
275.3
117.9
C Dreal
,k
C DUN, k
C DAV, k
C1
797.1
438.8
358.3
527.2
MCM
275.3
206.8
68.5
166.9
GT1
1176.9
466.3
710.6
702.9
CC
5120.2
4668.5
451.8
4017.7
DB
1041.6
483.8
557.8
671.8
MCMLTHX
467.4
227.5
239.9
224.4
AZEP85
C DEN, k
C DEX, k
C DAV, k
C DUN, k
C DAV, k , EN
C DAV, k , EX
C DUN, k, EN
269.8
237.7
120.6
289.6
149.2
108.4
96.2
27.7
136.1
474.0
364.5
346.2
338.4
127.9
1102.5
358.5
93.3
3659.2
1009.3
369.8
357.4
200.4 314.4
169.4
243.0
51.2
188.7 173.2
54.3
70.8
C DUN, k, EX
MCMHTHX
60.5
41.0
19.5
37.6
22.9
12.0
7.5
25.6
15.4
HPST
186.9
69.2
117.7
103.4
83.4
56.3
61.4
47.2
22.0
HPSH
198.0
142.6
55.4
67.0
131.0
6.8
48.6
60.2
82.4
HPEC
232.5
163.9
68.6
113.9
118.6
25.8
42.8
88.1
75.8
LPEV
182.0
152.3
29.7
85.4
96.5
4.6
25.1
80.8
71.4
LPEC
222.6
63.8
158.8
136.2
86.4
99.5
59.3
36.7
27.0
ST4
557.2
82.5
474.6
372.1
185.1
317.4
157.2
54.7
27.9
GT2
131.9
31.3
100.6
128.7
3.2
85.5
15.1
43.2
11.9
C2
74.2
17.0
57.2
98.1
24.0
76.2
19.0
21.9
4.9
C3
78.2
16.8
61.4
106.6
28.4
84.2
22.7
22.5
5.7
C4
81.0
16.7
64.4
110.9
29.9
88.5
24.1
22.4
5.8
5.8
C5
86.8
16.7
70.1
119.0
32.2
96.5
26.4
22.5
NGPH
268.9
2.2
266.8
175.5
93.4
175.0
91.8
0.5
1.7
AirHX
83.0
15.9
67.1
104.2
21.2
81.7
14.6
22.4
6.5
CLCplant
C Dreal
,k
C DUN, k
C DAV, k
C DEN, k
C DEX, k
C DAV, k
C DAV, k , EN
C DUN, k
C DAV, k , EX
C DUN, k, EN
C DUN, k, EX
C1
919.2
506.0
413.2
542.0
377.2
245.7
167.5
296.3
209.7
CLC
6390.8
4259.4
2131.4
5484.5
906.3
1878.7
252.7
3605.8
653.6
GT1
1277.8
540.4
737.4
845.2
432.6
433.5
303.9
411.7
128.8
HPEC
238.5
177.0
61.4
121.2
117.2
20.3
41.1
101.0
76.1
LPEV
197.3
143.3
54.0
98.7
98.6
18.3
35.7
80.4
62.9
LPEC
244.7
137.2
107.5
147.3
97.4
74.0
33.6
73.3
63.9
LPST
587.3
310.7
276.7
383.6
203.8
158.9
117.8
224.6
86.0
ST4
423.8
62.3
361.5
235.6
188.2
201.2
160.3
34.4
GT2
118.9
34.5
84.4
63.0
55.9
37.6
46.8
25.3
9.2
C4
84.6
19.2
65.4
61.8
22.8
48.0
17.4
13.8
5.4
C5
87.8
19.2
68.7
64.3
23.6
50.5
18.2
13.8
NGPH
220.5
5.7
214.8
126.3
94.2
5.9
208.9 120.4
27.9
5.4
114.7
Similar to the investment cost rates, here the rates of exergy destruction are mostly
endogenous for the majority of the components. Thus, most of the cost stems from the
84
operation of the components themselves and component interactions are of lower

importance.
Evaluatingtheresultsofthesourcesofthecostofexergydestruction,thereferenceplant
canpotentiallybeimprovedthroughimprovementoftheCC,GT1,theLPSTandC1.Onthe
otherhand,intheCLCplant,priorityshouldbegiventotheCLCfirst,GT1second,C1third
and last ST4. In the AZEP 85 the component with the highest avoidable cost of exergy
destructionisGT1,followedbytheDB,ST4andthentheCC.
4.2.2.3
Splittingtheexogenouscostratesofinvestmentandexergydestruction
Although the exogenous costs are of relatively low significance when compared to the
endogenouscosts,theirsourcescanrevealadditionalimprovementpotentialfortheoverall
plant.Thesplittingoftheexogenouscostsforthecomponentswiththehighestinvestment
related cost and exergy destructionrelated costs is shown in Tables 4.21 and 4.22,
respectively.
ThemainsourceoftheexogenousinvestmentcostrateforthereactorsisGT1,withthe
exceptionoftheDBintheAZEP85thatisinfluencedmorebytheCC.Themainsourceofthe
exogenousinvestmentcostrateforC1andGT1ofallplantsisthereactors.Themexogenous
cost,thatisthecostdifferencebetweenthecalculatedexogenouscost(showninTables4.21
and 4.22) and the sum of the split parts caused to each of the remaining components
(complete tables can be found in the supplemental data), is found to be very high for the
MCMandtheMCMLTHXbecauseoftheirintenseinteraction.
Theeffectofthechemicalreactorsontheremainingcomponentsiscritical,sincetheyare
responsible for large parts of the costs in other components. The reactors first and GT1
second, cause relatively high total exogenous costs in the CLC plant (SUM, values in
parenthesesinTables4.21and4.22),whilethesameistruefortheinvestmentcostratesofthe
referenceplant.GT1causesahigherexogenouscostrateofexergydestructionthantheCCin
the reference plant (SUM, values in parentheses inTable 4.22). In the AZEP 85, GT1 causes
the highest rate of investment cost, followed by C1, the MCM HTHX (436.7 /h) and the
MCM (because of their large influence on the CO2 compressors), while the exogenous
investment cost of the CC is relatively low, due to its negative effect on other components
(mainly those processing the CO2 stream). Also, in the AZEP 85, GT1 causes the highest
exogenouscostrateofexergydestruction,whiletheCC,hasanegativeexogenousvalueof
exergy destruction, due to the inverse relationship between its efficiency and that of other
equipment.
85
Table4.21:Selectedresultsfromsplittingtheexogenousinvestmentcostrate(/h)a
Ref.plant
Component,k
CC
C1
Z kEX
129.11
561.51
Component,r
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
24.62
40.65
15.58
116.90(741.68)
12.22
416.85
36.39
13.98
500.58(110.47)
60.93
161.26
96.93
265.85
397.70
EX
Z k
EX , r
Component,r
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
C1
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
Component,k
LPST
GT1
Z k
EX
AZEP85
Component,r
C1
GT1
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
GT1
LPST
SUM
MX
Z kEX , r
Component,r
0.22
0.28
16.70
24.87
0.48
3.94
8.05
105.69(138.96)
55.57
37.55
0.08
4.29
6.33
0.13
1.65
3.11
80.76(403.28)
16.17
28.82
44.11
31.80
77.08
99.30
53.97
82.20
34.14(357.00)
299.98
166.14
4.39
1.12
27.86
1.54
7.54
10.10
302.97(611.92)
94.73
EX , r
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
EX
Z k
229.19
1305.74
Component,r
CC
C1
GT1
SUM
MX
CC
C1
LPST
SUM
MX
61.69
16.31
93.66
172.17(68.57)
57.02
156.23
41.23
24.15
275.42(352.64)
45.51
Z k
EX
366.45
784.44
86.76
113.16
EX
Z k
EX , r
Component,r
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
MCM
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
MCM
ST4
SUM
MX
Z k
Component,r
Component,k Z k
Component,r
CLCplant Component,k Z k
CLC
763.33
C1
141.71
ST4
70.06
C1
GT1
209.03
CLC
ST4
27.77
GT1
SUM
655.70(667.11)
SUM
MX
107.64
MX
C1
399.66
CLC
278.97
GT1
262.62
C1
GT1
25.40
CLC
ST4
3.39
ST4
SUM
342.58(246.67)
SUM
MX
57.09
MX
aInparenthesesthesumofexergydestructioncausedbycomponentktotheremainingcomponentsrisshown
Z kEX , r
202.46
1.18
0.78
27.34
1.47
9.24
14.51
328.52(757.44)
37.92
114.35
17.88
13.17
8.89
3.47
3.86
25.36
452.41(430.00)
332.03
43.98
0.47
2.73
11.76
6.04
5.88
2.05
70.49(405.77)
16.28
31.38
3.02
7.79
11.08
66.52
0.00
0.25
75.58(329.87)
37.57
Z kEX , r
3.09
12.02
3.78
50.53(30.94)
19.52
31.50
122.79
5.11
215.32(478.35)
47.30
86
Table4.22:Selectedresultsfromsplittingtheexogenouscostratesofexergydestruction(/h)a
Ref.plant
AZEP85
Component,k
CC
C1
Component,k
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
C DEX, k
915.97
270.36

C
D,k
Component,r
C1
GT1
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
GT1
LPST
SUM
MX
EX
1102.53
369.78
243.02
269.82
Component,r
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
C1
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
EX , r
C
D,k
184.26
291.31
111.65
845.53(488.33)
70.44
213.62
17.84
6.85
254.65(256.93)
15.70
C DEX, k, r
1.51
1.90
114.59
170.92
2.15
27.11
55.32
822.32(560.5)
280.21
142.13
0.22
15.45
23.63
0.36
6.15
11.74
272.45(16.80)
97.33
37.21
2.05
13.05
11.24
9.92
5.35
4.77
138.75(10.08)
104.27
113.52
1.79
0.53
19.04
0.76
5.15
6.90
205.15(350.05)
64.67
Component,k
LPST
GT1
Component,k
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
C DEX, k
273.40
752.65

C
D,k
EX
474.05
108.37
185.09
179.60
Component,r
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
MCM
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
MCM
ST4
SUM
MX
Component,k CD , k Component,r
Component,k CD , k Component,r CD , k
CLCplant
CLC
906.30
C1
103.23
ST4
188.20
C1
GT1
272.24
CLC
ST4
36.17
GT1
SUM
772.62(813.84)
SUM
MX
133.68
MX
C1
377.20
CLC
262.15
GT1
432.64
C1
GT1
24.38
CLC
ST4
3.25
ST4
SUM
323.20(236.06)
SUM
MX
54.00
MX
EX
EX , r
EX
C
D,k
EX , r
Component,r
CC
C1
GT1
SUM
MX
CC
C1
LPST
SUM
MX
54.20
14.333
82.276
151.23(175.24)
122.17
62.20
16.414
13.921
123.55(625.37)
263.49
C DEX, k, r
145.81
0.43
0.50
9.69
1.02
6.70
10.51
220.70(605.62)
253.35
32.14
1.67
1.09
3.39
9.11
1.58
3.37
80.85(33.25)
27.51
95.71
1.02
5.98
25.70
11.88
12.87
4.48
151.85(76.26)
33.24
34.02
3.27
8.46
12.01
72.12
0.00
0.25
81.70(109.45)
103.39
C DEX, k, r
8.43
32.72
9.75
136.13(52.23)
52.07
22.37
88.40
5.14
172.20(689.31)
260.44
4.2.2.4
87
Calculatingthetotalavoidablecostratesassociatedwithplantcomponents
The total avoidable cost of component k is calculated through theaddition of the avoidable
cost of exergy destruction or investment cost caused by its operation on the remaining
componentsanditsendogenouscostofexergydestructionorinvestmentcost.Theresultsof
the most influential components of the plants are shown in Tables 4.23 and 4.24. The total
avoidablecostsofcomponentkarecalculatedusingEquations(3.32)(3.36).
Table4.23:Avoidableinvestmentcostrate(/h)Table4.24:Avoidableexergydestructioncostrate(/h)
Ref.Plant
Component,k
AV , EX ,k
Z r
r 1
rk
Z kAV , EN
Z kAV ,
Ref.Plant
Component,k
C
r 1
rk
AV , EX ,k
D,r
C DAV, k , EN
C DAV, k,
CC
121.09(40.6%) 177.51(59.4%) 298.60
CC
170.37(7.7%) 2,050.85(92.3%) 2,221.22
GT1
74.80(36.4%) 130.57(63.6%) 205.38
GT1
156.63(27.9)
405.64(72.1)
562.27
C1
20.41(13.6%) 129.27(86.4%) 149.69
C1
84.82(30.7)
191.45(69.3)
276.27
LPST
12.71(19.2%) 53.49(80.8%) 66.21
LPST
51.15(20.8)
194.71(79.2)
245.87
AZEP85
C DAV, k , EN
C DAV, k,
AZEP85
Component,k
Z
r 1
rk
AV , EX ,k
Z kAV , EN
Z kAV ,
MCMLTHX 346.02(38.3%) 558.49(61.7%) 904.51
Component,k
C
r 1
rk
AV , EX ,k
D,r
GT1
119.25(24.7%) 364.45(75.3%) 483.70
CC
720.80(86.0%) 116.93(14.0%) 837.73
DB
5.95
357.44
351.49
GT1
446.91(82.2%) 97.00(17.8%) 543.91
CC
26.49
358.53
332.04
MCM
398.52(77.5%) 115.75(22.5%) 514.27
C1
67.37(22.1%) 237.68(77.9%) 305.05
C1
391.29(77.2%) 115.75(22.8%) 507.04
LPST
44.69(20.9%) 168.94(79.1%) 213.63
DB
358.92(90.9%) 35.98(9.1%)
394.90
MCM
34.02(26.1%) 96.16(73.9%)
LPST
287.20(88.4%) 37.61(11.6%) 324.81
CLCPlant
Component,k
Z
r 1
rk
AV , EX ,k
Z kAV , EN
Z kAV ,
MCMLTHX 3.95(7.2%)
CLCPlant
Component,k
C
r 1
rk
51.23(92.8%)
AV , EX ,k
D,r
C DAV, k , EN
130.18
55.18
C DAV, k,
CLC
109.79(11.5%) 842.23(88.5%) 952.02
CLC
241.83(11.4%) 1,878.68(88.6%) 2,120.51
GT1
102.51(55.0%) 83.96(45.0%) 186.47
GT1
179.12(29.2%) 433.52(70.8%) 612.64
C1
47.07(35.7%) 84.71(64.3%) 131.78
C1
19.99(7.5%)
245.71(92.5%) 265.70
ST4
7.00(44.7%)
ST4
12.52(5.9%)
201.17(94.1%) 213.69
8.65(55.3%)
15.65
Among GT1, C1 and the reactors of the plants, the lowest avoidable exogenous investment
costrateiscalculatedforC1.TheavoidableendogenouscostsaresimilarforC1andGT1in
the reference and CLC plants, while in the AZEP 85, C1 has a 19% higher cost rate.
Nonetheless,C1haslowertotalcostratesinalloftheplants.ItshouldbenotedthatGT1and
the reactors of the CLC plant cause similar total avoidable exogenous investment cost rates
(first column in Table 4.23), but the reactors have amuch highertotal costrate due to their
significantlyhigherendogenousvalue.
88
Table4.25:Rankingofthecomponentswiththehighesttotalavoidablecostrate, C DAV, k, + Z kAV , (/h)

Component,k
Ref.Plant
Component,k
AZEP85 Component,k CLCPlant
CC
2,519.8
CC
1,169.8
CLC
3,072.5
GT1
767.7
GT1
1,027.6
GT1
799.1
C1
426.0
MCMLTHX
944.5
C1
397.5
LPST
312.1
C1
812.1
ST4
229.3
DB
746.4
MCM
644.5
LPST
538.4
While the differences in the investment cost rates are kept at relatively low levels, the
differences in the exergy destructionrelated costs show large spreads among the different
components. The avoidable exogenouscost of exergy destruction of GT1 and the CC in the
reference plant are relatively close. However, again, the significantly larger avoidable
endogenous cost of exergy destruction for the CC, results in an overall cost rate that is
approximately four times higher. C1 follows GT1 with an approximately two times lower
overall cost of exergy destruction. In the CLC plant, the reactors result in a 35% higher
avoidable exogenous cost rate of exergy destruction when compared to GT1 and since the
difference between the endogenous values of the components is much larger, the total cost
rateofthereactorsisapproximatelythreetimeshigher.InthereferenceandCLCplants,the
avoidableexogenouscostcausedbyGT1isthesecondhighest.C1followsGT1incost.Inthe
AZEP85thehighestcostofavoidableexogenousexergydestructionisfoundfortheMCM
HTHX(200.2/h),followedbyGT1andC1.However,duetoitslowavoidableendogenous
exergy destruction cost, the MCM HTHX has a low total avoidable cost and GT1 has the
highest total cost. The total avoidable cost of exergy destruction of the CC is relatively
reduced(rankedafterGT1andtheDB)duetoitsnegativeavoidableexogenouscostrate.
The most important result of the component evaluation is the sum of the avoidable
exergy destruction and investment costs. As shown in Table 4.25, the cost of exergy
destruction is the main deciding parameter of the overall cost in the CLC and reference
plants. On the other hand, in the AZEP, both costs affect the overall results. In all of the
plants,thereactorsarerankedfirstandGT1second.
4.2.3
Advancedexergoenvironmentalanalysis
Selected results of the advanced exergoenvironmental analysis at the component level are
presented in Tables 4.264.27. Detailed tables can be found in Appendix A and in the
supplemental data. In contrast to the advanced exergoeconomic analysis, in the advanced
exergoenvironmental analysis, the componentrelated environmental impact has not been
split,duetoitsnegligibleinfluenceonthetotalimpact.Thus,heretheenvironmentalimpacts
associatedwithexergydestructionandpollutantformationaresplit.
4.2.3.1
89
Splittingtheenvironmentalimpactofexergydestruction
Table4.26:Selectedresultsfromsplittingtheenvironmentalimpactofexergydestruction(Pts/h)
Ref.Plant
C1
CC
GT1
HPEC
LPEV
LPEC
LPST
B Dreal
,k
B DUN, k
B DAV, k
B DEN, k
B DEX, k
69.36
762.83
120.16
23.49
20.82
22.21
69.86
38.18
517.52
45.58
15.96
17.50
11.47
36.95
31.18
245.31
74.58
7.53
3.32
10.74
32.91
42.29
666.81
79.35
13.15
9.85
14.19
44.17
B Dreal
,k
B DUN, k
B DAV, k
B DEN, k
69.66
28.66
107.05
536.81
109.20
48.89
6.33
16.06
18.01
21.15
16.55
20.25
47.40
14.16
5.67
5.98
6.20
6.64
28.88
8.91
38.35
21.53
42.41
489.44
50.72
23.79
4.29
5.95
12.97
14.91
13.85
5.80
7.02
3.36
1.30
1.28
1.27
1.28
0.23
1.71
31.31
7.13
64.64
47.36
58.48
25.09
2.04
10.11
5.04
6.24
2.70
14.44
40.38
10.80
4.37
4.70
4.92
5.36
28.65
7.20
46.08
17.38
63.93
421.22
70.43
23.47
3.93
8.89
6.10
10.36
7.77
12.39
31.65
13.82
7.50
8.16
8.48
9.10
18.84
11.19
23.58
11.28
43.12
115.59
38.77
25.42
2.40
7.17
11.92
10.79
8.78
7.86
15.75
0.34
1.83
2.17
2.29
2.47
10.04
2.27
B DEN, k
B DEX, k
27.07
96.03
40.81
10.34
10.97
8.02
25.69
B DAV, k
B DAV, k , EN
B DAV, k , EX
19.17
215.01
42.77
2.90
0.15
7.54
18.30
12.01
30.31
31.81
4.63
3.17
3.21
14.61
B DUN, k
B UN , EN B UN , EX
D,k
D,k
23.12
451.80
36.59
10.25
9.69
6.66
25.87
15.06
65.72
8.99
5.71
7.80
4.82
11.08
AZEP85
C1
MCM
GT1
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
MCMHTHX
HPST
HPSH
HPEC
LPEV
LPEC
ST4
GT2
C2
C3
C4
C5
NGPH
AirHX
B DEX, k
B DAV, k
B DUN, k
B DAV, k , EN
B DAV, k , EX
B DUN, k, EN
B DUN, k, EX
20.77
10.01
33.15
37.59
37.47
5.36
1.26
4.83
0.62
2.34
0.42
9.05
27.00
9.18
5.83
6.44
6.77
7.38
18.79
8.78
10.54
2.88
31.49
9.78
21.01
19.73
0.78
5.28
4.42
3.90
2.28
5.40
13.37
1.62
1.46
1.74
1.85
2.02
9.85
1.57
25.31
7.37
30.78
383.63
32.96
18.11
2.68
4.05
5.48
8.02
7.35
3.34
4.65
4.64
1.67
1.72
1.71
1.72
0.05
2.41
13.04
14.17
11.63
105.81
17.76
5.68
1.61
1.89
7.50
6.89
6.50
2.46
2.37
1.28
0.38
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.18
0.70
CLCplant
C1
CLC
GT1
HPEC
LPEV
LPEC
LPST
ST4
GT2
C4
C5
NGPH
B Dreal
,k
B DUN, k
B DAV, k
79.58
671.79
114.08
21.29
17.62
21.85
47.97
34.97
11.37
6.41
6.65
21.08
43.81
447.74
48.25
15.80
12.80
12.25
25.37
5.14
3.30
1.45
1.45
0.55
35.77
224.05
65.83
5.48
4.82
9.60
22.60
29.82
8.07
4.96
5.20
20.53
46.92
576.52
75.45
10.82
8.81
13.15
31.33
19.44
6.02
4.68
4.87
12.07
32.65
95.27
38.62
10.46
8.81
8.70
16.64
15.53
5.35
1.73
1.78
9.00
B DAV, k
B DAV, k , EN
B DAV, k , EX
21.27
197.48
38.70
1.81
1.63
6.61
12.98
16.60
3.60
3.64
3.82
0.56
14.50
26.56
27.13
3.67
3.19
3.00
9.62
13.23
4.47
1.32
1.38
19.97
B DUN, k
B UN , EN B UN , EX
D,k
25.65
379.04
36.75
9.01
7.18
6.54
18.35
2.84
2.42
1.04
1.04
11.51
D,k
18.15
68.71
11.50
6.79
5.62
5.70
7.02
2.30
0.88
0.41
0.41
10.96
The splitting of the environmental impact of exergy destruction, B D , k , is based on the

equationsshowninTable3.2.Theresultsforselectedcomponentsoftheplantsareshownin
Table4.26.
Inthereferenceplant,theenvironmentalimpactismostlyunavoidableforthemajorityof
thecomponents,withthemainexceptionsofGT1,theHPSTandIPST.Thesameistruefor
theAZEP85andtheCLCplant.IntheplantswithCO2capture,mostoftheenvironmental
impactisavoidablefortheCO2compressors,ST4andGT2.Moreover,morethanhalfofthe
90
impact associated with exergy destruction within the DB of the AZEP 85 is also avoidable
(54%).
As in the previous analyses, most of the B D , k is endogenous, again exhibiting lower
significanceofcomponentinteractions.Specifically,theendogenousenvironmentalimpactof
the reactors of the reference and the CLC plants is 67 times higher than the exogenous
impact.IntheAZEP85,theendogenousimpactisapproximatelyfourandtwotimeshigher
theexogenousimpactfortheCCandtheDB,respectively.Similarresultsareobtainedforthe
endogenouspartsoftheavoidableandunavoidableenvironmentalimpactsoftheplants.
Theconclusionsdrawnbytheapplicationoftheadvancedexergoenvironmentalanalysis
are similar to those of the advanced exergoeconomic analysis. The reference plant can
potentiallybeimprovedviabetterperformanceoftheCC,GT1,theLPSTandC1.IntheCLC
plant, priority should be given to the CLC first, GT1 second, C1 third and ST4 last. In the
AZEP 85, the component with the highest avoidable cost of exergy destruction is GT1,
followedbytheDB,theCCandST4.
4.2.3.2
Splittingtheenvironmentalimpactofpollutantformation
The results from splitting the environmental impact of pollutant formation within the
reactorsoftheplantsareshowninTable4.27.
Table4.27:Splittingtheenvironmentalimpactofpollutantformation(Pts/h)
Ref.plant
CC
AZEP85
CC
DB
CLCplant
CC
B kPF , real
B kPF ,UN
B kPF , AV
B kPF , EN
B kPF , EX
349.69
209.5
178.11
127.51
237.89
B kPF , AV
B kPF ,UN
B kPF , AV , EN B kPF , AV , EX B kPF ,UN , EN B kPF ,UN , EX
140.19
332.56
17.12
149.67
9.48
182.89
26.61
178.11
31.43
0.00
96.08
125.93
118.69
52.18
8.82
0.00
98.26
0.00
2.18
139.60
20.42
38.51
11.01
205.89
32.09
206.46
31.44
32.24
0.14
174.22
31.58
All CO2 emissions are considered to be unavoidable because complete combustion is

assumed.Avoidableemissionsincluderemainingemissions(NOXandCH4).Theendogenous
environmental impact has been calculated using data from the simulations used in the
calculationoftheendogenousexergydestruction.
As shown, the majority of the environmental impact of pollutant formation is
endogenous and unavoidable. Moreover, the avoidable impact of pollutant formation is
endogenousandcan,therefore,bedecreasedthroughchangestotherespectivereactors.Due
totheobtainedresults,theimpactofpollutantformationhasnotbeensplitfurther.
4.2.3.3
Splittingtheexogenousenvironmentalimpactofexergydestruction
Results from splitting the exogenous environmental impacts for selected components are
showninTable4.28.
91
Table4.28:Selectedresultsfromsplittingtheexogenousenvironmentalimpactofexergydestruction
(Pts/h)a
Ref.plant
AZEP85
Component,k
CC
C1
Component,k
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
B DEX, k
96.03
27.07
B DEX, k
115.59
38.77
25.42
23.58
Component,r
C1
GT1
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
GT1
LPST
SUM
MX
Component,r
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
C1
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
EX , r
B
D,k
19.32
30.54
11.71
88.64(48.92)
7.39
21.39
1.79
0.69
25.50(26.62)
1.57
B DEX, k, r
0.16
0.20
12.01
17.92
0.22
2.84
5.80
86.21(47.92)
29.38
14.90
0.02
1.62
2.48
0.04
0.65
1.23
28.56(1.50)
10.20
3.89
0.21
1.36
1.18
1.04
0.56
0.50
14.51(1.07)
10.91
9.92
0.16
0.05
1.66
0.07
0.45
0.60
17.93(32.80)
5.65
Component,k
LPST
GT1
Component,k
GT1
MCM
ST4
LPST
B DEX, k
25.69
79.35
B DEX, k
43.12
11.28
15.75
14.95
Component,r
CC
C1
GT1
SUM
MX
CC
C1
LPST
SUM
MX
Component,r
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
MCM
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
ST4
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
MCM
LPST
SUM
MX
CC
DB
MCMLTHX
C1
GT1
MCM
ST4
SUM
MX
B D , k Component,r B D , k
B D , k Component,r
Component,k
CLCplant Component,k
CLC
95.27
C1
10.85
ST4
16.06
C1
GT1
28.62
CLC
ST4
3.80
GT1
SUM
81.22(70.89)
SUM
MX
14.05
MX
C1
32.65
CLC
22.69
GT1
38.62
C1
GT1
2.11
CLC
ST4
0.28
ST4
SUM
27.98(22.92)
SUM
MX
4.67
MX
EX
EX , r
EX
B DEX, k, r
5.09
1.347
7.732
14.21(18.04)
11.48
6.56
1.73
1.47
13.03(63.56)
27.78
B DEX, k, r
13.26
0.04
0.05
0.88
0.09
0.61
0.96
20.07(56.03)
23.04
3.35
0.17
0.11
0.35
0.95
0.16
0.35
8.42(3.13)
2.86
8.14
0.09
0.51
2.19
1.01
1.09
0.38
12.92(7.31)
2.83
2.83
0.27
0.70
1.00
6.00
0.00
0.25
6.80(10.39)
8.95
B DEX, k, r
0.72
2.79
0.83
11.23(5.24)
4.30
2.00
7.89
0.46
15.37(64.16)
23.25
92
Highvaluesoftheexogenousenvironmentalimpactarefoundforthereactorsandthe
components of the GT systems of the plants. A large part of the impact of the reactors is
causedbyC1andGT1:52%,41%and26%oftheimpactimposedtothereactorsstemsfrom
GT1 and C1 in the reference plant, the CLC plant and the AZEP 85, respectively. This
percentagedecreasesto11%fortheDBoftheAZEP85.Analogously,largeamountsofthe
impactimposedonC1andGT1stemfromthereactors.
RelativelyhighmexogenousvaluesarefoundforGT1inalloftheplants,whilethesame
is true for the reactors of the oxyfuel plants with emphasis on the CC of the AZEP 85. In
general, the mexogenous values of the AZEP 85 are higher than those of the other plants
because of the more intense interactions of its constitutive components (e.g., a high
mexogenousvalueoftheFGCONDduetothelargeinfluenceoftheCC).
Insummary,intheCLCplant,thehighestexogenousenvironmentalimpactiscausedby
the reactors, followed by GT1 and C1 (SUM, value in parentheses in Table 4.28). In the
referenceplant,GT1causesthehighestimpact,followedbytheCCandC1.IntheAZEP85,
GT1isfollowedbytheMCMHTHX(35.2Pts/h)andC1.
4.2.3.4
Calculatingthetotalavoidableenvironmentalimpactofexergydestruction
TheresultsofthemostinfluentialcomponentsoftheplantsareshowninTable4.29.Thetotal
avoidableexogenousenvironmentalimpactiscalculatedusingEquation(3.38).
Table4.29:Avoidableenvironmentalimpactofexergydestruction(Pts/h)
Ref.Plant
Component,k
CC
GT1
C1
LPST
AZEP85
Component,k
GT1
CC
DB
C1
LPST
MCM
MCMLTHX
CLCPlant
Component,k
CLC
GT1
C1
ST4
B
r 1
rk
AV , EX ,k
D,r
17.15(7.4%)
15.95(27.2%)
8.82(31.5%)
5.35(22.6%)
n
B
r 1
rk
AV , EX ,k
D,r
10.91(24.8%)
1.24(3.2%)
0.71
5.73(21.6%)
4.53(24.4%)
3.33(25.0%)
0.39(6.8%)
n
B
r 1
rk
AV , EX ,k
D,r
20.48(9.4%)
16.93(30.4%)
1.31(5.8%)
1.34(7.5%)
B DAV, k , EN
B DAV, k,
215.01(92.6%)
42.77(72.8)
19.17(68.5%)
18.30(77.4%)
232.16
58.72
27.99
23.65
B DAV, k , EN
B DAV, k,
33.15(75.2%)
37.59(96.8%)
37.47
20.77(78.4%)
14.06(75.6%)
10.01(75.0%)
5.36(93.2%)
44.06
38.83
36.76
26.50
18.59
13.34
5.75
B DAV, k , EN
B DAV, k,
197.48(90.6%)
38.70(69.6%)
21.27(94.2%)
16.60(92.5%)
217.96
55.63
22.58
17.94
Inthereferenceplant,GT1causesanavoidableexogenousenvironmentalimpactsimilar
tothatcausedbytheCC.However,theendogenousimpactoftheCCisapproximatelyfour
93
timeshigherthanthatofGT1,resultinginatwotimeshigheroverallimpact( B DAV, k, ).Inthe

CLC plant, both the avoidable endogenous and exogenous values of the CLC reactor are
higherwhencomparedtothoseofGT1,resultinginahigheroverallimpact,aswell.Inthe
AZEP85,theavoidableexogenousenvironmentalimpactoftheDBisfoundtobenegative,
whilethatoftheCCisrathersmall.FortheCC,thisisaresultofitsnegativeinfluenceonthe
CO2 compression unit, while for the DB it is a result of the negative influence of the
componentontotheMCMLTHXoftheplant.Althoughtheavoidableendogenousvaluesof
the CC and DB are similar, the CC has a slightly higher avoidable impact due to its higher
avoidableexogenouspart.ThehighestexogenousimpactiscausedbytheMCMHTHX(19.9
Pts/h),followedbyGT1andC1.Againhere,asinthecaseofthecosts,theGT1surpassesthe
MCM HTHX in total impact, due to its relatively high avoidable endogenous part and it is
rankedfirst,followedbytheCCandtheDB.
94
Chapter5.Conclusions
95
5. Conclusions
Inthisthesis,eightpowerplantswithCO2capturehavebeencomparedandevaluatedbased
on a reference power plant of similar configuration without CO2 capture. The plants have
been analyzed using exergybased analyses, i.e. conventional and advanced exergetic,
exergoeconomicandexergoenvironmentalanalyses.Amongtheeightexaminedconcepts,the
conventionalpostcombustionapproachwithchemicalabsorptionusingmonoethanolamine
(MEA)1hasalsobeenconsidered.Theremainingsevenconceptsincludetwoprecombustion
concepts (MSR plant and ATR plant) and five postcombustion plants operating using oxy
fuel technology: the chemical looping combustion (CLC) plant, two variations of the advanced
zeroemissionplant(AZEP)with85%and100%CO2capture(AZEP85andAZEP100),theS
Graz cycle and a simple oxyfuel plant. All of the plants have been examined using an
exergeticanalysis,whilethereference,MEA,CLCplantsandthetwoAZEPvariationshave
beenfurtherevaluatedwitheconomicandenvironmentalconsiderations.Advancedexergy
basedanalyseshavebeenappliedtothereferenceplant,theCLCplantandtheAZEP85.
Table5.1:Thefourmostinfluentialcomponentsasrankedbyeachanalysis
Ref.Plant
AZEP85
CLCplant
AZEP100
A.Conventionalanalyses(basedon:exergydestruction B.Advancedanalyses(basedon:totalavoidableexergy
ratio,totalcostsandtotalenvironmentalimpacts)
destruction/costs/environmentalimpacts)
A.1
A.2
A.3
B.1
B.2
B.3
Exergetic Exergoeconomic Exergoenvironmental
Exergetic
Exergoeconomic Exergoenvironmental
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
GT1
GT1
GT1
GT1
GT1
GT1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
LPST
LPST
LPST
LPST
LPST
LPST
CC
CC
CC
DB
CC
GT1
DB
GT1
DB
GT1
GT1
CC
GT1
C1
GT1
C1
MCMLTHX
DB
C1
MCMLTHX
C1
MCM
C1
C1
CLC
CLC
CLC
CLC
CLC
CLC
GT1
GT1
GT1
GT1
GT1
GT1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
LPST
LPST
LPST
ST4
ST4
ST4
CC
CC
CC
GT1
GT1
GT1
C1
C1
C1
MCMLTHX
MCMLTHX
MCMLTHX
Ingeneral,CO2captureisacostlyprocess,sinceiteitherinvolvesexpensiveequipment
thatincreasestheoverallinvestmentcostofthefacilityorenergydemandingprocessesthat
decreasetheefficiency,inturnincreasingthefuelconsumption(i.e.thefuelcosts)ofaplant.
TheCLCplantrepresentsapromisingprocessfromtheperspectiveofrelativelylowabsolute
values of investment cost and absolute componentrelated environmental impact. The
resultingcostofelectricity(COE)isfoundtobeslightlylowerfortheAZEP85,whilethecostof
1
Here,onlyMEA0.2ispresented.
96
avoidedCO2(COACO2)islowerfortheCLCplantduetoitshigheramountofCO2captured.
The environmental analysis shows that the efficiency decrease of the plants causes a
significant environmental burden. The oxyfuel plants show only minor reductions in the
overall impact compared to the reference plant. Furthermore, the conventional approach of
chemical absorption results in a higher environmental impact compared to the reference
plant,becauseofthehighefficiencypenaltyassociatedwiththetechnologyused.Advanced
exergybased analyses have been used in order to pinpoint equipment and processes that
must be altered to improve the economic and environmental effectiveness of the overall
powerplants.
As shown in Table 5.1, with the exception of the AZEP 85, the four most influential
components are the same in all conventional analyses. Although the DB of the AZEP 85 is
importantfromanexergeticperspective,itisrelativelycheapand,thereforenotsoimportant
fromanexergoeconomicpointofview.Theresultsoftheadvancedanalysesassociatedwith
thefourmostinfluentialcomponentsofthereferenceandCLCplants,presentedinTable5.1,
agreewiththoseoftheconventionalanalyseswiththeexceptionoftheST4intheCLCplant.
This is not the case when the AZEP 85 is considered, due to its more complicated
configurationandinteractionsofitscomponents.
Ashortsummaryofthemainresultsfromeachanalysisispresentedbelow.
5.1. Exergeticanalysis
When compared to the reference plant that has an exergetic efficiency of 56.5%, the best
exergeticefficiencyamongallplantswithCO2capturewasachievedbytheAZEP85(53.4%),
followed by the AZEP 100 (51.7%) and the CLC plant (51.5%). The plant using chemical
absorptionresultedinanefficiencypenaltyofeightpercentagepoints(48.4%).
The three most efficient plants revealed in the exergetic analysis (AZEP 85, AZEP 100
andCLCplant)areoxyfuelconcepts.Amongthethreeplants,theCLCplanthasthelowest
exergy destruction and the highest exergy loss (a result of the assumed 2% nonreacted
methane). The combination of relatively low exergy destruction and loss (related to lower
massflowsoftheexhaustedgases)intheAZEP85resultsinhighernetpoweroutput,i.e.a
higherexergeticefficiency.Themainadvantageofthethreeoxyfuelplantsisthattheadded
components associated with CO2 capture do not consume high amounts of energy and the
energy penalties are mainly related to the production of oxygen necessary for the oxy
combustion. Moreover, the irreversibilities of the combustion processes in these plants are
lowercomparedwiththereferenceandMEAplants,duetothenitrogenfreecombustionand
thepreheatingofthereactantsused.TheMEAplantresultsinahighefficiencypenalty,due
totherelativelyhighenergyrequirementsofchemicalabsorption.
97
5.2. Economicanalysis
Thesmallestcostincrease,relativetothereferenceplant(total213million),isestimatedfor
theMEAplant(total326million),followedbytheCLCplant(total362million),theAZEP
85(total395million)andtheAZEP100(total414million).
Relative costs based on the power output of the plants present the MEA plant as the
mosteconomicalalternative(921/kW).However,ifthecostisbasedontheamountofCO2
captured,theCLCplantisfoundtobemoreeconomicalthantheMEAplantbecauseofits
approximately100%CO2capture(9.6million/kgCO2capturedversus9.9million/kgCO2
capturedfortheMEA).
5.3. Exergoeconomicanalysis
Thecostofexergydestructionoftheoxyfuelplantswasfoundtobecomparabletothatof
the reference plant, while a larger difference was found for the MEA plant. Since all of the
)
plants have the same fuel cost rate ( c ), the total cost rate of exergy destruction ( C
F
D , tot
depends on the rate of exergy destruction ( E D ,tot ; i.e., C D ,tot cF E D ,tot ). Thus, all differences
between exergyrelated cost rates are representative of the differences between the rates of
exergydestructionoftheplantsandthatofthereferenceplant.Differencesamongtheplants
mainly result from the high investment cost of components used for oxygen production
and/orfacilitationofCO2separationandcompression.
CO2capturecausesaminimumincreaseinthecostofelectricityof22%,achievedbythe
AZEP85.Anincreaseof23%iscalculatedfortheCLCplant,whilethehigherinvestmentcost
oftheAZEP100resultsinamoresignificantincreaseintheCOE,similartothatoftheMEA
(28%higherthanthatofthereferenceplant).
LargerdifferencesintheenergypenaltyoftheplantsareobservedwhentheCOACO2is
considered. The cost differences between the MEA plant and the other plants are mainly
associated with the high energy demand of the solvent regeneration and the relatively low
percentageofCO2capture(85%),incomparisontothecloseto100%captureoftheoxyfuel
concepts. The CLC plant has the same CO2 emissions as the AZEP 100, but it results in the
lowestCOACO2,duetoitslowerCOE.
5.4. Lifecycleassessment
The construction phase of the two AZEP concepts is associated with a significantly higher
environmental impact, with respect to the reference plant. The lowest relative component
related environmental impact (Pts/kW) among all plants with CO2 capture is found for the
CLCandMEAplants.However,thecomponentrelatedenvironmentalimpactoftheplantsis
negligible when compared to the impact associated with the exergy destruction that takes
placeduringtheoperationphaseoftheplants.
98
5.5. Exergoenvironmentalanalysis
The calculation of the overall environmental impact is mainly influenced by the impacts of
fuel processing (methane) and the impact of pollutant emission. With data provided by
GoedkoopandSpriensma(2000),theimpactoftheproducedelectricityoftheoxyfuelplants
isfoundtobeslightlylowerthanthatofthereferenceplant.Specifically,theCLCplantand
the AZEP 85 present the lowest environmental impact (0.6 Pts/MWh lower than that of the
referenceplant).Thismarginaldecreaseinenvironmentalimpactraisesquestionsconcerning
therealenvironmentalandcostviabilityofCO2capturefrompowerplants.Additionally,the
impactoftheelectricitygeneratedintheMEAplantisfoundtobesignificantlyhigherthan
that of the reference plant (2.4 Pts/MWh higher), due to the plants high efficiency penalty.
ConsideringthatpostcombustionisthemostconventionalwaytocaptureCO2frompower
plants,theplanthasbeenconsideredinasensitivityanalysisconcerningthevariationofthe
environmental impact of CO2 emissions. This analysis showed that postcombustion
technologywillnotdecreasetheenvironmentalimpactofpowerproduction,unlessaspecific
environmentalimpactapproximatelyfourtimeshigherthanthepresentestimateisassigned
totheCO2emissions.
5.6. Advancedexergeticanalysis
Most of the exergy destruction of the plants is endogenous and, for the majority of the
components, unavoidable. Thus, improvement potential lies with the internal operating
conditions of the components (endogenous exergy destruction), while component interactions
(exogenous exergy destruction) are less significant. To examine the overall significance of the
differentplantcomponents,thetotalavoidableexergydestructioncausedbyeachcomponent
has been calculated. The total avoidable exergy destruction includes the exergy destruction
causedbyeachcomponentbothtoitselfandtotheremainingcomponentsoftheplant.The
results are similar to those of the conventional analysis: the improvement priority of the
reactorsisrankedfirst,followedbyGT1andC1.
5.7. Advancedexergoeconomicanalysis
Inthisanalysis,theinvestmentcostrateandthecostrateofexergydestructionaresplitinto
avoidable/unavoidable and endogenous/exogenous parts. The improvement potential is
relatedtotheavoidablepartoftheinvestmentcostandthecostofexergydestruction.Forthe
referenceandCLCplants,themostimportantcomponentsintermsoftheabsolutevaluesof
the total avoidable costs are the reactors, GT1 and C1. In the AZEP 85, the ranking order
differs slightly when the total avoidable cost is considered, due to the large avoidable
investmentcostoftheMCMLTHX.
For the three most influential components of the plants, the largest part of their
investmentcostratesandtheircostofexergydestructionisunavoidable.Moreover,forboth
99
the investment cost and the cost of exergy destruction, the interactions of the components,
representedbytheexogenouspartofthecosts,areoflowerimportance,sinceforthemajority
ofthecomponents,theendogenouspartofthecostsissignificantlylarger.
5.8. Advancedexergoenvironmentalanalysis
The results of the advanced exergoenvironmental analysis generally agree with those
obtainedintheotheranalyses.Ingeneral,themostimportantcomponentsarethoseoftheGT
system, the LPST or ST4 and the MCM LTHX (in the case of the AZEP 85). A significantly
different result stems from the influence of the CC in the AZEP 85: The CC has an inverse
effect on the components processing the CO2 stream. Therefore, a low avoidable
environmentalimpactiscausedbytheCC,resultinginasmallimprovementpriorityofthe
component(followingthatofGT1).Onthecontrary,intheothertwoplants,thereactorshave
approximatelyfourtimeshighertotalavoidablecosts,whencomparedtoGT1.
Similar to the results of the advanced exergoeconomic analysis, the majority of the
environmental impact related to the exergy destruction is unavoidable and endogenous.
Thus,theinteractionsofthecomponentsareoflowerimportancehereaswell.
5.9. Summaryandfuturework
CO2 capturefrom powerplants is a costly process.However, for CCS to be deemed viable,
the real economic and environmental benefits have to be considered. To do so, the
environmental perspective must be examined in detail, and different databases must be
compared and assessed. If it is decided that the obtained benefits represent realistic
expectations, the most cost effective solutions should be further promoted for largescale
implementation.
Ingeneral,oxyfuelconceptsrepresentarelativelypromisingtechnologythatkeepsthe
energy penalty of CO2 capture at relatively low levels, in contrast to the conventional
approach:chemicalabsorptionwithMEA.
The exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental analyses provide important information
about how to improve both the structure and operating conditions of plants, in order to
decrease their economic penalty and increase their environmental advantage. Advanced
exergybased analyses are valuable supplements to the conventional analyses, providing
informationaboutrealimprovementpotentialandcomponentinteractions.Nonetheless,the
analysesneedtobefurtherdevelopedformorereliableprocessspecificevaluationandeasier
dataprocessing.
Additionally,forafaircomparisonofdifferentpowerplants,variousdecisionparameters
thatmaydifferinimportancefromthepointofviewoftechnologicalavailability,structureor
operation must be considered. Further research is essential, in order to find and evaluate
solutions which will avoid causing further environmental problems or creating additional
needs.
100
Lastly, the information provided in this thesis should be used to realize improved
designs of the plant structures provided. This will provide a helpful guide on how
environmental and economic considerations interact and how optimized structures of the
plantscanbeobtained.
AppendixA.Flowchartsandsimulationassumptionsofthepowerplants
101
AppendixA
Flow charts and simulation assumptions of
thepowerplants
C12
54
56
GT1
5
RH
40
10
12
11
26
13
38
HPEC
HPEV
28
HPSH
27
14
35
LPP
IPEV
M2
33
37
22
25
HPP
34
21
15
IPPM
43
32
IPEC
24
23
De-aerator
30
HPST IPST
41
42
31
M1
36
16
51
LPEV
20
CT P
COND P
COND
52
50
GEN2
LPSH
45
44
LPST
FigureA.1.1:Structureofthereferenceplant
IPSH
40
M3
39
GEN1
: 58.9% , : 56.5%
Wnet: 412.5 MW
53
CC
55
57
29
46
47
17
CT
49
48
19
18
LPEC
Chimney
102
A.1:Thereferenceplant
103
TableA.1.1:Resultsoftheyearbyyeareconomicanalysisforthereferenceplant
Ref.Plant
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Total
Debt
Book
Adjustment CommonEquity
Book
Adjustment
TCR
Calendaryear beg.ofyear depreciation

