CONTENTS

Page No
List Of Figures ...4
List Of Tables .5
CHAPTER 1 .........6
1.INFORMATION ABOUT THE OM!AN" .......................................................6
1.1. #aster$ E%gi%eeri%g .......6
1.&. #r'u( '$(a%ies ..........6
1.). Fiel*s 'f A+ti,it- ........
1.).1. ''li%g /-ste$s ...........
1.).&. Heati%g /-ste$s ............
1.).). Air '%*iti'%i%g 0 1e%tilati%g /-ste$s ..........
1.).4. Fire E2ui($e%ts ...........3
1.).5. !lu$bi%g4 H-r'(5're a%* Irrigati'% ................3
1.).6. Aut'$ati+ '%tr'l a%* E%erg- Ma%age$e%t ..............3
1.)... /eis$i+ I%stallati'% ..............3
1.).3. 6ater !urifi+ati'% /-ste$s ..........3
1.).7. !''l8/au%a /-ste$s .............3
1.).19. :it+5e% a%* Lau%*r- I%stallati'% ...........7
1.4. I%tr'*u+ti'% 'f Orga%i;ati'% ...................7
1.5. Orga%i;ati'%al 5art ...........7
1.6. !ers'%al 5art ...............19
1... T-(e 'f Orga%i;ati'% ........19
CHAPTER 2 .. ........11
&.INTRO<UTION ........11
&.1.Ai$ Of T5e E%gi%eeri%g !ta+ti+e ......11
CHAPTER 3 ...........1&
). !RO=ET <E!ARTMENT .1&
).1. Te%*er !eri'* ....1&
).&. Ob>e+t /+5e*ule T' '$(lete A '%stru+ti'% !r'>e+t ....1&
CHAPTER 4 .......1)
4. 6OR: /AFET" .1)
4.1. Rig5t T' :%'? ..1)
4.&. Rig5t T' !arti+i(ate ..1)
4.&.1. 6'r@er /afet- A%* Healt5 Re(rese%tati,e ....1)
4.&.&. 6'r@(la+e /afet- A%* Healt5 '$$ittee .1)
4.). Rig5t T' Refuse U%safe 6'r@ ..14
1
4.4. 6'r@erAs Rig5t ..14
CHAPTER 5 .......1.
5. O/T ANAL"/I/ ...1.
5.1. !ri+i%g ...1.
5.&. E+'%'$ies Of /+'(e .&9
5.). 'st A++'u%ti%g ....&9
5.).1. Origi%s ....&1
5.).&. /ta%*ar* 'sti%g ....&1
5.).). Margi%al 'sti%g ....&1
5.).4. Ot5er 'sti%g Met5'*s ..&1
5.4. 'st Table .&&
CHAPTER 6 .......41
6. ONLU/ION ....41
A!!EN<IB ......4&
!HOTO ATTAHMENT/ ......4&
LIST OF FIGURES
Page No
&
Figure 1C Ar$a
'$(a%- ..........................................................................................................6
Figure &C Ar$a@ '$(a%- .....
Figure )C :uDa@ '$(a%-........................................... ...............................................
Figure 4C Orga%i;ati'% 5art......................................7
Figure 5C Air Ha%*li%g U%it......................................4&
Figure 6C Air Ha%*li%g U%it .........................................................4&
Figure .C ra%e .............................................................................4)
Figure 3C ra%e .............................................................................4)
Figure 7C Air Ha%*li%g U%it .........................................................4)
Figure 19C Air <u+t ......................................................................44
Figure 11C EE5aust a%* Is'late* Air <u+t ............................................44
Figure 1&C Air '%*iti'%er U%its..................................................44
Figure 1)C 1ie? 'f R''ft'( .........................................................45
Figure 14C Me+5a%i+al 'f !la%t ........................................................45
Figure 15C Heat EE+5a%ger ..........................................................45
Figure 16C !r'(erties 'f Heat EE+5a%ger......................................................46
Figure 1.C B'ilers .........................................................................46
Figure 13C Fire EE5aust Fa% .........................................................46
Figure 17C /t'rage .
...............................................................................................4.
Figure &9C 1ie? 'f Fire !i(es a%* Air <u+ts .......................................................4.
LIST OF TABLES
Page No
Table 1C Nu$bers 'f !ers'% .....19
Table &C 'st Table ......&&
)
CHAPTER 1
1. INFORMATION ABOUT THE COMPANY
1.1. Gase!" E#g$#ee!$#g
#aster$ E%gi%eeri%g4 establis5e* i% 177&4 5as u%*erta@e% a%* se,eral +'%tra+ti%g >'bs
ab'ut %atural gas substru+ture a%* u((er stru+ture i% a**iti'% t' 5eati%g4 +''li%g4 ,e%tilati'%4
firefig5ti%g4 aut'$ati'%4 +lea% a%* se?erage i%stallati'%s 'f $'*er% buil*i%g.
/i%+e establis5$e%t4 t5eir eE(erie%+e* e%gi%eers a%* +'lleagues ?5' are eE(erts i% t5eir
sub>e+ts are i%,'l,e* i% all 'f t5e (r'>e+ts t5e- su++essfull- re(rese%te*. #aster$
E%gi%eeri%g 5as +'%ti%u'usl- u(*ate* 'ur $et5'*s i% 'r*er t' (r'te+t 'ur +'$(etiti,e%ess i%
t5e *e,el'(i%g ?'rl* b- i$(r',i%g 'ur effi+ie%+- a%* 'ur (erf'r$a%+e t'get5er ?it5 t5eir
eE(erie%+e a%* $et5'*s.
#aster$ E%gi%eeri%g 5as I/O 7991C&993 2ualit- $a%age$e%t s-ste$ +ertifi+ati'%. As (art
'f i%stituti'%ali;ati'% (r'+ess. T5e- are able t' $eet re2uire$e%ts 'f t5eir +ust'$ers 2ui+@l-4
+'$(letel- a%* reliabl- ?it5 'ur substru+ture a%* eE(erie%+e a%* stu*ies ?e +'%*u+te* i%
a++'r*a%+e ?it5 I/O 7991C&993.
T5eir $issi'% is s5are t' eE(erie%+e4 @%'?le*ge a%* ?'r@ *is+i(li%e4 t5e- gai%e* as a result
'f -ears 'f 5ar* ?'r@ t' e%sure t5at 2ualit- is +5a%gi%g4 re%e?e* 'b>e+ti,e s5a(i%g i% (arallel
?it5 *e,el'($e%ts '% t5e ?'rl* rat5er t5a% bei%g a le,el rea+5e* a%* $ai%tai%e* f'r t5eir
+'$(a%-.
1.2. G!o%& Co"&a#$es
4
Ar$a /era$i@ '%stru+ti'% '. Lt*. establis5e* i% &99)4 $ai%tai%s its a+ti,ities su+5 as
:Fta5-a /era$i@ <ealers5i( 'f e%tral A%at'lia Regi'%4 A@gF% #ra%it Regi'%al <ealers5i(4
era,it4 Te@a Regi'%al <ealers5i(4 i$('rts ?all(a(er.
F$g%!e 1' Ar$a '$(a%-
Ar$a@ Heati%g /-ste$ E%gi%eeri%g '. Lt*. establis5e* i% &9964 $ai%tai%s its a+ti,ities
ab'ut selli%g a%* $'u%ti%g 'f 5eati%g a%* +''li%g e2ui($e%ts.
F$g%!e 2' Ar$a@ '$(a%-
:uDa@ '%stru+ti'% E%gi%eeri%g I%+'r('rate* '$(a%- establis5e* i% &9194 $ai%tai%s its
a+ti,ities ab'ut stru+ture G u((er stru+ture4 buil*i%g a%* u%*erta@i%g.
F$g%!e 3' :uDa@ '$(a%-
1.3. F$e()s O* A+$,$-
1.3.1. Cooling Systems
Central and Individual Cooling Systems
Cooling Groups
Cooling Towers
Cooling Systems for Heat Pump
Fan Coil Cooling Systems
1.3.2. Heating Systems
Central and Individual Heating and Cooling Systems
Industrial Heating Systems
Natural Gas Installations
1.3.3. Air Conditioning & Ventilating Systems
Air Conditioning & Ventilating Systems
5
System Air Conditioner
IndividualSplit Air Conditioning Systems
Industrial Air Conditioner Systems
1.3.4. Fire Equipments
Sprin!ler System Installation
Fire Hydrop"ore Installation
Fire Ca#inet Installation
1.3.5. lum!ing" Hydrop#ore And $rrigation
Clean $ater and Hot $ater Installations
$aste $ater Installations
Hydrop"ore and Pressuri%ation Systems
Irrigation Installations
Armature and Vitrified Supply and &ontage
1.3.%. Automati& Control And Energy 'anagement
Compensation of 'utdoor Air
&ulti(oned Heating Systems Automation
Intelligent )uilding Automation
Fuel 'il*$ater &aters and Calorimeter
1.3.(.Seismi& $nstallation
Seismi+ Prote+tion of Hanging pipe and du+ts,
-.uipment Installation for Seismi+ Prote+tion
-art".ua!e Pre+autions for Natural gas and /PG Installations
Pre+autions related to #uilding waste systems
6
1.3.). *ater uri+i&ation Systems
Professional and 0omesti+ $ater Purifi+ation and Conditioning Systems
1.3.,. ool-Sauna Systems
Swimming Pools
Spe+ial Purpose Pools
0emonstration and 0e+orative Pools1 Saunas
Tur!is" )at"s
1.3.1.. /it&#en And 0aundry $nstallation
2it+"en Installation and &ontage of -.uipment
Cold Storage 0epot Appli+ations
/aundry Installation and &ontage of -.uipment
1.4. I#!o)%+$o# O* O!ga#$.a$o#
'$(a%- Na$eC #A/TERM MF5e%*isli@ ,e Ti+aret Lt*. Hti.
A**ressC RF;garlI Aga5 Efe%*i /'@. N' C .J)3 ULU/JAN:ARA
Establis5e* I%C 177&
F'u%*i%g !art%ersC Ks$et :ILIL4 A-gFl :ILIL
Tele(5'%eCM79 )1& )19 4. 4)
FaEC M79 )1& 4. )5
6ebC 5tt(CJJ???.gaster$.+'$.tr
e8$ailC i%f'Ngaster$.+'$.tr
1.5. O!ga#$.a$o# C/a!
.