beg.ofyear
depreciation
2013
145,843,425
7,292,171
461,985
145,843,425
5,027,429
1,102,609
13,884,195
2014
138,089,269
7,292,171
461,985
139,713,386
5,027,429
1,102,609
13,884,195
2015
130,335,112
7,292,171
461,985
133,583,348
5,027,429
1,102,609
13,884,195
2016
122,580,956
7,292,171
461,985
127,453,309
5,027,429
1,102,609
13,884,195
2017
114,826,800
7,292,171
461,985
121,323,271
5,027,429
1,102,609
13,884,195
2018
107,072,644
7,292,171
461,985
115,193,232
5,027,429
1,102,609
13,884,195
5,027,429
1,102,609
13,884,195
2019
99,318,487
7,292,171
461,985
109,063,194
2020
91,564,331
7,292,171
461,985
102,933,155
5,027,429
1,102,609
13,884,195
2021
83,810,175
7,292,171
461,985
96,803,117
5,027,429
1,102,609
13,884,195
2022
76,056,018
7,292,171
461,985
90,673,078
5,027,429
1,102,609
13,884,195
2023
68,301,862
7,292,171
461,985
84,543,040
5,027,429
1,102,609
13,884,195
2024
60,547,706
7,292,171
461,985
78,413,001
5,027,429
1,102,609
13,884,195
52,793,550
7,292,171
461,985
72,282,963
5,027,429
1,102,609
13,884,195
2025
2026
45,039,393
7,292,171
461,985
66,152,924
5,027,429
1,102,609
13,884,195
2027
37,285,237
7,292,171
461,985
60,022,886
5,027,429
1,102,609
13,884,195
2028
29,531,081
7,292,171
461,985
53,892,847
5,027,429
1,102,609
13,884,195
2029
21,776,925
7,292,171
1,847,940
47,762,809
5,027,429
1,207,316
9,264,345
9,264,345
2030
16,332,694
7,292,171
1,847,940
43,942,695
5,027,429
1,207,316
2031
10,888,462
7,292,171
1,847,940
40,122,582
5,027,429
1,207,316
9,264,345
2032
5,444,231
7,292,171
1,847,940
36,302,469
5,027,429
1,207,316
9,264,345
2033
0
0
0
32,482,355
0
0
0
1,457,438,358 145,843,425
0
1,798,503,086
100,548,585 12,812,485 259,204,494
104
Component,k
C1
CC
GT
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
HPST
IPST
LPST
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
Deaerator
M1
M2
M3
COND
CT
Total
Exergyloss
E P ,k
E D ,k
(MW)
242.68
729.62
551.15
35.07
43.64
28.92
26.47
0.18
6.10
1.06
1.43
19.03
11.49
31.29
37.39
70.99
0.04
1.12
0.03
0.00
0.56
1.81
0.63
0.18
12.43
3.19
730.58
17.63
(MW)
231.30
508.76
530.67
31.72
39.91
24.91
23.89
0.12
5.67
0.87
1.04
15.48
7.71
29.18
35.21
61.35
0.04
0.96
0.02
0.00
0.53
1.63
0.58
0.18
412.54
(MW)
11.38
220.87
20.47
3.35
3.73
4.00
2.58
0.06
0.43
0.19
0.38
3.55
3.78
2.11
2.18
9.64
0.01
0.17
0.01
0.00
0.03
0.18
0.04
0.00
9.24
2.04
300.41
1258.87
y D ,k
(%) (%)
95.3 1.56
69.7 30.23
96.3 2.80
90.5 0.46
91.5 0.51
86.2 0.55
90.3 0.35
69.0 0.01
92.9 0.06
82.5 0.03
73.3 0.05
81.4 0.49
67.1 0.52
93.2 0.29
94.2 0.30
86.4 1.32
78.8 0.00
85.3 0.02
65.3 0.00
67.2 0.00
95.4 0.00
90.1 0.02
92.9 0.01
99.9 0.00
1.26
0.28
56.5 41.12
cF ,k
cP , k
(/GJ) (/GJ)
16.9
19.5
9.2
13.7
15.5
16.9
15.5
19.4
15.5
19.0
15.5
20.4
15.5
19.4
15.5
35.4
15.5
20.5
15.5
22.3
15.5
29.5
15.5
24.2
15.5
30.8
20.3
24.2
20.3
24.7
21.4
29.7
20.0
84.2
20.0
36.7
20.0 147.4
20.0 406.5
25.1
41.2
20.3
22.8
20.3
24.7
15.5
15.5
21.4
9.2
20.6
C D ,k
Z k
C D ,k Z k
(/h)
693
7,276
1,140
186
207
223
143
3
24
10
21
197
211
155
159
743
1
12
1
0
2
13
3
0
712
9,897
(/h)
1,423
1,017
1,627
158
185
89
111
4
65
5
19
174
93
182
329
764
7
40
8
3
28
0
0
0
91
96
6,519
(/h)
2,116
8,293
2,766
344
392
312
255
7
90
16
41
372
304
336
488
1,508
8
52
8
3
30
13
3
0
803
16,416
fk
rk
bF ,k
bP ,k
B D ,k
Yk
(%)
67.3 15.0
6.1
6.4
249.71
0.24
12.3 49.5
3.5
5.6
2746.20
0.38
58.8
9.4
5.9
6.1
432.58
1.12
5.9
6.8
70.75
1.20
45.8 25.6
47.1 23.1
5.9
6.7
78.75
0.13
28.6 31.8
5.9
7.2
84.57
0.09
43.7 25.4
5.9
6.8
54.42
0.80
56.3 128.8
5.9
9.7
1.17
0.00
6.5
9.13
0.04
73.1 32.8
5.9
33.4 44.3
5.9
7.7
3.93
0.00
47.7 90.9
5.9
9.0
8.05
0.01
46.9 56.4
5.9
7.8
74.95
0.12
30.7 99.3
5.9
10.1
79.97
0.09
53.51
0.28
54.0 18.9
7.0
7.7
67.4 21.7
7.0
7.6
54.88
0.32
50.7 38.5
7.2
8.8
251.49
0.49
91.3 321.6
6.7
9.3
0.23
0.00
77.3 83.8
6.7
8.4
4.00
0.00
0.25
0.00
91.4 637.6
6.7
11.7
97.4 1934.8
6.7
11.3
0.02
0.00
92.4 64.3
8.1
8.6
0.74
0.04
0.0
12.2
7.0
7.8
4.52
0.00
0.0
21.3
7.0
8.4
1.12
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.0
0.1
5.9
5.9
11.3
7.2
241.02
0.03
11.95
39.7 124.8
3.5
7.0
3735.22 17.33
B D ,k Yk
(Pts/h)
249.94
2746.58
433.71
71.95
78.88
84.66
55.22
1.17
9.16
3.93
8.06
75.07
80.07
53.79
55.20
251.98
0.23
4.00
0.25
0.02
0.77
4.52
1.12
0.00
241.05
3752.54
f b ,k
rb ,k
(%) (%)
0.09 4.9
0.01 63.3
0.26 3.9
1.67 15.5
0.16 13.6
0.10 23.3
1.46 15.8
0.18 65.2
0.42 11.1
0.09 30.9
0.16 53.0
0.16 33.3
0.12 71.3
0.51 10.0
0.57 8.6
0.20 21.5
0.13 37.5
0.01 24.0
0.01 73.8
0.50 68.2
4.55 6.6
0.00 12.1
0.00 19.2
0.00 0.1
0.01
0.46 101.7
B kPF
E F ,k
TableA.1.2:Resultsatthecomponentlevelforthereferenceplant
104
105
TableA.1.3:Resultsatthestreamlevelforthereferenceplant
Stream,
j
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
m j
Tj
(kg/s)
614.5
614.5
14.0
628.5
628.5
268.5
268.5
360.0
360.0
628.5
628.5
628.5
628.5
628.5
628.5
628.5
628.5
628.5
94.6
94.6
95.4
72.4
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
72.4
72.4
72.4
22.1
22.1
0.8
23.0
23.0
23.0
65.2
65.2
65.2
65.2
65.2
65.2
94.6
94.6
94.6
5177.4
135.6
74.0
5239.0
7396.2
7396.2
7396.2
14.0
498.5
512.5
116.0
116.0
(C)
15.00
392.90
15.00
1264.03
580.64
580.64
447.61
580.64
449.30
448.58
341.18
257.92
257.35
237.62
234.08
229.27
156.37
95.34
32.89
135.62
140.01
140.01
140.01
140.49
216.62
222.62
237.92
305.14
560.64
317.23
214.08
146.37
146.37
140.01
140.02
146.37
140.01
141.75
325.17
331.17
560.64
313.21
293.03
32.88
32.88
15.00
15.00
16.00
22.88
22.88
16.00
16.00
15.00
392.90
1435.04
392.90
392.90
p j E PH , j
(bar)
1.01
17.00
50.00
16.49
1.06
1.06
1.05
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.03
1.03
3.73
3.62
3.62
3.62
3.62
25.13
24.38
24.38
23.16
23.16
22.00
4.10
4.10
4.32
4.32
3.62
4.32
4.32
3.62
134.56
130.53
130.53
124.00
23.16
4.10
0.05
0.05
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.33
1.01
1.37
17.00
17.00
16.49
17.00
16.49
E CH , j
E tot , j
(MW) (MW) (MW)

0.00
0.96
0.96
231.30
0.96
232.25
8.15
721.47 729.62
735.74
5.27
741.01
184.60
5.27
189.87
78.86
2.25
81.11
52.39
2.25
54.64
105.73
3.02
108.75
70.66
3.02
73.68
123.05
5.27
128.33
79.42
5.27
84.69
50.50
5.27
55.77
50.32
5.27
55.59
44.22
5.27
49.49
43.16
5.27
48.43
41.74
5.27
47.01
22.71
5.27
27.98
11.22
5.27
16.49
0.24
0.24
0.47
7.95
0.24
8.18
8.55
0.24
8.79
6.49
0.18
6.67
0.65
0.02
0.67
0.67
0.02
0.68
1.54
0.02
1.56
7.21
0.02
7.23
7.33
0.02
7.35
79.35
0.18
79.53
103.24
0.18
103.42
65.85
0.18
66.03
17.95
0.06
18.01
16.91
0.06
16.96
0.63
0.00
0.63
2.06
0.06
2.12
2.06
0.06
2.12
17.54
0.06
17.60
5.84
0.16
6.01
6.80
0.16
6.96
31.72
0.16
31.88
71.63
0.16
71.79
103.35
0.16
103.51
72.06
0.16
72.22
83.62
0.24
83.86
12.63
0.24
12.87
0.20
0.24
0.44
0.00
8.06
8.06
0.00
0.34
0.34
0.00
0.18
0.19
1.84
7.52
9.36
3.51
18.47
21.98
0.05
18.47
18.53
0.32
18.47
18.80
5.90
721.47 727.37
187.64
0.78
188.41
704.31
5.80
710.10
43.66
0.18
43.84
43.37
0.18
43.55
C1
242.68
ST1
29.18
ST2
35.21
ST3
61.35
CONDP 0.04
LPP
0.00
HPP
1.12
IPP
0.03
GT1
288.00
tot
412.54
cj
(/GJ)
0.0
19.4
9.2
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.5
0.0
26.1
30.6
31.1
31.1
31.1
34.4
27.6
22.1
22.3
20.6
20.3
20.3
25.3
25.1
25.1
31.1
31.5
25.1
31.1
31.9
22.9
20.8
20.3
20.3
21.4
21.4
21.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
16.9
24.2
24.7
29.7
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
16.9
20.0
bj
B j
(/h) (Pts/GJ) (Pts/h)

0
0.0
0
16,198
6.4
5,326
24,037
3.5
9,072
41,252
5.9
15,658
10,570
5.9
4,012
4,515
5.9
1,714
3,042
5.9
1,155
6,054
5.9
2,298
4,102
5.9
1,557
7,144
5.9
2,712
4,715
5.9
1,789
3,105
5.9
1,178
3,095
5.9
1,175
2,755
5.9
1,046
2,696
5.9
1,023
2,617
5.9
993
1,558
5.9
591
0
0.0
0
44
7.4
13
900
9.9
292
986
9.8
310
748
9.8
236
75
9.8
23
85
9.9
24
155
8.6
48
574
7.0
182
590
7.0
186
5,885
7.0
2,017
7,553
7.0
2,601
4,822
7.0
1,661
1,642
8.1
526
1,531
8.1
492
57
8.1
18
237
9.8
75
240
9.8
75
1,588
8.1
511
674
9.8
212
800
9.6
241
2,628
7.8
890
5,363
7.1
1,848
7,581
7.0
2,622
5,290
7.0
1,829
6,465
7.2
2,187
992
7.2
336
34
7.2
11
0
0.0
0
0
0.0
0
0
0.0
0
0
0.0
0
14,775
6.1
5,326
2,542
7.7
813
3,130
7.6
962
6,549
8.8
1,944
3
6.7
1
0
6.7
0
81
6.7
27
2
6.7
1
17,534
6.1
6,321
29,669
6.7
10,010
106
TableA.1.4:Splittingtheexergydestructioninthereferenceplant(MW)
Component, real
ED , k
k
C1
11.38
CC
220.87
GT
16.09
HPSH
3.35
HPEV
3.73
HPEC
4.00
RH
2.57
IPSH
0.06
IPEV
0.43
IPEC
0.19
LPSH
0.38
LPEV
3.74
LPEC
3.78
HPST
1.67
IPST
1.65
LPST
8.71
CONDP
0.45
HPP
0.11
IPP
0.01
LPP
0.03
COND
9.24
CT
2.04
GEN1
4.39
GEN2
1.91
MOT1
0.01
MOT2
0.15
MOT3
0.06
MOT4
0.00
Total
300.97
Total(%)
EDEN, k EDEX, k EDAV, k EDUN, k EDUN, k, EN

6.94
193.06
13.52
1.78
2.00
2.24
1.98
0.09
0.41
0.16
0.19
1.68
2.42
1.11
1.19
6.10
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.01
6.49
1.30
4.76
1.44
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
248.94
82.71
4.44
27.80
2.57
1.57
1.72
1.76
0.59
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.19
2.06
1.37
0.56
0.46
2.61
0.44
0.11
0.06
0.02
2.75
0.74
0.38
0.48
0.01
0.15
0.06
0.00
52.03
17.29
5.11 6.26
71.03 149.84
8.32 7.77
0.87 2.48
0.67 3.06
1.28 2.72
0.89 1.68
0.05 0.01
0.15 0.28
0.07 0.12
0.22 0.16
0.76 2.98
1.83 1.95
0.89 0.78
0.71 0.94
3.61 5.10
0.45 0.00
0.11 0.00
0.03 0.03
0.02 0.00
2.94 1.45
1.28 0.63
0.00 0.00
0.15 0.00
0.04 0.02
0.00 0.00
3.79
130.81
6.23
1.30
1.84
1.75
1.11
0.01
0.25
0.18
0.06
1.65
1.13
0.50
0.65
3.57
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
1.57
0.47
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
EDUN, k, EX
EDAV, k , EN
EDAV, k , EX
2.47
19.03
1.53
1.18
1.21
0.97
0.57
0.01
0.03
0.06
0.10
1.33
0.82
0.29
0.28
1.53
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.12
0.16
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
3.14
62.25
7.29
0.48
0.16
0.49
0.87
0.07
0.16
0.01
0.13
0.03
1.28
0.61
0.54
2.53
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.01
3.19
0.96
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
1.97
8.77
1.03
0.38
0.51
0.79
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.08
0.09
0.73
0.55
0.28
0.17
1.08
0.44
0.11
0.07
0.02
0.25
0.32
0.01
0.15
0.05
0.00
TableA.1.5:Splittingtheinvestmentcostrateinthereferenceplant(/h)
Z kAV
Component,k
Z kreal
Z kUN
Z kAV
Z kEN
Z kEX
Z kAV , EN
Z kAV , EX
C1
CC
GT
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
HPST
IPST
LPST
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
1423.3
1016.7
1626.7
111.2
157.7
185.0
89.2
4.0
65.5
5.2
19.3
174.2
93.4
181.7
328.9
764.1
7.1
40.5
7.8
2.5
1209.8
813.3
1464.0
50.8
68.5
102.6
45.2
1.2
31.5
2.8
7.6
89.2
44.9
163.5
296.0
687.7
6.1
34.4
6.6
2.1
213.5
203.3
162.7
60.4
89.2
82.4
44.1
2.8
33.9
2.4
11.7
85.0
48.5
18.2
32.9
76.4
1.1
6.1
1.2
0.4
861.8
887.6
1305.7
73.5
82.4
111.7
57.3
7.1
58.2
7.6
7.7
96.5
54.2
115.3
230.1
534.9
5.6
23.9
9.8
0.0
561.5
129.1
320.9
37.7
75.2
73.4
31.9
3.1
7.2
2.4
11.6
77.7
39.2
66.4
98.8
229.2
1.5
16.6
2.1
2.5
129.3
177.5
130.6
39.9
46.6
49.7
28.4
5.0
30.2
3.5
4.7
47.1
28.1
11.5
23.0
53.5
0.8
3.6
1.5
0.0
84.2
25.8
32.1
20.5
42.6
32.7
15.7
2.2
3.7
1.1
7.0
37.9
20.4
6.6
9.9
22.9
0.2
2.5
0.3
0.4
Z kUN
Z UN , EN Z UN , EX
k
732.6
710.0
1175.2
33.6
35.8
61.9
29.0
2.1
28.1
4.1
3.1
49.4
26.1
103.8
207.1
481.4
4.8
20.3
8.4
0.0
477.3
103.3
288.8
17.2
32.7
40.7
16.3
0.9
3.5
1.3
4.6
39.8
18.9
59.7
89.0
206.3
1.3
14.1
1.8
2.1
107
TableA.1.6:Splittingthecostrateofexergydestructioninthereferenceplant(/h)
Component,k
C1
CC
GT
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
HPST
IPST
LPST
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
C Dreal
,k
C DUN, k
C DAV, k
692.7
7276.3
1139.7
143.4
186.4
207.5
222.8
3.1
24.0
10.4
21.2
197.5
210.7
154.7
159.3
743.4
0.7
11.9
0.7
0.1
381.3
4936.4
432.3
93.7
138.2
170.2
151.4
0.4
15.5
6.7
8.9
166.0
108.8
57.3
68.3
393.2
0.1
2.5
0.0
0.0
311.4
2339.9
707.4
49.7
48.2
37.3
71.4
2.7
8.6
3.7
12.3
31.5
101.9
97.4
91.0
350.2
0.6
9.4
0.7
0.1
C DEN, k
422.3
6360.4
752.7
110.5
99.2
111.6
124.8
4.8
22.8
9.0
10.8
93.4
134.6
81.0
86.9
470.0
0.2
4.5
0.6
0.0
C DEX, k
270.4
916.0
387.0
32.9
87.2
95.9
98.1
1.7
1.2
1.4
10.4
104.1
76.1
73.7
72.5
273.4
0.5
7.4
0.2
0.1
C DAV, k
C DUN, k
C DAV, k , EN
C DAV, k , EX
191.5
2050.8
405.6
48.6
27.0
8.9
27.5
4.1
9.1
0.8
7.2
1.4
71.5
44.6
39.1
194.7
0.1
3.0
0.5
0.0
119.9
289.1
301.7
1.2
21.2
28.4
43.9
1.4
0.5
4.5
5.1
30.1
30.4
52.8
51.9
155.5
0.4
6.4
0.2
0.1
C DUN, k, EN
C DUN, k, EX
230.9
4309.5
347.0
61.9
72.3
102.7
97.2
0.6
13.7
9.8
3.6
91.9
63.1
36.4
47.8
275.3
0.1
1.5
0.1
0.0
150.4
626.9
85.3
31.7
65.9
67.5
54.2
0.3
1.7
3.1
5.3
74.0
45.7
20.9
20.5
117.9
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
TableA.1.7:Splittingtheenvironmentalimpactofexergydestructioninthereferenceplant(Pts/h)
Component,k
C1
CC
GT
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
HPST
IPST
LPST
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
B Dreal
,k
B DUN, k
B DAV, k
69.4
762.8
120.2
15.1
19.7
21.9
23.5
0.3
2.5
1.1
2.2
20.8
22.2
14.9
15.2
69.9
0.1
1.1
0.1
0.0
38.2
517.5
45.6
9.9
14.6
17.9
16.0
0.0
1.6
0.7
0.9
17.5
11.5
5.5
6.5
37.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
31.2
245.3
74.6
5.2
5.1
3.9
7.5
0.3
0.9
0.4
1.3
3.3
10.7
9.4
8.7
32.9
0.1
0.9
0.1
0.0
B DEN, k
42.3
666.8
79.4
11.6
10.5
11.8
13.2
0.5
2.4
0.9
1.1
9.8
14.2
7.8
8.3
44.2
0.0
0.4
0.1
0.0
B DEX, k
27.1
96.0
40.8
3.5
9.2
10.1
10.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
1.1
11.0
8.0
7.1
6.9
25.7
0.0
0.7
0.0
0.0
B DAV, k
B DUN, k
B DAV, k , EN
B DAV, k , EX
19.2
215.0
42.8
5.1
2.8
0.9
2.9
0.4
1.0
0.1
0.8
0.2
7.5
4.3
3.7
18.3
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
12.0
30.3
31.8
0.1
2.2
3.0
4.6
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.5
3.2
3.2
5.1
5.0
14.6
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.0
B DUN, k, EN
B DUN, k, EX
23.1
451.8
36.6
6.5
7.6
10.8
10.3
0.1
1.4
1.0
0.4
9.7
6.7
3.5
4.6
25.9
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
15.1
65.7
9.0
3.3
7.0
7.1
5.7
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.6
7.8
4.8
2.0
2.0
11.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
86
85
92
93
84
87
88
90
96
83
91
60
82
DB
C1
81
M4
62
ST4
51
63
40
11
10
12
54
HPEV
28
13
9 HPSH
59
42
29
121
35
14
38
34
21
33
43
IPST
EC II
52
68
22
25
15
IPEC
24
23IPP
M
De-aerator
30
55
56
HPP37
66
65
HPST
41
LPP
M5
IPEV
M2
EV II
27
64
57
FG COND
32
45
105
GEN2
LPEV
COND P
36
16
LPSH
COND
53
M6
M1
31
44
LPST
67
C2
17
19
71
COOL1
106
112
20
97
69
113
103
107
C3
LPEC
70
18
72
114
101
115
73
108
C4
Chimney
74
COOL2
102
FigureA.2.1:StructureoftheAZEP85(fortheMCMreactorseeFigureA.4.1)
26
IPSH
39
HPEC
M3
RH
GEN1
58
SH II
NGPH
120
GEN3
94
50
GT1
61 GT2
: 55.7%, : 53.4%
Wnet: 389.9 MW
89
95
MCM REACTOR
104
75
98
116
117
100
99
77
COOL3
46
C5
47
109
CT
49
76
101
48
78
118
119
111
CT P
COOL4
110
80
79
108
A.2:TheAZEP85
109
TableA.2.1:ResultsoftheeconomicanalysisfortheAZEP85
Debt
Year Calendaryear beg.ofyear

1
2013
254,669,410
2
2014
241,085,942
3
2015
227,502,474
4
2016
213,919,005
5
2017
200,335,537
6
2018
186,752,068
7
2019
173,168,600
8
2020
159,585,131
9
2021
146,001,663
10
2022
132,418,195
11
2023
118,834,726
12
2024
105,251,258
91,667,789
13
2025
14
2026
78,084,321
15
2027
64,500,852
16
2028
50,917,384
17
2029
37,333,916
18
2030
28,000,437
19
2031
18,666,958
20
2032
9,333,479
21
2033
0
Total
2,538,029,145
Book
Book
Adjustment
depreciation
beg.ofyear depreciation
12,733,471
849,998
254,669,410
9,933,140
2,026,210
12,733,471
849,998
242,710,060
9,933,140
2,026,210
12,733,471
849,998
230,750,709
9,933,140
2,026,210
12,733,471
849,998
218,791,358
9,933,140
2,026,210
12,733,471
849,998
206,832,008
9,933,140
2,026,210
12,733,471
849,998
194,872,657
9,933,140
2,026,210
9,933,140
2,026,210
12,733,471
849,998
182,913,306
12,733,471
849,998
170,953,956
9,933,140
2,026,210
12,733,471
849,998
158,994,605
9,933,140
2,026,210
12,733,471
849,998
147,035,254
9,933,140
2,026,210
12,733,471
849,998
135,075,904
9,933,140
2,026,210
12,733,471
849,998
123,116,553
9,933,140
2,026,210
12,733,471
849,998
111,157,202
9,933,140
2,026,210
12,733,471
849,998
99,197,852
9,933,140
2,026,210
12,733,471
849,998
87,238,501
9,933,140
2,026,210
12,733,471
849,998
75,279,150
9,933,140
2,026,210
12,733,471
3,399,992
63,319,800
9,933,140
2,223,779
12,733,471
3,399,992
55,610,439
9,933,140
2,223,779
12,733,471
3,399,992
47,901,077
9,933,140
2,223,779
12,733,471
3,399,992
40,191,716
9,933,140
2,223,779
0
0
32,482,355
0
0
254,669,410
0
2,879,093,873
198,662,808 23,524,248
TCR
25,542,819
25,542,819
25,542,819
25,542,819
25,542,819
25,542,819
25,542,819
25,542,819
25,542,819
25,542,819
25,542,819
25,542,819
25,542,819
25,542,819
25,542,819
25,542,819
17,042,840
17,042,840
17,042,840
17,042,840
0
476,856,466
110
E P ,k
E D ,k
y D ,k
(MW)
238.30
620.26
82.65
120.72
221.06
109.46
495.66
56.53
7.31
6.91
5.80
31.65
39.82
26.17
17.52
0.11
5.16
0.90
1.06
15.25
11.20
6.74
7.95
4.98
34.12
24.90
49.32
27.92
0.04
1.21
0.03
0.00
3.38
3.48
3.47
3.52
0.46
(MW)
227.13
466.61
77.03
119.49
211.51
78.20
477.85
53.73
7.07
5.15
0.10
28.65
36.29
22.65
15.70
0.07
4.85
0.75
0.77
12.50
7.83
6.03
7.14
4.46
31.81
23.45
42.62
21.14
0.04
1.04
0.02
0.00
2.81
2.88
2.85
2.85
0.44
(MW)
11.17
153.65
5.62
1.24
9.55
31.26
17.81
2.80
0.24
1.76
5.70
3.00
3.54
3.52
1.82
0.05
0.31
0.15
0.29
2.75
3.37
0.71
0.81
0.52
2.30
1.45
6.70
6.78
0.01
0.17
0.01
0.00
0.57
0.60
0.62
0.66
0.02
(%)
95.3
75.2
93.2
99.0
95.7
71.4
96.4
95.1
96.8
74.5
1.7
90.5
91.1
86.6
89.6
57.5
94.0
83.5
72.5
81.9
69.9
89.5
89.8
89.5
93.3
94.2
86.4
75.7
78.9
86.0
64.3
65.7
83.3
82.8
82.2
81.2
95.6
(%)
1.53
21.03
0.77
0.17
1.31
4.28
2.44
0.38
0.03
0.24
0.78
0.41
0.48
0.48
0.25
0.01
0.04
0.02
0.04
0.38
0.46
0.10
0.11
0.07
0.31
0.20
0.92
0.93
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.00
cP , k
C D ,k
Z k
C D ,k Z k
fk
(/GJ) (/GJ)
19.8
22.2
9.3
12.7
13.6
18.9
13.6
15.4
13.6
15.7
9.3
13.9
18.4
19.8
13.1
15.1
36.4
61.5
13.1
18.0
13.1 795.8
18.4
22.6
18.4
22.2
18.4
23.6
18.4
22.8
18.4
50.2
18.4
24.1
18.4
25.6
18.4
34.2
18.4
27.6
18.4
33.8
13.1
16.6
13.1
16.5
13.1
16.7
22.6
26.4
22.8
27.2
24.4
32.8
22.8
36.4
21.6
84.4
21.6
37.7
21.6 156.5
21.6 466.7
36.4 169.1
36.4
86.6
36.4
91.2
36.4
93.2
28.4
47.1
(/h)
797
5,120
275
61
467
1,042
1,177
132
31
83
269
198
234
233
120
3
20
10
19
182
223
33
38
25
187
119
587
557
1
13
1
0
74
78
81
87
2
(/h)
1,169
746
1,192
696
1,113
277
1,336
247
607
8
6
141
160
82
70
3
70
5
15
145
102
20
22
17
183
202
489
257
7
42
7
2
348
358
357
362
27
(/h)
1,966
5,866
1,468
757
1,580
1,318
2,513
379
638
91
275
339
393
314
190
6
90
15
34
327
325
53
61
41
369
321
1,077
814
8
55
8
2
422
437
438
449
29
(%)
59.5
12.7
81.2
92.0
70.4
21.0
53.2
65.2
95.1
8.8
2.2
41.6
40.6
26.1
36.7
46.2
77.4
33.7
43.9
44.3
31.5
37.2
37.0
40.6
49.4
62.8
45.4
31.5
90.4
76.0
90.8
97.4
82.4
82.1
81.5
80.7
92.9
cF ,k
rk
bF ,k
bP ,k
B D ,k
Yk

12.1
6.2
6.5
250.79 0.19
37.7
3.5
5.0
1932.51 0.31
38.9
5.1
8.9
103.16 53.34
12.9
5.1
5.2
22.79 32.67
15.3
5.1
5.4
175.99 67.57
50.6
3.5
6.5
393.12 0.05
8.0
6.0
6.2
385.39 0.91
15.0
5.1
5.3
50.98
0.19
68.9
10.0
10.4
8.54
0.60
37.5
5.1
6.8
32.09
0.00
5974.4
5.1
301.0 103.97 0.00
23.1
6.0
6.9
64.85
1.10
21.2
6.0
6.8
76.51
0.11
28.6
6.0
7.3
76.14
0.08
24.0
6.0
7.0
39.39
0.49
173.5
6.0
12.3
1.05
0.00
31.3
6.0
6.6
6.68
0.04
39.5
6.0
7.7
3.20
0.00
86.3
6.0
9.2
6.29
0.01
50.4
6.0
7.9
59.58
0.10
83.9
6.0
9.7
72.88
0.11
26.8
5.1
6.0
12.90
0.11
25.8
5.1
5.9
14.77
0.01
27.8
5.1
5.9
9.52
0.01
17.2
7.0
7.7
57.80
0.29
19.2
7.0
7.6
36.61
0.24
34.6
7.3
8.8
175.98 0.37
59.6
7.0
10.0
170.64 0.22
291.6
6.6
9.0
0.22
0.00
74.8
6.6
8.1
4.01
0.00
626.2
6.6
11.6
0.22
0.00
2065.1
6.6
11.3
0.02
0.00
364.3
10.0
39.8
20.41
0.12
137.9
10.0
13.7
21.53
0.05
150.5
10.0
14.3
22.30
0.02
156.0
10.0
14.5
23.90
0.03
65.4
8.1
8.6
0.59
0.04
B D ,k Yk
f b ,k
rb ,k
(Pts/h)
250.98
1932.82
156.50
55.46
243.56
393.17
386.30
51.18
9.14
32.09
103.97
65.94
76.62
76.22
39.88
1.05
6.72
3.20
6.30
59.68
72.99
13.01
14.78
9.54
58.10
36.85
176.35
170.86
0.22
4.01
0.22
0.02
20.53
21.58
22.33
23.93
0.62
(%)
0.08
0.02
34.08
58.90
27.74
0.01
0.23
0.38
6.53
0.01
0.00
1.66
0.15
0.11
1.22
0.14
0.64
0.10
0.16
0.17
0.15
0.88
0.08
0.14
0.51
0.65
0.21
0.13
0.16
0.01
0.02
0.63
0.58
0.23
0.11
0.15
5.66
(%)
238.30
620.26
82.65
120.72
221.06
109.46
495.66
56.53
7.31
6.91
5.80
31.65
39.82
26.17
17.52
0.11
5.16
0.90
1.06
15.25
11.20
6.74
7.95
4.98
34.12
24.90
49.32
27.92
0.04
1.21
0.03
0.00
3.38
3.48
3.47
3.52
0.46
110
E F ,k
Component,k
C1
CC
MCM
MCMHTHX
MCMLTHX
DB
GT1
GT2
C6
AIRHX
NGPH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
SHII
EVII
ECII
HPST
IPST
LPST
ST4
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
C2
C3
C4
C5
Deaerator
TableA.2.2:ResultsatthecomponentlevelfortheAZEP85
B kPF
1.43
1.28
0.15
0.60
0.55
0.05
1.70
1.69
0.01
37.46 34.20 3.26
15.09
13.52
0.68
0.61
0.81
0.73
0.76
0.69
0.79
0.71
12.29
9.14
4.92
3.05
730.56 389.89 313.43
27.25
CC
641.18
DB
89.5
92.3
99.1
91.3
53.4
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.45
1.85
0.08
0.10
0.09
0.10
1.25
42.90
22.8
22.6
18.4
18.7
13.2
46.3
53.8
59.9
64.7
23.9
9.2
26.5
25.2
18.6
20.5
25.1
459.05
12
0
4
0
1
0
220
0
642
90
101
9
141
9
149
8
165
11
786
87
93
10,326 11,198
12
4
1
220
732
110
150
157
176
874
21,524
0.0 16.4
0.0 11.7
0.0
1.3
0.0
9.5
12.3
8.2
6.0
5.2
6.0
10.0
52.0 174.3
7.0
7.0
6.0
5.9
5.1
12.5
12.7
12.9
13.2
7.2
3.5
8.1
7.8
6.1
6.4
6.9
3.78
0.00
1.16
0.00
0.31
0.00
68.92
0.00
248.14 0.09
27.28
0.01
33.17
0.01
32.15
0.01
0.01
33.61
237.06 0.03
15.42
3897.09 174.95
3.78
1.16
0.31
68.92
248.23
27.28
33.17
32.15
33.62
237.09
4072.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
4.30
1.43
0.60
1.70
37.46
15.09
0.68
0.81
0.76
0.79
12.29
4.92
100.2
M1
M2
M3
M4
FGCOND
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
COND
CT
Total
Exergyloss
111
111
112
TableA.2.3:ResultsatthestreamlevelfortheAZEP85
m j T j
pj
Stream,
(kg/s) (C)
(bar)
j
1
603.6 15.00
1.01
2
603.6 392.82 16.99
3
14.0
15.00 50.00
4
558.2 1301.93 16.81
5
558.2 578.70 1.06
6
218.2 578.70 1.06
7
218.2 466.96 1.05
8
340.0 578.70 1.06
9
340.0 447.82 1.05
10
558.2 455.31 1.05
11
558.2 341.18 1.04
12
558.2 252.75 1.04
13
558.2 252.34 1.04
14
558.2 232.62 1.04
15
558.2 229.08 1.04
16
558.2 224.88 1.04
17
558.2 156.37 1.03
18
558.2 84.65
1.03
19
95.0
32.89
3.73
20
95.0 136.37 3.62
21
95.7 140.01 3.62
22
77.1 140.01 3.62
23
6.2
140.01 3.62
24
6.2
140.50 25.13
25
6.2
216.62 24.38
26
6.2
222.62 24.38
27
6.2
232.75 23.16
28
77.1 307.14 23.16
29
48.4 558.70 22.00
30
48.4 315.74 4.10
31
17.9 209.08 4.10
32
17.9 146.37 4.32
33
0.7
146.37 4.32
34
18.5 140.01 3.62
35
18.5 140.02 4.32
36
18.5 146.37 4.32
37
71.0 140.01 3.62
38
71.0 141.72 134.56
39
59.3 325.17 130.53
40
59.3 331.17 130.53
41
71.0 561.95 124.00
42
71.0 314.23 23.16
43
66.2 286.89 4.10
44
66.2
32.88
0.05
45
95.0
32.88
0.05
46
6680.5 15.00
1.01
47
180.4 15.00
1.01
48
95.4
16.00
1.01
49
6765.5 23.60
1.01
50
48.4 307.14 23.16
51
28.8 307.14 23.16
52
28.8
32.88
0.05
53
95.0
32.88
0.05
54
59.3 141.72 134.56
55
11.7 141.72 134.56
56
11.7 325.17 130.53
57
11.7 331.17 130.53
58
11.7 578.56 124.00
59
59.3 558.70 124.00
60
59.4 1275.57 16.48
61
59.4 1200.00 16.47
62
59.4 684.07 1.04
63
59.4 598.56 1.04
64
59.4 490.15 1.04
65
59.4 341.18 1.03
66
59.4 222.27 1.02
67
33.6
30.00
1.01
68
25.7
30.00
1.01
E PH , j
E CH , j
E tot , j
cj
(MW)
0.00
227.13
8.15
649.44
153.78
60.11
42.59
93.67
62.02
104.60
64.78
38.61
38.49
33.33
32.43
31.38
16.13
4.92
0.24
8.07
8.58
6.91
0.55
0.57
1.32
6.18
6.24
84.69
68.78
43.88
14.40
13.64
0.52
1.66
1.66
14.16
6.36
7.40
28.83
65.12
112.61
78.50
58.13
8.81
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.88
53.09
31.60
3.68
12.49
6.18
1.22
5.67
12.82
18.85
93.77
104.08
97.17
40.64
34.84
28.10
20.15
15.17
0.04
0.04
(MW)
0.94
0.94
721.47
1.43
1.43
0.56
0.56
0.87
0.87
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.19
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.19
0.12
0.12
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.18
0.18
0.15
0.15
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.24
10.40
0.45
0.24
9.72
0.12
0.07
0.07
0.24
0.15
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.15
10.48
10.48
10.48
10.48
10.48
10.48
10.48
10.42
0.06
(MW)
0.94
228.07
729.62
650.87
155.21
60.67
43.15
94.54
62.89
106.03
66.21
40.03
39.92
34.76
33.86
32.80
17.55
6.35
0.48
8.31
8.82
7.11
0.57
0.59
1.34
6.19
6.26
84.88
68.91
44.00
14.45
13.68
0.53
1.71
1.71
14.21
6.54
7.57
28.98
65.27
112.79
78.67
58.30
8.98
0.44
10.40
0.45
0.24
12.60
53.21
31.68
3.75
12.73
6.33
1.25
5.70
12.85
18.87
93.92
114.56
107.65
51.12
45.32
38.58
30.63
25.65
10.45
0.10
(/GJ)
0.0
22.1
9.2
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
18.4
0.0
28.4
33.5
34.1
34.1
34.1
37.6
30.9
25.6
25.8
22.8
22.8
22.8
28.7
28.4
28.4
34.1
34.5
28.4
34.1
34.6
26.0
23.9
22.6
22.6
24.4
24.4
23.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
22.8
22.8
22.8
23.9
34.6
34.6
20.6
18.3
17.8
23.5
13.1
13.1
13.1
13.1
13.1
13.1
13.1
13.1
0.0
bj
B j

0
0.00
0
18,168
6.51
5,349
24,037
3.45
9,072
43,005
6.01
14,082
10,255
6.01
3,358
4,009
6.01
1,313
2,851
6.01
934
6,246
6.01
2,045
4,155
6.01
1,361
7,007
6.01
2,294
4,375
6.01
1,433
2,646
6.01
866
2,638
6.01
864
2,297
6.01
752
2,238
6.01
733
2,168
6.01
710
1,160
6.01
380
0
0.00
0
49
7.34
13
1,001
9.53
285
1,082
9.47
300
873
9.47
242
70
9.47
19
79
9.53
20
148
8.49
41
570
6.97
155
581
7.03
158
6,971
6.99
2,135
5,656
6.99
1,734
3,612
6.99
1,107
1,495
8.13
423
1,401
8.07
398
54
8.07
15
210
9.47
58
212
9.47
58
1,455
8.07
413
803
9.47
223
943
9.28
253
2,714
7.75
809
5,620
7.24
1,702
9,158
6.98
2,833
6,388
6.98
1,976
5,112
7.30
1,532
787
7.30
236
38
7.21
11
0
0.00
0
0
0.00
0
0
0.00
0
0
0.00
0
4,370
6.99
1,338
2,601
6.99
797
308
6.99
94
1,095
7.21
330
788
9.28
211
155
9.28
42
424
6.67
137
848
6.25
289
1,208
6.16
418
7,950
7.14
2,415
5,403
5.06
2,089
5,077
5.06
1,963
2,411
5.06
932
2,137
5.06
826
1,820
5.06
703
1,445
5.06
558
1,210
5.06
468
493
5.06
191
0
0.00
0
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
33.6
33.4
0.3
33.4
33.2
0.2
33.2
33.1
0.1
33.1
33.1
0.0
60.4
60.4
543.2
543.2
495.7
354.5
402.0
495.7
402.0
413.9
354.5
354.5
11.9
14.0
2.1
556.1
7314.8
7314.8
9543.6
2228.9
2137.4
2051.4
1956.4
1867.6
1867.6
9182.4
9271.1
9366.2
9452.1
9543.6
9543.6
88.8
88.8
95.1
95.1
85.9
85.9
91.5
91.5
14.0
28.8
138.23
40.00
40.00
152.09
40.00
40.00
153.10
40.00
40.00
155.13
30.00
30.00
522.50
392.82
392.82
900.00
1000.00
1060.23
964.22
1250.00
487.78
1275.57
1275.57
1286.22
250.00
250.00
250.00
1174.45
16.00
22.88
23.60
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
26.00
16.00
26.00
16.00
26.00
16.00
26.00
15.00
45.81
3.22
3.21
3.21
10.22
10.21
10.21
32.46
32.45
32.45
103.09
103.09
103.09
16.98
16.99
16.99
16.96
17.00
17.09
17.02
16.98
16.99
16.48
16.48
17.10
16.99
16.98
16.98
16.98
1.37
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.01
1.37
1.37
1.33
1.37
1.33
1.37
1.33
1.37
1.33
17.00
0.10
2.85
10.42
13.26
2.16
10.41
12.58
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.05
10.41
15.46
4.23
10.42
14.65
0.00
0.00
0.00
7.08
10.42
17.50
6.31
10.43
16.74
0.00
0.00
0.00
9.16
10.43
19.59
8.36
10.44
18.80
0.00
0.00
0.00
27.86
0.09
27.96
22.71
0.09
22.81
204.41
0.85
205.26
415.92
0.85
416.77
427.27
1.21
428.48
507.81
62.58 570.39
492.04
61.01 553.05
546.76
1.21
547.97
270.99
61.01 331.99
725.55
73.06 798.60
621.47
62.58 684.04
628.54
62.58 691.11
7.01
613.25 620.26
8.25
721.47 729.72
1.24
108.22 109.46
571.44
1.23
572.67
0.32
18.27
18.59
3.47
18.27
21.74
5.34
23.84
29.18
1.98
5.57
7.55
1.90
5.34
7.24
1.82
5.12
6.95
1.74
4.89
6.62
1.66
4.67
6.32
0.08
4.67
4.75
0.40
22.94
23.33
0.40
23.16
23.56
0.41
23.40
23.80
0.41
23.61
24.02
0.07
23.84
23.91
0.41
23.84
24.25
0.00
0.22
0.23
0.08
0.22
0.30
0.00
0.24
0.24
0.08
0.24
0.32
0.00
0.21
0.22
0.08
0.21
0.29
0.00
0.23
0.23
0.08
0.23
0.31
5.90
721.47 727.37
6.02
0.07
6.09
C1
238.30
ST1
31.81
ST2
23.45
ST3
42.62
CONDP 0.04
LPP
0.00
HPP
1.21
IPP
0.03
GT1
239.55
GT2
53.73
C6
7.31
C2
3.38
C3
3.48
C4
3.47
C5
3.52
ST4
21.14
tot
389.89
46.2
46.2
0.0
53.7
53.7
0.0
59.8
59.8
0.0
64.7
0.0
0.0
21.4
22.1
22.1
18.9
19.7
13.6
13.6
18.7
13.6
13.1
13.1
13.6
9.3
9.3
9.3
19.0
19.8
26.4
27.2
32.8
21.6
21.6
21.6
21.6
19.8
15.1
36.4
36.4
36.4
36.4
36.4
36.4
21.6
2,204
2,091
0
2,990
2,833
0
3,768
3,603
0
4,561
0
0
2,151
1,817
16,351
28,284
30,325
27,918
27,069
36,930
16,249
37,664
32,261
33,826
20,669
24,317
3,647
39,081
16,999
3,027
2,293
5,032
3
0
94
2
17,088
2,913
958
443
456
454
461
2,771
30.2
113
12.43
12.43
0.00
12.66
12.66
0.00
12.93
12.93
0.00
13.17
0.00
0.00
6.57
6.51
6.51
5.97
6.05
5.12
5.12
5.87
5.12
5.06
5.06
5.12
3.49
3.49
3.49
5.94
6.23
7.66
7.58
8.83
6.59
6.59
6.59
6.59
6.23
5.33
10.02
10.02
10.02
10.02
10.02
10.02
6.59
594
563
0
705
668
0
815
779
0
929
0
0
661
535
4,814
8,955
9,328
10,512
10,192
11,586
6,118
14,561
12,472
12,736
7,801
9,178
1,377
12,246
5,349
878
640
1,356
1
0
29
1
5,377
1,031
264
122
126
125
127
763
9,250
114
TableA.2.4:SplittingtheexergydestructionintheAZEP85(MW)
real
EN
EX
ED , k ED , k ED , k
Component,k
C1
11.17 7.39 3.78
CC
153.65 120.57 33.09
MCM
5.62
3.41 2.21
MCMHTHX 1.24
0.77 0.47
MCMLTHX 9.55
4.58 4.97
DB
31.26 20.16 11.10
GT1
14.16 10.64 3.53
GT2
1.98
2.73 0.75
C6
0.24
0.00 0.24
AIRHX
1.76
2.21 0.45
NGPH
5.70
3.72 1.98
HPSH
3.00
1.01 1.98
HPEV
3.54
1.51 2.02
HPEC
3.52
1.72 1.79
RH
1.82
1.19 0.63
IPSH
0.05
0.07 0.02
IPEV
0.31
0.38 0.07
IPEC
0.15
0.13 0.02
LPSH
0.29
0.15 0.14
LPEV
2.75
1.29 1.46
LPEC
3.37
2.06 1.31
SHII
0.71
0.89 0.18
EVII
0.81
1.13 0.32
ECII
0.52
0.45 0.07
HPST
1.82
1.27 0.54
IPST
1.10
0.91 0.19
LPST
6.05
4.65 1.40
ST4
6.78
4.53 2.25
CONDP
0.00
0.00 0.00
HPP
0.11
0.07 0.04
IPP
0.01
0.01 0.00
LPP
0.00
0.00 0.00
C2
0.57
0.75 0.18
C3
0.60
0.81 0.22
C4
0.62
0.85 0.23
C5
0.66
0.91 0.25
FGCOND
13.52 18.21 4.69
COOL1
0.61
0.47 0.14
COOL2
0.73
0.61 0.11
COOL3
0.69
0.57 0.12
COOL4
0.71
0.56 0.15
COND
9.14
6.40 5.89
CT
3.05
2.82 0.23
MOT1
0.01
0.00 0.00
MOT2
0.00
0.00 0.00
MOT3
0.06
0.03 0.03
MOT4
0.00
0.00 0.00
GEN1
3.65
3.39 0.26
1.24 0.25
GEN2
1.49
GEN3
0.82
1.22 0.40
Total
309.94 238.45 74.63
76.94 24.08
Total(%)
EDAV, k EDUN, k EDUN, k, EN EDUN, k, EX EDAV, k , EN EDAV, k , EX

5.02 6.15
13.56 140.10
1.40 4.23
0.40 0.84
4.90 4.65
16.74 14.52
7.11 7.06
1.31 0.66
0.16 0.08
1.42 0.34
5.66 0.05
0.84 2.16
0.52 3.01
1.04 2.48
0.64 1.18
0.05 0.00
0.11 0.20
0.05 0.09
0.18 0.11
0.45 2.30
2.40 0.96
0.15 0.55
0.07 0.74
0.20 0.33
0.96 0.85
0.47 0.62
2.51 3.54
5.78 1.01
0.00 0.00
0.07 0.04
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.44 0.13
0.47 0.13
0.49 0.13
0.53 0.13
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.05 0.01
0.00 0.00
1.24 4.89
0.51 2.00
0.28 1.10
4.06
109.81
1.45
0.52
3.54
9.43
5.12
0.92
0.00
0.48
0.01
0.91
1.51
1.33
0.84
0.01
0.20
0.13
0.05
1.22
0.56
0.78
1.01
0.46
0.58
0.50
2.72
0.67
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.54
1.66
1.64
2.09
30.29
2.78
0.32
1.11
5.08
1.94
0.25
0.08
0.14
0.04
1.25
1.50
1.15
0.34
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.06
1.08
0.41
0.23
0.27
0.14
0.27
0.13
0.82
0.34
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.35
0.34
0.54
3.33
10.76
1.96
0.25
1.05
10.73
5.52
1.81
0.00
1.73
3.71
0.10
0.01
0.39
0.36
0.07
0.17
0.00
0.10
0.07
1.51
0.11
0.12
0.01
0.69
0.41
1.93
3.87
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.58
0.64
0.68
0.74
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
1.15
0.42
0.42
1.69
2.80
0.57
0.15
3.86
6.01
1.59
0.50
0.16
0.31
1.95
0.74
0.52
0.65
0.29
0.02
0.06
0.05
0.08
0.38
0.90
0.05
0.05
0.21
0.27
0.06
0.58
1.91
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.17
0.18
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.09
0.09
0.14
115
TableA.2.5:SplittingtheinvestmentcostrateintheAZEP85(/h)
Component,k
C1
CC
MCM
MCMHTHX
MCMLTHX
DB
GT1
GT2
AIRHX
NGPH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
SHII
EVII
ECII
HPST
IPST
LPST
ST4
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
C2
C3
C4
C5
FGCOND
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
COND
Z kAV
Z kreal
Z kUN
Z kAV
Z kEN
Z kEX
Z kAV , EN
Z kAV , EX
1169.3
745.9
1192.3
696.3
1113.0
276.8
1336.4
247.3
8.0
6.0
141.3
159.5
81.9
69.8
2.7
69.9
5.0
15.1
145.0
102.5
19.7
22.4
16.8
182.6
201.8
489.2
256.7
6.9
41.6
7.1
2.4
347.9
358.4
356.9
362.1
90.4
9.1
9.0
8.2
10.6
6.0
993.9
596.7
953.9
108.9
320.2
221.5
1202.8
222.5
1.8
2.8
58.6
84.9
39.3
31.5
0.7
25.6
2.3
5.6
70.1
44.1
8.8
14.3
7.3
164.3
181.7
440.3
231.1
5.9
35.4
6.0
2.0
295.7
304.6
303.3
307.8
175.4
149.2
238.5
548.8
764.5
55.4
133.6
24.7
6.2
3.2
82.6
74.6
42.6
38.3
2.0
44.3
2.7
9.4
74.8
58.4
11.0
8.1
9.6
18.3
20.2
48.9
25.7
6.9
41.6
7.1
2.4
52.2
53.8
53.5
54.3
771.7
584.6
407.9
434.4
847.1
179.9
970.0
341.1
11.3
1.4
59.7
79.9
44.0
49.6
8.0
72.5
6.8
6.3
77.0
59.0
27.9
30.7
23.8
124.4
161.0
376.1
170.0
5.5
25.6
8.4
0.0
448.8
479.9
480.3
488.2
397.7
161.3
784.4
261.9
265.8
96.9
366.4
93.9
3.3
4.7
81.6
79.7
37.9
20.2
5.3
2.6
1.8
8.8
68.0
43.5
8.1
8.3
7.0
58.2
40.8
113.2
86.8
1.5
16.0
1.3
2.4
100.9
121.5
123.5
126.1
115.7
116.9
81.6
309.8
558.5
36.0
97.0
34.1
8.7
0.7
34.9
37.4
22.9
27.2
5.8
45.9
3.7
3.9
39.7
33.6
15.5
11.1
13.5
12.4
16.1
37.6
17.0
0.8
3.8
1.3
0.0
67.3
72.0
72.0
73.2
59.7
32.3
156.9
239.0
206.0
19.4
36.6
9.4
2.5
2.5
47.7
37.3
19.7
11.1
3.8
1.6
1.0
5.5
35.1
24.8
4.5
3.0
4.0
5.8
4.1
11.3
8.7
6.1
37.8
5.8
2.4
15.1
18.2
18.5
18.9
Z kUN
Z UNEN
Z UN , EX
k
655.9
467.7
326.3
124.7
288.7
143.9
873.0
307.0
2.5
0.6
24.8
42.5
21.1
22.4
2.2
26.6
3.1
2.3
37.2
25.4
12.4
19.6
10.3
112.0
144.9
338.5
153.0
4.7
21.8
7.1
0.0
381.5
407.9
408.3
415.0
338.0
129.0
627.6
15.8
31.6
77.5
329.8
84.5
0.7
2.2
33.9
42.4
18.2
9.1
1.4
0.9
0.8
3.3
32.9
18.7
3.6
5.3
3.0
52.3
36.7
101.8
78.1
1.2
13.6
1.1
2.0
85.8
103.3
104.9
107.2
116
TableA.2.6:SplittingthecostrateofexergydestructionintheAZEP85(/h)
Component,k
C1
CC
MCM
MCMHTHX
MCMLTHX
DB
GT1
GT2
AIRHX
NGPH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
SHII
EVII
ECII
HPST
IPST
LPST
ST4
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
C2
C3
C4
C5
FGCOND
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
COND
C Dreal
,k
C DUN, k
C DAV, k
797.1
438.8
5120.2 4668.5
275.3
206.8
60.5
41.0
467.4
227.5
1041.6 483.8
1176.9 466.3
131.9
31.3
83.0
15.9
268.9
2.2
198.0
142.6
233.6
199.0
232.5
163.9
120.3
77.7
3.2
0.2
20.4
13.0
9.8
6.2
19.2
7.3
182.0
152.3
222.6
63.8
26.1
33.4
38.2
34.8
24.6
15.4
186.9
69.2
119.4
51.3
587.4
310.7
557.2
82.5
0.7
0.1
13.1
2.9
0.7
0.0
0.1
0.0
74.2
17.0
78.2
16.8
81.0
16.7
86.8
16.7
716.8
113.8
156.3
164.3
183.1
1057.6
358.3
451.8
68.5
19.5
239.9
557.8
710.6
100.6
67.1
266.8
55.4
34.7
68.6
42.6
3.0
7.4
3.6
11.9
29.7
158.8
7.3
3.4
9.3
117.7
68.2
276.7
474.6
0.6
10.2
0.7
0.1
57.2
61.4
64.4
70.1
C DEN, k
C DEX, k
527.2 269.8
4017.7 1102.5
166.9 108.4
37.6
22.9
224.4 243.0
671.8 369.8
702.9 474.0
128.7
3.2
104.2 21.2
175.5
93.4
131.0
67.0
100.0 133.6
113.9 118.6
78.8
41.5
1.6
4.8
25.0
4.6
8.5
1.3
9.9
9.3
85.4
96.5
136.2
86.4
8.5
41.8
15.2
53.4
21.2
3.4
103.4
83.4
74.9
44.5
407.8 179.6
372.1 185.1
0.2
0.5
5.1
8.0
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.1
24.0
98.1
106.6 28.4
110.9 29.9
119.0 32.2
864.6 147.8
78.3
35.4
118.7
37.6
123.1
41.2
130.1
53.0
550.4 507.1
C DAV, k
C DUN, k
C DAV, k , EN
C DAV, k , EX
237.7
358.5
96.2
12.0
51.2
357.4
364.5
85.5
81.7
175.0
6.8
0.4
25.8
23.6
4.3
11.5
0.1
6.8
4.6
99.5
5.0
5.7
0.6
56.3
34.0
168.9
317.4
0.1
3.4
0.5
0.0
76.2
84.2
88.5
96.5
120.6
93.3
27.7
7.5
188.7
200.4
346.2
15.1
14.6
91.8
48.6
34.3
42.8
19.0
1.3
4.1
3.5
5.1
25.1
59.3
2.3
2.3
9.8
61.4
34.1
107.7
157.2
0.5
6.9
0.2
0.1
19.0
22.7
24.1
26.4
C DUN, k, EN
C DUN, k, EX
289.6
3659.2
70.8
25.6
173.2
314.4
338.4
43.2
22.4
0.5
60.2
99.6
88.1
55.2
0.5
13.4
8.4
3.1
80.8
36.7
36.8
47.7
21.8
47.2
40.9
238.8
54.7
0.1
1.8
0.1
0.0
21.9
22.5
22.4
22.5
149.2
1009.3
136.1
15.4
54.3
169.4
127.9
11.9
6.5
1.7
82.4
99.4
75.8
22.5
0.3
0.5
2.3
4.3
71.4
27.0
10.7
12.9
6.4
22.0
10.4
71.9
27.9
0.0
1.1
0.0
0.0
4.9
5.7
5.8
5.8
117
TableA.2.7:SplittingtheenvironmentalimpactofexergydestructionintheAZEP85(Pts/h)
Component,k
C1
CC
MCM
MCMHTHX
MCMLTHX
DB
GT1
GT2
AIRHX
NGPH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
SHII
EVII
ECII
HPST
IPST
LPST
ST4
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
C2
C3
C4
C5
FGCOND
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
COND
B Dreal
,k
B DUN, k
B DAV, k
69.7
536.8
28.7
6.3
48.9
109.2
107.1
14.2
8.9
28.9
18.0
21.3
21.1
10.9
0.3
1.9
0.9
1.7
16.6
20.2
3.6
4.1
2.6
16.1
10.2
48.9
47.4
0.1
1.1
0.1
0.0
5.7
6.0
6.2
6.6
77.0
8.5
10.2
9.9
10.4
88.6
38.3
489.4
21.5
4.3
23.8
50.7
42.4
3.4
1.7
0.2
13.0
18.1
14.9
7.1
0.0
1.2
0.6
0.7
13.9
5.8
2.8
3.7
1.7
5.9
4.4
25.9
7.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
31.3
47.4
7.1
2.0
25.1
58.5
64.6
10.8
7.2
28.6
5.0
3.2
6.2
3.9
0.3
0.7
0.3
1.1
2.7
14.4
0.8
0.4
1.0
10.1
5.8
23.0
40.4
0.1
0.9
0.1
0.0
4.4
4.7
4.9
5.4
B DEN, k
46.1
421.2
17.4
3.9
23.5
70.4
63.9
13.8
11.2
18.8
6.1
9.1
10.4
7.2
0.4
2.3
0.8
0.9
7.8
12.4
4.5
5.7
2.3
8.9
6.4
33.9
31.7
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.0
7.5
8.2
8.5
9.1
92.8
5.9
7.8
7.4
7.4
39.4
B DEX, k
23.6
115.6
11.3
2.4
25.4
38.8
43.1
0.3
2.3
10.0
11.9
12.2
10.8
3.8
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.8
8.8
7.9
0.9
1.6
0.4
7.2
3.8
14.9
15.7
0.0
0.7
0.0
0.0
1.8
2.2
2.3
2.5
15.9
2.7
2.5
2.5
3.0
49.2
B DAV, k
B DUN, k
B DAV, k , EN
B DAV, k , EX
20.8
37.6
10.0
1.3
5.4
37.5
33.2
9.2
8.8
18.8
0.6
0.0
2.3
2.1
0.4
1.1
0.0
0.6
0.4
9.0
0.5
0.6
0.1
4.8
2.9
14.1
27.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
5.8
6.4
6.8
7.4
10.5
9.8
2.9
0.8
19.7
21.0
31.5
1.6
1.6
9.9
4.4
3.1
3.9
1.7
0.1
0.4
0.3
0.5
2.3
5.4
0.2
0.2
1.1
5.3
2.9
9.0
13.4
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.0
1.5
1.7
1.8
2.0
B DUN, k, EN
B DUN, k, EX
25.3
383.6
7.4
2.7
18.1
33.0
30.8
4.6
2.4
0.1
5.5
9.1
8.0
5.0
0.0
1.2
0.8
0.3
7.4
3.3
4.0
5.1
2.3
4.1
3.5
19.9
4.6
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
13.0
105.8
14.2
1.6
5.7
17.8
11.6
1.3
0.7
0.2
7.5
9.0
6.9
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
6.5
2.5
1.2
1.4
0.7
1.9
0.9
6.0
2.4
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
89
86
87
91
83
60
88
82
M4
C1
81
62
51
50
RH 6
GT1
GT2
ST4
61
39
11
10
IPSH
12
HPEC
28
HPSH
40
64
55
54
HPEV
59
M5
SH II
57
13
26
27
66
42
29
14
LPP35
HPST
41
EC II
IPEV
38
M2
EV II
65
56
105
25
15
IPP
23
24
IPEC
22
37
43
De-aerator
HPP
34
21
33
68
IPST
FG COND
67
32
97
69
31
106
44
16
36
LPEV
20
52
GEN2
112
71
COOL1 70
COND P
LPSH
M1
COND
30
45
53
LPST
C2
113
118
17
107
19
C3
103
72
18
98
COOL2
LPEC
114
115
108
C4
Chimney
74
73
102
FigureA.3.1:StructureoftheAZEP100(fortheMCMreactorseeFigureA.4.1)
40
M3
58
NGPH
63
GEN1
94
GEN3
: 53.9%, : 51.7%
Wnet: 377.5 MW
84
92
85
90
93
MCM REACTOR
104
100
75
CT
46
49
77
COOL3
99
116
117
47
109
76
48
C5
101
78
95
96
111
110
CT P
COOL4
79
80
118
A.3:TheAZEP100
119
TableA.3.1:ResultsoftheeconomicanalysisfortheAZEP100
AZEP100
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Total
Calendaryear
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
Debtbeg.of
Book
year
depreciation
266,444,264
13,322,213
252,230,071
13,322,213
238,015,877
13,322,213
223,801,683
13,322,213
209,587,489
13,322,213
195,373,296
13,322,213
181,159,102
13,322,213
166,944,908
13,322,213
152,730,714
13,322,213
138,516,521
13,322,213
124,302,327
13,322,213
110,088,133
13,322,213
95,873,939
13,322,213
81,659,746
13,322,213
67,445,552
13,322,213
53,231,358
13,322,213
39,017,164
13,322,213
29,262,873
13,322,213
19,508,582
13,322,213
9,754,291
13,322,213
0
0
2,654,947,891 266,444,264
CommonEquity
Book
Adjustment
beg.ofyear
depreciation Adjustment
891,981
266,444,264
10,463,934
2,126,142
891,981
253,854,188
10,463,934
2,126,142
891,981
241,264,112
10,463,934
2,126,142
891,981
228,674,036
10,463,934
2,126,142
891,981
216,083,960
10,463,934
2,126,142
891,981
203,493,884
10,463,934
2,126,142
10,463,934
2,126,142
891,981
190,903,808
891,981
178,313,732
10,463,934
2,126,142
891,981
165,723,656
10,463,934
2,126,142
891,981
153,133,580
10,463,934
2,126,142
891,981
140,543,504
10,463,934
2,126,142
891,981
127,953,428
10,463,934
2,126,142
891,981
115,363,352
10,463,934
2,126,142
891,981
102,773,276
10,463,934
2,126,142
891,981
90,183,200
10,463,934
2,126,142
891,981
77,593,125
10,463,934
2,126,142
3,567,922
65,003,049
10,463,934
2,333,761
3,567,922
56,872,875
10,463,934
2,333,761
3,567,922
48,742,702
10,463,934
2,333,761
3,567,922
40,612,528
10,463,934
2,333,761
0
32,482,355
0
0
0
2,996,012,620
209,278,684
24,683,225
TCR
26,804,270
26,804,270
26,804,270
26,804,270
26,804,270
26,804,270
26,804,270
26,804,270
26,804,270
26,804,270
26,804,270
26,804,270
26,804,270
26,804,270
26,804,270
26,804,270
17,884,464
17,884,464
17,884,464
17,884,464
0
500,406,174
120
E F ,k
E P ,k
(MW)
280.47
729.72
97.30
142.04
260.08
532.11
66.39
8.59
8.20
5.82
18.82
32.96
22.53
13.12
0.80
13.29
2.24
1.08
16.73
12.06
8.61
9.74
6.06
27.79
20.33
44.78
32.85
0.05
1.10
0.06
0.00
3.96
4.08
4.07
4.13
0.48
(MW)
267.32
549.07
90.54
140.61
248.86
512.51
63.11
8.31
6.12
0.10
17.15
30.50
19.04
11.38
0.63
12.15
1.88
0.78
13.76
8.19
7.70
8.73
5.45
25.82
19.06
38.70
24.83
0.04
0.94
0.04
0.00
3.31
3.39
3.35
3.36
0.46
E D ,k k yD ,k
(MW)
13.15
180.65
6.75
1.43
11.22
19.60
3.28
0.28
2.09
5.72
1.68
2.46
3.49
1.73
0.17
1.14
0.37
0.31
2.97
3.87
0.91
1.02
0.61
1.97
1.27
6.08
8.02
0.01
0.16
0.02
0.00
0.66
0.69
0.72
0.78
0.02
(%)
95.3
75.2
93.1
99.0
95.7
96.3
95.1
96.8
74.6
1.7
91.1
92.5
84.5
86.8
79.0
91.4
83.6
71.8
82.2
67.9
89.4
89.6
90.0
92.9
93.8
86.4
75.6
79.4
85.3
69.9
66.3
83.4
83.0
82.2
81.2
95.6
(%)
1.80
24.72
0.92
0.20
1.54
2.68
0.45
0.04
0.29
0.78
0.23
0.34
0.48
0.24
0.02
0.16
0.05
0.04
0.41
0.53
0.12
0.14
0.08
0.27
0.17
0.83
1.10
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.00
cF ,k
(/GJ)
20.6
9.3
13.6
13.6
13.6
19.2
13.1
37.7
13.1
13.1
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
13.1
13.1
13.1
23.2
24.0
25.8
23.7
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
37.7
37.7
37.7
37.7
29.6
C D ,k
Z k
C D ,k Z k
fk
(/GJ) (/h)
22.8
975
12.7 6,020
19.1
330
15.3
70
15.6
548
20.6 1,352
15.2
154
61.5
38
18.0
98
791.7
269
23.8
116
23.0
170
25.3
241
24.9
119
31.6
12
24.5
79
26.5
25
36.2
21
28.6
205
36.1
267
16.6
43
16.5
48
16.7
29
27.2
164
28.6
109
34.5
564
37.7
686
83.5
1
38.9
13
110.9
1
434.4
0
167.7
89
86.1
94
90.7
98
92.8
105
48.3
2
(/h)
1,133
831
1,459
791
1,270
1,295
327
675
9
6
113
164
62
57
11
114
11
16
162
99
24
26
21
145
161
435
288
7
39
11
2
386
398
397
402
28
(/h)
2,108
6,851
1,789
861
1,818
2,647
482
713
107
275
229
334
303
176
23
193
37
37
367
367
67
74
49
309
270
999
974
8
52
12
2
476
492
495
508
30
(%)
53.8
12.1
81.6
91.9
69.8
48.9
67.9
94.7
8.6
2.2
49.5
49.2
20.5
32.2
48.7
59.1
30.9
43.0
44.1
27.1
35.5
35.2
42.0
46.9
59.5
43.5
29.6
90.4
75.2
88.9
97.3
81.2
80.8
80.1
79.3
92.6
cP , k
rk
bF ,k
bP ,k
B D ,k
(%) (Pts/GJ) (Pts/GJ) (Pts/h)