F$g%!e 4' Orga%i;ati'% 5art
1.6. Pe!so#a( C/a!
Table 1C Nu$bers 'f !ers'%
!'siti'% Nu$ber
Me+5a%i+al E%gi%eer 5
Ma+5i%er- Te+5%i+ia% 4
F're$a% 5
/afet- EE(ert 1
#e%eral Ma%ager 1
Lab'ur 113
U%2ualifie* !ers'% 1&
1.0. T-&e O* O!ga#$.a$o#
T5e 'rga%i;ati'% is a $ai% +'$(a%- 'f t5e 5'l*i%g +'$(a%-. T5e t-(e 'f t5e ?'r@i%g 'f t5e
'rga%i;ati'% is getti%g bi*s a%* is a fiEe* ('siti'% t-(e 'f la-'ut. I% t5is (r'*u+t 'r (r'>e+t
re$ai%s stati'%ar-4 a%* ?'r@ers4 $aterials4 a%* e2ui($e%t are $',e* as %ee*e*.
3
CHAPTER 2
2. INTRO1UCTION
A% e%gi%eer $ust @%'? 5'? t' be a% 'rga%i;ati'%4 5'? t' $a%age a% 'rga%i;ati'%4 ?5at a%
e%gi%eer *'es i% 'rga%i;ati'%. Als'4 a%- 't5er fa+ilities li@e (r'*u+ti'% (la%%i%g4 st'rage
fa+ilities4 auEiliar- f'u%*ati'%s4 ?5i+5 are +',ere* i% t5e 'rga%i;ati'%4 $ust be @%'?%.
Hu$a% relati'%s are ,er- i$('rta%t f'r a% e%gi%eer i% a% 'rga%i;ati'%.
T5e useful (r'*u+ti,it-4 ?5i+5 is *'%e b- g''* (r'*u+ti'% (la%%i%g a%* +'%tr'l te+5%i2ues4 is
i$('rta%t f'r brig5t%ess future 'f a% 'rga%i;ati'%. F'r t5is reas'%4 a% e%gi%eer s5'ul*
u%*ersta%* ?5at t5e g''* (la%%i%g is4 ?5at t5e $a%age$e%t is.
2.1. A$" O* T/e E#g$#ee!$#g P!a+$+e
T5e ai$ 'f t5e su$$er (ra+ti+e is t' +'$bi%e t5e t5e'reti+al @%'?le*ge ?it5 its a((li+ati'%s
i% t5e i%*ustr-. T5e'reti+al @%'?le*ge is ?'rt5less u%less it is +'%,erte* i%t' a((li+ati'%s.
T5eref're su$$er (ra+ti+e is '%e 'f t5e $'st be%efi+ial a%* i$('rta%t '(('rtu%ities t' (ut
@%'?le*ge '% ?'r@ i% i%*ustr-.
A%'t5er ai$ 'f t5e su$$er (ra+ti+e is t' gai% eE(erie%+e. /u$$er (ra+ti+es (ut a %e? fa+e
'% 'ur e*u+ati'%. M're',er4 su$$er (ra+ti+e is a g''* +5a%+e t' eE(erie%+e t5e
relati'%s5i(s bet?ee% $a%agers4 e%gi%eers a%* ?'r@ers.
/u$$er (ra+ti+es (r',i*e g''* '(('rtu%ities t' $a@e stu*e%ts see t5e a((li+ati'% areas 'f
t5e t5e'reti+al @%'?le*ge i% i%*ustr-. !arti+ularl- ME /u$$er !ra+ti+e $a@es us get fa$iliar
?it5 t5e (r'*u+ti'% s-ste$s a%* $a%age$e%t t5e (r'+ess t' '(ti$i;e as a $e+5a%i+al
e%gi%eer.
At t5is (ra+ti+e I 5a,e see% t5e (r'*u+ti'% (la%%i%g a%* 5'? t' $a%age a (r'ble$. A%* I
5a,e see% t5at ?'r@ i% (r'*u+ti'% is ,er- stressful f'r $e+5a%i+al e%gi%eers. T5ere ?ere a
l'ts 'f $e+5a%i+al e%gi%eers ?5' is res('%sible f'r us t5e- ?'r@ i% al$'st e,er- *e(art$e%t.
As a result4 *uri%g t5is (ra+ti+e I +'$e fa+e t' fa+e ?it5 t5e real 'b>e+ts4 real (r'+esses4 a%*
real (r'ble$s a%* s5'ul* be able t' +'$e u( ?it5 real s'luti'%s. T5us4 I ?ill be able t' see
$e+5a%i+al e%gi%eeri%g as a life ear%i%g >'b.
CHAPTER 3
7
3. PRO2ECT 1EPARTMENT
3.1. Te#)e! Pe!$o)
O(e%e* t5e te%*er sub$itte* (r'('sals f'r t5e (r'>e+t4 if t5e te%*er (eri'* is su++essfull-4
+'%stru+ti'% (r'>e+t ?ill start.
3.2. O34e+ S+/e)%(e To Co"&(ee A Co#s!%+$o# P!o4e+
Get information #y ar+"ite+ture from owner,
Information and re.uirement relay on t"e s!et+" pro3e+t and get permission from
owner,
If t"ere is anot"er re.uirement from owner1 review s!et+" pro3e+t again wit" respe+t to
t"ese re.uirements under +ustody owner,
After t"is su#3e+ts s!et+" pro3e+ts +"ange to ar+"ite+tural pro3e+ts,
Ar+"ite+tural pro3e+ts send to me+"ani+al and ele+tri+al engineer for t"eir approval,
T"ey report t"eir re.uirements and needs and also t"eir opinion w"i+" are wrong
a++ording to t"em,
Ar+"ite+ture1 ma!e some +"anges on ar+"ite+tural pro3e+ts a++ording to engineers
warnings and give last s"ape of an ar+"ite+tural pro3e+t, T"ese pro+esses need anot"er
approval from and engineers,
&e+"ani+al and ele+tri+al pro3e+t are drawn,
After t"is point t"e last s"ape of ar+"ite+tural pro3e+t send to +ivil engineers to ma!e
stati+ally +al+ulations and reinfor+ed +on+rete pro3e+ts and +al+ulations,
Prepared pro3e+ts w"i+" are ar+"ite+tural pro3e+ts1 reinfor+ed +on+rete pro3e+ts1
me+"ani+al installation pro3e+ts and ele+tri+al installation pro3e+ts wait for last
approval from owner after t"at ta!e t"e +onstru+tion #uilding permits from
government,
T5e +'%stru+ti'% begi% after ta@i%g all 'f t5e (er$its4 'be- a%* a((r',al.
19
CHAPTER 4
4. 5OR6 SAFETY
4.1. R$g/ To 6#o7
T5e Rig5t t' :%'? $ea%s t5at as a ?'r@er -'u 5a,e t5e rig5t t' @%'? 5'? t' *' -'ur >'b
safel-. It als' $ea%s t5at -'u 5a,e t5e rig5t t' @%'? ab'ut t5e *a%gers 'f t5e $aterials a%*
$a+5i%er- i% -'ur ?'r@(la+e. As a ?'r@er -'u 5a,e t5e rig5t t' trai%i%g t5at ?ill gi,e -'u t5is
@%'?le*ge. T5is trai%i%g s5'ul* i%+lu*e i*e%tifi+ati'% 'f 5a;ar*s4 ?5at t' *' ?5e% t5ere is a%
i%>ur- 'r s(ill4 l'+ati'% 'f first ai* su((lies4 areas t5at are 'ff li$its4 5'? t' use (ers'%al
(r'te+ti,e e2ui($e%t a%* ?5ere t' re('rt i%>uries. <' %'t *' a%-t5i%g u%til -'u u%*ersta%*
-'ur trai%i%g a%* are +'$f'rtable ?it5 it. <' %'t be afrai* t' as@ 2uesti'%s.
4.2. Right To Participate
Regar*less 'f t5e si;e 'f -'ur ?'r@(la+e 'r t5e ('siti'% -'u 5'l*4 t5e A+t gi,es -'u t5e rig5t4
as a ?'r@er4 t' (arti+i(ate i% safet- a%* 5ealt5 issues a%* *e+isi'% $a@i%g i% -'ur ?'r@(la+e
t5r'ug5 '%e 'f t5e f'll'?i%gC
4.2.1. Worker Safety And Health Representative
If t"ere are #etween 45 and 46 regularly employed wor!ers in t"e wor!pla+e1 t"ere
will #e a $or!er Safety and Healt" 7epresentative,
T"is person is a wor!er1 ele+ted #y t"e wor!ers t"ey are representing,
T"e representative ta!es t"e wor!ers8 safety and "ealt" +on+erns to management so
t"e issues +an #e resolved,
4.2.2. Workplace Safety And Health Committee
Virtually all wor!pla+es t"at "ave on average 95 or more wor!ers must "ave a
$or!pla+e Safety and Healt" Committee,
T"e +ommittee8s purpose is to wor! toget"er to identify and re+ommend solutions to
safety and "ealt" pro#lems1 to ensure t"at all safety and "ealt" +on+erns are #roug"t
into t"e open1 and !ept t"ere until t"ey are resolved,
T"e +ommittee must meet at least four times a year,
T"is +ommittee is made up of management and wor!er representatives wit" no more
t"an "alf of t"e +ommittee #eing from management,
$or!er mem#ers are sele+ted #y ot"er wor!ers or #y t"e union :if t"ere is one;,
&anagement mem#ers are sele+ted #y t"e employer,
11
T"e names of t"ose on t"e +ommittee s"ould #e posted in t"e wor!pla+e w"ere all
wor!ers +an see w"o t"eir representatives on t"e +ommittee are, <ou +an find out "ow
many regularly employed wor!ers are in your wor!pla+e #y as!ing t"e person w"o
does t"e payroll,
If you "ave a safety or "ealt" +on+ern
For all safety and "ealt" +on+erns1 tal! to your supervisor and your $or!er Safety and
Healt" 7epresentative or mem#ers of your Safety and Healt" Committee,
<ou +an #ring safety and "ealt" +on+erns to your representative or +ommittee and t"ey
will ta!e t"e +on+ern to management wit"out saying w"i+" wor!er #roug"t up t"e
issue,
4.3. Right To Refuse Unsafe Work
You have the right to refuse work that you believe is dangerous to your safety or health, or
the safety or health of another worker.
At a%- ti$e i% -'ur ?'r@i%g life4 -'u $a- e%+'u%ter a% u%safe situati'% '% t5e >'b 'r tas@ t5at
-'u belie,e $a- e%*a%ger -'ur safet- 'r 5ealt5. T5ese +'%*iti'%s s5'ul* be i$$e*iatel-
re('rte* t' -'ur su(er,is'r i% 'r*er t' (re,e%t a% i%+i*e%t. I% $'st +ases4 t5e situati'% is
res'l,e* b- eli$i%ati%g t5e 5a;ar*. If t5e situati'% is %'t re+tifie* -'u +a% eEer+ise -'ur rig5t
t' refuse t' ?'r@. U%*er t5e la?4 -'u +a% refuse a%- tas@ t5at -'u belie,e $a- be *a%ger'us
t' -'ur safet- a%* 5ealt5 'r t5e safet- a%* 5ealt5 'f 't5ers. T5e ?'r@er i%itiates t5e ?'r@
refusal ?it5 t5e re,ie? bei%g +'%*u+te* b- a su(er,is'r 'r $a%age$e%t $e$ber 'f t5e
+'$(a%-. It is i$('rta%t t' f'll'? t5e (r'(er ste(s 'f a ?'r@ refusal. Tal@ t' -'ur ='i%t /afet-
a%* Healt5 '$$ittee $e$ber 'r ?'r@er re(rese%tati,e if -'u 5a,e 2uesti'%s ab'ut u%safe
?'r@ refusals.