10.6
6.1
6.4
288.47
37.4
3.5
5.0
2272.15
40.4
5.1
8.4
123.85
12.5
5.1
5.2
26.38
15.0
5.1
5.4
206.67
7.5
5.9
6.1
414.12
16.2
5.1
5.3
59.82
63.1
9.9
10.2
9.85
37.3
5.1
6.8
38.02
5955.1
5.1
300.1
104.32
24.2
5.9
6.7
35.40
19.9
5.9
6.5
51.95
32.2
5.9
7.4
73.79
30.1
5.9
7.1
36.60
65.0
5.9
8.1
3.54
27.7
5.9
6.7
24.14
38.1
5.9
7.5
7.76
88.7
5.9
9.2
6.47
49.5
5.9
7.7
62.81
88.5
5.9
9.8
81.87
27.0
5.1
6.0
16.60
26.5
5.1
5.9
18.53
27.4
5.1
5.9
11.08
17.5
6.8
7.5
48.32
19.1
6.9
7.5
31.53
33.7
7.2
8.8
158.54
58.9
6.9
9.9
198.25
280.1
6.4
8.7
0.22
77.1
6.4
7.9
3.74
405.1
6.4
10.2
0.40
1877.8
6.4
10.9
0.02
344.5
9.9
39.4
23.44
128.3
9.9
13.5
24.73
140.4
9.9
14.1
25.76
145.8
9.9
14.3
27.60
63.0
7.9
8.4
0.60
Yk
B D ,k Yk
(Pts/h)
0.18
0.30
35.87
38.37
79.33
0.87
0.21
0.60
0.00
0.00
0.85
0.12
0.06
0.39
0.01
0.08
0.01
0.01
0.11
0.10
0.14
0.01
0.02
0.25
0.21
0.34
0.24
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.04
(Pts/h)
288.65
2272.44
159.72
64.75
286.01
415.00
60.02
10.44
38.02
104.32
36.25
52.06
73.85
36.98
3.55
24.21
7.77
6.48
62.93
81.98
16.74
18.54
11.10
48.57
31.74
158.88
198.49
0.22
3.74
0.40
0.02
23.56
24.78
25.78
27.63
0.63
f b ,k
rb ,k
(%) (%)
0.06
4.9
0.01 43.8
22.46 65.9
59.25 2.5
27.74 6.2
0.21
3.8
0.34
5.2
5.71
3.5
0.01 34.1
0.00 5826.8
2.35 14.1
0.22 11.5
0.08 26.1
1.04 21.8
0.20 37.8
0.31 13.4
0.11 27.9
0.17 56.0
0.18 30.8
0.13 67.4
0.84 17.7
0.07 17.4
0.15 16.6
0.52 10.4
0.66
9.1
0.21 21.1
0.12 44.0
0.13 35.9
0.01 23.9
0.02 59.6
0.47 70.6
0.51 298.4
0.20 36.1
0.09 42.9
0.13 45.0
5.54
6.2
120
Component,k
C1
CC
MCM
MCMHTHX
MCMLTHX
GT1
GT2
C6
AIRHX
NGPH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
SHII
EVII
ECII
HPST
IPST
LPST
ST4
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
C2
C3
C4
C5
Deaerator
TableA.3.2:ResultsatthecomponentlevelfortheAZEP100
B kPF
0.57
0.15
1.49
40.18
2.11
377.52
754.33
0.04
0.00
0.01
3.82
0.09
15.75
0.71
0.85
0.81
0.83
9.25
3.24
320.71
93.8 0.01
98.9 0.00
99.3 0.00
91.3 0.52
96.0 0.01
2.16
0.10
0.12
0.11
0.11
1.27
0.44
51.7 43.89
24.0
23.2
19.2
18.9
17.9
13.2
46.0
53.5
59.5
64.3
25.1
9.2
26.2
23.5
19.4
20.7
19.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
26.3
3
0
0
0
1
0
260
0
6
0
747
105
118
10
164
10
173
9
193
12
835
88
94
10,566 11,706
3
0
1
260
6
852
128
174
183
205
924
22,272
0.0
9.2
0.0
1.6
0.0
1.1
0.0
9.5
0.0
6.4
12.4
8.1
6.0
5.2
6.0
9.6
52.6 187.4
6.9
6.8
5.9
5.8
6.2
5.1
12.4
12.6
12.8
13.0
7.1
3.5
7.5
6.9
5.9
6.4
6.5
6.8
0.93
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.23
0.00
79.79
0.00
1.96
0.00
289.12
0.11
31.72
0.01
38.52
0.01
37.37
0.01
39.04
0.01
236.92
0.03
15.80
3987.65 174.91
0.93
0.04
0.23
79.79
1.96
289.23
31.72
38.53
37.38
39.05
236.94
4162.56
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
4.20
8.9
1.6
1.0
9.5
5.9
97.0
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
FGCOND
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
COND
CT
Total
Exergyloss
0.61
0.16
1.50
43.99
2.19
17.60
0.80
0.95
0.90
0.92
12.45
0.00
730.73
32.50
121
121
122
TableA.3.3:ResultsatthestreamlevelfortheAZEP100
Stream,
j
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
m j
Tj
pj
E PH , j
E CH , j
E tot , j
cj
(kg/s)
710.1
710.1
14.0
654.2
654.2
299.2
299.2
355.0
355.0
654.2
654.2
654.2
654.2
654.2
654.2
654.2
654.2
654.2
99.3
99.3
100.0
79.6
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.5
79.6
44.0
44.0
19.7
19.7
0.7
20.4
20.4
20.4
64.1
64.1
49.8
49.8
64.1
64.1
63.7
63.7
99.3
7012.7
190.1
100.2
7102.6
44.0
35.5
35.5
99.3
49.8
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
49.8
69.9
69.9
69.9
69.9
69.9
69.9
69.9
39.6
30.3
(C)
15.00
392.97
15.00
1174.58
496.96
496.96
431.87
496.96
417.44
424.04
341.17
277.38
274.97
232.62
225.00
221.25
156.37
91.97
32.89
136.37
140.01
140.01
140.01
140.43
216.62
222.62
257.38
265.73
476.96
253.39
205.00
146.37
146.37
140.01
140.02
146.37
140.01
141.74
325.17
331.17
501.53
267.78
238.34
32.88
32.88
15.00
15.00
16.00
23.69
265.73
265.73
32.88
32.88
141.74
141.74
325.17
331.17
592.48
476.96
1276.25
1200.00
685.00
612.48
495.75
341.18
217.57
30.00
30.00
(bar)
1.01
17.01
50.00
17.00
1.06
1.06
1.05
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.03
1.03
3.73
3.62
3.62
3.62
3.62
25.13
24.38
24.38
23.16
23.16
22.00
4.10
4.10
4.32
4.32
3.62
4.32
4.32
3.62
134.56
130.53
130.53
124.00
23.16
4.10
0.05
0.05
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
23.16
23.16
0.05
0.05
134.56
134.56
130.53
130.53
124.00
124.00
16.48
16.47
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.03
1.01
1.01
(MW)
0.00
267.32
8.15
672.40
140.29
64.17
51.05
76.13
57.30
108.35
75.39
52.86
52.06
38.77
36.52
35.44
18.71
6.65
0.25
8.44
8.96
7.13
1.39
1.43
3.30
15.45
16.08
83.45
57.58
37.25
15.82
15.04
0.55
1.83
1.83
15.59
5.74
6.68
24.24
54.74
95.16
67.37
53.03
8.25
0.21
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.09
46.19
37.26
4.41
12.66
5.20
1.49
6.93
15.66
23.36
71.88
122.52
114.31
47.92
42.10
33.49
23.75
17.69
0.04
0.05
(MW)
1.11
1.11
721.47
1.45
1.45
0.66
0.66
0.79
0.79
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.20
0.11
0.11
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.16
0.16
0.12
0.12
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.25
10.92
0.47
0.25
10.20
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.25
0.12
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.12
12.33
12.33
12.33
12.33
12.33
12.33
12.33
12.25
0.08
(MW)
1.11
268.43
729.62
673.85
141.74
64.83
51.71
76.91
58.09
109.80
76.84
54.31
53.51
40.22
37.97
36.89
20.16
8.10
0.50
8.68
9.21
7.33
1.43
1.47
3.34
15.49
16.12
83.65
57.69
37.36
15.87
15.09
0.55
1.88
1.88
15.64
5.90
6.84
24.36
54.86
95.32
67.53
53.19
8.41
0.46
10.92
0.47
0.25
13.30
46.30
37.35
4.49
12.91
5.32
1.52
6.97
15.70
23.40
72.01
134.85
126.64
60.25
54.43
45.82
36.08
30.02
12.30
0.12
(/GJ)
0.0
22.7
9.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
19.2
0.0
29.4
35.8
36.3
36.3
36.3
38.4
31.7
26.0
26.3
23.7
24.0
24.0
29.9
29.6
29.6
36.3
36.7
29.6
36.3
36.7
27.8
25.1
23.2
23.2
25.8
25.8
25.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
23.7
23.7
23.7
25.1
36.7
36.7
21.0
18.5
17.9
24.8
13.1
13.1
13.1
13.1
13.1
13.1
13.1
13.1
0.0
bj
(/h) (Pts/GJ)
0
0.00
6,092
6.37
6,677
3.45
12,914
5.87
2,716
5.87
1,242
5.87
991
5.87
1,474
5.87
1,113
5.87
2,104
5.87
1,473
5.87
1,041
5.87
1,026
5.87
771
5.87
728
5.87
707
5.87
386
5.87
0
0.00
15
7.23
310
9.68
335
9.60
266
9.60
52
9.60
56
9.62
106
8.43
403
7.04
423
7.08
1,987
6.87
1,383
6.92
896
6.92
475
7.97
447
7.91
16
7.91
68
9.60
69
9.60
463
7.91
215
9.60
251
9.37
678
7.83
1,379
7.12
2,207
6.82
1,563
6.82
1,371
7.24
217
7.24
12
7.11
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
1,100
6.87
887
6.87
107
6.87
324
7.11
195
9.37
56
9.37
147
6.66
291
6.26
419
6.16
1,787
7.02
1,763
5.06
1,656
5.06
788
5.06
712
5.06
599
5.06
472
5.06
393
5.06
161
5.06
0
0.00
B j
(Pts/h)
0
6,153
9,072
14,238
2,995
1,370
1,093
1,625
1,227
2,320
1,624
1,148
1,131
850
802
780
426
0
13
302
318
253
49
51
101
393
411
2,068
1,438
931
455
430
16
65
65
445
204
231
687
1,405
2,339
1,657
1,387
219
12
0
0
0
0
1,145
923
111
330
180
51
167
354
519
1,819
2,458
2,308
1,098
992
835
657
547
224
0
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
39.6
39.3
0.3
39.3
39.0
0.3
39.0
38.9
0.1
38.9
38.9
0.0
71.0
71.0
639.1
639.1
583.2
417.1
473.0
583.2
473.0
487.0
417.1
417.1
14.0
14.0
107.5
107.5
7407.9
7407.9
10018.2
2610.2
2502.7
2401.8
2290.1
2186.0
2186.0
9593.9
9698.1
9809.7
9910.7
10018.2
10018.2
104.2
104.2
111.6
111.6
101.0
101.0
35.5
137.96
40.00
40.00
151.81
40.00
40.00
152.95
40.00
40.00
154.99
30.00
30.00
523.80
392.97
392.97
900.00
1000.00
1060.92
964.88
1250.00
488.67
1276.25
1276.25
1286.89
250.00
15.00
16.00
26.00
16.00
22.88
23.69
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
26.00
16.00
26.00
16.00
26.00
45.81
3.22
3.21
3.21
10.22
10.21
10.21
32.46
32.45
32.45
103.09
103.09
103.09
17.00
17.01
17.01
17.00
17.00
17.09
17.02
17.00
16.99
16.48
16.48
17.10
16.99
17.00
1.37
1.33
1.37
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.01
1.37
1.37
1.33
1.37
1.33
1.37
1.33
0.10
3.35
12.25
2.55
12.25
0.00
0.00
5.93
12.25
4.98
12.26
0.00
0.00
8.33
12.26
7.42
12.27
0.00
0.00
10.77
12.27
9.84
12.28
0.00
0.00
32.85
0.11
26.73
0.11
240.59
0.99
489.45
0.99
502.67
1.43
597.85
73.62
579.28
71.77
643.28
1.43
319.20
71.77
854.10
85.95
731.58
73.62
739.89
73.62
8.25
721.47
5.90
721.47
0.00
0.27
0.10
0.27
0.32
18.50
3.51
18.50
5.70
25.02
2.32
6.52
2.22
6.25
2.13
6.00
2.03
5.72
1.94
5.46
0.09
5.46
0.42
23.96
0.42
24.22
0.43
24.50
0.43
24.76
0.07
25.02
0.43
25.02
0.00
0.26
0.09
0.26
0.00
0.28
0.10
0.28
0.00
0.25
0.09
0.25
7.20
0.09
C1
ST1
ST2
ST3
CONDP
LPP
HPP
IPP
GT1
GT2
C6
C21
C3
C4
C5
ST4
tot
15.60
14.80
0.00
18.19
17.24
0.00
20.59
19.69
0.00
23.05
22.12
0.00
32.96
26.84
241.58
490.44
504.10
671.47
651.06
644.71
390.97
940.04
805.20
813.51
729.72
727.37
0.27
0.36
18.83
22.02
30.73
8.84
8.48
8.13
7.76
7.40
5.56
24.38
24.65
24.93
25.19
25.10
25.46
0.26
0.35
0.28
0.38
0.26
0.34
7.29
280.47
25.82
19.06
38.70
0.05
0.00
1.10
0.06
232.04
63.11
8.59
3.96
4.08
4.07
4.13
24.83
377.52
45.8
45.8
0.0
53.3
53.3
0.0
59.4
59.4
0.0
64.3
0.0
0.0
21.8
22.7
22.7
19.1
19.9
13.6
13.6
18.9
13.6
13.1
13.1
13.6
9.3
20.6
27.2
28.6
34.5
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
20.6
15.2
37.7
37.7
37.7
37.7
37.7
37.7
22.0
715
678
0
970
920
0
1,223
1,170
0
1,481
0
0
719
609
5,483
9,365
10,047
9,112
8,835
12,195
5,306
12,291
10,528
11,040
6,755
5,777
703
544
1,334
1
0
24
1
4,780
959
324
150
154
154
156
937
8,292
123
12.34
12.34
0.00
12.54
12.54
0.00
12.80
12.80
0.00
13.03
0.00
0.00
6.45
6.37
6.37
5.89
5.96
5.12
5.12
5.80
5.12
5.06
5.06
5.12
3.49
6.09
7.53
7.55
8.77
6.41
6.41
6.41
6.41
6.09
5.33
9.89
9.89
9.89
9.89
9.89
9.89
6.41
693
657
0
821
779
0
949
908
0
1,081
0
0
765
615
5,538
10,407
10,819
12,366
11,990
13,473
7,200
17,133
14,675
14,982
9,178
6,153
700
518
1,222
1
0
25
1
5,091
1,210
306
141
145
145
147
884
8,713
MCM
84
CC
AIR HX
MCM LTHX
C6
FigureA.4.1:TheMCMreactor
MCM HTHX
CH4
From C1
To GT2
To GT1 or to DB
M4
MCM REACTOR
124
A.4:TheMCMreactor
81
C1
60
NGPH
CLC
58
62
55
56
40
M3
RH
55
GEN1
51
50
ST4
65
GEN3
EV II
GT1
GT2
64
61
SH II
: 53.7%, : 51.5%
Wnet: 376.0 MW
63
57
66
11
12
28
26
54
13
27
M4
HPEV
59
FG COND
M2
42
91
38
IPEV
14
35
LPP
HPST
41
68
34
33
30
43
97
25
24
15
23IPP
IPEC
22
32
31
53
16
36
LPEV
52
20
82
92
C3
GEN2
70
COND P
LPSH
M1
45
COND
44
LPST
71
COOL1
De-aerator
21
69
IPST
C2
HPP37
29
67
98
88
FigureA.5.1:StructureoftheCLCplant
IPSH
39
HPEC
10
90
HPSH
EC II
89
17
105
72
19
99
100
74
LPEC
COOL2
87
18
73
93
83
75
Chimney
C4
101
102
85
77
COOL3
76
84
46
CT
49
C5
47
86
48
94
78
103
104
96
CT P
COOL4
80
79
95
125
A.5:TheCLCplant
126
TableA.5.1:ResultsoftheeconomicanalysisfortheCLCplant
CLCplant
Calendar
Debt
Book
Year
year
1
2013
234,946,943 11,747,347
2
2014
222,419,917 11,747,347
3
2015
209,892,891 11,747,347
4
2016
197,365,866 11,747,347
5
2017
184,838,840 11,747,347
6
2018
172,311,814 11,747,347
7
2019
159,784,789 11,747,347
8
2020
147,257,763 11,747,347
9
2021
134,730,738 11,747,347
10
2022
122,203,712 11,747,347
11
2023
109,676,686 11,747,347
12
2024
97,149,661 11,747,347
84,622,635 11,747,347
13
2025
14
2026
72,095,609 11,747,347
15
2027
59,568,584 11,747,347
16
2028
47,041,558 11,747,347
17
2029
34,514,533 11,747,347
18
2030
25,885,899 11,747,347
19
2031
17,257,266 11,747,347
20
2032
8,628,633
11,747,347
21
2033
0
0
Total
2,342,194,338 234,946,943
Book
Adjustment
779,678
234,946,943
9,044,079
1,858,829
779,678
224,044,035
9,044,079
1,858,829
779,678
213,141,127
9,044,079
1,858,829
779,678
202,238,219
9,044,079
1,858,829
779,678
191,335,311
9,044,079
1,858,829
779,678
180,432,403
9,044,079
1,858,829
9,044,079
1,858,829
779,678
169,529,495
779,678
158,626,587
9,044,079
1,858,829
779,678
147,723,680
9,044,079
1,858,829
779,678
136,820,772
9,044,079
1,858,829
779,678
125,917,864
9,044,079
1,858,829
779,678
115,014,956
9,044,079
1,858,829
779,678
104,112,048
9,044,079
1,858,829
779,678
93,209,140
9,044,079
1,858,829
779,678
82,306,232
9,044,079
1,858,829
779,678
71,403,325
9,044,079
1,858,829
3,118,714
60,500,417
9,044,079
2,039,564
3,118,714
53,495,901
9,044,079
2,039,564
3,118,714
46,491,386
9,044,079
2,039,564
3,118,714
39,486,871
9,044,079
2,039,564
0
32,482,355
0
0
0
2,683,259,067 180,881,587 21,583,000
TCR
23,429,933
23,429,933
23,429,933
23,429,933
23,429,933
23,429,933
23,429,933
23,429,933
23,429,933
23,429,933
23,429,933
23,429,933
23,429,933
23,429,933
23,429,933
23,429,933
15,633,149
15,633,149
15,633,149
15,633,149
0
437,411,530
127
E D ,k
y D ,k
Component,k (MW) (MW) (MW)
(%)
(%)
E F ,k
E P ,k
cP , k
C D ,k
Z k
C D ,k Z k
fk
rk
(/GJ) (/GJ)
(/h)
(/h)
(/h)
(%)
(%)
cF ,k
bF ,k
bP ,k
B D ,k
Yk
(Pts/GJ) (Pts/GJ) (Pts/h) (Pts/h)
B D ,k Yk
f b ,k
rb ,k
(Pts/h)
(%)
(%)
4.9
C1
281.78 268.57 13.21 95.3
1.81
19.3
21.3
919
964
1,884
51.2
10.1
6.0
6.3
286.48
0.19
286.67
0.07
CLC
694.73 500.67 194.06 72.1 26.56
9.1
15.5
6,391
4,974
11,365
43.8
68.9
3.5
5.3
2418.44
2.54
2420.97
0.10 52.5
GT1
540.99 521.34 19.65 96.4
2.69
18.1
19.3
1,278
1,102
2,380
46.3
7.0
5.8
6.0
410.68
0.91
411.59
0.22
3.8
GT2
54.16
51.35
2.81
94.8
0.38
11.8
13.6
119
216
335
64.5
15.4
4.1
4.3
40.91
0.19
41.11
0.47
5.5
NGPH
6.32
1.12
5.20
17.7
0.71
11.8
69.1
220
10
231
4.4
487.2
4.1
22.9
75.87
0.01
75.88
0.01 465.6
HPSH
22.43
20.43
1.99
91.1
0.27
18.1
22.2
130
105
235
44.8
22.7
5.8
6.6
41.68
0.97
42.66
2.28 14.3
HPEV
35.74
32.97
2.77
92.2
0.38
18.1
21.5
180
140
320
43.7
19.2
5.8
6.5
57.88
0.12
58.00
0.21 12.1
HPEC
24.25
20.58
3.67
84.9
0.50
18.1
23.7
238
56
295
19.1
31.2
5.8
7.3
76.64
0.07
76.70
0.09 25.6
RH
16.60
14.36
2.24
86.5
0.31
18.1
23.4
146
54
199
26.9
29.4
5.8
7.1
46.85
0.45
47.30
0.95 22.6
IPSH
0.63
0.49
0.14
78.1
0.02
18.1
30.2
17
46.5
67.0
5.8
8.2
2.89
0.01
2.89
0.21 40.5
IPEV
11.97
11.00
0.97
91.9
0.13
18.1
22.8
63
91
154
58.9
26.1
5.8
6.5
20.33
0.07
20.41
0.35 12.8
IPEC
2.03
1.70
0.33
83.6
0.05
18.1
24.8
22
30
28.3
37.4
5.8
7.4
6.95
0.01
6.96
0.11 28.2
0.17 56.2
LPSH
1.12
0.81
0.32
71.9
0.04
18.1
33.4
20
13
34
39.7
84.8
5.8
9.1
6.59
0.01
6.60
LPEV
17.03
13.99
3.03
82.2
0.42
18.1
26.7
197
135
332
40.7
47.7
5.8
7.6
63.42
0.11
63.54
0.18 31.2
LPEC
11.28
7.52
3.76
66.6
0.51
18.1
34.4
245
73
317
22.9
90.7
5.8
10.0
78.65
0.09
78.74
0.11 72.1
SHII
0.48
0.42
0.05
88.6
0.01
11.8
16.9
62.0
43.9
4.1
4.9
0.79
0.02
0.81
2.64 21.2
EVII
2.03
1.93
0.10
95.2
0.01
11.8
14.4
11
15
71.8
22.0
4.1
4.4
1.42
0.01
1.43
0.43
ECII
1.47
1.20
0.27
81.8
0.04
11.8
17.0
11
14
18.2
44.6
4.1
5.5
3.89
0.00
3.90
0.05 36.1
HPST
24.14
22.41
1.73
92.8
0.24
22.9
26.6
143
103
246
41.9
15.7
6.9
7.6
42.83
0.23
43.06
0.54 10.6
IPST
22.98
21.57
1.41
93.9
0.19
23.3
27.3
118
148
266
55.7
17.3
7.0
7.6
35.22
0.23
35.44
0.64
LPST
48.80
42.17
6.63
86.4
0.91
24.6
32.5
587
387
974
39.7
32.0
7.2
8.8
172.69
0.36
173.05
0.21 21.3
27.0
8.3
9.0
20.73
15.66
5.06
75.6
0.69
23.2
36.5
424
157
580
57.2
6.9
10.0
125.88
0.18
126.07
0.15 44.3
0.04
0.03
0.01
78.6
0.00
20.9
75.2
89.0 259.6
6.3
8.7
0.21
0.00
0.21
0.13 38.3
HPP
0.98
0.84
0.14
85.3
0.02
20.9
35.7
11
29
40
72.7
70.9
6.3
7.8
3.26
0.00
3.26
0.01 24.3
IPP
0.05
0.04
0.02
70.1
0.00
20.9
98.6
10
87.9 371.8
6.3
10.0
0.35
0.00
0.35
0.02 60.0
0.48 71.1
LPP
0.00
0.00
0.00
66.5
0.00
20.9
359.7
96.8 1620.6
6.3
10.7
0.02
0.00
0.02
C1
3.85
3.24
0.61
84.1
0.08
36.5
165.8
80
314
394
79.6 353.6
10.0
40.4
21.92
0.12
22.04
0.54 305.3
C2
3.96
3.32
0.64
83.8
0.09
36.5
76.3
85
323
407
79.2 108.9
10.0
13.1
23.09
0.05
23.13
0.21 31.0
C3
3.91
3.27
0.64
83.5
0.09
36.5
78.8
85
318
403
79.0 115.8
10.0
13.5
23.08
0.02
23.10
0.10 35.5
C4
3.93
3.26
0.67
83.0
0.09
36.5
79.8
88
320
408
78.5 118.5
10.0
13.6
23.95
0.03
23.98
0.15 36.6
Deaerator
0.44
0.42
0.02
95.6
0.00
27.7
43.3
21
23
91.7
56.6
7.9
8.4
0.55
0.03
0.58
5.31
M1
0.85
0.79
0.06
92.5
0.01
23.3
25.9
0.0
11.4
7.0
7.7
1.60
0.00
1.60
0.00 11.1
6.3
127
ST4
CONDP
TableA.5.2:ResultsatthecomponentlevelfortheCLCplant
128
0.08
0.08
0.00
99.3
0.00
22.9
23.2
0.0
0.9
6.9
6.9
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
M3
1.99
1.97
0.02
99.1
0.00
18.1
18.3
0.0
1.4
7.0
7.6
1.18
0.00
1.18
0.00
8.8
M4
0.77
0.73
0.05
93.9
0.01
23.2
25.3
0.0
9.1
7.2
7.2
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.0
FGCOND
COOL1
22.36
20.31
2.78
11.8
866
69
935
7.4
4.1
297.82
0.09
297.91
0.77
0.69
0.09
28.7
71
79
10.8
8.1
19.88
0.01
19.89
COOL2
0.91
0.82
0.11
33.6
99
108
7.9
8.6
25.26
0.01
25.27
COOL3
0.85
0.77
0.10
37.9
104
112
6.9
9.0
24.85
0.01
24.86
COOL4
0.86
0.78
0.11
41.6
116
10
126
7.9
9.4
26.38
0.01
26.39
COND
11.52
8.57
1.17
24.3
749
68
818
8.3
7.2
220.83
0.02
220.86
CT
5.22
3.19
0.44
72
15.66
10,128 10,347
20,474
50.5 177.5
0.9
Total
730.73 375.99 307.41 51.5 42.07
9.2
25.4
3.5
6.8
3822.32
22.84
3845.17
Exergyloss
47.33
0.59 94.5
B kPF
856.41
M2
128
129
TableA.5.3:ResultsatthestreamlevelfortheCLCplant
Stream,
j
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
m j
Tj
pj
(kg/s)
713.5
713.5
14.0
658.6
658.6
313.6
313.6
345.0
345.0
658.6
658.6
658.6
658.6
658.6
658.6
658.6
658.6
658.6
91.1
91.1
91.8
71.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
71.0
48.4
48.4
20.1
20.1
0.7
20.8
20.8
20.8
57.0
57.0
53.9
53.9
57.0
57.0
68.5
68.5
91.1
6785.2
184.7
96.9
6873.0
48.4
22.6
22.6
91.1
53.9
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
53.9
14.0
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
68.9
38.7
30.2
(C)
15.00
392.90
15.00
1200.00
517.40
517.40
439.94
517.40
421.11
430.09
341.18
272.65
270.73
232.62
225.76
221.92
156.37
97.65
32.89
136.37
140.01
140.01
140.01
140.42
216.62
222.62
252.65
257.27
497.40
268.87
205.76
146.37
146.37
140.01
140.02
146.37
140.01
141.73
325.17
331.17
489.03
258.42
250.24
32.88
32.88
15.00
15.00
16.00
23.79
257.27
257.27
32.88
32.88
141.73
141.73
325.17
331.17
368.91
497.40
300.00
932.20
486.70
388.91
381.19
346.18
319.31
30.00
30.00
(bar)
1.01
17.00
50.00
16.49
1.06
1.06
1.05
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.03
1.03
3.73
3.62
3.62
3.62
3.62
25.13
24.38
24.38
23.16
23.16
22.00
4.10
4.10
4.32
4.32
3.62
4.32
4.32
3.62
134.56
130.53
130.53
124.00
23.16
4.10
0.05
0.05
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
23.16
23.16
0.05
0.05
134.56
134.56
130.53
130.53
124.00
124.00
17.00
16.49
1.04
1.04
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.01
1.01
E PH , j E CH , j E tot , j
(MW)
0.00
268.57
8.15
691.60
150.61
71.72
55.12
78.89
56.46
111.56
75.83
51.58
50.95
38.98
36.95
35.83
18.80
7.52
0.23
7.74
8.23
6.37
1.26
1.29
2.99
13.99
14.48
73.78
64.62
41.63
16.16
15.35
0.50
1.86
1.86
15.85
5.11
5.95
26.20
59.16
83.43
59.29
57.73
8.93
0.19
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.07
50.26
23.51
2.79
11.72
5.62
0.33
1.53
3.46
3.89
79.59
9.27
86.91
32.75
26.43
25.95
23.92
22.45
0.04
0.05
(MW)
1.11
1.11
721.47
1.43
1.43
0.68
0.68
0.75
0.75
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.18
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.18
0.12
0.12
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.17
0.17
0.23
10.56
0.46
0.24
9.88
0.12
0.06
0.06
0.23
0.13
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.13
721.47
26.42
26.42
26.42
26.42
26.42
26.42
26.34
0.08
(MW)
1.11
269.68
729.62
693.03
152.04
72.40
55.80
79.64
57.21
113.00
77.26
53.02
52.39
40.41
38.38
37.26
20.23
8.95
0.46
7.97
8.46
6.54
1.29
1.33
3.03
14.03
14.52
73.95
64.74
41.76
16.21
15.40
0.50
1.91
1.91
15.91
5.25
6.09
26.33
59.30
83.57
59.43
57.90
9.10
0.42
10.56
0.46
0.24
12.94
50.38
23.57
2.85
11.95
5.75
0.34
1.54
3.47
3.89
79.73
730.74
113.32
59.17
52.85
52.37
50.34
48.87
26.39
0.12
cj
bj
B j
(/GJ)
0.0
21.2
9.2
18.1
18.1
18.1
18.1
18.1
18.1
18.1
18.1
18.1
18.1
18.1
18.1
18.1
18.1
0.0
28.1
34.1
34.5
34.5
34.5
36.2
29.8
24.3
24.5
23.2
23.3
23.3
27.9
27.7
27.7
34.5
34.8
27.7
34.5
34.7
26.1
23.6
22.9
22.9
24.6
24.6
24.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
23.2
23.2
23.2
24.3
34.7
34.7
20.9
17.3
17.2
23.2
9.2
11.8
11.8
11.8
11.8
11.8
11.8
11.8
0.0
(/h)
0
20,571
24,037
45,058
9,885
4,707
3,628
5,178
3,720
7,348
5,024
3,448
3,407
2,628
2,496
2,423
1,316
0
46
978
1,050
813
160
173
325
1,227
1,280
6,189
5,424
3,499
1,630
1,533
50
238
240
1,584
652
760
2,473
5,030
6,903
4,909
5,131
807
37
0
0
0
0
4,216
1,973
238
1,045
718
42
116
215
241
6,660
24,315
4,802
2,507
2,239
2,219
2,133
2,071
1,118
0
(Pts/GJ)
0.0
6.3
3.5
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
0.0
7.3
9.8
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.8
8.5
7.0
7.0
6.9
7.0
7.0
7.9
7.9
7.9
9.7
9.7
7.9
9.7
9.5
7.8
7.1
6.9
6.9
7.2
7.2
7.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.2
9.5
9.5
6.4
5.3
5.2
7.0
3.5
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
0.0
(Pts/h)
0
1,697
2,520
4,023
882
420
324
462
332
656
449
308
304
235
223
216
117
0
3
78
82
64
13
13
26
98
102
511
450
290
129
121
4
19
19
125
51
58
205
419
575
409
419
66
3
0
0
0
0
348
163
20
86
55
3
10
18
20
555
2,546
459
240
214
212
204
198
107
0
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
38.7
38.4
0.3
38.4
38.1
0.3
38.1
38.0
0.1
38.0
38.0
0.0
14.0
6859.0
6859.0
9693.2
2834.2
2731.6
2634.5
2525.9
2424.5
2424.5
9283.5
9384.9
9493.5
9590.6
9693.2
9693.2
101.4
101.4
108.6
108.6
97.1
97.1
102.6
102.6
22.6
136.22
40.00
40.00
149.82
40.00
40.00
149.84
40.00
40.00
150.79
30.00
30.00
15.00
16.00
22.88
23.79
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
26.00
16.00
26.00
16.00
26.00
16.00
26.00
45.81
3.22
3.21
3.21
10.22
10.21
10.21
32.46
32.45
32.45
103.09
103.09
103.09
17.02
1.37
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.01
1.37
1.37
1.33
1.37
1.33
1.37
1.33
1.37
1.33
0.10
3.28
2.51
0.00
5.83
4.91
0.00
8.18
7.32
0.00
10.58
9.70
0.00
5.90
0.30
3.25
5.64
2.52
2.43
2.34
2.24
2.15
0.11
0.40
0.41
0.41
0.42
0.07
0.42
0.00
0.09
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.09
0.00
0.09
4.56
26.34
26.34
0.00
26.34
26.35
0.00
26.35
26.36
0.00
26.36
26.37
0.00
721.47
17.13
17.13
24.21
7.08
6.82
6.58
6.31
6.06
6.06
23.19
23.44
23.71
23.96
24.21
24.21
0.25
0.25
0.27
0.27
0.24
0.24
0.26
0.26
0.06
C1
ST1
ST2
ST3
CONDP
LPP
HPP
IPP
GT1
GT2
C2
C2
C3
C4
ST4
tot
29.63
28.85
0.00
32.17
31.26
0.00
34.53
33.68
0.00
36.94
36.08
0.00
727.37
17.43
20.39
29.85
9.60
9.25
8.92
8.55
8.21
6.16
23.59
23.85
24.13
24.37
24.28
24.63
0.26
0.34
0.28
0.37
0.25
0.33
0.26
0.35
4.61
281.78
22.41
21.57
42.17
0.04
0.00
0.98
0.05
239.56
51.35
3.85
3.96
3.91
3.93
15.66
375.99
28.6
28.6
0.0
33.5
33.5
0.0
37.8
37.8
0.0
41.5
0.0
0.0
19.3
26.6
27.3
32.5
20.9
20.9
20.9
20.9
19.3
13.6
36.5
36.5
36.5
36.5
36.5
20.9
3,053
2,973
0
3,886
3,775
0
4,703
4,587
0
5,525
0
0
19,606
2,142
2,121
4,933
3
0
74
4
16,669
2,511
507
521
514
517
2,061
28,295
130
8.0
8.0
0.0
8.5
8.5
0.0
9.0
9.0
0.0
9.4
0.0
0.0
6.0
7.6
7.6
8.8
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.0
4.3
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
6.3
238
232
0
275
267
0
311
304
0
348
0
0
1,697
171
163
370
0
0
6
0
1,443
219
38
39
39
39
156
2,360
131
TableA.5.4:SplittingtheexergydestructionintheCLCplant(MW)
Component,k
C1
CLC
GT1
GT2
NGPH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
SHII
EVII
ECII
HPST
IPST
LPST
ST4
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
C1
C2
C3
C4
FGCOND
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
COND
CT
MOT1
MOT2
MOT3
MOT4
GEN1
GEN2
GEN3
Total
Total(%)
EDreal
EDEN, k EDEX, k EDAV, k
,k
EDUN, k
EDUN, k, EN
13.21
194.06
16.01
2.02
5.20
1.99
2.77
3.67
2.24
0.14
0.97
0.33
0.32
3.03
3.76
0.05
0.10
0.27
1.39
1.08
5.99
5.06
0.00
0.09
0.01
0.00
0.61
0.64
0.64
0.67
20.31
0.69
0.82
0.77
0.78
8.57
3.06
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.01
1.31
3.65
0.78
307.13
7.27
129.34
8.31
0.81
5.17
1.31
1.98
2.72
1.55
0.03
0.57
0.23
0.11
2.20
2.11
0.02
0.05
0.14
0.66
0.62
3.51
0.74
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.43
1.20
0.26
4.26
109.49
6.33
0.60
2.84
0.57
1.03
1.55
1.00
0.03
0.46
0.23
0.05
1.24
1.13
0.01
0.03
0.10
0.37
0.45
2.53
0.41
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.33
1.32
0.21
7.79
166.54
13.00
1.49
2.98
0.66
1.26
1.86
1.35
0.15
0.85
0.21
0.17
1.52
2.26
0.02
0.04
0.16
0.81
0.81
4.33
2.82
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.43
0.47
0.47
0.49
14.84
0.31
0.40
0.37
0.36
5.62
2.23
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.99
3.99
0.62
242.77
79.04
5.42
27.52
3.01
0.54
2.22
1.33
1.51
1.80
0.89
0.01
0.12
0.12
0.14
1.52
1.50
0.03
0.05
0.11
0.57
0.27
1.66
2.25
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.18
5.47
0.38
0.42
0.39
0.41
2.95
0.83
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.32
0.34
0.16
64.36
20.96
5.94
64.72
7.69
1.21
0.04
0.68
0.79
0.94
0.69
0.11
0.40
0.10
0.21
0.83
1.65
0.04
0.05
0.13
0.73
0.45
2.48
4.32
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.00
0.46
0.50
0.50
0.52
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.88
2.44
0.52
EDUN, k, EX
3.01
19.85
1.98
0.22
2.33
0.74
0.95
1.17
0.55
0.00
0.11
0.01
0.06
0.97
0.98
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.29
0.17
0.97
0.33
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.10
0.11
0.05
EDAV, k , EN
EDAV, k , EX
3.53
57.05
6.67
0.89
0.14
0.09
0.23
0.31
0.34
0.11
0.39
0.02
0.13
0.28
1.14
0.01
0.02
0.06
0.44
0.36
1.79
2.40
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.33
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.67
2.67
0.42
2.41
7.67
1.03
0.32
0.10
0.59
0.56
0.63
0.34
0.00
0.01
0.12
0.08
0.55
0.52
0.02
0.03
0.07
0.28
0.10
0.69
1.92
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.21
0.23
0.11
132
TableA.5.5:SplittingtheinvestmentcostrateintheCLCplant(/h)
Z kAV
Component,k
Z kreal
Z kUN
Z kAV
Z kEN
Z kEX
C1
CLC
GT1
GT2
NGPH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
SHII
EVII
ECII
HPST
IPST
LPST
ST4
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
C1
C2
C3
C4
FGCOND
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
COND
964.4
4974.5
1102.2
215.8
10.2
105.2
139.7
56.3
53.6
7.8
90.7
8.6
13.5
135.2
72.5
3.8
10.5
2.5
102.8
148.5
386.9
156.5
5.6
28.9
8.4
2.0
313.8
322.8
318.4
320.0
69.1
8.6
8.5
7.7
10.0
10.2
819.7
3979.6
992.0
194.2
2.7
40.6
71.4
30.3
25.0
2.5
38.5
4.1
5.0
64.8
35.0
1.2
5.4
1.6
92.5
133.6
348.2
140.9
4.8
24.6
7.2
1.7
266.7
274.3
270.7
272.0
144.7
994.9
110.2
21.6
7.6
64.6
68.3
26.0
28.6
5.3
52.2
4.5
8.5
70.4
37.5
2.6
5.2
0.9
10.3
14.8
38.7
15.7
0.8
4.3
1.3
0.3
47.1
48.4
47.8
48.0
564.7
4211.1
839.6
158.5
5.6
46.0
72.7
32.1
34.7
8.9
73.2
8.3
6.0
75.8
38.8
1.9
5.4
1.8
57.8
107.5
279.8
86.5
4.1
15.3
7.1
0.0
216.8
230.7
228.8
230.3
399.7
763.3
262.6
57.3
4.6
59.2
67.0
24.2
18.9
1.1
17.5
0.2
7.5
59.3
33.8
1.8
5.2
0.7
45.0
40.9
107.1
70.1
1.5
13.6
1.3
2.0
97.0
92.0
89.6
89.7
Z kUN
Z kAV , EN
Z kAV , EX
84.7
842.2
84.0
15.8
4.2
28.2
35.5
14.9
18.5
6.0
42.1
4.3
3.8
39.5
20.1
1.3
2.6
0.6
5.8
10.8
28.0
8.6
0.6
2.3
1.1
0.0
32.5
34.6
34.3
34.5
59.9
152.7
26.3
5.7
3.4
36.4
32.7
11.2
10.1
0.7
10.0
0.1
4.7
30.9
17.5
1.3
2.6
0.2
4.5
4.1
10.7
7.0
0.2
2.0
0.2
0.3
14.6
13.8
13.4
13.5
Z kUN , EN
Z kUN , EX
480.0
3368.9
755.6
142.6
1.5
17.8
37.2
17.3
16.2
2.8
31.1
4.0
2.2
36.3
18.7
0.6
2.7
1.2
52.0
96.8
251.8
77.8
3.5
13.0
6.1
0.0
184.3
196.1
194.5
195.7
339.7
610.7
236.4
51.6
1.2
22.9
34.3
13.0
8.8
0.3
7.4
0.1
2.8
28.4
16.3
0.6
2.6
0.4
40.5
36.8
96.4
63.1
1.3
11.6
1.1
1.7
82.5
78.2
76.2
76.3
133
TableA.5.6:SplittingthecostrateofexergydestructionintheCLCplant(/h)
C Dreal
,k
C DUN, k
C DAV, k
Component,k
C1
CLC
GT1
GT2
NGPH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
SHII
EVII
ECII
HPST
IPST
LPST
ST4
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
C1
C2
C3
C4
FGCOND
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
COND
919.2
6390.8
1277.8
118.9
220.5
129.7
180.1
238.5
145.8
9.0
63.3
21.6
20.5
197.3
244.7
2.3
4.1
11.3
142.8
117.9
587.3
423.8
0.7
10.9
1.2
0.1
80.4
84.7
84.6
87.8
952.8
79.8
110.3
115.5
129.3
1007.8
506.0
4259.4
540.4
34.5
5.7
85.3
129.0
177.0
38.9
2.0
37.1
15.1
7.1
143.3
137.2
0.7
2.1
5.8
54.6
52.3
310.7
62.3
0.1
2.3
0.1
0.0
19.6
19.5
19.2
19.2
413.2
2131.4
737.4
84.4
214.8
44.4
51.1
61.4
106.9
7.0
26.2
6.5
13.4
54.0
107.5
1.6
2.0
5.5
88.2
65.6
276.7
361.5
0.6
8.6
1.1
0.1
60.8
65.2
65.4
68.7
C DEN, k
542.0
5484.5
845.2
63.0
126.3
43.0
81.9
121.2
87.7
9.5
55.2
13.7
11.3
98.7
147.3
0.9
1.9
6.7
67.2
67.7
383.6
235.6
0.2
3.6
0.6
0.0
56.9
61.6
61.8
64.3
632.3
32.1
48.0
50.6
54.3
491.2
C DEX, k
377.2
906.3
432.6
55.9
94.2
86.7
98.2
117.2
58.1
0.5
8.1
7.9
9.2
98.6
97.4
1.4
2.2
4.6
75.6
50.2
203.8
188.2
0.5
7.3
0.6
0.1
23.5
23.1
22.8
23.6
320.5
47.6
62.3
64.9
75.0
516.7
C DAV, k
C DUN, k
C DAV, k , EN
C DAV, k , EX
245.7
1878.7
433.5
37.6
5.9
5.8
14.7
20.3
22.4
7.3
25.3
1.0
8.2
18.3
74.0
0.6
0.8
2.5
36.5
29.8
158.9
201.2
0.1
2.4
0.5
0.0
43.4
47.6
48.0
50.5
167.5
252.7
303.9
46.8
208.9
38.7
36.3
41.1
84.5
0.2
0.9
7.5
5.2
35.7
33.6
1.0
1.2
3.0
51.7
35.8
117.8
160.3
0.5
6.2
0.6
0.1
17.4
17.6
17.4
18.2
C DUN, k, EN
C DUN, k, EX
296.3
3605.8
411.7
25.3
120.4
37.3
67.2
101.0
65.3
2.2
29.9
14.7
3.1
80.4
73.3
0.3
1.1
4.3
30.7
37.9
224.6
34.4
0.1
1.2
0.1
0.0
13.6
13.9
13.8
13.8
209.7
653.6
128.8
9.2
114.7
48.0
61.9
76.1
26.4
0.3
7.1
0.4
3.9
62.9
63.9
0.3
1.0
1.6
23.9
14.4
86.0
27.9
0.0
1.1
0.0
0.0
6.1
5.6
5.4
5.4
134
TableA.5.7:SplittingtheenvironmentalimpactofexergydestructionintheCLCplant(Pts/h)
Component,k
C1
CLC
GT1
GT2
NGPH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
SHII
EVII
ECII
HPST
IPST
LPST
ST4
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
C1
C2
C3
C4
FGCOND
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
COND
B Dreal
,k
B DUN, k
B DAV, k
79.6
671.8
114.1
11.4
21.1
11.6
16.1
21.3
13.0
0.8
5.6
1.9
1.8
17.6
21.8
0.2
0.4
1.1
11.9
9.8
48.0
35.0
0.1
0.9
0.1
0.0
6.1
6.4
6.4
6.7
91.1
6.2
7.8
7.6
8.1
82.5
43.8
447.7
48.2
3.3
0.5
7.6
11.5
15.8
3.5
0.2
3.3
1.3
0.6
12.8
12.2
0.1
0.2
0.6
4.6
4.3
25.4
5.1
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
35.8
224.0
65.8
8.1
20.5
4.0
4.6
5.5
9.5
0.6
2.3
0.6
1.2
4.8
9.6
0.2
0.2
0.5
7.3
5.4
22.6
29.8
0.0
0.7
0.1
0.0
4.6
4.9
5.0
5.2
B DEN, k
46.9
576.5
75.5
6.0
12.1
3.8
7.3
10.8
7.8
0.8
4.9
1.2
1.0
8.8
13.1
0.1
0.2
0.6
5.6
5.6
31.3
19.4
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
4.3
4.7
4.7
4.9
60.4
2.5
3.4
3.3
3.4
40.2
B DEX, k
32.7
95.3
38.6
5.3
9.0
7.7
8.8
10.5
5.2
0.0
0.7
0.7
0.8
8.8
8.7
0.1
0.2
0.4
6.3
4.2
16.6
15.5
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.0
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.8
30.6
3.7
4.4
4.3
4.7
42.3
B DAV, k
B DUN, k
B DAV, k , EN
B DAV, k , EX
21.3
197.5
38.7
3.6
0.6
0.5
1.3
1.8
2.0
0.6
2.3
0.1
0.7
1.6
6.6
0.1
0.1
0.2
3.0
2.5
13.0
16.6
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
3.3
3.6
3.6
3.8
14.5
26.6
27.1
4.5
20.0
3.5
3.2
3.7
7.5
0.0
0.1
0.7
0.5
3.2
3.0
0.1
0.1
0.3
4.3
3.0
9.6
13.2
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.4
B DUN, k, EN
B DUN, k, EX
25.7
379.0
36.8
2.4
11.5
3.3
6.0
9.0
5.8
0.2
2.7
1.3
0.3
7.2
6.5
0.0
0.1
0.4
2.6
3.1
18.3
2.8
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.0
18.2
68.7
11.5
0.9
11.0
4.3
5.5
6.8
2.4
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.4
5.6
5.7
0.0
0.1
0.1
2.0
1.2
7.0
2.3
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
C1
103
105
CC
102
104
106
GT1
40
RH
39
M3
GEN1
10
IPSH
40
12
26
13
38
HPEC
11
HPEV
28
HPSH
27
IPEV
M2
29
14
35
LPP
M
33
22
37
21
HPP
34
25
15
IPEC
24
32
IPP
43
23
IPST
77
De-aerator
HPST
41
42
76
45
71
19
67
101
17
LPEC
M4
ST5
72
83
C2
18
46
94
47
COOL
CAU
30
107
66
69
49
93
48
C3
FigureA.6.1:StructureoftheMEAplant
36
16
20
44
68
73
ST4
75
LPEV
COND P
LPSH
31
M1
74
GEN2
COND
LPST
70
50
96
COOL1
95
52
51
92
C4
85
Chimney
53
98
97
91
55
86
COOL2 C5
54
MEA-0
: 47.8%, : 45.8%
Wnet: 334.6 MW
MEA-0.2
: 50.5%, : 48.4%
Wnet: 353.8 MW
56
100
99
58
COOL3 57
90
C6
87
82
59
88
89
80
79
62
78
61
64
CT P
63
60
CT
COOL4
81
65
135
A.6:TheMEAplant
136
TableA.6.1:ResultsoftheyearbyyeareconomicanalysisforMEA0.2
Ref.Plant
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Total
Calendaryear
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
Debt
Book
Adjustment
213,525,868
10,676,293
703,303
202,146,272
10,676,293
703,303
190,766,675
10,676,293
703,303
179,387,078
10,676,293
703,303
168,007,482
10,676,293
703,303
156,627,885
10,676,293
703,303
145,248,289
10,676,293
703,303
133,868,692
10,676,293
703,303
122,489,095
10,676,293
703,303
111,109,499
10,676,293
703,303
99,729,902
10,676,293
703,303
88,350,306
10,676,293
703,303
76,970,709
10,676,293
703,303
65,591,112
10,676,293
703,303
54,211,516
10,676,293
703,303
42,831,919
10,676,293
703,303
31,452,323
10,676,293
2,813,213
23,589,242
10,676,293
2,813,213
15,726,161
10,676,293
2,813,213
7,863,081
10,676,293
2,813,213
0
0
0
2,129,493,106 213,525,868
0
CommonEquity
Book
Adjustment
beg.ofyear
depreciation
213,525,868
8,078,458
1,677,021
203,770,389
8,078,458
1,677,021
194,014,911
8,078,458
1,677,021
184,259,432
8,078,458
1,677,021
174,503,953
8,078,458
1,677,021
164,748,474
8,078,458
1,677,021
8,078,458
1,677,021
154,992,995
145,237,516
8,078,458
1,677,021
135,482,037
8,078,458
1,677,021
125,726,559
8,078,458
1,677,021
115,971,080
8,078,458
1,677,021
106,215,601
8,078,458
1,677,021
96,460,122
8,078,458
1,677,021
86,704,643
8,078,458
1,677,021
76,949,164
8,078,458
1,677,021
67,193,686
8,078,458
1,677,021
57,438,207
8,078,458
1,839,495
51,199,244
8,078,458
1,839,495
44,960,281
8,078,458
1,839,495
38,721,318
8,078,458
1,839,495
32,482,355
0
0
2,470,557,835
161,569,166
19,474,347
TCR
21,135,075
21,135,075
21,135,075
21,135,075
21,135,075
21,135,075
21,135,075
21,135,075
21,135,075
21,135,075
21,135,075
21,135,075
21,135,075
21,135,075
21,135,075
21,135,075
14,102,044
14,102,044
14,102,044
14,102,044
0
394,569,381
137
TableA.6.2:ResultsoftheyearbyyeareconomicanalysisforMEA0
Ref.Plant
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Total
Calendaryear
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
Debt
Book
Adjustment
209,287,081
10,464,354
688,190
198,134,537
10,464,354
688,190
186,981,993
10,464,354
688,190
175,829,449
10,464,354
688,190
164,676,905
10,464,354
688,190
153,524,360
10,464,354
688,190
142,371,816
10,464,354
688,190
131,219,272
10,464,354
688,190
120,066,728
10,464,354
688,190
108,914,184
10,464,354
688,190
97,761,640
10,464,354
688,190
86,609,096
10,464,354
688,190
75,456,552
10,464,354
688,190
64,304,008
10,464,354
688,190
53,151,464
10,464,354
688,190
41,998,920
10,464,354
688,190
30,846,376
10,464,354
2,752,760
23,134,782
10,464,354
2,752,760
15,423,188
10,464,354
2,752,760
7,711,594
10,464,354
2,752,760
0
0
0
2,087,403,945 209,287,081
0
CommonEquity
Book
Adjustment
beg.ofyear
depreciation
209,287,081
7,887,380
1,641,047
199,758,654
7,887,380
1,641,047
190,230,228
7,887,380
1,641,047
180,701,802
7,887,380
1,641,047
171,173,376
7,887,380
1,641,047
161,644,949
7,887,380
1,641,047
7,887,380
1,641,047
152,116,523
142,588,097
7,887,380
1,641,047
133,059,670
7,887,380
1,641,047
123,531,244
7,887,380
1,641,047
114,002,818
7,887,380
1,641,047
104,474,391
7,887,380
1,641,047
94,945,965
7,887,380
1,641,047
85,417,539
7,887,380
1,641,047
75,889,113
7,887,380
1,641,047
66,360,686
7,887,380
1,641,047
56,832,260
7,887,380
1,799,904
50,744,784
7,887,380
1,799,904
44,657,308
7,887,380
1,799,904
38,569,831
7,887,380
1,799,904
32,482,355
0
0
2,428,468,674
157,747,595
19,057,131
TCR
20,680,970
20,680,970
20,680,970
20,680,970
20,680,970
20,680,970
20,680,970
20,680,970
20,680,970
20,680,970
20,680,970
20,680,970
20,680,970
20,680,970
20,680,970
20,680,970
13,799,070
13,799,070
13,799,070
13,799,070
0
386,091,806
138
E P ,k
E D ,k
(MW)
242.68
729.62
551.15
35.06
43.64
28.92
26.46
0.18
6.10
1.06
1.43
19.02
11.57
31.29
2.62
40.94
19.39
15.39
0.04
1.12
0.03
0.00
0.46
18.53
4.33
3.45
3.44
3.49
1.40
0.63
0.18
3.11
59.28
9.50
2.30
0.80
0.75
0.78
7.03
3.06
730.58
27.62
(MW)
231.30
508.76
530.67
31.72
39.91
24.91
23.89
0.12
5.67
0.87
1.05
15.47
7.81
29.18
2.46
35.38
18.54
14.71
0.04
0.96
0.02
0.00
0.44
16.93
3.78
2.86
2.82
2.83
1.26
0.58
0.18
2.96
353.82
(MW)
11.38
220.87
20.47
3.34
3.73
4.01
2.57
0.06
0.43
0.19
0.38
3.54
3.76
2.11
0.15
5.56
0.85
0.68
0.01
0.16
0.01
0.00
0.02
1.59
0.55
0.59
0.61
0.66
0.14
0.04
0.00
0.15
40.59
8.54
2.15
0.72
0.68
0.70
5.23
1.88
349.14
1270.3
y D ,k
(%) (%)
95.3 1.56
69.7 30.23
96.3 2.80
90.5 0.46
91.4 0.51
86.1 0.55
90.3 0.35
69.0 0.01
92.9 0.06
82.5 0.03
73.3 0.05
81.4 0.49
67.5 0.51
93.2 0.29
94.2 0.02
86.4 0.76
95.6 0.12
95.6 0.09
78.8 0.00
85.4 0.02
61.0 0.00
71.8 0.00
95.6 0.00
91.4 0.22
87.3 0.08
82.9 0.08
82.1 0.08
81.1 0.09
89.7 0.02
92.9 0.01
99.9 0.00
95.0 0.02
5.56
1.17
0.29
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.72
0.26
48.4 47.79
C D ,k
Z k
C D ,k Z k
(/GJ) (/GJ) (/h)