4.4. Workers Right
T"e Constitution guarantees ea+" person=s freedom of asso+iation1 in+luding t"e rig"t
to form or 3oin a trade union of "is +"oi+e for t"e prote+tion of "is interests, It is an
offen+e under t"e /7I0 A+t for any person to "inder or penali%e a wor!er w"o is
e>er+ising "is rig"t to 3oin a trade union, It is t"erefore an offen+e to dismiss or
penali%e against a wor!er so as to enfor+e a ?+loses"op@,
A wor!er "as no automati+ rig"t to +olle+tive #argaining wit" "is employer #ut is
entitled to "ave "is trade union #argain on "is #e"alf if t"ere is a +olle+tive la#our
1&
agreement to t"at effe+t or "is union "as gained t"e #argaining rig"ts #y means of a
poll +ondu+ted #y t"e &inistry of /a#our,
A wor!er "as t"e rig"t to #e paid t"e wage agreed #y "im wit" "is employer or fi>ed
#y a Colle+tive /a#our Agreement or #y a Tri#unal or ar#itrator=s award, T"e wage
paid to a wor!er may not lawfully #e less t"an any minimum wage fi>ed for t"e
parti+ular +ategory of wor!er,
An employer is pro"i#ited from paying une.ual pay for e.ual wor! as a means of
dis+riminating #etween male and female wor!ers,
A wor!er "as a rig"t to #e provided wit" a safe and "ealt"y pla+e of wor! and to
operate in a safe system wit" ade.uate supervision1 and w"ere ne+essary1 to #e
provided wit" prote+tive gear and +lot"ing,
A wor!er1 w"o is not lia#le to instant dismissal1 is entitled #efore termination of t"e
employment in w"i+" "e "ad #een +ontinuously wor!ing for A wee!s or more1 to
a. %'t less t5a% t?' ?ee@s %'ti+e if 5is (eri'* 'f +'%ti%u'us e$(l'-$e%t is less
t5a% fi,e -ears
3. %'t less t5a% f'ur ?ee@sA %'ti+e if 5is (eri'* 'f +'%ti%u'us e$(l'-$e%t is fi,e
-ears 'r $'re but less t5a% te% -ears
+. %'t less t5a% siE ?ee@sA %'ti+e if 5is (eri'* 'f +'%ti%u'us e$(l'-$e%t is te%
-ears 'r $'re but less t5a% fiftee% -ears.
). %'t less t5a% eig5t ?ee@s %'ti+e if 5is (eri'* 'f +'%ti%u'us e$(l'-$e%t is
fiftee% -ears 'r $'re but less t5a% t?e%t- -ears.
e. %'t less t5a% t?el,e ?ee@s %'ti+e if 5is (eri'* 'f +'%ti%u'us e$(l'-$e%t is
t?e%t- -ears 'r $'re4
a%* t5e %'ti+e s5all be i% ?riti%g u%less it is gi,e% i% t5e (rese%+e 'f a +re*ible ?it%ess. I%
(arti+ular +ases a l'%ger %'ti+e $a-4 be re2uire* b- agree$e%t 'r +ust'$.
A wor!er w"o "as #een +ontinuously employed for 45A wee!s1 if made redundant #y
reason of t"e downsi%ing1 +essation1 reorgani%ation or relo+ation of t"e employer=s
#usiness or in3ury or disease arising out of t"e nature of "is employment1 must #e paid
a redundan+y payment w"i+" is +al+ulated in a++ordan+e wit" t"e lengt" of "is
+ontinuous employment and "is +urrent rate of pay,
1)
A wor!er ot"er t"an a +asual wor!er w"o #e+omes ill during t"e first 49 mont"s of "is
employment1 if "e "as wor!ed for "is employer for 445 days or more1 s"all #e entitled
during t"e first year to si+! leave wit" pay for one day for every 99 days wor!ed and
after t"e first year1 to si+! leave wit" pay for 9 normal wor!ing wee!s,
Any wor!er ot"er t"an a +asual wor!er w"o wor!s for 445 days and up to 995 days in
a year is entitled to "oliday wit" pay in t"e amount of 4 day for every 99 days wor!ed1
and if for more t"an 995 days in t"e year to "olidays wit" pay for two normal wor!ing
wee!s e>+epting in t"e +ase of wor!ers wit" 45 years8 servi+e or more w"ere t"e leave
entitlement is t"ree normal wor!ing wee!s,
A +asual wor!er w"o "as wor!ed for not less t"an 445 days in a year at or #efore t"e
end of ea+" year of employment must #e paid a gratuity of not less t"an B per +ent of
t"e total wages earned #y "im during t"e year and si+! #enefit for 45 days,
A female wor!er is entitled to maternity leave for up to 49 wee!s :w"i+" may #e
e>tended #y up to 4A wee!s #y presenting a medi+al +ertifi+ate in support; in+luding
pay for eig"t wee!s if s"e "as #een +ontinuously employed #y t"e employer for not
less t"an C9 wee!s and wis"es to #e a#sent from wor! #e+ause of "er pregnan+y or
+onfinement and intends to return to wor! wit" t"e employer,
14
CHAPTER 5
5. COST ANALYSIS
5.1. P!$+$#g
!ri+i%g is '%e 'f t5e f'ur (ie+es 'f t5e $ar@eti%g $iE. T5e 't5er t5ree as(e+ts are (r'*u+t
$a%age$e%t4 (r'$'ti'%4 a%* (la+e. It is als' a @e- ,ariable i% $i+r'e+'%'$i+ (ri+e
all'+ati'% t5e'r-.
!ri+i%g is t5e $a%ual 'r aut'$ati+ (r'+ess 'f a((l-i%g (ri+es t' (ur+5ase a%* sales 'r*ers4
base* '% fa+t'rs su+5 asC a fiEe* a$'u%t4 2ua%tit- brea@4 (r'$'ti'% 'r sales +a$(aig%4
s(e+ifi+ ,e%*'r 2u'te4 (ri+e (re,aili%g '% e%tr-4 s5i($e%t 'r i%,'i+e *ate4 +'$bi%ati'% 'f
$ulti(le 'r*ers 'r li%es4 a%* $a%- 't5ers. Aut'$ate* s-ste$s re2uire $'re setu( a%*
$ai%te%a%+e but $a- (re,e%t (ri+i%g err'rs.
!ri+i%g i%,'l,es as@i%g 2uesti'%s li@eO
H'? $u+5 t' +5arge f'r a (r'*u+t 'r ser,i+eP 65ile t5is is t5e ?a- $'st busi%esses
t5i%@ ab'ut (ri+i%g4 si%+e it f'+uses '% ?5at t5e busi%ess sells4 t5e real 2uesti'% is
5'? $u+5 *' +ust'$ers ,alue ?5at t5e- are bu-i%gP
65at are t5e (ri+i%g 'b>e+ti,esP
<' ?e use (r'fit $aEi$i;ati'% (ri+i%gP
H'? t' set t5e (ri+eP /5'ul* t5ere be a si%gle (ri+e 'r $ulti(le (ri+i%gP
/5'ul* (ri+es +5a%ge i% ,ari'us ge'gra(5i+al areas4 referre* t' as ;'%e (ri+i%gP
/5'ul* t5ere be 2ua%tit- *is+'u%tsP
65at (ri+es are +'$(etit'rs +5argi%gP
<' -'u use a (ri+e s@i$$i%g strateg- 'r a (e%etrati'% (ri+i%g strateg-P
65at i$age *' -'u ?a%t t5e (ri+e t' +'%,e-P
<' -'u use (s-+5'l'gi+al (ri+i%gP
H'? i$('rta%t are +ust'$er (ri+e se%siti,it- a%* elasti+it- issuesP
a% real8ti$e (ri+i%g be use*P
Is (ri+e *is+ri$i%ati'% 'r -iel* $a%age$e%t a((r'(riateP
Are t5ere legal restri+ti'%s '% retail (ri+e $ai%te%a%+e4 (ri+e +'llusi'%4 'r (ri+e
*is+ri$i%ati'%P
<' (ri+e ('i%ts alrea*- eEist f'r t5e (r'*u+t +ateg'r-P
15
H'? fleEible +a% ?e be i% (ri+i%gP C T5e $'re +'$(etiti,e t5e i%*ustr-4 t5e less
fleEibilit- ?e 5a,e.
T5e (ri+e fl''r is *eter$i%e* b- (r'*u+ti'% fa+t'rs li@e +'sts Q'fte% '%l-
,ariable +'sts are ta@e% i%t' a++'u%tR4 e+'%'$ies 'f s+ale4 $argi%al +'st4 a%*
*egree 'f '(erati%g le,erage
T5e (ri+e +eili%g is *eter$i%e* b- *e$a%* fa+t'rs li@e (ri+e elasti+it- a%*
(ri+e ('i%ts
Are t5ere tra%sfer (ri+i%g +'%si*erati'%sP
65at is t5e +5a%+e 'f getti%g i%,'l,e* i% a (ri+e ?arP
H'? ,isible s5'ul* t5e (ri+e beP /5'ul* t5e (ri+e be %eutralP /5'ul* it be 5ig5l-
,isibleP QT' 5el( (r'$'te a l'? (ri+e* e+'%'$- (r'*u+t4 'r t' rei%f'r+e t5e (restige
i$age 'f a 2ualit- (r'*u+tR4 'r s5'ul* it be 5i**e%P
Are t5ere >'i%t (r'*u+t (ri+i%g +'%si*erati'%sP
65at are t5e %'%8(ri+e +'sts 'f (ur+5asi%g t5e (r'*u+tP
65at s'rt 'f (a-$e%ts s5'ul* be a++e(te*P
A well +"osen pri+e s"ould do t"ree t"ings
a+5ie,e t5e fi%a%+ial g'als 'f t5e fir$ Qe.g. (r'fitabilit-R
Fit t5e realities 'f t5e $ar@et(la+e Q?ill +ust'$ers bu- at t5at (ri+ePR
su(('rt a (r'*u+tSs ('siti'%i%g a%* be +'%siste%t ?it5 t5e 't5er ,ariables i% t5e
$ar@eti%g $iE
pri+e is influen+ed #y t"e type of distri#ution +"annel used1 t"e type of promotions
used1 and t"e .uality of t"e produ+t
(ri+e ?ill usuall- %ee* t' be relati,el- 5ig5 if $a%ufa+turi%g is
eE(e%si,e4 *istributi'% is eE+lusi,e4 a%* t5e (r'*u+t is su(('rte* b-
eEte%si,e a*,ertisi%g a%* (r'$'ti'%al +a$(aig%s
a l'? (ri+e +a% be a ,iable substitute f'r (r'*u+t 2ualit-4 effe+ti,e
(r'$'ti'%s4 'r a% e%ergeti+ selli%g eff'rt b- *istribut'rs
From t"e mar!eter8s point of view1 an effi+ient pri+e is a pri+e t"at is very +lose to t"e
ma>imum t"at +ustomers are prepared to pay, In e+onomi+ terms1 it is a pri+e t"at s"ifts most
of t"e +onsumer surplus to t"e produ+er,
16
T"e effe+tive pri+e is t"e pri+e t"e +ompany re+eives after a++ounting for dis+ounts1