16.9
19.4
691
9.2
13.7
7,276
15.4
16.9
1,137
15.4
18.9
185
15.4
18.6
207
15.4
19.6
223
15.4
18.9
143
15.4
33.3
3
15.4
20.1
24
15.4
21.3
10
15.4
27.8
21
15.4
23.1
197
15.4
28.5
209
19.7
22.6
150
19.6
23.5
11
21.4
27.8
428
19.6
22.5
60
19.6
22.4
48
18.5
80.0
1
18.5
34.2
11
18.5
140.4
1
18.5
421.7
0
23.9
42.1
2
22.5
43.6
129
22.4
132.9
44
22.4
100.1
48
22.4
77.0
49
22.4
77.4
53
19.6
21.9
10
19.7
21.2
3
15.4
15.4
0
21.4
22.5
12
23.7
3,463
29.7
914
55.7
432
64.0
166
66.0
162
67.6
171
21.8
410
9.2
26.3 11,502
(/h)
1,396
997
1,595
155
181
88
109
4
64
5
19
171
94
122
21
296
114
86
7
40
8
2
27
1,159
439
350
348
354
0
0
0
0
1,023
59
10
8
7
9
54
18
9,440
(/h)
2,086
8,273
2,732
341
389
310
252
7
88
15
40
368
303
272
31
723
174
134
8
51
8
3
29
1,288
483
398
398
406
10
3
0
12
4,486
974
441
174
170
180
464
20,942
cF ,k
cP , k
fk
rk
bF ,k
bP ,k
B D ,k
Yk
(%)
66.9 14.9
6.1
6.4
249.98
0.24
12.0 49.4
3.5
5.6
2746.20
0.38
58.4
9.3
5.9
6.1
433.06
1.13
45.6 22.6
5.9
6.7
70.64
1.24
46.7 20.4
5.9
6.6
78.95
0.13
28.2 27.3
5.9
7.1
84.77
0.09
43.3 22.2
5.9
6.7
54.34
0.79
56.0 115.7
5.9
9.2
1.17
0.00
72.8 30.3
5.9
6.4
9.13
0.04
33.0 38.2
5.9
7.5
3.93
0.00
47.4 80.4
5.9
8.6
8.10
0.01
46.4 49.8
5.9
7.6
74.98
0.12
31.0 84.5
5.9
9.5
79.59
0.10
44.9 14.9
6.9
7.5
52.44
0.28
65.7 19.5
6.8
7.4
3.76
0.10
40.9 30.0
7.2
8.6
144.91
0.32
65.4 14.4
6.8
7.2
21.04
0.20
64.2 14.0
6.8
7.2
16.70
0.18
91.7 333.3
6.5
8.7
0.22
0.00
78.8 85.2
6.5
7.9
3.83
0.00
90.3 660.4
0.5
10.7
0.02
0.00
98.1 2183.8
78.1
19.4
0.21
0.00
94.0 76.5
7.8
8.2
0.56
0.04
90.0 94.0
7.2
8.0
41.57
3.78
90.8 493.8
7.2
25.8
14.36
0.70
88.0 347.2
7.2
16.3
15.40
0.28
87.6 244.3
7.2
11.5
15.99
0.14
11.4
17.13
0.20
87.0 245.7
7.2
0.0
11.5
6.8
7.6
3.56
0.00
0.0
7.6
6.9
7.4
1.10
0.00
0.0
0.1
5.9
5.9
0.00
0.00
0.0
5.2
7.2
7.6
4.02
0.00
22.8
6.9
1006.53
1.75
6.1
6.9
213.65
0.06
2.2
11.7
90.74
0.01
4.6
12.6
32.59
0.01
4.3
12.4
30.43
0.01
5.0
12.2
30.90
0.01
11.7
7.4
138.99
0.01
9.31
45.1 187.0
3.5
7.6
4341.17 21.63
B D ,k Yk
(Pts/h)
250.22
2746.59
434.18
71.89
79.07
84.86
55.13
1.17
9.17
3.94
8.12
75.10
79.68
52.72
3.86
145.23
21.25
16.87
0.22
3.83
0.02
0.21
0.60
45.35
15.05
15.68
16.13
17.34
3.56
1.10
0.00
4.02
1008.28
213.71
90.74
32.59
30.44
30.91
139.00
4362.80
f b ,k
rb ,k
(%)
(%)
0.09
4.9
0.01
63.5
0.26
3.9
1.73
13.5
0.16
11.9
0.11
20.4
1.42
13.8
0.17
57.1
0.41
9.7
0.08
27.0
0.16
46.4
0.16
29.1
0.12
61.2
0.53
8.9
2.53
7.8
0.22
19.2
0.95
5.7
1.05
5.7
0.13
33.6
0.01
21.4
0.11 1886.0
0.05 75.1
5.87
5.8
8.33
10.3
4.62 256.9
1.81 125.2
0.86
58.3
1.18
57.5
0.00
11.5
0.00
7.6
0.00
0.1
0.00
5.2
0.17
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.50 120.7
138
B kPF
E F ,k
Component,k
C1
CC
GT
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
HPST
IPST
LPST
ST4
ST5
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
Deaerator
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
M1
M2
M3
M4
CAU
COOLCAU
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
COND
CT
Total
Exergyloss
TableA.6.3:ResultsatthecomponentlevelforMEA0.2
139
E P ,k
E D ,k
k y D ,k
(MW)
231.30
508.76
530.67
31.72
39.91
24.91
23.89
0.12
5.67
0.87
1.05
15.47
7.81
29.18
3.23
15.42
18.54
13.93
0.04
0.96
0.02
0.00
0.44
16.93
3.00
2.86
2.82
2.83
0.26
0.58
0.18
2.32
334.63
(MW)
11.38
220.87
20.47
3.34
3.73
4.01
2.57
0.06
0.43
0.19
0.38
3.54
3.76
2.11
0.20
2.42
0.85
0.64
0.01
0.16
0.01
0.00
0.02
1.59
0.54
0.59
0.61
0.66
0.03
0.04
0.00
0.11
67.95
8.54
0.90
0.72
0.68
0.70
2.25
1.17
368.27
(%) (%)
95.3 1.56
69.7 30.23
96.3 2.80
90.5 0.46
91.4 0.51
86.1 0.55
90.3 0.35
69.0 0.01
92.9 0.06
82.5 0.03
73.3 0.05
81.4 0.49
67.5 0.51
93.2 0.29
94.2 0.03
86.4 0.33
95.6 0.12
95.6 0.09
78.8 0.00
85.4 0.02
61.0 0.00
71.8 0.00
95.6 0.00
91.4 0.22
84.6 0.07
82.9 0.08
82.1 0.08
81.1 0.09
88.5 0.00
92.9 0.01
99.9 0.00
95.5 0.02
9.30
1.17
0.12
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.31
0.16
45.8 50.41
1268.4
cP ,k C D ,k
cF ,k
(/GJ) (/GJ) (/h)
16.9
19.4
690
9.2
13.7
7,276
15.4
16.9
1,137
15.4
18.7
185
15.4
18.4
207
15.4
19.3
223
15.4
18.6
143
15.4
32.2
3
15.4
19.9
24
15.4
20.8
10
15.4
27.0
21
15.4
22.6
197
15.4
27.3
209
19.4
22.1
147
19.3
22.5
14
22.9
29.3
200
19.3
22.1
59
19.3
22.1
45
17.9
78.7
1
17.9
33.2
11
17.9
139.4
1
17.9
405.7
0
23.3
41.4
2
22.1
43.2
127
22.1
153.7
43
22.1
78.6
47
22.1
77.2
49
22.1
77.6
52
19.3
21.8
2
19.4
20.8
3
15.4
15.4
0
22.9
24.0
9
22.1
5,417
29.5
908
56.7
184
60.8
157
63.4
156
65.4
165
23.4
190
9.2
27.6 12,133
Z k
C D ,k Z k
fk
(/h)
1,395
997
1,595
155
181
87
109
4
64
5
19
171
94
127
21
134
118
89
7
40
8
2
27
1,159
365
356
354
360
0
0
0
0
1,086
60
8
8
7
9
26
11
9,257
(/h)
2,086
8,273
2,732
340
389
310
252
7
88
15
40
368
303
274
35
334
178
134
8
51
8
3
29
1,286
408
403
403
412
2
3
0
9
6,503
968
191
165
163
174
216
21,390
(%)
66.9
12.0
58.4
45.5
46.7
28.2
43.3
55.9
72.8
33.0
47.2
46.4
31.0
46.2
60.6
40.1
66.6
66.7
92.0
79.2
90.6
98.1
94.1
90.1
89.4
88.3
87.9
87.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
16.7
6.2
4.1
4.9
4.5
5.2
12.1
43.3
rk
bF ,k
bP ,k
B D ,k
Yk

14.9
6.1
6.4
249.94
0.24
49.4
3.5
5.6
2746.20
0.38
9.3
5.9
6.1
432.98
1.13
20.9
5.9
6.6
70.63
1.24
19.0
5.9
6.5
78.93
0.13
24.9
5.9
6.9
84.76
0.09
20.6
5.9
6.6
54.33
0.79
108.7
5.9
8.9
1.17
0.00
29.2
5.9
6.4
9.13
0.04
35.0
5.9
7.3
3.93
0.00
74.7
5.9
8.3
8.10
0.01
46.3
5.9
7.4
74.97
0.12
77.3
5.9
9.1
79.57
0.10
14.4
6.8
7.3
51.61
0.28
16.5
6.7
7.2
4.87
0.10
27.9
7.5
8.8
65.52
0.19
14.4
6.7
7.1
20.72
0.20
14.4
6.7
7.1
15.57
0.17
338.7
6.3
8.3
0.22
0.00
84.9
6.3
7.6
3.75
0.00
677.1
0.5
10.4
0.02
0.00
2161.2
76.4
14.0
0.20
0.00
77.9
7.6
8.0
0.55
0.04
95.4
7.1
7.8
40.73
3.78
594.8
7.1
30.2
13.88
0.70
255.3
7.1
11.8
15.07
0.28
249.1
7.1
11.3
15.67
0.14
11.2
16.79
0.20
250.8
7.1
12.9
6.7
7.6
0.83
0.00
7.6
6.8
7.3
1.08
0.00
0.1
5.9
5.9
0.00
0.00
4.7
7.5
7.9
2.98
0.00
6.8
1658.02
3.50
6.9
211.13
0.06
12.0
38.78
0.01
12.0
30.92
0.01
11.8
29.10
0.01
11.7
29.65
0.01
7.7
62.38
0.01
5.34
201.9
67.8
73.0
4579.01 19.27
B D ,k Yk
(Pts/h)
250.17
2746.59
434.11
71.87
79.06
84.85
55.12
1.17
9.17
3.94
8.12
75.09
79.67
51.89
4.97
65.71
20.93
15.74
0.22
3.75
0.02
0.20
0.58
44.51
14.57
15.35
15.81
16.99
0.83
1.08
0.00
2.98
1661.52
211.20
38.78
30.93
29.10
29.66
62.38
4598.28
f b ,k
rb ,k
(%) (%)
0.09
4.9
0.01
63.5
0.26
3.9
1.72
12.1
0.16
10.6
0.11
18.2
1.43
12.3
0.17
51.0
0.41
8.7
0.08
24.1
0.16
41.4
0.16
26.0
0.12
54.6
0.54
8.1
2.07
7.0
0.29
17.4
0.97
5.2
1.10
5.2
0.14
30.3
0.01
19.3
0.12 1880.4
0.05 81.7
6.02
5.3
8.49
10.3
4.78 325.7
1.85
66.4
0.87
58.7
1.20
57.8
0.00
12.9
0.00
7.6
0.00
0.1
0.00
4.7
0.21
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.42
7.6
139
B kPF
E F ,k
(MW)
242.68
729.62
551.15
35.06
43.64
28.92
26.46
0.18
6.10
1.06
1.43
19.02
11.57
31.29
3.43
17.84
19.39
14.57
0.04
1.12
0.03
0.00
0.46
18.53
3.54
3.45
3.44
3.49
0.30
0.63
0.18
2.43
86.54
9.50
0.98
0.80
0.75
0.78
3.02
1.99
730.58
27.68
Component,k
C1
CC
GT
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
HPST
IPST
LPST
ST4
ST5
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
Deaerator
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
M1
M2
M3
M4
CAU
COOLCAU
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
COND
CT
Total
Exergyloss
TableA.6.4:ResultsatthecomponentlevelforMEA0
140
TableA.6.5:ResultsatthestreamlevelforMEA0.2
m j
Tj
p j E PH , j
E CH , j
E tot , j
cj
(MW)
(MW)
(MW)
(/GJ)
0.00
0.96
0.96
0.00
0.0
231.30
0.96
232.25
19.28 16,124
6.4
5,332
8.15
721.47
729.62
9.15
24,037
3.5
9,072
735.74
5.27
741.01
15.43 41,158
5.9
15,675
184.60
5.27
189.87
15.43 10,546
5.9
4,016
78.86
2.25
81.11
15.43
5.9
1,716
bj
B j
Stream,
j
(kg/s)
(C)
(bar)
614.50
15.00
1.01
614.50
392.90
17.00
14.00
15.00
50.00
628.50 1264.03 16.49
628.50
580.64
1.06
268.50
580.64
1.06
268.50
447.62
1.05
52.40
2.25
54.65
15.43
3,035
5.9
1,156
360.00
580.64
1.06
105.73
3.02
108.75
15.43
6,040
5.9
2,300
15.43
4,093
5.9
1,559
2,715
1,792

0
4,505
360.00
449.30
1.05
70.67
3.02
73.69
10
628.50
448.58
1.04
123.07
5.27
128.34
15.43
7,128
5.9
11
628.50
341.18
1.04
79.43
5.27
84.70
15.43
4,704
5.9
12
628.50
257.91
1.04
50.51
5.27
55.78
15.43
3,098
5.9
1,180
13
628.50
257.35
1.04
50.33
5.27
55.60
15.43
3,088
5.9
1,176
14
628.50
237.62
1.04
44.23
5.27
49.50
15.43
2,749
5.9
1,047
15
628.50
234.08
1.04
43.17
5.27
48.44
15.43
2,690
5.9
1,025
15.43
2,611
5.9
994
592
16
628.50
229.24
1.04
41.73
5.27
47.00
17
628.50
156.37
1.03
22.72
5.27
27.99
15.43
1,554
5.9
18
628.50
94.79
1.03
11.14
5.27
16.41
0.00
0.0
19
94.71
32.89
3.73
0.24
0.24
0.47
26.10
44
7.5
13
20
94.71
136.37
3.62
8.05
0.24
8.28
28.33
845
9.4
279
21
95.40
140.01
3.62
8.55
0.24
8.79
28.99
917
9.3
294
28.99
696
9.3
223
22
23
22
72.43
140.01
3.62
6.49
0.18
6.67
23
7.22
140.01
3.62
0.65
0.02
0.67
28.99
69
9.3
24
7.22
140.49
25.13
0.67
0.02
0.68
32.12
79
9.3
25
7.22
216.62
24.38
1.54
0.02
1.56
26.06
146
8.3
46
26
7.22
222.62
24.38
7.21
0.02
7.23
21.39
557
6.8
178
27
7.22
237.91
23.16
7.33
0.02
7.35
21.59
571
6.9
182
28
72.43
305.14
23.16
79.35
0.18
79.53
19.87
5,689
6.9
1,975
29
72.43
560.64
22.00
103.24
0.18
103.42
19.64
7,311
6.8
2,550
30
39.00
9.85
3.90
0.02
0.10
0.12
19.64
6.8
31
22.28
214.08
4.10
18.06
0.06
18.12
24.09
1,571
7.8
511
32
22.28
146.37
4.32
17.01
0.06
17.07
23.85
1,466
7.8
479
33
0.68
146.37
4.32
0.52
0.00
0.52
23.85
45
7.8
15
34
22.96
140.01
3.62
2.06
0.06
2.12
28.99
221
9.3
71
35
22.96
140.02
4.32
2.06
0.06
2.12
29.34
224
9.3
71
36
22.96
146.37
4.32
17.53
0.06
17.59
23.85
1,511
7.8
493
37
65.21
140.01
3.62
5.84
0.16
6.01
28.99
627
9.3
201
38
65.21
141.75 134.56
6.80
0.16
6.96
29.70
745
9.1
228
39
65.21
325.17 130.53
31.72
0.16
31.88
21.84
2,506
7.5
863
40
65.21
331.17 130.53
71.63
0.16
71.79
20.02
5,175
7.0
1,807
19.68
7,334
6.9
2,569
1,793
41
65.21
560.64 124.00
103.35
0.16
103.51
42
65.21
313.21
23.16
72.06
0.16
72.22
19.68
5,117
6.9
43
55.71
275.88
4.10
48.31
0.14
48.45
21.36
3,725
7.2
1,263
44
55.71
32.88
0.05
7.37
0.14
7.51
21.36
577
7.2
196
45
94.71
32.88
0.05
0.20
0.24
0.44
21.77
34
7.4
12
46
628.50
122.27
1.30
28.08
5.27
33.35
29.73
3,569
6.9
834
47
628.50
51.00
1.30
18.58
5.27
23.85
29.73
2,552
6.9
596
48
595.25
46.74
1.03
5.98
1.47
7.45
181.88
4,877
44.4
1,191
49
33.25
139.10
1.03
0.67
10.57
11.24
29.73
1,203
6.9
281
50
33.25
267.18
3.22
4.45
10.57
15.02
55.68
3,010
11.7
632
51
33.23
40.00
3.20
2.14
10.57
12.71
55.68
2,548
11.7
535
52
0.01
40.00
3.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.0
53
33.23
151.78
10.22
5.01
10.57
15.58
63.84
3,580
12.5
704
54
33.01
40.00
10.21
4.20
10.58
14.78
63.84
3,396
12.5
667
55
0.22
40.00
10.21
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.0
56
33.01
152.67
32.46
7.02
10.58
17.60
65.96
4,179
12.4
784
57
32.94
40.00
32.45
6.25
10.59
16.84
65.96
3,999
12.4
750
58
0.07
40.00
32.45
0.00
0.00
0.00
59
32.94
154.69 103.09
9.08
10.59
19.67
60
32.92
30.00
103.09
8.30
10.60
18.89
61
0.03
30.00
103.09
0.00
0.00
62
4036.07
15.00
1.01
0.00
63
109.58
15.00
1.01
64
57.66
16.00
65
4088.00
23.73
66
39.00
67
141
0.0
67.60
4,787
12.2
866
0.00
0.0
0.00
0.00
0.0
6.28
6.28
0.00
0.0
0.00
0.27
0.27
0.00
0.0
1.01
0.00
0.14
0.14
0.00
0.0
1.01
1.80
5.87
7.67
0.0
317.23
4.10
35.45
0.10
35.55
19.64
2,513
6.8
877
33.43
317.23
4.10
30.39
0.08
30.48
19.64
2,154
6.8
751
68
94.71
32.88
0.05
7.23
0.24
7.47
21.77
586
7.4
199
69
72.43
317.23
4.10
65.85
0.18
66.03
19.64
4,668
6.8
1,628
70
5.07
317.23
4.10
4.61
0.01
4.62
19.64
327
6.8
114
71
67.37
317.23
4.10
61.24
0.17
61.41
19.64
4,341
6.8
1,514
19.64
1,920
6.8
670
1,049
1,322
0.00
0.00
72
29.80
317.23
4.10
27.09
0.07
27.17
73
29.80
560.64
22.00
42.48
0.07
42.55
19.64
3,008
6.8
74
37.56
560.64
22.00
53.54
0.09
53.63
19.64
3,791
6.8
75
37.56
317.23
4.10
34.15
0.09
34.24
19.64
2,421
6.8
844
76
67.37
560.64
22.00
96.02
0.17
96.19
19.64
6,799
6.8
2,372
19.64
511
6.8
178
77
5.07
560.64
22.00
7.22
0.01
7.24
78
5765.82
16.00
1.37
0.25
14.40
14.65
79
5765.82
16.00
1.01
0.04
14.40
14.44
80
1580.32
26.00
1.33
1.40
3.95
5.35
81
5765.82
23.73
1.33
3.31
14.40
17.72
82
4185.50
22.88
1.33
1.99
10.45
12.44
83
4185.50
16.00
1.37
0.18
10.45
10.64
84
5320.01
16.00
1.37
0.23
13.29
13.52
85
5495.45
16.00
1.37
0.24
13.73
13.97
86
5589.87
16.00
1.37
0.24
13.96
14.21
87
5675.09
16.00
1.37
0.25
14.18
14.42
88
90.73
16.00
1.37
0.00
0.23
0.23
89
90.73
26.00
1.33
0.08
0.23
0.31
90
1489.59
26.00
1.33
1.32
3.72
5.04
91
1404.37
26.00
1.33
1.25
3.51
4.76
92
1309.95
26.00
1.33
1.16
3.27
4.44
93
1134.51
26.00
1.33
1.01
2.83
3.84
94
1134.51
16.00
1.37
0.05
2.83
2.88
95
175.44
26.00
1.33
0.16
0.44
0.59
96
175.44
16.00
1.37
0.01
0.44
0.45
97
94.42
26.00
1.33
0.08
0.24
0.32
98
94.42
16.00
1.37
0.00
0.24
0.24
99
85.22
26.00
1.33
0.08
0.21
0.29
100
85.22
16.00
1.37
0.00
0.21
0.22
101
39.00
9.94
0.05
0.00
0.10
0.10
102
14.00
15.00
17.00
5.90
721.47
727.37
103
498.50
392.90
17.00
187.64
0.78
188.41
104
512.50 1435.04 16.49
704.31
5.80
710.10
105
116.00
392.90
17.00
43.66
0.18
43.84
106
116.00
392.90
16.49
43.37
0.18
43.55
107
C1
242.68
16.86 14,728
6.1
5,332
22.61
2,375
7.5
789
65
108
ST1
29.18
109
ST2
2.46
23.47
208
7.4
110
ST3
35.38
27.78
3,538
8.6
1,099
111
CONDP
0.04
18.46
6.5
112
IPP
0.03
18.46
6.5
113
HPP
1.12
18.46
74
6.5
26
18.46
6.5
0
6,328
114
LPP
0.00
115
GT1
288.00
16.86 17,479
6.1
116
C2
18.53
22.47
1,499
7.2
483
117
C3
4.33
22.38
349
7.2
113
118
C4
3.45
22.38
278
7.2
90
119
C5
3.44
120
C6
3.49
121
ST4
18.54
122
ST5
14.71
tot
353.82
142
277
7.2
281
7.2
91
22.47
1,499
7.2
483
22.38
1,185
7.2
383
18.46 23,520
6.5
8,253
22.38
22.38
90
143
TableA.6.6:ResultsatthestreamlevelforMEA0
m j
Tj
Stream,
(kg/s)
(C)
j
1
614.50 15.00
2
614.50 392.90
3
14.00
15.00
4
628.50 1264.03
5
628.50 580.64
6
268.50 580.64
7
268.50 447.62
8
360.00 580.64
9
360.00 449.30
10
628.50 448.58
11
628.50 341.18
12
628.50 257.91
13
628.50 257.35
14
628.50 237.62
15
628.50 234.08
16
628.50 229.24
17
628.50 156.37
18
628.50 94.79
19
94.71
32.89
20
94.71 136.37
21
95.40 140.01
22
72.43 140.01
23
7.22
140.01
24
7.22
140.49
25
7.22
216.62
26
7.22
222.62
27
7.22
237.91
28
72.43 305.14
29
72.43 560.64
30
69.00
19.25
31
22.28 214.08
32
22.28 146.37
33
0.68
146.37
34
22.96 140.01
35
22.96 140.02
36
22.96 146.37
37
65.21 140.01
38
65.21 141.75
39
65.21 325.17
40
65.21 331.17
41
65.21 560.64
42
65.21 313.21
43
25.71 227.74
44
25.71
32.88
45
94.71
32.88
46
628.50 122.27
47
628.50 51.00
48
595.25 50.52
49
33.25
61.43
50
33.25 173.56
51
33.23
40.00
52
0.02
40.00
53
33.23 151.60
54
33.01
40.00
55
0.22
40.00
56
33.01 152.67
57
32.94
40.00
58
0.07
40.00
59
32.94 154.69
60
32.92
30.00
61
0.03
30.00
62
2312.94 15.00
63
64.32
15.00
64
33.04
16.00
65
2344.22 24.30
66
69.00 317.23
67
3.43
317.23
68
94.71
32.88
p j E PH , j
(bar)
1.01
17.00
50.00
16.49
1.06
1.06
1.05
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.03
1.03
3.73
3.62
3.62
3.62
3.62
25.13
24.38
24.38
23.16
23.16
22.00
3.90
4.10
4.32
4.32
3.62
4.32
4.32
3.62
134.56
130.53
130.53
124.00
23.16
4.10
0.05
0.05
1.30
1.30
1.03
1.03
3.22
3.21
3.21
10.22
10.21
10.21
32.46
32.45
32.45
103.09
103.09
103.09
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
4.10
4.10
0.05
(MW)
0.00
231.30
8.15
735.74
184.60
78.86
52.40
105.73
70.67
123.07
79.43
50.51
50.33
44.23
43.17
41.73
22.72
11.14
0.24
8.05
8.55
6.49
0.65
0.67
1.54
7.21
7.33
79.35
103.24
0.03
18.06
17.01
0.52
2.06
2.06
17.53
5.84
6.80
31.72
71.63
103.35
72.06
21.15
3.31
0.20
28.08
18.58
6.41
0.13
3.13
2.15
0.00
5.00
4.20
0.00
7.02
6.25
0.00
9.08
8.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.19
62.73
3.12
3.23
E CH , j E tot , j
(MW)
0.96
0.96
721.47
5.27
5.27
2.25
2.25
3.02
3.02
5.27
5.27
5.27
5.27
5.27
5.27
5.27
5.27
5.27
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.18
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.06
0.06
0.00
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.06
0.06
0.24
5.27
5.27
1.47
10.57
10.57
10.57
0.00
10.57
10.58
0.00
10.58
10.59
0.00
10.59
10.60
0.00
3.60
0.16
0.08
3.37
0.17
0.01
0.24
(MW)
0.96
232.25
729.62
741.01
189.87
81.11
54.65
108.75
73.69
128.34
84.70
55.78
55.60
49.50
48.44
47.00
27.99
16.41
0.47
8.28
8.79
6.67
0.67
0.68
1.56
7.23
7.35
79.53
103.42
0.20
18.12
17.07
0.52
2.12
2.12
17.59
6.01
6.96
31.88
71.79
103.51
72.22
21.21
3.37
0.44
33.35
23.85
7.88
10.71
13.70
12.72
0.00
15.58
14.78
0.00
17.60
16.84
0.00
19.67
18.89
0.00
3.60
0.16
0.08
4.56
62.90
3.13
3.46
cj
bj
B j
(/GJ) (/h) (Pts/GJ) (Pts/h)

0.0
0
0.0
0
19.3 4,479
6.4
5,331
9.2
6,677
3.5
9,072
15.4 11,432
5.9
15,672
15.4 2,929
5.9
4,016
15.4 1,251
5.9
1,715
15.4
843
5.9
1,156
15.4 1,678
5.9
2,300
15.4 1,137
5.9
1,558
15.4 1,980
5.9
2,714
15.4 1,307
5.9
1,791
15.4
861
5.9
1,180
15.4
858
5.9
1,176
15.4
764
5.9
1,047
15.4
747
5.9
1,024
15.4
725
5.9
994
15.4
432
5.9
592
0.0
0
0.0
0
27.5
13
7.7
13
27.4
227
9.0
269
28.0
246
8.9
283
28.0
187
8.9
215
28.0
19
8.9
21
31.2
21
9.0
22
25.4
40
8.0
45
21.1
153
6.7
175
21.3
156
6.8
179
19.6 1,555
6.8
1,943
19.3 2,000
6.7
2,511
19.3
4
6.7
5
23.5
425
7.6
498
23.3
397
7.6
466
23.3
12
7.6
14
28.0
59
8.9
68
28.4
60
9.0
68
23.3
409
7.6
481
28.0
168
8.9
193
28.7
200
8.8
220
21.3
680
7.3
843
19.7 1,413
6.9
1,776
19.4 2,005
6.8
2,528
19.4 1,399
6.8
1,764
22.9
486
7.5
574
22.9
77
7.5
91
23.4
10
7.7
12
29.5
985
6.9
824
29.5
704
6.9
589
0.0
0
65.2
1,850
29.5
316
6.9
265
56.7
777
12.0
590
56.7
721
12.0
548
0.0
0
0.0
0
60.7
945
11.9
669
60.7
897
11.9
635
0.0
0
0.0
0
63.3 1,115
11.8
749
63.3 1,067
11.8
717
0.0
0
0.0
0
65.4 1,286
11.7
831
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
0.0
0
19.3 1,216
6.7
1,527
19.3
61
6.7
76
23.4
81
7.7
96
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
72.43 317.23 4.10

6.65
317.23 4.10
65.78 317.23 4.10
28.22 317.23 4.10
28.22 560.64 22.00
37.56 560.64 22.00
37.56 317.23 4.10
65.78 560.64 22.00
6.65
560.64 22.00
3304.20 16.00
1.37
3304.20 16.00
1.01
1504.35 26.00
1.33
3304.20 24.30
1.33
1799.85 22.88
1.33
1799.85 16.00
1.37
2934.36 16.00
1.37
3034.01 16.00
1.37
3128.25 16.00
1.37
3213.47 16.00
1.37
90.73
16.00
1.37
90.73
26.00
1.33
1413.62 26.00
1.33
1328.40 26.00
1.33
1234.16 26.00
1.33
1134.51 26.00
1.33
1134.51 16.00
1.37
99.65
26.00
1.33
99.65
16.00
1.37
94.24
26.00
1.33
94.24
16.00
1.37
85.22
26.00
1.33
85.22
16.00
1.37
69.00
19.34
0.05
14.00
15.00 17.00
498.50 392.90 17.00
512.50 1435.04 16.49
116.00 392.90 17.00
116.00 392.90 16.49
65.85
6.05
59.80
25.65
40.22
53.54
34.15
93.76
9.48
0.14
0.02
1.34
2.14
0.85
0.08
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.00
0.08
1.26
1.18
1.10
1.01
0.05
0.09
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.08
0.00
0.00
5.90
187.64
704.31
43.66
43.37
0.18
0.02
0.16
0.07
0.07
0.09
0.09
0.16
0.02
8.25
8.25
3.76
8.25
4.50
4.50
7.33
7.58
7.81
8.03
0.23
0.23
3.53
3.32
3.08
2.83
2.83
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.24
0.21
0.21
0.17
721.47
0.78
5.80
0.18
0.18
C1
ST1
ST2
ST3
CONDP
IPP
HPP
LPP
GT1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
ST4
ST5
tot
66.03
6.07
59.96
25.72
40.29
53.63
34.24
93.92
9.50
8.40
8.28
5.09
10.39
5.35
4.57
7.46
7.71
7.95
8.17
0.23
0.31
4.79
4.50
4.18
3.84
2.88
0.34
0.25
0.32
0.24
0.29
0.22
0.18
727.37
188.41
710.10
43.84
43.55
242.68
29.18
3.23
15.42
0.04
0.03
1.12
0.00
288.00
18.53
3.54
3.45
3.44
3.49
18.54
13.93
334.63
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
16.9
22.1
22.5
29.3
17.9
17.9
17.9
17.9
16.9
22.1
22.1
22.1
22.1
22.1
22.1
22.1
17.9
1,277
117
1,159
497
779
1,037
662
1,816
184
4091.0
646.1
72.8
451.7
0.8
0.6
20.1
0.0
4855.0
409.7
78.3
76.3
76.0
77.1
409.9
308.0
6004.1
144
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.1
7.3
7.2
8.8
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
6.3
1,603
147
1,456
625
978
1,302
831
2,280
231
5,331
770
84
489
1
1
26
0
6,327
473
90
88
88
89
473
356
7,643
C1
51
ASU
21
C9
22
23
COOL7
25
C10
NGPH
29
: 50.3%, : 48.0%
Wnet: 352.0 MW
26
24
C8
CC
18
M2
17
44
16
74
GT1
M5
GT2
IPST
M1
44
42
GEN1
40
41
COOL1
76
40 1
43
HPEV
HPST
10
38
15
32
33
77
52
40 0
39
C7
GEN2
11
55
31
30
38
14
12
20
75
19
34
WPH1
36
M3
27
52
53
HPP
GT3
35
HPEC
54
W PH2
20
28
82
G
83
GEN3
13
37
84
C2
F G C OND
COND P
78
45
FigureA.7.1:StructureoftheSGrazcycle
HPSH
WPH3
56
86
80
50
34
C5
62
59
C3
88
60
C4
M4
COOL2 57
81
85
90
91
63
94
89
58
COOL3
61
COOL4
92
64
65
87
93
97
COOL5
96
95
79
100
C6
67
66
73
68
72
70
101
47
CT
49
CT P
46
M5
99
98
COOL6
48
70
69
145
A.7:TheSGrazcycle
TableA.7.1:ResultsatthecomponentlevelfortheSGrazcycle
Component,k
C1
CC
GT1
GT2
GT3
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
NGPH
WPH1
WPH2
WPH3
HPST
IPST
ASU
CONDP
HPP
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
FGCOND
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
COOL5
COOL6
COOL7
CT
Total
Exergyloss
E F ,k
E P ,k
E D ,k
y D ,k
(MW)
53.76
736.37
264.57
362.41
78.21
52.48
65.48
1.35
7.05
5.57
31.83
16.19
30.46
1.60
51.24
0.01
1.61
12.45
4.69
4.70
4.75
4.84
92.86
132.31
16.43
17.72
15.59
13.73
0.49
0.04
5.52
13.67
1.53
4.55
1.03
1.03
1.05
19.22
4.81
7.42
733.16
31.89
(MW)
50.84
551.82
253.32
345.23
69.56
46.00
58.00
1.27
3.61
3.09
25.56
14.67
28.56
1.50
11.46
0.01
1.41
11.04
3.95
3.93
3.94
3.97
86.56
124.67
13.73
14.93
13.20
11.40
0.31
0.02
4.50
352.01
(MW)
2.92
184.55
11.25
17.18
8.65
6.48
7.47
0.08
3.44
2.48
6.27
1.52
1.90
0.10
39.78
0.00
0.20
1.41
0.74
0.77
0.81
0.87
6.30
7.63
2.70
2.80
2.39
2.33
0.19
0.02
1.02
7.36
1.35
4.30
0.94
0.94
0.95
1.00
4.53
3.63
349.26
(%)
94.6
74.9
95.7
95.3
88.9
87.7
88.6
93.9
51.2
55.5
80.3
90.6
93.8
93.6
22.4
78.1
87.7
88.7
84.1
83.5
83.0
81.9
93.2
94.2
83.5
84.2
84.6
83.0
62.2
40.8
81.6
48.0
(%)
0.40
25.17
1.53
2.34
1.18
0.88
1.02
0.01
0.47
0.34
0.85
0.21
0.26
0.01
5.43
0.00
0.03
0.19
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.86
1.04
0.37
0.38
0.33
0.32
0.03
0.00
0.14
1.00
0.18
0.59
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.62
0.50
47.64
146
TableA.7.2:ResultsatthestreamlevelfortheSGrazcycle
m j
Stream,
(kg/s)
j
1
256.1
2
256.1
3
14.1
4
379.1
5
379.1
6
383.8
7
369.1
8
10.0
9
383.8
10
383.8
11
383.8
12
383.8
13
213.0
14
213.0
15
213.0
16
213.0
17
213.0
18
293.0
19
85.1
20
85.1
21
62.0
22
62.0
23
62.0
24
62.0
25
14.1
26
14.1
27
31.5
28
116.7
29
80.0
30
170.8
31
13.1
32
6.4
33
6.7
34
3.5
35
157.7
36
157.7
37
41.1
38
94.8
39
94.8
40
94.8
41
94.8
42
80.0
43
4.8
44
4.8
45
116.7
46
6143.5
47
177.2
48
87.8
49
6232.9
50
41.1
51
194.1
52
9.6
53
94.8
54
94.8
55
94.8
56
41.1
57
44.5
58
0.0
59
44.5
60
44.5
61
0.0
62
44.5
63
44.5
64
0.0
65
44.5
66
44.5
67
0.0
68
44.5
Tj
(C)
15.00
218.93
15.00
1373.30
1069.85
1059.05
1401.51
393.86
614.29
504.92
346.17
342.48
342.48
144.00
394.07
315.00
646.91
547.48
36.16
95.00
15.00
297.19
60.00
359.60
15.00
330.00
36.16
36.16
331.66
342.48
342.48
89.12
89.11
30.00
342.48
75.09
36.16
321.29
325.17
331.17
560.00
393.86
393.86
220.31
36.16
15.00
15.00
16.00
25.15
40.86
14.99
30.00
88.43
89.61
263.21
351.80
40.00
40.00
157.32
40.00
40.00
157.57
40.00
40.00
158.58
40.00
40.00
160.92
p j E PH , j
(bar)
1.01
6.00
50.00
38.80
10.71
10.71
38.80
42.96
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.01
6.33
6.33
40.00
40.00
1.03
1.00
1.01
6.80
6.79
40.00
40.02
40.00
1.03
1.03
40.81
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.02
0.06
0.06
134.56
130.53
130.53
124.00
42.96
42.96
10.71
0.06
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.01
1.00
1.00
143.02
138.73
1.02
1.00
1.00
3.22
3.21
3.21
10.22
10.21
10.21
32.46
32.45
32.45
103.09
(MW)
0.00
50.84
8.19
951.61
687.04
690.45
941.38
12.62
328.04
275.56
210.08
208.74
115.83
84.00
170.57
154.38
279.05
370.66
0.26
3.35
0.00
13.73
8.92
23.84
7.72
11.80
0.10
0.36
93.94
92.90
7.12
1.32
0.23
0.00
85.78
7.57
6.49
44.83
46.09
104.10
150.10
100.99
6.03
4.43
0.35
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.84
0.01
0.00
0.02
3.18
4.60
30.16
4.56
0.01
0.00
3.96
2.93
0.00
6.86
5.83
0.00
9.76
8.71
0.00
12.68
E CH , j E tot , j
(MW)
0.40
0.40
724.58
28.26
28.26
28.27
28.24
0.02
28.27
28.27
28.27
28.27
15.69
15.69
15.69
15.69
15.69
15.89
0.21
0.21
7.40
7.40
7.40
7.40
724.58
724.58
0.08
0.29
0.20
12.58
0.96
0.95
0.02
0.94
11.62
11.62
11.37
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.20
0.01
0.01
0.29
9.56
0.44
0.22
8.97
11.37
4.06
0.02
0.24
0.24
0.24
11.37
12.29
0.00
12.29
12.29
0.00
12.29
12.29
0.00
12.29
12.29
0.00
12.29
(MW)
0.40
51.24
732.76
979.87
715.30
718.72
969.62
12.65
356.31
303.83
238.36
237.01
131.52
99.69
186.26
170.07
294.74
386.55
0.48
3.57
7.40
21.13
16.31
31.24
732.30
736.37
0.18
0.65
94.14
105.49
8.09
2.27
0.25
0.94
97.40
19.19
4.88
45.06
46.33
104.34
150.34
101.19
6.04
4.44
0.64
9.56
0.44
0.22
12.80
11.38
4.06
0.04
3.42
4.83
30.40
15.92
12.30
0.00
16.25
15.22
0.00
19.14
18.11
0.00
22.05
21.00
0.00
24.97
147
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
44.5
0.0
8776.5
8776.5
329.1
329.1
551.0
221.9
221.9
8156.4
8447.4
291.0
291.0
7934.5
7473.0
7473.0
461.5
7764.0
8315.0
111.1
111.1
350.4
111.3
111.3
8426.1
239.1
113.6
113.6
8537.4
125.5
125.5
8651.0
8776.5
30.00
30.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
26.00
26.00
26.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
16.00
26.00
16.00
16.00
25.00
16.00
25.04
25.10
16.00
26.00
16.00
16.00
26.00
25.11
16.00
16.00
26.00
25.12
16.00
26.00
25.14
25.15
103.09
103.09
1.01
1.37
1.37
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.33
1.37
1.37
1.33
1.37
1.33
1.33
1.37
1.33
1.37
1.37
1.33
1.33
1.37
1.37
1.33
1.33
1.37
1.33
1.33
1.33
11.56
0.00
0.06
0.38
0.01
0.29
0.49
0.20
0.01
0.35
0.37
0.01
0.26
0.34
0.32
5.54
0.02
5.80
6.29
0.00
0.10
0.02
0.00
0.10
6.38
0.01
0.00
0.10
6.48
0.01
0.11
6.58
6.69
12.31
0.00
21.92
21.92
0.82
0.82
1.38
0.55
0.55
20.37
21.10
0.73
0.73
19.82
18.67
18.67
1.15
19.39
20.77
0.28
0.28
0.88
0.28
0.28
21.05
0.60
0.28
0.28
21.33
0.31
0.31
21.61
21.92
C7
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C1
C9
C10
P2
P1
C8
GT2
GT3
ST1
ST2
GT1
tot
23.86
0.00
21.99
22.30
0.84
1.11
1.87
0.75
0.56
20.73
21.47
0.74
0.99
20.16
18.99
24.21
1.17
25.19
27.06
0.28
0.38
0.89
0.28
0.38
27.43
0.61
0.29
0.38
27.81
0.32
0.43
28.19
28.62
92.18
12.52
4.64
4.70
4.68
4.76
53.76
16.43
17.72
1.52
0.01
132.38
344.16
69.50
28.71
1.65
253.37
352.07
148
57
83
GT
Mix CH4/Air
59
51
H2 PH
71
79
60
NGPH
M4
RH2
27
53
61
57
72
69
C3
APH
94
C2
CAU
ATR
G GEN1
CC
70
: 48.5%, : 46.5%
Wnet: 339.8 MW
Mix CH4/H2O
58
55
62
85
C5
104
105
56
114
HPSH2
C1
28
39
51
117
81
82
116
68
53
88
10
RH1
64
WPH1
HPEV
55
C4
67
38
38
41
LPSH2
63
63
109
92
78
37
11
WPH2
65
S HIFTE R2 66
77
36
HPSH1
80
115
107
108
42
12
HPEC
119
COOL2
26
100
M3
IPS H
25
M2
55
13
125
95
24
HPST40
39
27
102
120
111
110
86
HPP
IPST1
IPE V
36
ST5
89
99
FigureA.8.1:StructureoftheATRplant
26
WPH3
COOL1
S HIFTE R1
COOL CAU
106
118
30
31
14
35
23
IPP
22
21
20
32
19
80
15
43
M1
90
29
30
29
GEN2
IPE C
LPST
De-aerator
IPST2
54
89
33
LPSH1
16
LPP
97
46
COND
91
43
M5
LPEV
101
34
17
84
44
45
98
87
50
49
M8
LPEC
COND P
M6
47
18
MUW P
48
103
M7
45
44
112
CT P
73
CT
74
Chimne
93
113
76
75
149
A.8:TheATRplant
150
TableA.8.1:ResultsatthecomponentlevelfortheATRplant
Component,k
C1
CC
GT1
HPSH1
HPSH2
HPEV
HPEC
RH1
RH2
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH1
LPSH2
LPEV
LPEC
NGPH
H2PH
APH
WPH1
WPH2
WPH3
HPST
IPST1
IPST2
LPST
ST5
ATR
SHIFTER1
SHIFTER2
CAU
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
MUWP
C2
C3
C4
C5
Deaerator
M1
M2
M4
M5
M6
M7
M8
MixCH4/Air
MixCH4/H2O
COOLCAU
COOL1
COOL2
COND
CT
Total
Exergyloss
E F ,k
E P ,k
E D ,k
y D ,k
(MW)
221.95
659.64
519.91
2.37
26.00
36.90
10.69
11.37
8.76
5.51
30.37
6.89
1.54
3.37
19.39
13.01
34.36
32.61
9.38
3.05
10.38
1.26
19.56
19.98
15.88
23.85
11.30
809.32
690.54
659.61
33.54
0.04
1.05
0.18
0.05
0.01
10.21
2.70
2.87
4.34
0.65
0.17
0.23
1.79
2.11
1.01
0.31
0.08
428.31
507.54
13.71
0.73
0.62
5.17
2.50
730.62
32.75
(MW)
211.43
502.80
500.85
2.06
23.38
32.76
9.40
10.65
7.95
4.72
26.75
5.75
1.14
2.86
15.73
8.44
30.19
25.32
5.91
2.69
9.53
1.10
18.30
18.91
14.64
20.61
9.91
0.03
0.89
0.14
0.01
0.01
9.84
2.21
2.33
3.58
0.62
0.16
0.23
1.78
2.11
0.95
0.27
0.04
419.98
500.94
339.81
(MW)
10.53
156.84
19.06
0.31
2.62
4.14
1.29
0.72
0.81
0.79
3.62
1.14
0.40
0.52
3.66
4.57
4.17
7.30
3.47
0.36
0.86
0.16
1.26
1.07
1.24
3.24
1.39
51.81
3.43
0.63
29.95
0.01
0.17
0.04
0.03
0.00
0.37
0.48
0.54
0.76
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.06
0.03
0.05
8.33
6.60
12.63
0.67
0.56
3.85
1.48
358.06
(%)
95.3
76.2
96.3
86.9
89.9
88.8
87.9
93.7
90.8
85.6
88.1
83.5
74.1
84.7
81.1
64.9
87.9
77.6
63.0
88.1
91.7
87.2
93.6
94.6
92.2
86.4
87.7
77.5
84.3
77.8
28.9
68.0
96.4
82.0
81.2
82.4
95.7
95.9
99.4
99.2
100.0
94.1
88.9
43.0
98.1
98.7
46.5
(%)
1.44
21.47
2.61
0.04
0.36
0.57
0.18
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.50
0.16
0.05
0.07
0.50
0.63
0.57
1.00
0.47
0.05
0.12
0.02
0.17
0.15
0.17
0.44
0.19
7.09
0.47
0.09
4.10
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.14
0.90
1.73
0.09
0.08
0.53
0.20
49.01
TableA.8.2:ResultsatthestreamlevelfortheATRplant
m j
Tj
pj
Stream,
(kg/s)
(C)
(bar)
j
1
590.89 15.00
1.01
2
590.89 375.07 15.46
3
14.00
15.00 50.00
4
588.87 1250.87 16.49
5
588.87 577.02 1.11
6
178.87 562.53 1.06
7
178.87 498.89 1.05
8
410.00 562.53 1.06
9
410.00 479.33 1.05
10
588.87 485.28 1.05
11
588.87 395.77 1.05
12
588.87 367.81 1.05
13
588.87 352.91 1.05
14
588.87 263.09 1.04
15
588.87 240.05 1.04
16
588.87 234.70 1.04
17
588.87 158.26 1.03
18
588.87 83.81
1.03
19
112.53 142.17 3.84
20
89.32 142.17 3.84
21
34.11 142.17 3.84
22
34.11 142.74 39.68
23
34.11 242.09 38.49
24
34.11 248.09 38.49
25
34.11 347.81 36.57
26
78.85 352.99 36.57
27
78.85 532.53 33.00
28
17.69
60.00 13.20
29
22.26 220.05 4.32
30
22.26 148.26 4.54
31
0.95
148.26 4.54
32
23.21 142.17 3.84
33
23.21 142.56 4.54
34
23.21 148.26 4.54
35
55.21 142.17 3.84
36
55.21 144.16 146.05
37
55.21 329.19 137.40
38
55.21 335.19 137.40
39
55.21 542.53 124.00
40
55.21 356.97 36.57
41
30.28 228.43 4.32
42
30.28 331.00 4.10
43
30.28
32.88
0.05
44
3078.21 16.00
1.37
45
3078.21 22.88
1.33
46
80.52
32.88
0.05
47
31.05
15.00
1.01
48
31.05
15.02
4.08
49
111.57 27.92
4.08
50
80.52
32.90
4.08
51
105.94 350.00 14.06
52
55.21 268.18 141.65
53
78.85 457.45 34.74
54
39.77 251.79 4.32
55
31.05 411.52 15.00
56
60.89 375.07 15.46
57
60.89 530.00 14.69
58
14.00
15.00 15.00
59
45.05 297.03 15.00
60
105.94 640.00 14.67
61
105.94 850.00 14.09
62
105.94 619.43 14.07
63
55.21 178.15 141.67
64
105.94 470.24 13.63
65
105.94 200.00 13.62
66
105.94 212.43 13.21
67
105.94 170.00 13.20
68
105.94 150.00 13.20
E PH , j
E CH , j E tot , j
(MW)
0.00
211.43
8.15
701.33
181.42
52.24
43.48
119.78
93.78
137.25
100.35
89.66
84.14
53.77
46.88
45.34
25.95
12.94
10.41
8.26
3.15
3.30
9.05
35.80
40.52
94.21
112.81
0.26
18.30
17.16
0.74
2.15
2.16
17.89
5.11
5.99
27.61
60.37
85.81
66.25
25.12
27.97
4.12
0.13
1.46
0.17
0.00
0.01
0.17
0.20
66.40
18.21
104.86
33.83
36.56
21.79
27.70
5.63
38.14
92.02
133.33
99.01
8.68
76.00
48.51
48.67
45.62
44.36
(MW)
0.92
0.92
721.47
1.78
1.78
0.54
0.54
1.24
1.24
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
0.28
0.22
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.20
0.20
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.00
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.08
0.08
0.08
7.69
7.69
0.20
0.08
0.08
0.28
0.20
624.13
0.14
0.20
0.10
0.08
0.09
0.09
721.47
721.51
717.30
624.18
624.13
0.14
611.10
611.10
610.31
610.31
610.31
(MW)
0.92
212.35
729.62
703.11
183.19
52.78
44.02
121.02
95.02
139.03
102.13
91.43
85.92
55.55
48.66
47.11
27.72
14.72
10.69
8.48
3.24
3.38
9.13
35.89
40.61
94.41
113.01
0.30
18.35
17.21
0.74
2.20
2.22
17.95
5.24
6.13
27.74
60.51
85.94
66.39
25.19
28.05
4.20
7.82
9.15
0.37
0.08
0.09
0.44
0.41
690.54
18.34
105.06
33.93
36.64
21.88
27.79
727.11
759.66
809.32
757.51
723.15
8.82
687.10
659.61
658.98
655.93
654.67
151
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
88.25
58.87
58.87
1088.22
3363.76
90.98
48.05
3406.68
105.94
105.94
530.00
111.57
1552.28
1552.28
105.94
111.57
58.87
47.80
39.77
55.21
30.28
8.03
80.52
105.94
4805.37
530.00
44.74
10.46
10.46
50.24
39.77
0.00
39.77
39.77
1727.16
0.13
29.24
29.24
29.11
0.14
29.11
29.09
0.02
4805.37
4805.37
174.88
1643.63
91.35
91.35
83.53
83.53
1727.16
60.00
63.12
510.46
31.23
15.00
15.00
16.00
23.64
372.99
318.25
392.88
137.89
16.00
25.00
385.00
130.00
97.75
411.52
20.09
338.32
331.00
251.79
32.88
351.00
16.00
375.07
356.97
356.97
32.88
32.88
251.43
331.00
20.00
251.43
16.00
57.11
57.11
155.75
40.00
40.00
147.40
30.00
30.00
23.64
16.00
16.00
25.00
25.00
16.00
16.00
25.00
25.00
13.20
12.94
17.00
14.00
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
13.63
13.62
17.00
3.84
1.37
1.33
14.69
3.96
17.08
15.00
0.05
130.53
4.10
4.32
0.05
13.63
1.37
15.46
36.57
36.57
0.05
0.05
4.10
4.10
4.10
4.10
1.37
12.94
12.94
34.60
34.59
34.59
103.09
103.09
103.09
1.33
1.01
1.37
1.33
1.33
1.37
1.37
1.33
1.33
30.39
610.27
26.00
604.75
54.89
604.75
3.42
2.72
0.00
5.24
0.00
0.23
0.00
0.12
1.46
4.89
64.63
611.10
58.89
611.10
199.48
0.82
9.70
0.28
0.07
3.88
1.15
3.88
61.83
717.30
8.60
0.28
29.57
604.75
56.27
0.12
0.00
0.10
62.43
0.14
27.97
0.08
6.83
0.02
5.34
0.20
62.26
611.10
0.21
12.00
189.64
0.82
53.69
0.11
12.56
0.03
1.26
0.03
1.22
0.13
33.56
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.10
33.56
0.10
0.07
4.31
0.00
0.00
4.16
9.34
6.37
9.34
5.63
9.36
0.00
0.00
7.96
9.36
7.33
9.36
0.00
0.00
2.71
12.00
0.03
12.00
0.01
0.44
1.22
4.11
0.07
0.23
0.00
0.23
0.00
0.21
0.06
0.21
1.28
4.31
C1
ST1
ST2
ST3
ST4
CONDP
LPP
IPP
HPP
C2
MUWP
C5
C3
C4
GT1
ST5
tot
640.65
630.75
659.64
6.14
5.24
0.23
0.12
6.36
675.73
669.99
200.31
9.98
3.94
5.03
779.12
8.88
634.32
56.39
0.10
62.56
28.05
6.85
5.54
673.37
12.21
190.47
53.80
12.58
1.29
1.35
33.66
0.00
0.12
33.66
4.39
0.00
13.50
15.71
14.98
0.00
17.32
16.69
0.00
14.71
12.04
0.44
5.32
0.30
0.23
0.21
0.27
5.60
221.95
18.30
18.91
14.64
20.61
0.04
0.05
0.18
1.05
10.21
0.01
4.34
2.70
2.87
268.69
9.91
339.81
152
M3
55
NGPH
56
91
93
68
C2
94
CC
92
59
1 02
84
70
1 04
71
64
GT2
COOL1
83
81
57
C3
63 58
GT1
MSR-H2
1 03
69
: 47.8% , : 45.8%
Wnet: 334.6 MW
C1
60
38
61
72
66
67
37
1 01
DB
86
1 05
C4
12
11
10
75
13
IPSH
HPEC
HPEV
26
HPSH
RH
24
25
36
88
14
77
1 06
76
33
LPP
COOL3
87
1 00
IPEV
M2
48
HPST
39
40
41
20
C5
23
15
78
IPEC
22
IPP
21
46
M1
16
M5
90
COOL4
89
99
30
LPSH
29
52
80
79
LPEV
54
GEN2
COND
43
42
COND P
LPST
De -ae rator
19
HPP35
32
31
63
28
47 IPST2
IPST1
27
FigureA.9.1:StructureoftheMSRplant
73
COOL27 4
85
82
65
FG COND
GEN1
34
44
17
CT P
53
M4
49
LPEC
1 07
1 08
M UW P
51
45
18
50
95
96
CT
98
97
Chimney
153
A.9:TheMSRplant
TableA.9.1:ResultsatthecomponentlevelfortheMSRplant
Component,k
C1
CC
DB
GT1
GT2
RH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
NGPH
HPST
IPST1
IPST2
LPST
MSRH2
CONDP
LPP
HPP
IPP
MUWP
C2
C3
C4
C5
Deaerator
M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
FGCOND
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
COND
CT
Total
Exergyloss
E F ,k
E P ,k
E D ,k
y D ,k
(MW)
206.31
598.70
338.16
481.89
54.18
8.28
36.79
47.13
32.45
0.70
10.47
3.45
3.17
27.16
13.93
32.62
17.71
8.22
0.29
22.33
180.20
0.02
0.00
1.14
0.12
0.03
3.84
4.06
4.04
4.10
0.51
0.02
1.17
569.88
0.06
0.53
16.69
0.68
0.94
0.89
0.92
4.02
2.93
730.63
57.29
(MW)
196.73
455.59
252.94
463.51
50.81
7.21
32.41
40.95
25.58
0.59
9.89
2.84
2.40
21.11
9.33
28.56
16.64
7.78
0.27
19.29
171.88
0.01
0.00
0.98
0.08
0.02
3.19
3.37
3.33
3.34
0.49
0.02
1.07
565.03
0.01
0.45
334.64
(MW)
9.58
143.11
85.23
18.37
3.37
1.07
4.38
6.17
6.86
0.11
0.59
0.62
0.77
6.05
4.60
4.06
1.08
0.45
0.02
3.03
8.32
0.01
0.00
0.16
0.03
0.01
0.64
0.69
0.71
0.76
0.02
0.00
0.10
4.85
0.05
0.08
15.06
0.60
0.85
0.80
0.83
2.99
1.62
338.70
(%)
95.4
76.1
74.8
96.2
93.8
87.1
88.1
86.9
78.8
83.7
94.4
82.2
75.7
77.7
67.0
87.6
93.9
94.6
93.6
86.4
95.4
68.5
69.4
85.7
70.7
77.0
83.2
83.0
82.4
81.4
95.6
96.1
91.5
99.1
22.9
85.1
45.8
(%)
1.31
19.59
11.66
2.51
0.46
0.15
0.60
0.84
0.94
0.02
0.08
0.08
0.11
0.83
0.63
0.56
0.15
0.06
0.00
0.42
1.14
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.66
0.01
0.01
2.06
0.08
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.41
0.22
46.36
154
TableA.9.2:ResultsatthestreamlevelfortheMSRplant
m j
Tj
pj
Stream,
(kg/s)
(C)
(bar)
j
1
523.00 15.00
1.01
2
523.00 392.51 17.00
3
14.00
15.00 50.00
4
542.30 1230.15 16.49
5
542.30 567.08 1.11
6
553.20 994.77 1.10
7
553.20 674.76 1.06
8
553.20 609.47 1.06
9
553.20 592.38 1.06
10
553.20 513.25 1.05
11
553.20 401.68 1.05
12
553.20 314.01 1.04
13
553.20 311.97 1.04
14
553.20 280.43 1.04
15
553.20 269.55 1.04
16
553.20 259.32 1.04
17
553.20 156.38 1.03
18
553.20 72.68
1.03
19
111.13 139.81 3.60
20
79.81 139.81 3.60
21
12.89 139.81 3.60
22
12.89 140.86 57.12
23
12.89 264.43 55.40
24
12.89 270.43 55.40
25
12.89 294.01 52.63
26
23.81 347.74 52.63
27
23.81 559.47 50.00
28
0.83
217.70 4.10
29
30.57 249.55 4.10
30
30.57 146.37 4.32
31
0.75
146.37 4.32
32
31.32 139.81 3.60
33
31.32 139.82 4.32
34
31.32 146.37 4.32
35
66.92 139.81 3.60
36
66.92 141.54 134.56
37
66.92 325.17 130.53
38
66.92 331.17 130.53
39
66.92 559.38 124.00
40
10.92 422.41 52.63
41
31.40 248.71 4.10
42
0.00
32.88
0.05
43
31.40
32.88
0.05
44
2394.26 16.00
1.37
45
2394.26 22.88
1.33
46
31.40
32.88
0.05
47
0.83
392.96 17.00
48
56.00 422.41 52.63
49
4731.69 16.00
1.37
50
78.98
15.00
1.01
51
78.98
15.01
3.71
52
31.40
32.90
3.71
53
110.38 20.10
3.71
54
110.38 136.38 3.60
55
70.00 321.58 50.00
56
70.00 600.00 49.98
57
62.78 816.97 47.98
58
30.20 684.06 17.00
59
19.30 684.06 17.00
60
10.90 684.06 17.00
61
10.90 684.06 1.11
62
70.00 600.00 47.98
63
22.98 392.96 17.00
64
62.78 288.45 1.02
65
24.02
25.00
1.01
66
38.75
25.00
1.01
67
24.02
25.00
1.01
68
38.75
25.00
1.01
E PH , j
E CH , j E tot , j
(MW)
0.00
196.73
8.15
652.06
170.17
422.50
242.30
209.68
201.40
164.61
117.48
85.04
84.34
73.86
70.41
67.23
40.07
26.14
9.93
7.13
1.15
1.24
4.07
13.96
14.55
28.84
36.05
0.67
25.74
23.34
0.58
2.80
2.80
23.92
5.98
6.96
32.54
73.50
105.91
14.39
26.42
0.00
4.09
0.10
1.14
0.07
0.97
73.81
0.21
0.00
0.02
0.08
0.05
9.38
77.15
105.71
70.90
88.36
56.47
31.90
20.42
112.27
26.85
16.73
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
(MW)
0.81
0.81
721.47
1.07
1.07
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
0.28
0.20
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.06
0.06
0.00
0.08
0.08
0.00
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.03
0.08
0.00
0.08
5.98
5.98
0.08
0.00
0.14
11.82
0.20
0.20
0.08
0.28
0.28
721.58
721.58
18.31
848.50
542.23
306.27
306.27
861.61
0.06
18.31
0.06
18.25
0.06
18.25
(MW)
0.81
197.54
729.62
653.13
171.25
424.18
243.98
211.37
203.09
166.30
119.17
86.72
86.02
75.55
72.09
68.92
41.76
27.82
10.21
7.33
1.18
1.27
4.11
13.99
14.58
28.90
36.10
0.68
25.82
23.42
0.58
2.88
2.88
24.00
6.15
7.13
32.71
73.67
106.08
14.41
26.50
0.00
4.17
6.08
7.12
0.15
0.97
73.95
12.02
0.20
0.22
0.16
0.33
9.65
798.72
827.28
89.22
936.86
598.70
338.16
326.68
973.88
26.91
35.04
0.08
18.27
0.08
18.27
155
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
38.75
0.14
38.61
38.61
0.26
38.36
38.36
0.08
38.28
38.28
0.03
38.25
1932.57
1932.57
86.75
86.75
111.06
111.06
100.23
100.23
106.82
106.82
419.00
438.30
104.00
104.00
3312.18
92.58
47.32
3357.45
2337.43
2230.61
2130.38
2019.32
4326.83
4413.58
4524.64
4624.87
4731.69
4731.69
131.81 3.22
40.00
3.21
40.00
3.21
151.95 10.22
40.00 10.21
40.00 10.21
152.83 32.46
40.00 32.45
40.00 32.45
154.99 103.09
30.00 103.09
30.00 103.09
16.00
1.37
26.00
1.33
26.00
1.33
16.00
1.37
26.00
1.33
16.00
1.37
26.00
1.33
16.00
1.37
26.00
1.33
16.00
1.37
392.51 17.00
1392.45 16.49
392.51 17.00
392.51 16.49
15.00
1.01
15.00
1.01
16.00
1.01
24.42
1.01
26.00
1.33
26.00
1.33
26.00
1.33
26.00
1.33
16.00
1.37
16.00
1.37
16.00
1.37
16.00
1.37
16.00
1.01
24.42
1.33
3.21
0.00
2.54
5.91
0.00
4.96
8.29
0.00
7.39
10.73
0.00
9.80
0.08
1.72
0.08
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.09
0.00
0.09
0.00
157.61
624.23
39.12
38.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.75
2.08
1.98
1.89
1.79
0.19
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.03
3.13
18.25
0.00
18.25
18.25
0.00
18.26
18.26
0.00
18.27
18.27
0.00
18.28
4.83
4.83
0.22
0.22
0.28
0.28
0.25
0.25
0.27
0.27
0.65
1.04
0.16
0.16
5.16
0.23
0.12
4.83
5.84
5.57
5.32
5.04
10.81
11.02
11.30
11.55
11.82
11.82
C1
ST1
ST2
ST3
ST4
CONDP
LPP
HPP
IPP
GT1
GT2
MUWP
C2
C3
C4
C5
tot
21.47
0.00
20.79
24.16
0.00
23.22
26.55
0.00
25.66
29.00
0.00
28.08
4.91
6.54
0.29
0.22
0.38
0.28
0.34
0.25
0.36
0.27
158.26
625.27
39.28
39.02
5.16
0.23
0.12
6.57
7.92
7.55
7.21
6.84
11.00
11.22
11.50
11.75
11.85
14.95
206.31
16.67
7.80
0.29
19.33
0.02
0.00
1.15
0.12
256.99
50.81
0.03
3.84
4.06
4.04
4.10
334.53
156
C1
48
58
ASU
49
NGPH
C8
50
87
CC
47
51
GT
88
COOL5
C9
89
28
38
37
26
GEN1
IPS H
12
13
24
HPEV
HPSH
RH
HPEC
11
10
IPE V
36
14
33
LPP
28
IPST
41
31
M
19
23
20
HPP 35
32
15
22
GEN2
1 05
30
16
34
LPEV
COND P
COND
M3
M1
44
45
LPSH
29
46
110
43
LPST
42
1 06
56
17
LPEC
55
100
18
86
89
101
FG COND
53
52
1 11
85
59
C2
90
54
60
73
72
91
C6
1 02
1 03
62
COOL1 61
COOL6
FigureA.10.1:Structureofthesimpleoxyfuelplant
IPP
IPE C
21
De-aerator
ST4
109
HPST
108
39
40
27
: 44.8%, : 42.7%
Wnet: 313.4 MW
25
M2
107
C7
84
C3
63
75
74
65
COOL2
1 04
83
64
C4
92
66
94
M4
77
76
99
CT
96
68
COOL3
95
98
67
97
C5
93
82
69
79
78
81
COOL4
80
CT P
71
70
157
A.10:Thesimpleoxyfuelplant
TableA.10.1:Resultsatthecomponentlevelforthesimpleoxyfuelplant
Component,k
C1
CC
GT
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
RH
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
NGPH
HPST
IPST
LPST
ST4
ASU
CONDP
LPP
HPP
IPP
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
Deaerator
M1
M2
M3
M4
FGCOND
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
COOL5
COOL6
COND
CT
Total
Exergyloss
E F ,k
E P ,k
E D ,k
y D ,k
(MW)
56.60
733.81
437.91
41.65
51.98
33.59
22.83
0.10
4.45
0.77
0.85
12.43
10.23
3.56
35.41
28.63
51.25
21.91
53.95
0.04
0.00
1.25
0.02
4.82
4.80
4.76
4.83
62.77
56.67
16.43
17.89
0.46
0.65
0.50
0.17
1.20
9.39
1.16
1.14
1.07
1.10
4.87
17.07
11.84
6.62
733.18
31.08
(MW)
53.53
512.57
420.80
35.88
45.21
28.22
18.78
0.06
4.20
0.65
0.62
10.24
7.73
1.04
33.02
26.97
44.29
19.22
11.59
0.03
0.00
1.08
0.01
4.05
4.01
3.95
3.96
57.08
54.82
13.73
15.08
0.44
0.61
0.46
0.17
1.02
313.40
(MW)
3.07
221.24
17.11
5.78
6.78
5.37
4.05
0.04
0.25
0.13
0.23
2.20
2.50
2.52
2.39
1.66
6.96
2.69
42.36
0.01
0.00
0.17
0.01
0.78
0.79
0.81
0.87
5.70
1.85
2.70
2.81
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.18
7.63
1.03
1.03
0.97
1.00
4.59
15.78
8.81
3.78
388.71
(%)
94.6
69.9
96.1
86.1
87.0
84.0
82.3
61.4
94.4
83.7
72.9
82.3
75.6
29.3
93.2
94.2
86.4
87.7
21.5
78.5
64.3
86.1
63.9
83.9
83.5
83.0
82.1
90.9
96.7
83.5
84.3
95.6
93.1
92.4
100.0
84.9
42.7
(%)
0.42
30.18
2.33
0.79
0.92
0.73
0.55
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.30
0.34
0.34
0.33
0.23
0.95
0.37
5.78
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.78
0.25
0.37
0.38
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.02
1.04
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.63
2.15
1.20
0.51
53.02
158
TableA.10.2:Resultsatthestreamlevelforthesimpleoxyfuelplant
Stream,
j
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
m j
Tj
p j E PH , j
(kg/s)
(C)
(bar)
269.63
15.00
1.01
62.00
362.30 40.00
14.06
15.00 50.00
14.06
200.00 49.99
14.06
200.00 40.00
382.00 190.05 40.00
458.06 1400.60 38.80
458.06 706.24 1.04
458.06 649.69 1.04
458.06 539.56 1.04
458.06 381.68 1.03
458.06 253.47 1.02
458.06 253.03 1.02
458.06 232.65 1.02
458.06 228.98 1.02
458.06 224.88 1.02
458.06 156.38 1.02
458.06
66.08
1.02
94.41
140.01 3.62
79.22
140.01 3.62
5.36
140.01 3.62
5.36
140.52 25.13
5.36
216.62 24.38
5.36
222.62 24.38
5.36
233.47 23.16
56.94
304.77 23.16
56.94
560.24 22.00
56.94
323.28 4.32
14.51
208.98 4.10
14.51
146.37 4.32
0.68
146.37 4.32
15.19
140.01 3.62
15.19
140.02 4.32
15.19
146.37 4.32
73.86
140.01 3.62
73.86
141.70 134.56
73.86
325.17 130.53
73.86
331.17 130.53
73.86
560.19 124.00
73.86
312.86 23.16
71.46
255.91 4.10
0.00
32.88
0.05
71.46
32.88
0.05
7048.82 16.00
1.37
7048.82 22.88
1.33
93.73
32.88
0.05
56.94
267.96 4.10
269.63 218.93 6.00
62.00
15.00
1.01
62.00
297.19 6.80
62.00
60.00
6.70
427.59
35.00
1.01
30.47
35.00
1.01
382.00
35.00
1.01
93.73
32.89
3.73
93.73
136.38 3.62
1851.17 16.00
1.37
207.63
15.00
1.01
45.59
35.00
1.01
45.59
150.46 3.22
44.93
40.00
3.21
0.66
40.00
3.21
44.93
157.80 10.22
44.62
40.00 10.21
0.31
40.00 10.21
44.62
158.62 32.46
44.53
40.00 32.45
0.09
40.00 32.45
(MW)
0.00
23.94
8.19
9.70
9.23
95.67
627.23
189.31
166.49
124.83
72.85
39.26
39.16
34.71
33.94
33.08
20.65
10.42
8.46
7.10
0.48
0.49
1.14
5.35
5.41
62.36
81.13
52.50
11.70
11.08
0.52
1.36
1.36
11.60
6.62
7.70
35.92
81.13
117.00
81.59
60.60
0.00
9.35
0.31
3.34
0.20
48.94
53.53
0.00
13.73
8.86
0.95
0.08
0.84
0.23
7.96
0.08
0.00
0.10
4.15
2.99
0.00
7.00
5.85
0.00
9.80
8.71
0.00
E CH , j
E tot , j
(MW)
0.42
7.40
724.58
724.58
724.58
102.82
115.16
115.16
115.16
115.16
115.16
115.16
115.16
115.16
115.16
115.16
115.16
115.16
0.24
0.20
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.04
0.04
0.00
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.00
0.18
17.61
17.61
0.23
0.14
0.42
7.40
7.40
7.40
115.09
0.08
102.82
0.23
0.23
4.62
4.19
12.27
12.27
12.27
0.00
12.27
12.28
0.00
12.28
12.29
0.00
(MW)
0.42
31.33
732.76
734.27
733.81
198.49
742.39
304.48
281.65
240.00
188.01
154.42
154.32
149.87
149.10
148.25
135.81
125.58
8.70
7.30
0.49
0.51
1.16
5.36
5.42
62.50
81.27
52.64
11.74
11.12
0.52
1.40
1.40
11.64
6.80
7.88
36.11
81.31
117.19
81.77
60.78
0.00
9.53
17.91
20.95
0.43
49.08
53.95
7.40
21.13
16.25
116.03
0.16
103.66
0.47
8.20
4.70
4.19
12.37
16.42
15.26
0.00
19.27
18.12
0.00
22.08
21.00
0.00
159
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
44.53
44.49
0.04
147.63
147.63
131.16
131.16
118.20
118.20
125.21
125.21
11504.08
11504.08
11378.87
11260.66
11129.50
10981.87
3933.05
1522.06
329.12
329.12
2410.99
2558.62
2689.78
2807.99
2933.20
8052.86
221.94
115.04
8159.75
11504.08
2081.87
2081.87
382.00
1522.06
4455.26
377.84
4.16
51.59
22.27
22.27
93.73
30.47
160.61 103.09
30.00 103.09
30.00 103.09
26.00
1.33
16.00
1.37
26.00
1.33
16.00
1.37
26.00
1.33
1.37
16.00
26.00
1.33
16.00
1.37
16.00
1.01
16.00
1.37
16.00
1.37
16.00
1.37
16.00
1.37
16.00
1.37
16.00
1.37
16.00
1.37
16.00
1.37
26.00
1.33
26.00
1.33
26.00
1.33
26.00
1.33
26.00
1.33
26.00
1.33
15.00
1.01
15.00
1.01
16.00
1.01
24.09
1.01
24.09
1.33
16.00
1.37
26.00
1.33
210.13 6.37
26.00
1.33
26.00
1.33
60.00
6.36
60.00
6.36
312.86 23.16
312.86 23.16
32.88
0.05
32.88
0.05
35.00
1.01
12.67
12.29
24.97
11.56
12.31
23.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.37
0.50
0.01
0.37
0.38
0.12
0.33
0.44
0.01
0.33
0.33
0.11
0.30
0.40
0.01
0.30
0.30
0.11
0.31
0.42
0.01
0.31
0.32
506.75
28.74 535.48
0.50
28.74
29.24
0.49
28.42
28.92
0.49
28.13
28.62
0.48
27.80
28.28
0.48
27.43
27.91
0.17
9.82
10.00
0.07
3.80
3.87
0.01
0.82
0.84
0.29
0.82
1.11
2.14
6.02
8.16
2.27
6.39
8.66
2.39
6.72
9.11
2.49
7.01
9.51
2.61
7.33
9.93
0.00
12.53
12.53
0.00
0.55
0.55
0.00
0.29
0.29
3.92
11.73
15.65
7.12
28.74
35.86
0.09
5.20
5.29
1.85
5.20
7.05
57.92
102.82 160.74
1.35
3.80
5.15
3.96
11.13
15.09
40.80
102.81 143.61
0.06
0.01
0.07
56.99
0.13
57.12
24.60
0.06
24.66
2.70
0.06
2.75
12.04
0.23
12.28
0.08
0.08
0.16
C1
56.15
C7
56.23
ST1
32.70
ST2
27.64
ST3
44.23
CONDP 0.04
LPP
0.00
HPP
1.17
IPP
0.03
C6
62.28
C2
4.78
C3
4.76
C4
4.73
C5
4.79
GT1
299.14
C8
16.30
C9
17.75
ST4
19.07
tot
312.27
160
AppendixB.Assumptionsusedinthesimulationsandtheconventionalanalyses
161
AppendixB
Assumptionsusedinthesimulationsandthe
conventionalanalyses
B.1 Calculationofefficienciesandpressuredropsforcommon
componentsofthepowerplants
B.1.1 CompressorsandexpandersofGTsystems(C1andGT1)and
CO2/H2Oexpanders(GT2)
The same polytropic efficiency has been assumed for C1, GT1 and GT2 (94% for the
compressorand91%fortheexpanders).
TableB.1:EfficienciesofC1andGT1GT2(allcomponentshaveamechanicalefficiencyof99%)
Compressors(C1)a
pol(%)
Base
94.0
MEA0
94.0
Expanders(GT1)a
is(%)
pol(%) is(%)
91.5
Base
91.0
93.4
91.5
MEA0
91.0
93.4
MEA0.2
94.0
91.5
MEA0.2
91.0
93.4
Simpleoxyfuel
94.0
92.4
Simpleoxyfuel
91.0
93.1
SGraz
SGraz
94.0
92.4
AZEP85
94.0
91.5
AZEP100
94.0
91.5
91.0
93.0
CLC
94.0
91.5
AZEP85
91.0
93.5
MSR
94.0
91.6
AZEP100
91.0
93.6
ATR
GT1
GT2
91.0
92.0
CLC
91.0
93.6
94.0
91.6
MSR
91.0
93.3
C2
94.0
Ifnototherwisestated
93.9
ATR
91.0
93.5
C1
a
B.1.2 Remainingcompressors
The polytropic efficiencies of other types of compressors have been determined based on
their inlet volumetric flows and on whether or not they are centrifugal or axial. The CO2
compressorsinalloftheplantswithCO2capture,aswellasfuelcompressor(C5)intheATR
plant,operatingwithlowermassflowsandhigherpressureratios,havebeenassumedtobe
162
TableB.2:Efficienciesoftheremainingcompressorsandexpandersoftheplants(themechofall
componentsis99%)
Recyclecompressors
O2compressors
pol(%) is(%) Vin(m3/s)
pol(%)is(%)Vin(m3/s)
Simpleoxyfuel
Simpleoxyfuel
C6 88.9
C8 77.1 71.2 45.00
86.6
291.40
C7 86.9
C9 75.4 69.5
84.6
38.72
7.80
SGraz
SGraz
C7 89.1
C9 77.1 71.2 45.37
86.8
345.55
C8 87.6
C10 75.4 69.5
85.0
77.61
7.83
AZEP85(C6)
Fuelcompressor
87.9
87.9
103.36
AZEP100(C6)
ATR(C5)
88.1
88.0
121.65
79.5 78.7
9.15
Fluegascompressor
GT2
pol(%)is(%)
MEA0(C2)
SGraz
89.7
89.5
656.68
91.0 90.0
MEA0.2(C2)
AZEP85
89.7
89.5
656.68
91.0 92.9
AZEP100
91.0 92.9
CLC
91.0 93.0
MSR
91.0 93.8
CO2compressors
pol(%)is(%)Vin(m3/s)
MEA0
AZEP85
C3 80.3
C2 80.3 77.9 19.58
78.1
20.66
C4 79.1
C3 79.2 76.6
76.7
6.21
6.26
C5 78.0
C4 78.0 75.6
75.6
1.92
1.94
C6 76.9
C5 76.9 74.1
74.1
0.60
0.61
MEA0.2
AZEP100
C3 80.5
C2 80.4 78.1 23.03
78.3
25.43
C4 79.2
C3 79.3 76.8
76.7
6.22
7.36
C4 78.2 75.7
C5 78.0
2.28
75.6
1.92
C6 76.9
C5 77.0 74.2
74.1
0.60
0.71
Simpleoxyfuel
CLC
C2 80.8
C2 80.4 79.2 22.72
78.2
34.99
C3 79.5
C3 79.3 78.0
77.3
8.58
7.26
C4 78.3
C4 78.2 77.7
76.5
2.65
2.25
C5 77.2
C5 77.0 76.9
75.1
0.83
0.70
SGraz
MSR
C3 83.3
C2 80.4 78.2 22.32
78.5
412.33
C4 80.6
C3 79.3 76.9
78.2
27.19
7.33
C5 79.5
C4 78.2 76.0
77.3
8.48
2.27
C6 78.3
C5 77.0 74.4
76.5
2.67
0.71
C3 77.2
ATR
74.9
0.84
C3 76.7 74.5
0.50
C4 77.7 75.2
1.37
centrifugalandtheirefficiencieshavebeencalculatedusingEquationB.1(Ludwig,2001).The
efficiencies of the remaining compressors have been calculated based on the calculation
method used for axial compressors. However, depending on the size and operation of the
compressors,theirefficiencieshavebeenadjustedanalogously.Largercompressors,suchas
therecyclecompressorsintheSGraz(C7andC8)andthesimpleoxyfuelprocesses(C6and
C7),aswellasthefluegascompressorintheMEAplants(C2),havebeenassumedtobeaxial
with polytropic efficiencies of about 6 percentage points higher than that calculated for the
respective centrifugal compressors (Equation B.2). Oxygen compressors have also been
considered as axial compressors. However, due to higher risk that requires stronger
precaution measures, their efficiency has been estimated to be 10 percentage points lower
thantheefficiencyoftherespectiveaxialcompressor(EquationB.3).Throughthepolytropic
163
efficiencies, the isentropic efficiencies have been calculated as a function of mass flows,
pressureratiosandcompositionsoftherespectivestreams.
0.0098ln(V ) 0.7736 ,forcentrifugalcompressors
(B.1)
(B.2)
0.0098ln(V ) 0.7336 ,foraxialO2compressors
(B.3)
0.0098ln(V ) 0.8336 ,foraxialcompressors
Here, V is the volumetric flow rate of the gas entering the compressor. The resulting
efficienciesfortheremainingturbomachineryoftheplantsareshowninTableB.2(Ludwig,
2001,Sinnott,2005).
B.1.3 Steamturbines
Thepolytropicefficienciesofthehigh,intermediateandlowpressuresteamturbineshave
beenassumedtobe90%,92%and87%,respectively.DuetothesimilarSTsusedinallofthe
plants the isentropic efficiencies have been generalized for all processes: 91.6% for HPSTs,
93.3%forIPSTsand88%forLPSTsandtheadditionalST4ofsomeplants.
B.1.4 Pumps
The isentropic efficiencies of the pumps have been calculated using Figure B.1, where the
behaviour of the total efficiency of pumps versus the mass flow rate of the component is
provided.
Efficiency,tot()
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
flow(kg/s)
Mass
FigureB.1:Influenceofmassflowonthepumpefficiency(adoptedfromPeters,2003)
TheisentropicefficiencyofthepumpshasbeencalculatedusingEquationB.4andassuming
amechanicalefficiencyof98%.TheresultsofthecalculationsareshowninTableB.3.
mech is tot
(B.4)
164
TableB.3:Calculatedefficienciesofpumps(themechofallpumpsisassumedtobe98%)
Referenceplant
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
MEA0
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
MEA0.2
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
Simpleoxyfuel
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
SGraz
HPP
LPP
AZEP85
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
AZEP100
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
CLCplant
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
MSRplant
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
MUWP
ATRplant
CONDP
HPP
IPP
LPP
MUWP
Massflowrate
(kg/s)
tot
(%)
is
(%)
Win,motor
(kW)
motor
(%)
94.6
65.2
7.2
23.0
94.5
65.4
7.0
22.9
94.5
65.4
7.0
22.9
93.7
73.9
5.3
15.2
94.8
116.7
95.6
71.0
6.2
18.5
101.1
64.1
15.5
20.4
93.3
68.1
14.0
20.8
31.3
67.4
12.4
31.3
79.0
80.5
55.3
34.1
23.2
31.1
89.9
86.5
66.2
76.8
89.9
86.5
65.8
76.8
90.0
86.5
65.8
76.8
89.8
87.6
63.3
73.0
89.9
91.8
90.0
87.3
64.7
74.9
90.5
86.3
73.2
75.8
89.8
86.9
72.3
75.9
79.7
86.8
71.2
79.7
88.2
88.4
84.9
80.5
76.9
79.6
91.7
88.2
67.5
78.4
91.7
88.3
67.2
78.4
91.7
88.3
67.2
78.4
91.6
89.4
64.6
74.5
91.8
93.7
91.8
89.0
66.1
76.4
92.4
88.1
74.7
77.3
91.6
88.6
73.8
77.5
81.3
88.5
72.6
81.3
90.0
90.2
86.7
82.1
78.5
81.2
45
1122
29
3
45
1123
28
3
45
1123
28
3
44
1255
22
2
1648
15
45
1207
26
2
46
1100
58
3
43
979
51
3
16
1203
102
4
32
43
1073
185
50
15
87.2
94.8
86.2
80.7
87.2
94.8
86.2
80.7
87.2
94.8
86.2
80.7
87.2
95.1
85.6
79.9
95.7
84.7
87.2
95.0
85.9
80.3
87.3
94.7
87.8
80.5
87.1
94.5
87.6
80.5
84.8
95.0
89.2
81.5
86.4
87.1
94.7
90.6
87.5
84.6
B.1.5
Generatorsandmotors
Theelectricalefficienciesofthegeneratorshavebeenkeptconstantandequalto98.5%,while
theelectricalefficiencyofthemotorsfollowsthecurveshowninFigureB.2.
165
Efficiency()
0,8
0,6
0,4
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Capacity (kW)
FigureB.2:Influenceofthecapacityonthepumpefficiency(adoptedfromSinnott,2005)
B.1.6 Heatexchangers
B.1.6.1 Pressuredrops
The pressure drops in the HXs have been determined depending on the working fluid and
the temperature difference between the inlet and the outlet of this fluid. The pressure drop
hasbeensetto3%and5%oftheinletpressureforwaterandsteamstreams,respectively.In
the evaporators, the pressure drops are handled by internal pumps. In gas/gas HXs, low
pressure and highpressure gases have been assumed to suffer by 0.6% and 0.65% pressure
dropsper100C,respectively,alwayswithrespecttotheinletpressure.
FortheHXsthatconstitutetheHRSGs,theoverallpressuredropofthehotside(HS,fluegas)
hasbeenconsideredtobe30mbarinalloftheplants,withtheexceptionoftheSGrazcycle
that includes a singlepressure level and has been assumed to have a pressure drop of 20
mbar (Ganapathy, 1991). These total pressure drops have been distributed among the HXs
dependingontheirheattransfer.TheoutletpressureoftheHRSGhasbeensetto1.028bar,
assuminga15mbarpressurelossinthechimney.
ThecalculatedpressuredropwithineachHXisprovidedinTableB.4.
TableB.4:PressuredropswithintheHXsofthereference,MEAandsimpleoxyfuelplants
PHRSGper100C
RH/RH1
RH2
HPSH/HPSH1
HPSH2
HPEV
HPEC
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH/LPSH1
LPSH2
LPEV
LPEC
SHII
EVII
ECII
NGPH
AirHX
MCMLTHX
MCMHTHX
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
COOL5
COOL6
COOL7
COOLCAU
CONDFG
WP1
WP2
WP3
H2PH
Referenceplant
0.58%
T
(C)
132
132
107
83
1
20
4
5
73
61
MEA0
0.58%
Pflue
Pfluegas T
gas
(102bar)
(C) (102bar)
0.82
129
0.79
0.82
129
0.79
0.66
108
0.67
0.51
84
0.52
0.00
1
0.00
0.12
19
0.12
0.02
3
0.02
0.03
5
0.03
0.45
73
0.45
0.38
62
0.38
133
0.80
112
0.67
113
0.68
125
0.75
71
0.43
MEA0.2
0.58%
Pflue
T
gas
(C) (102bar)
129
0.79
129
0.79
108
0.67
84
0.52
1
0.00
19
0.12
3
0.02
5
0.03
73
0.45
62
0.38
227
1.36
112
0.67
113
0.68
125
0.75
71
0.43
Simpleoxyfuelplant
0.35%
Pflue
T
gas
T
Pgas
(C) (102bar) (C) (102bar)
57
0.25
110
0.48
158
0.69
128
0.56
0
0.00
20
0.09
4
0.02
4
0.02
68
0.30
90
0.40
185
1.11
57
0.05
110
0.66
118
0.71
119
0.71
131
0.78
237
1.54
150
0.90
34
0.20
PHRSGper100C
T
RH/RH1
RH2
HPSH/HPSH1
HPSH2
HPEV
HPEC
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH/LPSH1
LPSH2
LPEV
LPEC
SHII
EVII
ECII
NGPH
AirHX
MCMLTHX
MCMHTHX
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
COOL5
COOL6
COOL7
(C)
109
159
4
315
59
311
117
118
119
131
237
SGraz
AZEP85
AZEP100
0.73%
0.57%
0.70%
Pflue
Pflue
Pflue
Pflue
Pflue
T
T
T
T Pgas T
gas
gas
gas
gas
gas
(102
(102
(102
(102
(102
(102
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)
bar)
bar)
bar)
bar)
bar)
bar)
123
0.75
73
0.54
73
0.54
0.81
123
0.75
1.17
114
0.69
83
0.61
0.03
88
0.54
64
0.47
0
0
2
0.02
20
0.12
42
0.31
4
0.02
8
0.06
4
0.03
4
0.03
69
0.42
65
0.48
72
0.44
64
0.48
108
0.43
117
0.47
149
0.6
155
0.62
119
0.48
124
0.5
1.89
62
0.37
86
0.51
235
1.53
73
0.44
235
1.53
76
0.49
130
0.84
76
0.5
131
0.85
476
3.1
507
3.3
476
3.1
507
3.3
226
1.47
250
1.63
226
1.47
250
1.63
0.35
1.87
98
0.59
98
0.59
0.7
112
0.67
112
0.67
0.71
113
0.68
113
0.68
0.71
125
0.75
125
0.75
0.79
1.54
166
COOLCAU
CONDFG
WP1
WP2
WP3
H2PH
39
253
198
79
PHRSGper100C
RH/RH1
RH2
HPSH/HPSH1
HPSH2
HPEV
HPEC
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH/LPSH1
LPSH2
LPEV
LPEC
SHII
EVII
ECII
NGPH
AirHX
MCMLTHX
MCMHTHX
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
COOL5
COOL6
COOL7
COOLCAU
CONDFG
WP1
WP2
WP3
H2PH
T
(C)
87
87
89
69
2
38
7
4
66
59
8
35
27
98
96
110
110
121
289
0.23
1.52
1.29
0.47
192
1.15
295
167
1.77
CLCplant
MSRplant
ATRplant
0.68%
0.50%
0.56%
Pflue
Pflue
Pflue
Pflue
Pflue
gas
T
gas
T
gas
T
gas
T Pgas T
gas
(102
(102
(102
(102
(102
(102
bar)
(C)
bar)
(C)
bar)
(C)
bar)
(C)
bar)
(C)
bar)
0.62
17
0.10
97
0.63
0.62
79
0.44
64
0.40
22
0.14
83
0.52
0.64
112
0.62
90
0.56
0.49
88
0.49
28
0.18
0.01
2
0.01
15
0.09
0.27
31
0.18
90
0.56
0.05
11
0.06
23
0.14
33
0.21
0.03
10
0.06
5
0.03
0.47
103
0.58
76
0.48
0.42
84
0.47
74
0.47
0.03
0.14
0.11
0.59
285
1.85
65
0.39
278
1.81
231
1.50
255
1.66
92
0.55
0.58
112
0.67
102
0.61
0.66
113
0.68
117
0.70
0.66
125
0.75
0.72
90
0.54
1.74
42
0.27
118
0.77
20
0.13
269
1.75
412
12.37
B.1.6.2 Minimumtemperaturedifferences(Tmin)
In the evaporators of the HRSGs, the pinch point has been set to 10C and the approach
temperatureto6C.TheminintheremainingHXs(superheatersandeconomizers)hasbeen
set to 20C. The min of the condenser, as well as the temperature increase of the cooling
water, have been kept at 10C. With some exceptions related to specific operating
requirements,theminofgas/gasHXshasbeensetto60C.
B.1.7 Reactors
IntheCCoftheGTsystemsandtheCLCreactorthepressurelosseshavebeensetto5and
3%oftheinletpressure,respectively,whileintheDBsithasbeensetto1%.
B.2
168
Applicationoftheconventionalexergybasedmethods
B.2.1 Applicationoftheexergeticanalysis
Matlab is the programming language used to perform the exergetic analysis. In Matlab,
exergybalancesarestatedbothatthecomponentlevelandfortheoverallplant,i.e.,balances
regardingtherateofproductexergy,therateoffuelexergyandrateofexergydestructionfor
eachcomponentandfortheoverallsystem.Thestatementsoftheexergyratesarecarriedout
basedontheSPECOapproach(LazzarettoandTsatsaronis,2006).Tocalculatethe(physical
andchemical)exergiesofstreams,inordertousethemintheexergybalancesoftheanalysis,
the software THESIS, originally developed at the RWTH Aachen, has been used. The main
thermodynamic values of the streams (mass flows, temperatures and pressures) and their
compositionareexportedfromEbsilonProfessionalusinga.dllfileandtheyaresuppliedas
input to the exergy calculation software. The respective enthalpies, entropies and exergy
valuesarethencalculated.Thenumberofthecomponentsandthestreamsincludedineach
plantareshowninTableB.5.
TableB.5:Powerplantcharacteristics
Ref.
plant
Simple
oxyfuel
plant
131(19
shafts)
SGraz
cycle
MEA
Numberof
67(10
119(18
122(17
streams
shafts)
shafts)
shafts)
Numberof
26
45
40
40
componentsa
ofwhich
2
9
9
8
dissipative
aNotincludingvalves,splitters,generatorsormotors
CLC
AZEP
100
AZEP
85
ATR
MSR
H2
120(16
shafts)
135(17
shafts)
138(17
shafts)
138(17
shafts)
125(17
shafts)
42
48
48
55
43
B.2.2 Applicationoftheeconomicanalysis
The main challenge in an analytical economic analysis is the estimation of the investment
costs of plant components, since most of the available cost sources refer to relatively small
scalefacilities.Thesevaluesaredifficulttoadjustwhenlargeequipmentisconsidered.Inthis
thesis, various sources are combined and a large number of different data are used as
reference. The reference data used for all components, their design characteristics and their
sourcesarepresentedinTableB.6.
Thesizeexponentshavebeenusedtoextrapolatecostsbasedonsizingparametersand
have been calculated through cost comparisons with equipment found in the references.
Temperatures,surfaceareasandheattransferrateshavealsoeitherbeenextractedfromthe
reportsused(TsatsaronisandWinhold,1984;Buchananetal.,2000;TsatsaronisandCziesla,
2002; Turton et al., 2002; Framer, 2006) or they have been calculated after simulations in
EbsilonProfessional.ThemodularfactorsshowninTableB.6areusedtoconvertPECtoFCI
169
andtheyhavebeenderivedfromBuchananetal.(2000)asaresultofcomparisonsbetween
equipmentandtotalcostsofcomponents.
To calculate a HXs surface area, its overall heat transfer coefficient, Uo, must first be
estimated.Typicalvaluerangesoftheoverallheattransfercoefficientsforvariantcomponent
typescanbefoundinliterature(NaimAfganet.al,1996).Nonetheless,coefficientvaluesare
spreadoverwideranges,andusuallyameanvalueischosen.Inthisthesis,theheattransfer
coefficientshavebeencalculatedindetail,followingtheprocessdescribedinAppendixC.
Constructionmaterials are also important for cost calculations. However, at first, plant
components in this thesis are assumed to be constructed with similar materials as the
reference components. For hightemperature HXs, where no real economic data have been
found, the materials have been assumed to be two to five times higher (depending on the
operating temperature) than the base cost of the most economical HX (economizer). A
detailedexaminationofdifferentmaterialsisperformedintheLCAoftheplants.
Because each part of the system (e.g., GT and ST systems) is simulated as a separate
component, a strategy to split the system costs had to be defined. For example, in the GT
system, 40% of the total cost is assumed to correspond to the expander, 35% to the
compressor and 25% to the CC. In the ST system, the cost is shared among the different
pressurelevelSTs,basedontheircontributiontotheoverallpoweroutputoftheSTsystem.
This is also in agreement with a general design assumption of the STs that lower pressure
requireslargershuffles,thusitisassociatedwithcostlierconstruction.
To extrapolate the cost of the GT systems of the plants with CO2 capture from the GT
systemofthereferenceplant,therespectivesystemcomponentshavebeencompared,based
onthepoweroutput(fortheexpander),thepowerinput(forthecompressor)andthemass
flowofthecombustionproducts(fortheCC).ThecostoftheadditionalST(ST4)iscalculated
based on the LPST of each plant, since the inlet and outlet pressures and temperatures of
thesecomponentsarecomparable.
TheMCMreactorwasinitiallyregardedasonecomponentforthecostcalculations.The
costs of the included HXs and CC were calculated separately following the guidelines
describedabove.Finally,thecostoftheMCMiscalculatedbysubtractingthecostoftheCC
andtheHXsfromthecostoftheoverallreactor.
In the CLC plant, the cost of the metal oxide has not been calculated because of high
uncertainty (Lyngfelt and Thunman, 2005). However, even at the highest suggested prices
andquantitiesitcouldbeconsiderednegligibleincomparisontothetotalcostoftheunit.The
installationandthemetaloxidecostsoftheCLCunithavebeenconsideredtobe20%ofthe
equipmentcost.
The cost of the CAU in MEA0.2 was calculated based on a predefined 50% overall
increase in the total FCI of the plant, when compared to the reference plant (IPCC report,
2005) and has then been split into its constitutive components: 55% absorber, 18%
regenerator,27%remainingcomponents(AbuZahraetal.,2007).TheextrapolationtoMEA0
hasbeenperformedbasedoncomparisonbetweenthesizeoftheequipmentusedhereand
thatusedinMEA0.2.Theabsorberisdesignedasapackedvessel.Theheightanddiameter
oftheabsorptioncolumnhavebeenestimatedfollowingcalculationspresentedbyRubinand
170
Ref.cost
GTsystem,ref.
plant(GT1,C1
andCC)
HRSG
(106)
50.0
Design
Factorx Ref. Costindex Typeof
characteristic
year
cost
(varies)
()
Modular
factor
()
2006
15%
PEC
1.3
Sizeexponent
()
0.90forexpander/
Framer,2006;SGT44000F,286MW,
compressor,0.67for
Tout,fg=1071F
CC
SH,SHII
1.3
4120m2
2005
CEPCI
FCI
1.7
0.87
EV,EVII
EC,ECII
3.7
2.0
20474m2
16247m2
2005
2005
CEPCI
CEPCI
FCI
FCI
1.7
1.7
0.87
0.87
COND
9.0
1kW
1999
CEPCI
FCI
1.7
0.87
STs
26.0
120MW
1999
15%
FCI
1.5
HPP
1.4
3.37MW
1990
CEPCI
FCI
1.3
0.80
IPP
LPP
CONDP
CT
Deaerator
18.3
0.9
217MW
190kg/sec
2001
2001
2001
1999
1990
CEPCI
CEPCI
CEPCI
CEPCI
CEPCI
FCI
FCI
FCI
FCI
FCI
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.00
1.00
GT2
2006
15%
PEC
1.5
ST4a
CostofLPST
2008
15%
FCI
1.5
0.90
3.8
1.42MW
1990
15%
FCI
1.5
0.70
Recyclecompr.b
CO2compr.c
3.8
1.42MW
1990
15%
FCI
1.5
0.70
FGcompr.d
3.8
1.42MW
1990
15%
FCI
1.5
0.70
FGCOND&
COOLs
2.0
16247m2
2005
CEPCI
FCI
1.7
0.87
21.9
14kg/secfuel
2008
CEPCI
1.3
0.67
FCI
DB
Reference
Comments
Splittingofthecost:40%expander,35%
compressorand25%CC
JavierPisa,pers.com.
Uo(Source:BEAMA,
http://www.taftan.com/xl/condens.htm
Splittingofthecosttothedifferentpressure
Buchananetal.,2000
levels,dependingonthepoweroutputof
eachST
Differsfromotherpumps,duetoitslarger
Tsatsaronisetal.,1991
size(>300kW)
Turtonetal.,2002
Turtonetal.,2002
Turtonetal.,2002
Buchananetal.,2000
Ebs.simulationforthecalculationoftheQCT
Themassflowreferstooutgoingstream
GTsystemwithnetpoweroutputhalfasthat
oftheexpanderhasbeenconsideredas
Framer,2006;differentmodels
reference.40%ofthiscostisthecostofthe
GT2
TsatsaronisandWinhold,1984(used CostsdifferdependingontheLPSTineach
forcomparisonpurposes)
plant
meanspecificvalue(/kW)hasbeenusedfor
allcompressors,differentineachplant
Newcalculationofhcandhnfortheoverall
heattransfercoefficient
Ref.costistheCCofthereferenceplant
Buchananetal.,2000,BEAMA,
http://www.taftan.com/xl/condens.htm
AppendixB.Assumptionsusedinthesimulationsandtheconventionalanalyses 170
TableB.6:Dataforcostcalculationse
171
MCM
1MWthfuel
0.2
2001
CEPCI
FCI
3.0
Mlleretal.,2006
Noexponentused,duetothealready
realizedextrapolationofthegivencost
MCMHTHX
2.0
16,247m2
2005
CEPCI
FCI
1.7
0.87
MCMLTHX
2.0
16,247m2
2005
CEPCI
FCI
1.7
0.87
NGPH
2.0
16,247m2
2005
CEPCI
FCI
1.7
0.87
AirPH
2.0
16,247m2
2005
CEPCI
FCI
1.7
0.87
Splittingofthecost:55%absorber,18%
stripperand27%remainingcomponents
CLC
16.2
180m3
2000
CEPCI
PEC
1.2
0.60
Klara(2007),Wolfetal.(2005),
LyngfeldandThunman(2005)
CAU
50%>FCItotof
toref.plant
FCI
3.0
sensitivityanalysis
0.60
AbuZahraetal.,2007,IPCC2005
ST4andST5areconsideredpartoftheIPSTintheMEAplant
bRecyclecompr(C6,AZEPs)
cCO2compr.(C2C5,AZEPs,CLC;C3C6,MEA)
dFGcompr(C2,MEA)
e1=1$
a
172
TableB.7:Assumptionsinvolvedintheeconomicanalysis(referenceyear:2009)
Parameter(units)
Averagegeneralinflationrate(%)
Averagenominalescalationrate(%)
AveragenominalescalationrateforNG(%)
Beginningofdesignandconstructionperiod
Dateofcommercialoperation
Planteconomiclife(years)
Plantlifefortaxpurposes(years)
Plantfinancingfractionsandrequiredreturnsoncapital
Typeoffinancing
Financingfraction(%)
Requiredannualreturn(%)
Resultingaveragecostofmoney(%)
Averagecombinedincometaxrate(%)
Averagepropertytaxrate(%ofPFI)
Averageinsurancerate(%ofPFI)
Averagecapacityfactor(%)
Laborpositionsforopeningandmaintenance
Averagelaborrate(/h)
6
Annualfixedoperatingandmaintenancecosts(10 )
Annualfixedoperatingandmaintenancecosts
atfullcapacity(103)
Unitcostoffuel(/GJLHV:50,015MJ/kg)
Allocationofplantfacilitiesinvestmenttothe
individualyearsofdesignandconstruction(%)
Jan.1Dec.31,2011
Jan.1Dec.31,2012
Value
2011
2013
20
15
Commonequity Debt
50
50
12
8
10
30
85
30
50
1.5
624
40
60
Rao,2002.Theheightoftheregeneratoragreeswiththatoftheabsorber,whileitsdiameteris
calculatedbasedonitsvolume.
Generalized cost equations for common components of the plants, as an example for
similarsidedequipmentareprovidedinAppendixD.
AftertheestimationoftheFCIoftheplant,adetailedeconomicanalysisfollowingthe
TRRmethod(seeAppendixA)wasrealizedforeachplant.Themainassumptionsmadefor
thisanalysisareshowninTableB.7.
B.2.3 Applicationoftheexergoeconomicanalysis
Theexergoeconomicanalysisconsistsofagroupoflinearequationsstatedatthecomponent
level.Thesumofallcostsenteringacomponent(costofincomingstreamsplusinvestment
costofthecomponent)mustbeequaltothecostofthestreamsexitingthecomponent.The
costofairandwaterprovidedtotheplantsisconsideredtobezero.
Dissipative components (e.g., throttling valves, coolers, condensers, gas cleaning units)
serve productive components in a system, facilitating an overall effective operation, cost
reduction or achievement of required emission standards. Thus, costs associated with
purchasing and operating a dissipative component are usually charged either to the
173
component(s)servedbyitortothefinalproduct(s)ofthesystem(LazzarettoandTsatsaronis,
2006).Inthisthesis,thecostsrelatedtodissipativeequipmentarechargedtothecomponents
served by it (e.g., the cost of each cooler is charged to the subsequent compressor served).
When more than one component is served by a dissipative component, the cost is
apportionedtoallofthecomponentsserved,usingweightingfactors.
Forexample,theinvestmentcostofaCTischargedtothecondensers/coolerssupplied
with cooling water, using the respective heat transfer rates ( Q ) as weighting factors. The
condenser serves the components of the steam cycle, allowing the perpetuation of the
water/steam cycle. The cost of the condenser is, therefore, shared by the components
constitutingthesteamcycle,dependingonthecontributionofeachcomponenttotheirtotal
exergydestruction.ForthecondenserandCT(FigureB.3),theexergycostingequation(with
specificcostofwaterequaltozero)iswrittenas:
c1 c2
C1 Z COND Z CT C 2 c1 E 1 Z COND Z CT c1 E 2 c1 E 1 E 2 Z COND Z CT 0 1
COND
CT
FigureB.3:Connectionbetweencondenserandcoolingtower
However, because c1 E 1 E 2 Z COND Z CT 0 , an imaginary value, C diff , is introduced to