promotions1 and ot"er in+entives,
Pri+e lining is t"e use of a limited num#er of pri+es for all your produ+t offerings, T"is is a
tradition started in t"e old five and dime stores in w"i+" everyt"ing +ost eit"er C or 45 +ents,
Its underlying rationale is t"at t"ese amounts are seen as suita#le pri+e points for a w"ole
range of produ+ts #y perspe+tive +ustomers, It "as t"e advantage of ease of administering1 #ut
t"e disadvantage of infle>i#ility1 parti+ularly in times of inflation or unsta#le pri+es,
A loss leader is a produ+t t"at "as a pri+e set #elow t"e operating margin, T"is results in a loss
to t"e enterprise on t"at parti+ular item1 #ut t"is is done in t"e "ope t"at it will draw +ustomers
into t"e store and t"at some of t"ose +ustomers will #uy ot"er1 "ig"er margin items,
Promotional pri+ing refers to an instan+e w"ere pri+ing is t"e !ey element of t"e mar!eting
mi>,
T"e pri+e*.uality relations"ip refers to t"e per+eption #y most +onsumers t"at a relatively "ig"
pri+e is a sign of good .uality, T"e #elief in t"is relations"ip is most important wit" +omple>
produ+ts t"at are "ard to test1 and e>periential produ+ts t"at +annot #e tested until used :su+"
as most servi+es;, T"e greater t"e un+ertainty surrounding a produ+t1 t"e more +onsumers
depend on t"e pri+e*.uality "ypot"esis and t"e more of a premium t"ey are prepared to pay,
T"e +lassi+ e>ample of t"is is t"e pri+ing of t"e sna+! +a!e Twin!ies1 w"i+" were per+eived
as low .uality w"en t"e pri+e was lowered, Note1 "owever1 t"at e>+essive relian+e on t"e
pri+e*.uantity relations"ip #y +onsumers may lead to t"e raising of pri+es on all produ+ts and
servi+es1 even t"ose of low .uality1 w"i+" in turn +auses t"e pri+e*.uality relations"ip to no
longer apply,
Premium pri+ing :also +alled prestige pri+ing; is t"e strategy of pri+ing at1 or near1 t"e "ig"
end of t"e possi#le pri+e range, People will #uy a premium pri+ed produ+t #e+auseD
1. T5e- belie,e t5e 5ig5 (ri+e is a% i%*i+ati'% 'f g''* 2ualit-O
2. t5e- belie,e it t' be a sig% 'f self ?'rt5 8 TT5e- are ?'rt5 itT 8 It aut5e%ti+ates t5eir
su++ess a%* status 8 It is a sig%al t' 't5ers t5at t5e- are a $e$ber 'f a% eE+lusi,e
gr'u(O a%*
3. T5e- re2uire fla?less (erf'r$a%+e i% t5is a((li+ati'% 8 T5e +'st 'f (r'*u+t
$alfu%+ti'% is t'' 5ig5 t' bu- a%-t5i%g but t5e best 8 eEa$(le C 5eart (a+e$a@er
1.
<e$a%*8base* (ri+i%g is a%- (ri+i%g $et5'* t5at uses +'%su$er *e$a%* 8 base* '%
(er+ei,e* ,alue 8 as t5e +e%tral ele$e%t. T5ese i%+lu*e C (ri+e s@i$$i%g4 (ri+e *is+ri$i%ati'%
a%* -iel* $a%age$e%t4 (ri+e ('i%ts4 (s-+5'l'gi+al (ri+i%g4 bu%*le (ri+i%g4 (e%etrati'%
(ri+i%g4 (ri+e li%i%g4 ge' a%* (re$iu$ (ri+i%g.
5.2. Economies Of Scope
E+'%'$ies 'f s+'(e are +'%+e(tuall- si$ilar t' e+'%'$ies 'f s+ale. 65ereas e+'%'$ies 'f
s+ale (ri$aril- refer t' effi+ie%+ies ass'+iate* ?it5 su((l-8si*e +5a%ges4 su+5 as i%+reasi%g
'r *e+reasi%g t5e s+ale 'f (r'*u+ti'%4 'f a si%gle (r'*u+t t-(e4 e+'%'$ies 'f s+'(e refer t'
effi+ie%+ies (ri$aril- ass'+iate* ?it5 *e$a%*8si*e +5a%ges4 su+5 as i%+reasi%g 'r
*e+reasi%g t5e s+'(e 'f $ar@eti%g a%* *istributi'%4 'f *iffere%t t-(es 'f (r'*u+ts. E+'%'$ies
'f s+'(e are '%e 'f t5e $ai% reas'%s f'r su+5 $ar@eti%g strategies as (r'*u+t bu%*li%g4
(r'*u+t li%i%g4 a%* fa$il- bra%*i%g.