maintainthecostbalance:
c1 E1 E 2 Z COND Z CT C diff 0
Tocalculatethe C diff andtheexergydestructionusedasweightingfactorforthecostsharing,

the exergoeconomic analysis must be realized. When all dissipative components have been
accountedfor,theyareremovedfromthecycleandtheanalysisisrepeated.
B.2.4 ApplicationoftheLCA
In an LCA, the component variables, the consumption and the release of materials are
identifiedandquantified(FiaschiandLombardi,2002).Inordertoidentifythematerialinlet
flows,theoveralllifecycleofeachcomponentoftheplantmustbeconsideredand,hence,the
The auxiliary equation of the condenser is c1=c2.
174
phases of construction, operation and dismantling must be taken into account. For the
quantificationofthematerialsneeded,itisnecessarytoapproximatethesizeoftheplantand
collectinformationaboutthemainmaterials,theirproductionprocessesandweights,aswell
asthescrapoutputofallequipmentassembledfortheplant.Toshiftfromthemanufactured
materialstotherawsubstancesandemissionsinventory,thecommerciallyavailablesoftware
PackageSimaPro7.1hasbeenused(SimaPro,2006).
Theselectionofconstructionmaterials,basedonstrength,corrosionresistanceandcost
offabrication,isvitaltoprocessdesignestimates.Expertiseaboutequipmentcanalsoassist
inthefinalselectionofmaterials.Ingeneral,carbonsteelisusedwheneverpossiblebecause
of its low cost and ease of fabrication (Seider, 2004). Details about component design and
suitable construction materials are obtained from equipment design handbooks and
manufacturing leaflets. Typical construction materials for conventional process equipment
arelistedinTableB.8.
TableB.8:Typicalconstructionmaterialsforprocessequipment
Component
Materials
GTexpandera
Discs:Highstrengthsteels,Vanes:CobaltNickelbasedalloys,Blades:Nibased
alloys
Compressora
Discs:Highstrengthlowsteel,Blades:lowcarbonsteel
CCa
Cans:Nibasedsheetsuperalloys
ST
Valvechest,shafts,discs:Alloysteel,Steamrings,cylinders:Carbonsteel,Blades:
Stainlesssteel
HRSG
Carbon/Stainlesssteel
Storage/Processvessel Steel/Reinforcedsteel
Condenser
CopperNialloys,Stainlesssteel,Titanium,Brass
Deaerator
Carbon/Stainlesssteel
Pump
Carbon/Stainlesssteel,Castiron,Nickel,Titanium
CT
Steel,Stainlesssteel,PVC,FRP,Concrete,Polyethylene
ThematerialsusedinGTsystemsareintherangeofmetallurgicalalloysfromhighstrengthsteelto
lightweightaluminumortitaniumandaremainlytemperatureresistant.
bMaterialstoenhancecorrosionresistance,reducemaintenance,andpromotereliabilityandlongservicelife
areused
a
As mentioned in section 3.2.3, in order to quantitatively assess environmental impacts, the

environmental impact indicator Ecoindicator 99 is used. The Ecoindicator 99 impact
assessment method (HierarchistAverage database version) (SimaPro, 2006) is used in a
similar way as costs in the exergoeconomic analysis. Standard Ecoindicator 99 points
summarize the environmental impacts associated with the complete upstream chain
(productionanddistribution)of1kgofeachrequiredrawmaterial.Designestimatesdepend
ontherequiredconstructionmaterials.Inordertoaccomplishthisitisnecessaryto:
a) Estimate the equipment weight using product information sheets and mechanical
designcharacteristicsprovidedbymanufacturers.Inmostcases,weightestimationisa
function of the operating conditions and the mechanical design requirements of each
unit.Thus,theequipmentweightcouldbeestimatedbasedmerelyonmechanicaldesign
calculations and on rules of thumb. Reference values are extrapolated taking the
operatingconditionsoftheconsideredprocessesintoconsideration.
175
b) Estimate the percentage of each construction material required to manufacture a

component. This estimate is based on available manufacturing information data sheets
andmechanicaldesignstandards.
For the estimation of environmental impacts, the environmental boundaries of the
systems have been defined to incorporate all relevant processes (see section B.2.5). The
constructionstageincludestheconsumptionofconstructionmaterialsforthemanufactureof
system components, while the operating stage includes the consumption of fossil fuel as
inflowstreamandthegasemissions(mainlyCO2andNOx)asoutflowstreams.
The design characteristics, the construction materials, the references used and the
environmental impact of the chosen materials, represented by the ECOindicator, are
presentedforalltypesofcomponentsinTableB.9.
176
Component,k
DesignParameter
Designcharacteristics
GT1/GT2
C1
C2C5(C3C6for
MEAplant)
CC/DB
STs
Power
Exhaustvolumeflowrate
Dischargepressure
Volumeflowrate
Fuel/airmassflowrate
Power
Exhaustvolumeflowrate
Conventionalturbinefor200300MWpoweroutput
Centrifugal
Sequentialcombustionwithair
3060MWpoweroutput
MCMreactor
Thermalpower
MCM/
HT&LTHX
CLCreactors
(AR&FR)
Usedconstruction Ecoindicator
Material
materials
99
composition
(Pts/t)
(%,w/w)
Steel
Steelhighalloy
86
910
25
75
Steel
86
33.33
Steellowalloy
110
44.45
Castiron
240
22.22
Steel
Steelhighalloy
Steel
Steelhighalloy
Rhodiumenriched
(catalyzator)
86
910
86
910
33.34
66.66
25
75
12.000.000
1.24
Membranedensity
Mixedconductingmembranewithoxygenion
vacancies
Zinccoating(catalyst
support)perm2
49
11.16
Thermalpower
Monolit(membrane)volume=47.18m3
Surfacetovolumeratio=>500m2/m3
Steelhighalloy
Castiron
910
240
56.94
30.66
Oxygencarriercapacity
Energydensity=15MW/m3
Steelhighalloy
910
65
References
NuovoPignone,2009;
Soares,2002.
Cooper,2009.
NuovoPignone,2009;
Seideretal.,2004.
Mitsubishi,2009;
Soares,2002.
Erikssonetal.,2007;Griffinetal.,2005;
Sundkvist,2005,2007;Reinke,2005;
Kolbitsch,2008;Seideretal.,2004.
www.hyundai.eu;
Oxygenproductionrate=37molO2/(m3.s)
Castiron
240
35
Catalyzatoractivearea=0.26m2/g
Twointerconnectedpressurisedfluidisedbedreactors
withacyclonesystem
Solidsinventory=100200kg/MW
Solidsresidencetime:
AR=4.8s,FR=60s
Gasvelocity:
AR=10m/s,FR=15m/s
Oxygencarrierparticles(NiO):
meandiameter=150m
averagedensity=2400kg/m3
Linderholm,2008,Wolf,2005;Kolbitsch,
2009;www.durofelguera.com;
Naqvi,2007;Naqvi,2006.
TableB.9:Designdataforplantcomponents
177
Heattransferarea
Heattransfercoefficient
tubelength=10ft,thickn.=0.120in
Steelhighalloy
910
74
COND/COOL/EV/
EC
findensity=2fin/in,height=0.500in
finthickn.=0.075in
Ganapathy,1991,PerryandGreen,1997;
committees.api.org/standards,2009;Seider
etal.,2004
tubeOD=2in,ID=1.770in
Steel
86
100
Soares,2002;Seideretal.,2004.
tubelength=10ft,thickn.=0.105in
findensity=4fin/in,height=0.750in
finthickn.=0.050in
HyperboliccounterflowNaturaldrafttowerwith
PVCfilmfill
Concrete
3.8
91
www.gammonindia.com, June 2009;
Steel
86
26
CT
Watervolumeflowrate
Heattransferarea
PVC(highimpact)
280
Storage/Process
Vessel
Deaerator
PUMP(P)
www.evaptech.com, June 2009;Gouldetal.,

1999;
http://process-equipment.globalspec.com;
www.alpinebau.de,June2009.
PerryandGreen,1997.
Volumeflowratecapacity
Pressure
Fluidvolumeflowrate(GPM)
Deaeratingboilerfeedwater
Centrifugal
Steel
Steel
86
86
100
35
Dischargepressure
Castiron
240
65
Gestra,2009;
committees.api.org/standards,2009.
www.pumpexpert.com, May 2009;
Blochetal.,1998;www.chempump.com,
2009.
CAU
Absorber:packedvessel.Height
anddiameter
Stripper:regenerationheat
requirement
Steel
Steelhighalloy
86
910
1%
99%
RubinandRao,2002;Rennie,2006;
www.sulzerchemtech.com
HXs/HRSG
SH/RH,AirHX,NGPH
OD=2in,ID=1.738
178
B.2.5 Applicationoftheexergoenvironmentalanalysis
Theoperatingparametersofthisanalysisarethesameasthoseconsideredintheeconomic
analysis: 20 years of operation with 7446 h/yr. To determine the impact associated with the
production of electricity, the same group of equations as in the exergoeconomic analysis is
used.Thedifferencehereisthatthecostratesarereplacedwithenvironmentalimpacts.The
environmentalimpactsassociatedwiththeproductionofmethaneandwitheachcomponent
separatelyarecorrelatedinthesystemoflinearequations.
The environmental impact associated with the production of electricity in each energy
conversion system is compared, taking the environmental impact of the outflow streams,
suchasCO2andNOxemissions,intoconsideration(TableB.10).Inthecaseofthethreeoxy
fuel technologies, AZEP 85, AZEP 100 and CLC, the environmental impact associated with
the CO2 sequestration of the separated CO2 stream is also considered, using LCA data
reportedinrecentpublications(Khooetal,2006).Thepartofthepollutantformationrelated
to the amount of CO2 captured in each plant is subtracted from the overall environmental
impact.
Exergoenvironmentalvariablesarecalculatedinordertoidentifytherelativeimportance
ofeachcomponentwithrespecttotheirenvironmentalimpactand,toidentifythemagnitude
and location of the environmental impact caused by system inefficiencies. The results are
usedtoevaluateandcomparetheenvironmentalperformanceofthefourconsideredpower
plants.
TableB.10:EIofincomingandexitingstreamsofthesystems(Ecoindicator99,HA)
Product
Systemboundaries
Ecoindicator Reference
(Pts/t)
Naturalgas Productionanddistribution 180.0
GoedkoopandSpriensma,2000
SimaPro,2006
CO2
Emission
5.4
CO2
Sequestration
4.9
Khooetal.,2006
CH4
Emission
114.6
GoedkoopandSpriensma,2000
SimaPro,2006
NOx
Emission
2749.4
AppendixC.Designestimatesforheatexchangers
179
AppendixC
Designestimatesforconstruction,
operationalcostsandenvironmental
impactsofheatexchangers
C.1
Calculationofthesurfacearea,A
TocalculatetheareaAofaHXinm2,EquationC.1isused:
Q
U o log
(C.1)
Here, Q is the heat transfer rate (W), Tlog is the logarithmic mean temperature difference,
log
A B
, with TA and TB the temperature differences on sides A and B (K),
A
ln
respectively, and Uo is the overall heat transfer coefficient (reciprocal of the overall thermal
resistance)thatdiffersdependingonthedesignandoperation,aswellastheworkingfluidof
theHXconsidered(W/m2K).
C.1.1 Calculationoftheoverallheattransfercoefficient
The overall heat transfer coefficient is a function of several variables such as tube size,
spacing, and gas velocity (Ganapathy, 2003). For HRSGs in combined cycle power plants
operating with natural gas, the overall heat transfer coefficient of a HX is calculated as
(Ganapathy,1991):
d
d
do
1
1
o
ln o
U o ho hi di 24 K m
di
do
ff i ff o
di
(C.2)
Here, hi isthetubesidecoefficient, ho isthegassidecoefficient, d o and d i aretheoutside

andinsidediametersofatube,respectively, ff o and ff i arethefoulingfactorsontheoutside
180
andtheinsideofthetubes,respectively,and K m isthetubemetalconductivity.Thethermal
resistanceofgasesaffectstheresistancedistributioninaHXsignificantly,renderingthemetal
resistanceandthefoulingfactorstermsnegligible.Inotherwords,themaincontributorsto
the overall heat transfer coefficient are the tubeside coefficient, hi , and the gasside
coefficient, ho .Thus,EquationC.2becomes:
d
1
1
o
U o ho hi di
(C.3)
In economizers and superheaters working with liquid or steam/water mixtures on the

tubesideandgasontheoutside,theoverallheattransfercoefficientismainlydeterminedby
the gasside coefficient ( ho ), which presents the highest thermal resistance. This coefficient
consistsoftheconvectiveheattransfer, hc ,andthenonluminousheattransfer, hN :
ho hc hN
(C.4)
C.1.1.1 Calculationofthenonluminousheattransfercoefficient, hN
hN depends on (1) the partial pressures of triatomic gases (e.g., CO2, H2O and SO2) formed
duringcombustionoffossilfuelsthatcontributetoradiation,(2)thebeamlengthLofatube,
whichdependsonthepitchandarrangementofthetubebundleoftheHXconsideredand(3)
the temperatures of the gas stream and surface of the bundle. It can be calculated in a
simplifiedway:
hN K g
(C.5)
where g istheemissivityofagas(relativeabilityofagastoemitenergybyradiation).The
factorKiscalculatedusingFigureC.1,leftpanel.Assumedvaluesofthebeamlength(Figure
C.1, right panel), the longitudinal pitch, S L , the transverse pitch, ST and the outside tube
diameter, d o areshowninTableC.1.
Thebeamlengthandthefluegastemperaturearethemaindecidingfactorsof g ,while
the wall and flue gas temperatures determine K. An increase in the flue gas temperature,
keeping the beam length and the wall temperature constant, decreases g and increases K.
Because hN is influenced more by larger values of K, it increases as well. If the wall
temperature is increased, while the flue gas temperature and the beam length are kept
constant, g remainsunchanged,whereasKincreases,resultinginanincreaseof hN .Lastly,
ifthebeamlengthisincreased,whilethewallandfluegastemperaturesarekeptconstant,K
remainsunchanged,while g increases,resultinginanincreaseofthe hN .Thus,ifthereisan
181
increase in the flue gas or wall temperature and/or in the beam length, hN will increase as
well.
FiguresC.2C.4wereobtainedusingdataderivedfromFigureC1.FigureC.2showsthe
variationof g withthefluegastemperatureandthebeamlength,whileFigureC.3shows
the variation of K with the wall and flue gas temperatures. Figure C.4 combines the two
previousfigures,showingtheoverallinfluenceof hN bythewallandfluegastemperatures
andthebeamlength.Nexttoeachfigurethepolynomialtrendlinesofthedifferentcurvesare
shown.Itcanbeseenthat hN isnotstronglyinfluencedbythewalltemperature,especially
for higher flue gas temperatures and smaller beam lengths. Thus, one general equation has
beenassumedforeachdifferentbeamlength(trendlinesofFigureC.4).
SL
FuelExcessair%
1Bituminouscoals20
2Naturalgas
10
3No.2oil
10
4No.6oil
10
5Blastfurnacegas10
6Blastfurnacegas30
7No.2oil
20
FigureC.1:GraphsusedfortheestimationofthehN(leftpanel)andbeamlengthevaluation(right
panel).(Source:Ganapathy,1991)
TableC.1:BeamlengthL
L
( ST
do
ST *
SL *
(m)
(in)
(in)
(in)
1.25
2.50
2.80
1.50
3.00
3.36
2.00
4.00
4.48
2.50
5.00
5.60
2 d o and S L 1.12 ST
182
Polynomialtrendlines
0.18
L=5: 2E08x2+2E05x+0.1096
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
L=6: 2E08x2+2E05x+0.1196
L=7: 2E08x2+2E05x+0.1246
L=9: 2E08x2+2E05x+0.1546
0.08
0.06
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Temperature (F)
L=5
1600
1800
L=6
2000
L=7
FigureC.2:Estimationofgasemissivityatdifferentfluegastemperaturesandbeamlengths(L), g
K
50
40
1E05x20.0071x+7.4156
T=400:
30
20
10
T=500:
1E05x20.0076x+8.3206
T=600:
1E05x20.0082x+9.2255
T=700:
1E05x20.0092x+10.930
0
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Temperature (F)
W all Temperature 400F
Wall Temperature 600F
W all Temperature 500F
Wall Temperature 700F
FigureC.3:EstimationofthefactorKatdifferentwallandfluegastemperatures
hN Btu/ft 2 hF
4.5
4.0
L=5:
E07x2+0.0002x+0.8674
3.0
L=6:
E07x2+0.0001x+0.9767
2.5
L=7: 5E07x2+9E05x+1.0314
2.0
L=9: 8E07x20.0002x+1.3593
3.5
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Temperature (F)
hN,
hN,
hN,
hN,
T=800,
T=800,
T=800,
T=800,
L=6
L=7
L=5
L=9
hN,
hN,
hN,
hN,
T=700,
T=700,
T=700,
T=700,
L=6
L=7
L=5
L=9
hN,
hN,
hN,
hN,
T=600, L=6
T=600, L=7
T=600, L=5
T=600, L=9
FigureC.4:EstimationofthehNatdifferenttemperaturesandbeamlengths
(0.8 1.6 pw )(1 0.38Tg / 1000)

( pc pw ) L
183
( pc pw )
(C.6)
pc and pw arethepartialpressuresofCO2andwatervaporincludedinthegasstream,and
Tg istheaveragegastemperature(K). hN isapproximatedanewusingEquationC.5andthe
newtrendlines,obtainedforstreamswithdominantconcentrationsofH2OorCO2(shownin
TableC.2).
TableC.2:ApproximationofthehNwithmassratios8:1H2Oand25:1CO2(basedontherespective
elementcontentintheconventionalfluegases)
Beamlength(m)
L=5
L=6
L=7
L=9
hN
8:1H2O
1E06x2+0.0012x+3.1418
1E06x2+0.0011x+3.2511
1E06x2+0.001x+3.3058
1E06x2+0.001x+3.3604
25:1 CO2
6E07x2+0.0006x+1.7772
7E07x2+0.0005x+1.8865
8E07x2+0.0005x+1.9411
8E07x2+0.0004x+1.9958
C.1.1.2 Calculationoftheconvectiveheattransfercoefficient, hc
TheconvectiveheattransfercoefficientiscalculatedusingEquationC.7:
hc Nu
12k
do
(C.7)
NuistheNusseltnumber( Nu 0.033 Re0.6 Pr 0.33 )andkthethermalconductivityinBtu/fthF.

To calculate the Nusselt number, Re (Reynolds number) and Pr (Prandtl number) are
estimatedas:
Re
Pr
Gd o
12
(C.8)
C p
(C.9)
Gisthegasvelocityinlb/ft2h,theviscosityinlb/fthand C p thespecificheatinBtu/lbF.The
gasmassvelocity G isdefinedas:
12Wg
N S
w
do L
Here,NwisthenumberoftubeswideandWgthegasflowinlb/h.
(C.10)
184
Duetolackofinputdata,assumptionsincludesteadyfluegasandmassvelocityof35ft/sec
(10m/sec) and 5000 lb/ft2h, respectively, throughout the HRSG. With these values, the gas
density, g , is found to be 0.04 lb/ft3 g
; an intermediate value of g
G
3600Vg
is calculated
withdataderivedfromEbsilonProfessional.However,theviscosity,thespecificheatandthe
conductivityvarywithtemperature(TableC.3)andresultindifferentReandNunumbers.
Also,thediameterofthetubes, d o ,dependsontheHX. hc hasbeenestimatedfordifferent
temperatures using a constant d o of 2 in. (Figure C.5). When d o is different than 2 in., the
coefficienthasbeenadjustedusingtheequation:
hc
Nu12k
'
o
(C.11)
do
Here, d o' isadiameterdifferentthan2in.

TableC.3:Gasandsteamproperties(Source:Ganapathy,1991)
Temperature
(F)
200
400
800
1200
1600
2000
Temperature
(F)
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Air(dry)
Cp
(Btu/LbF) (Lb/fth)
0.2439
0.0537
0.2485
0.0632
0.2587
0.0809
0.2696
0.0968
0.2800
0.1109
0.2887
0.1232
Watervapor
Cp
(Btu/LbF) (Lb/fth)
0.4532
0.0315
0.4663
0.0411
0.4812
0.0506
0.4975
0.0597
0.5147
0.0687
0.5325
0.0773
0.5506
0.0858
0.5684
0.0939
0.5857
0.1019
0.6019
0.1095
k
(Btu/fthF)
0.0188
0.0221
0.0287
0.0350
0.0412
0.0473
Temperature
(F)
200
400
600
800
1000
k
(Btu/fthF)
0.0134
0.0197
0.0261
0.0326
0.0393
0.0462
0.0532
0.0604
0.0678
0.0753
Temperature
(F)
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
GTexhaustgas
Cp
(Btu/LbF) (Lb/fth)
0.2529
0.0517
0.2584
0.0612
0.2643
0.0702
0.2705
0.0789
0.2767
0.0870
CO2
Cp
(Btu/LbF) (Lb/fth)
0.2162
0.0438
0.2369
0.0544
0.2543
0.0645
0.2688
0.0749
0.2807
0.0829
0.2903
0.0913
0.2980
0.0991
0.3041
0.1064
0.3090
0.1130
0.3129
0.1191
k
(Btu/fthF)
0.0182
0.0218
0.0253
0.0287
0.0321
k
(Btu/fthF)
0.0125
0.0177
0.0227
0.0274
0.0319
0.0360
0.0400
0.0435
0.0468
0.0500
Air, GT exhaust gases and CO2 streams present similar behavior, with respect to
temperature changes. The hc of steam streams, on the other hand, presents a much more
intensechangewithtemperature.
The composition of the gas passing through the secondary HRSGs differs from the
conventional GT flue gases and, therefore, hc must be adjusted properly. To reflect the
percentageofCO2andH2Oincludedinastream,thecurvesrepresentingpureCO2 andH2O
steams,showninFigureC.5,areshifteddependingontherelativeconcentrationsofthetwo
elements. In other words, the molecular fractions of carbon dioxide and water vapor in a
stream are used as weighting factors for recalculating the multipliers of the CO2 and H2O
curves(e.g.,TableC.4).
185
hc Btu/ft 2 hF
Lineartrendlines
35
30
25
H2O:
0.0100x+10.904
CO2:
0.0053x+8.3433
GT:
0.0042x+10.036
Air:
0.0034x+10.322
20
15
10
5
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Temperature, F
GT exhaust gas
dry Air
CO2
FigureC.5:Estimationofthehcofdifferentgasesatdifferenttemperatures
TableC.4:EstimationofthehcforhighconcentrationsofCO2andH2O
hc
2:1CO2:H2O
32:1 CO2:H2O
0.0069x+9.214
0.0054x+8.420
C.1.1.3 Calculationofthetubesidecoefficient, hi
U o Btu/ft 2 hF
25.00
23.00
21.00
19.00
17.00
15.00
13.00
11.00
9.00
7.00
5.00
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
ho/hi(Btu/ftFh)
ho
hi
FigureC.6:InfluenceofthehoandhivariationontheUo
hi onlyinfluencesthetotalheattransfercoefficientwhenitissmall(FigureC.6).Whengas
flowsontheoutersideoftubesandhighheattransfercoefficientsarecalculatedforthetube
side, the overall coefficient is governed by the gasside resistance. Assuming the other
186
resistancescontributeaspecificpercentagetotheoverallcoefficient,thecalculationoftheUo
canbesimplifiedto 0.8 0.9 ho (Ganapathy,1991).
Thefollowingequationshavebeenassumeddependingonthecomponentconsidered:
U o 0.9 ho foreconomizersandevaporators,
U o 0.8 ho forsuperheatersand
U o 0.6 ho forgasgasHXs,where hi issignificantlysmallerandofasimilarrangeasthe
ho .
After the Uoand the surface area ofaHX are calculated, its cost is estimatedbased on
areacomparisonwithreferencecostsandsizingfactors.InTablesC.5C.10thecalculatedheat
transfercoefficientsandtheresultingFCIofallHXsoftheplantsarepresented.
TableC.5:Dataforthereferenceplant
HX
RH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
COND
Heattransfer
(kW)
41,540
55,003
76,290
57,804
391
13,535
2,423
3,287
49,439
40,883
212,767
Tlog
(K)
62.4
55.2
43.6
50.5
26.7
23.5
48.6
44.2
34.5
37.9
10.9
Uo
(W/m)
63.8
63.9
66.0
62.1
64.7
71.7
71.2
53.3
58.0
55.6
3,580.8
Surface,A
(m)
10,431
15,585
26,507
18,425
226
8,031
701
1,395
24,730
19,424
5,446
FCI
(2009)
3,128,631
4,436,778
5,205,396
2,510,897
111,737
1,842,071
146,109
543,582
4,900,487
2,628,905
2,558,596
TableC.6:DatafortheAZEP85
HX
RH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
COND
SHII
EVII
ECII
NGPH
AIRHX
FGCOND
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
MCMLTHX
MCMHTHX
Heattransfer
(kW)
27,293
49,710
69,360
52,562
242
11,594
2,075
2,465
39,913
41,374
210,424
10,378
13,650
10,344
8,433
8,526
78,122
3,713
3,977
3,595
3,827
311,365
150,532
Tlog
(K)
67.3
54.8
45.3
49.1
24.5
18.1
42.4
42.8
33.2
33.4
10.9
67.0
53.9
39.9
505.1
779.8
59.6
51.0
55.1
55.4
43.9
78.6
47.2
Uo
(W/m)
64.2
63.8
66.1
62.0
64.5
71.5
70.9
53.1
57.9
55.4
3,580.8
104.6
104.6
92.5
43.1
58.4
67.7
52.8
52.8
52.8
52.8
72.7
100.3
Surface,A
(m)
6,319
14,215
23,140
17,285
153
8,959
690
1,085
20,727
22,351
5,386
1,480
2,424
2,799
388
187
19,356
1,379
1,367
1,229
1,652
54,526
31,804
FCI
(,2009)
2,022,881
4,095,394
4,625,276
2,375,214
79,506
2,025,853
144,078
436,722
4,202,664
2,970,409
2,534,065
572,296
649,647
487,385
174,490
231,586
2,620,873
263,311
261,231
238,128
308,074
32,265,525
20,186,113
187
TableC.7:DatafortheAZEP100
HX
RH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
COND
SHII
EVII
ECII
NGPH
AIRHX
FGCOND
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
MCMLTHX
MCMHTHX
Heattransfer
(kW)
21,331
30,867
58,306
44,177
1,660
29,009
5,198
2,551
43,941
43,235
213,104
13,187
16,680
12,639
8,433
10,121
91,439
4,358
4,669
4,224
4,496
366,209
177,096
Tlog
(K)
69.0
45.3
37.2
56.0
33.6
25.6
41.2
41.6
32.2
36.1
10.9
68.6
55.2
38.5
511.9
779.4
58.6
50.9
55.0
55.4
43.8
79.3
47.9
Uo
(W/m)
61.8
61.5
65.5
62.5
65.4
72.0
70.8
53.0
57.9
55.5
3,580.8
105.4
104.8
92.3
43
58.5
67.5
52.8
52.8
52.8
52.8
72.7
100.3
Surface,A
(m)
4,998
11,063
23,945
12,633
755
15,747
1,781
1,158
23,568
21,573
5,455
1,823
2,883
3,560
382
222
23,121
1,622
1,607
1,445
1,943
63,529
36,859
FCI
(,2009)
1,649,469
3,292,736
4,764,861
1,808,108
318,432
3,309,015
328,922
462,291
4,699,592
2,880,176
2,562,119
686,095
755,487
600,791
172,468.5
268,813
3,059,209
303,140
300,736
274,204
354,779
36,853,012
22,950,277
TableC.8:DataoftheplantwithCLC
HX
RH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
COND
SHII
EVII
ECII
NGPH
FGCOND
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
Heattransfer
(kW)
26,688
36,418
63,015
47,749
1,328
26,268
4,707
2,635
44,688
39,692
197,313
819
3,686
2,794
10,582
101,416
4,242
4,542
4,062
4,292
Tlog
(K)
73.5
46.5
38.8
54.7
32.0
24.3
41.4
41.8
32.4
38.1
10.9
32.7
29.1
73.3
269.6
80.6
50.4
54.4
54.5
42.8
Uo
(W/m)
62.4
62.0
65.6
62.4
65.3
71.9
70.9
53.0
57.9
55.6
3,580.8
91.2
99.8
97.0
44
71.1
52.4
52.4
52.4
52.4
Surface,A
(m)
5,815
12,621
24,753
14,000
635
15,057
1,604
1,190
23,825
18,724
5,051
274
1,270
393
889
17,716
1,607
1,592
1,424
1,914
FCI
(,2009)
1,881,804
3,692,758
4,904,542
1,977,257
274,129
3,182,549
300,168
473,220
4,744,024
2,546,260
2,396,131
132,036
370,248
88,229
359,222.7
2,426,575
300,747
298,249
270,650
350,132
188
TableC.9:DataforMEA0
HX
RH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
COND
COOLCAU
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
Heattransfer
(kW)
41,540
55,519
76,481
57,949
363
13,036
2,334
3,299
49,229
41,165
51,017
47,121
4,179
3,941
3,565
3,796
Tlog
(K)
63.7
54.2
43.8
50.3
26.4
23.3
48.6
44.3
34.5
37.0
13.6
61.6
69.4
62.6
63.0
53.2
Uo
(W/m)
64.0
63.8
66.0
62.1
64.6
71.7
71.2
53.3
58.0
55.6
3,580.8
65.0
52.7
52.7
52.7
52.7
FCI
Surface,A
(m)
10,185
16,049
26,435
18,545
213
7,817
675
1,400
24,610
20,003
1,051
11,778
1,141
1,193
1,074
1,354
(,2009)
3,064,369
4,551,454
5,193,210
2,525,057
105,794
1,799,282
141,318
545,022
4,879,876
2,696,976
738,649
1,701,151
223,285
232,104
211,703
259,001
Surface,A
(m)
10,185
16,147
26,435
18,545
214
7,817
675
1,408
24,610
20,003
2,485
11,778
1,455
1,193
1,074
1,354
(,2009)
3,170,644
4,734,122
5,373,316
2,612,628
110,040
1,861,683
146,219
566,895
5,049,115
2,790,510
1,615,906
1,760,149
285,325
240,154
219,045
267,984
TableC.10:DataforMEA0.2
HX
RH
HPSH
HPEV
HPEC
IPSH
IPEV
IPEC
LPSH
LPEV
LPEC
COND
COOLCAU
COOL1
COOL2
COOL3
COOL4
Heattransfer
(kW)
41,540
55,519
76,481
57,949
363
13,036
2,334
3,299
49,229
41,165
120,636
47,121
7,333
3,941
3,565
3,796
Tlog
(K)
63.8
63.5
66.0
62.1
64.3
71.7
71.2
52.9
58.0
55.6
3,580.8
765.1
76.7
62.9
56.6
71.4
Uo
(W/m)
64.0
63.5
66.0
62.1
64.3
71.7
71.2
52.9
58.0
55.6
3580.8
65.0
52.7
52.7
52.7
52.7
FCI
C.1.2 Designofthetubes
ThenumberanddesignoftubesinHXsarespecifiedbysettingtheiroutsidediameterand
wall thickness. Smaller diameter tubes yield higher heat transfer coefficients, but larger
diametertubesareeasiertocleanandmorerugged.Here,alloutsidediametersoftheHXs
areassumedtobe2.5in,withtheexceptionofthecondenser,theIPHRSGandthesecondary
HRSG,wheretheyareassumedtobe2in,becauseofthesmallerwater/steammassflows.
FinscanincreaseheattransferanddecreasethesurfaceareaofaHX.Fourfinsperin.of
0.75in.heightareassumedforeconomizers,condensersandcoolers,andtwofinsperin.of
0.50in.heightarechosenforsuperheaters,reheatersandgasgasHXs.Toaccountforusing
fins in the HXs, Figure C.7 has been used. Assuming 16.5 MMBtuh are transferred without
includingfinsandthat17.5or16.6MMBtuharetransferredusingfourortwofinsperin.of
189
0.75/0.50 in. height, respectively, the Uo values are increased by 6% or 0.6% (17.5/16.5=1.06
and 16.6/16.5=1.006). This increase has been considered here and it is included in the
presentedresults.
Theareaofeachfinnedtubeiscalculatedas:
4d o h 4h 2 2bd o 4bh
24
do
12
1 nb
(C.12)
Here,nisthefindensity,histhefinheightandbisthefinthickness.
FigureC.7:Effectoffingeometryonperformance.(Source:Ganapathy,1991)
C.1.3 Materials
Materials widely used for the construction of tubes in HXs are those of group 178 of the
gradesA,CandDthatstandforcarbonsteel,group213ofthegradesT11,T22,T5andT91
thatstandforintermediatealloysandgroup213ofgradesTp304,Tp316,Tp321andTp347
that represent the use of stainless steel. The letters H and L indicate high and low carbon,
respectively.Series300includes0.15%carbon,aminimumof16%chromiumandsufficient
nickel or manganese. The materials of the HXs comprising the HRSGs have been chosen
dependingontheouterwalltemperature.Foralloftheplants,thematerialshavebeenkept
thesameforsimilarcomponents,sincethesizeandoperatingconditionsarecomparable.The
maximumallowedtemperaturesforthemostcommonlyusedmaterialsareshowninTable
C.11:
190
TableC.11:MainconstructionmaterialsofHRSGs(Ganapathy,1991)
Material
Maximumallowance
temperature,C
SA178,gradeA
482
SA178,gradeC
SA213,gradeT2
SA213,gradeT11
SA213,gradeT22
SA213,gradeT91
SA213,gradeTp304H,321H
510
552
566
607
649
760
Component
HPEV,HPEC,IPEV,
IPEC
RH,HPSH
ThenamesofthemetalsfollowtheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers(ASME)specifications.
TheappropriatematerialsfortherestoftheHXshavebeenchoseninasimilarway.InTable
C.12 the design estimates related to the reference plant that lead to the calculation of the
weight of the HXs are presented as an example of the calculations performed for all of the
plants.
191
tube
fin
fin
thickn. density height
fin
mat. finnedtube numberof casing
area
tubes
width
thickn. densitya
tubes/ weight/
row
tube
weight weight weight total

offins oftubes ofcasing weight
do
di
tube
lenght
HeatExchanger
(in)
(in)
(ft)
(in)
(fin/in)
(in)
(in)
(lb/in)
(ft2)
(n)
(in)
(n)
(lb)
(lb)
(t)
(t)
(t)
HPSH
2.5
2.380
10
0.120
0.500
0.075
0.289
22.65
7,408
563.5
86
31.9
26.0
195
62.4
257
HPEV
2.5
2.395
10
0.105
0.750
0.050
0.283
58.38
4,887
458.4
70
27.4
54.1
181
40.5
221
HPEC
2.5
2.395
10
0.105
0.750
0.050
0.283
58.38
3,397
382.9
58
27.4
54.1
126
28.2
154
RH
2.5
2.380
10
0.120
0.500
0.075
0.289
22.65
4,958
461.7
70
31.9
26.0
130
41.9
172
IPSH
2.0
1.880
10
0.120
0.500
0.075
0.289
18.72
130
72.5
11
24.8
21.7
1.0
IPEV
2.0
1.895
10
0.105
0.750
0.050
0.283
49.22
1,756
255.5
42
21.8
45.8
54
12.6
66
IPEC
2.0
1.895
10
0.105
0.750
0.050
0.283
49.22
153
78.3
12
21.8
45.8
1.2
LPSH
2.5
2.380
10
0.120
0.500
0.075
0.289
22.65
663
171.4
26
31.2
26.0
17
5.8
23
LPEV
2.5
2.395
10
0.105
0.750
0.050
0.283
58.38
4,560
442.9
68
27.4
54.1
169
37.8
206
LPEC
2.5
2.395
10
0.105
0.750
0.050
0.283
58.38
3,581
393.0
60
27.4
54.1
132
29.7
162
2.0
1.895
10
0.105
0.750
0.050
0.283
49.22
5,797
460.8
76
21.8
45.8
37
40.9
77
COND
Materialdensitiesof0.289and0.283lb/inareassociatedwithstainlessandcarbonsteel,respectively
TableC.12: DesignestimatesfortheHXsofthereferenceplant
191
192
AppendixD
Generalizedcostingequations
Thefollowingequationsarebasedoncostcalculationsrealizedforthisthesisandareshown
here as a generalized guide for fixed capital cost calculations of similarsized components.
ThesourcesusedareshowninTableB.6ofAppendixB.
1.Gasturbinesystem1,2(referenceyear:2009;forotherGTsystems,seeGasTurbineWorld;
Framer,2006).

W
net 65.6 106
290
0.9
CostGT _ system
Expander
Costexp ander CostGT _ system 0.4
Compressor
Costcompressor CostGT _ system 0.35
Combustionchamber
Costcompressor CostGT _ system 0.25
Or
CostCC
fg
m
628.5
0.67
21.9 106
Pressureratio:16.8
Thetotalcosthasbeensharedamongthethreemaincomponentsofthesystemasfollowing:40%totheexpander,
35%tothecompressorand25%totheCC.
1
2
AppendixD.Generalizedcostingequations
2.Heatrecoverysteamgenerator
Reheater,Superheater
CostSH / RH
SH / RH3
4.1 10
0.87
1.3 106
CICEPSI
468.2
Evaporator
AEV
Cost EV
3
20.5 10
0.87
3.7 106
CICEPSI
468.2
Economizer
AEC
Cost EC
3
16.3 10
0.87
2 106
CICEPSI
468.2
3.Condenser
0.87
Q
CI
CostCOND COND 1.9 106 CEPSI
213.0
390.6
4.STsystem(referenceyear2009)3
0.9
W
6
CostST _ sys
26.4 10
120
HPST
W
Cost HPST
CostST _ system

Wtot
IPST
W 1.5
Cost IPST
CostST _ system
Wtot
LPST
W 2
Cost LPST
CostST _ system

Wtot
Where,
W W
tot
HPST
1.5 W IPST 2 W LPST
Highpressure:124bar
194
5.Pumps4
0.3 MW
a)For W
P
Oulet Pressure ~ 5 bar
2 2,328 W
61, 233 CICEPSI
Cost Pump 2.9 W
P
P
357.6
o
2 3, 277 W
86, 205 CICEPSI
Cost Pump 4.05 W
P
P
357.6
2 3, 795 W
102, 268 CICEPSI
Cost Pump 4.3 W
P
P
357.6
2 4,197 W
113,100 CICEPSI
Cost Pump 4.8 W
P
P
357.6
0.3 MW
For W
P
Cost Pump
0.8
W
CI
P 1.4 106 CEPSI
357.6
3.4
6.CoolingTower
CostCT
CI
Q
1.8 106 CEPSI
216.9
390.6
7.Deaerator
s m
w
Cost Deaerator 4.9 103 m
CICEPSI
357.6
II.AddedcomponentsinplantswithCO2capture
1.SteamTurbine(referenceyear2009)
0.9
W
CostST
Cost LPST
WLPST
Centrifugal;carbonsteelpumps,includingthecostofmotors(Turtonetal.,2002)
195
196
2.RecyclecompressorsandCO2compressors,(referenceyear2009)
1.4 MW
W
0.5
W
6
Costcomp
1.7 10 1.15
0.3
1.4 MW
W
0.7
W
6
Costcomp
4.2 10 1.15
1.4
3.CO2coolerandfluegascondenser
ACooler
CostCooler
3
16.3 10
0.87
2 106
CICEPSI
468.2
4.Gasgasheatexchanger
For Tmax 800C

AHX
Cost HX
3
16.3 10
0.87
107
CICEPSI
468.2
For Tmax 800C

AHX
Cost HX
3
16.3 10
0.87
4 106
CICEPSI
468.2
5.DuctBurner(referenceyear2009)
fuel
m
Cost DB
14
0.67
21.9 106
A isthesurfaceareainm,( ASH _ RH , AEvap , AEcon , Acond , AHX , Acooler
Tlog
Uo
CICEPSI istheCEPSIindexofthecalculationyear,
fg isthemassflowrateofthecombustionproductsinkg/sec,
m
ms and mw arethemassofsteamandwaterenteringthedeaeratorinkg/sec,
Q istheheatrateinMW,
isthetotalpowerproducedbyacomponentinMWand
W
isthetotalpowerconsumedinapumpinMW.
W
P
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ComparativeEvaluationofPower

The plant with chemical absorption using monoethanolamine (MEA

The plant using a methane steam reforming membrane with

3.3 Advancedexergybasedanalyses ...................................................................................... 41

Splitting the avoidable and unavoidable rates of exergy

Calculating the total avoidable environmental impact of

Calculating the total avoidable cost rates associated with

Splitting the exogenous environmental impact of exergy

Calculating the total avoidable environmental impact of

A. Flowchartsandsimulationassumptionsofthepowerplants ......................................... 101

Compressors and expanders of GT systems (C1 and GT1) and

B.1.2 Remainingcompressors.................................................................................. 161

B.1.7 Reactors ............................................................................................................. 167

Applicationoftheconventionalexergybasedmethods .......................................... 168

C.1.2 Designofthetubes ...........................................................................................188

References ........................................................................................................................................ 197

FigureA.1.1:Structureofthereferenceplant ............................................................................... 102

Postcombustion Botswana Coal

Postcombustion Australia Coal

Postcombustion Australia Coal

Postcombustion Australia Coal

HuanengCoGenerationPowerPlantCO2CaptureProject Postcombustion China

Postcombustion Denmark Coal

Gas,Coal,Oil 54,75060,225tpaCO2,8MWe Foodindustry

WeEnergiesPleasantPrairieChilledAmmoniaPilotProject Postcombustion USA

ShuteCreekgasprocessingfacility NGprocessing 201kmPipeline

ShuteCreekgasprocessingfacility NGprocessing 285kmPipeline

Capture Storage Transport&storage

Projects in the planning stage

Figure 2.5: Simplifieddiagramofthereferenceplant

CO2 -depleted gas

exp 2.4452 0.0037 y CO2 6.2743 lean 0.0254 C 100

41.15 0.062 Tfg,in 1.307 y CO2 18.872 lean 0.270 C )

16.907 2.333 lean 0.204 C

CO2 -depleted gas

MEA is not included as a chemical compound in the simulation software

Oxygen depleted air

The plant using a methane steam reforming membrane with

This plant incorporates a hydrogenseparating membrane reactor (Figures 2.16 and

1.2H 2 0.9CO 0.8H 2 O 0.1CO2

GT1 Wnet ,aftergenerator(MW)

50.5(47.8) 48.5 47.8

67.0(47.8) 72.5 44.1

14.7(13.9) 5.6 16.0

353.8(334.6) 339.8 334.5

exergoenvironmental analyses, investment costs and environmental impacts, calculated

The exergetic efficiencies of component k and the overall system consisting of n

carrying _ charges O & M

An exergoeconomic analysis is an appropriate combination of an exergetic analysis with

The quantification of environmental impacts caused by depletion and emissions of a

In an exergoenvironmental analysis, the concepts of exergy and environmental impact are

operationandmaintenance, YkOM and(c)thedisposal, YkDI ,ofcomponentk:

Yk YkCO YkOM YkDI

where, m in and m out arethemassflowratesofpollutantsenteringandexitingcomponentk,

E DMX, k E DEX, k E DEX, k, r

with E DEX, k, r E DEN, k, r k E DEN, k .

As mentioned earlier, technological and economic limitations determine a minimum

Splitting the avoidable and unavoidable rates of exergy destruction into

Theunavoidableendogenousandexogenousexergydestruction E DUN, k, EN and E DUN, k, EX within

E DAV, k , EN E DEN, k E DUN, k, EN

E DAV, k , EX E DEX, k E DUN, k, EX (3.27)

E DAV, k , E DAV, k , EN E DAV, r , EX , k

is the sum of the avoidable exergy destruction caused by component k

E DUN, r , EX , k E DUN, r , EN , r k E DUN, r , EN (3.30)