Ofte%4 as t5e %u$ber 'f (r'*u+ts (r'$'te* is i%+rease* a%* br'a*er $e*ia use*4 $'re
(e'(le +a% be rea+5e* ?it5 ea+5 *'llar s(e%t. T5is is '%e eEa$(le 'f e+'%'$ies 'f s+'(e.
T5ese effi+ie%+ies *' %'t last4 5'?e,er4 at s'$e ('i%t4 a**iti'%al a*,ertisi%g eE(e%*iture '%
%e? (r'*u+ts ?ill start t' be less effe+ti,e Qa% eEa$(le 'f *ise+'%'$ies 'f s+'(eR.
If a sales f'r+e is selli%g se,eral (r'*u+ts t5e- +a% 'fte% *' s' $'re effi+ie%tl- t5a% if t5e-
are selli%g '%l- '%e (r'*u+t. T5e +'st 'f t5eir tra,el ti$e is *istribute* ',er a greater re,e%ue
base4 s' +'st effi+ie%+- i$(r',es. T5ere +a% als' be s-%ergies bet?ee% (r'*u+ts su+5 t5at
'fferi%g a +'$(lete ra%ge 'f (r'*u+ts gi,es t5e +'%su$er a $'re *esirable (r'*u+t 'fferi%g
t5a% a si%gle (r'*u+t ?'ul*. E+'%'$ies 'f s+'(e +a% als' '(erate t5r'ug5 *istributi'%
effi+ie%+ies. It +a% be $'re effi+ie%t t' s5i( a ra%ge 'f (r'*u+ts t' a%- gi,e% l'+ati'% t5a% t'
s5i( a si%gle t-(e 'f (r'*u+t t' t5at l'+ati'%.
Furt5er e+'%'$ies 'f s+'(e '++ur ?5e% t5ere are +'st8sa,i%gs arisi%g fr'$ b-8(r'*u+ts i%
t5e (r'*u+ti'% (r'+ess. A% eEa$(le ?'ul* be t5e be%efits 'f 5eati%g fr'$ e%erg- (r'*u+ti'%
5a,i%g a ('siti,e effe+t '% agri+ultural -iel*s.
N't all e+'%'$ists agree '% t5e i$('rta%+e 'f e+'%'$ies 'f s+'(e. /'$e argue t5at it '%l-
a((lies t' +ertai% i%*ustries4 a%* t5e% '%l- rarel-.
5.3. ost !ccounting
'st a++'u%ti%g is t5e (r'+ess 'f tra+@i%g4 re+'r*i%g a%* a%al-;i%g +'sts ass'+iate* ?it5 t5e
(r'*u+ts 'r a+ti,ities 'f a% 'rga%i;ati'%4 ?5ere +'st is *efi%e* as Sre2uire* ti$e 'r
res'ur+esS. 'sts are $easure* i% u%its 'f +urre%+- b- +'%,e%ti'%. 'st a++'u%ti%g +'ul*
als' be *efi%e* as a @i%* 'f $a%age$e%t a++'u%ti%g t5at tra%slates t5e /u((l- 5ai% Qt5e
13
(5-si+al $',e$e%t 'f (r'*u+tsR i%t' fi%a%+ial ,alue t' su(('rt *e+isi'% $a@i%g t' i$(r',e
+'sts a%* +as5 fl'?s.
T5ere are at least f'ur a((r'a+5esC
/ta%*ar* 'sti%g4
A+ti,it-8base* 'sti%g
Margi%al 'sti%g
T5r'ug5(ut A++'u%ti%g
5.3.1 Origins
Costs were originally +onsidered fi>ed, :?Cost? +omes from a /atin root meaning ?to stand?,;
In larger organi%ations1 some +osts tend to remain t"e same even during #usy periods1 w"ile
ot"ers rise and fall wit" volume of wor!, A more +onvenient way of +ategori%ing t"ese +osts
is to define t"em as eit"er fi>ed or varia#le, Fi>ed +osts were asso+iated wit" t"e #usiness
administration1 and did not +"ange during .uiet or #usy times, Varia#le +osts were asso+iated
wit" produ+tive wor!1 and naturally rose and fell wit" #usiness a+tivity,
I% t5e earl- t?e%tiet5 +e%tur-4 as 'rga%i;ati'%s bega% getti%g $'re +'$(leE4 $a%agers
%ee*e* a si$(le ?a- t' $a@e *e+isi'%s ab'ut (r'*u+ts a%* (ri+i%g. /i%+e $'st +'sts at t5e
ti$e ?ere ,ariable4 $a%agers +'ul* si$(l- t'tal t5e ,ariable +'sts f'r a (r'*u+t a%* use t5is
as a r'ug5 gui*e f'r *e+isi'%8$a@i%g.
5.3.2 Standard Costing
/ta%*ar* +'sti%g t''@ t5e i*ea furt5er4 b- *i,i*i%g t5e fiEe* +'sts b- t5e %u$ber 'f ite$s
(r'*u+e*4 a%* treati%g t5e result as if it ?ere a ,ariable +'st. T5is e%able* $a%agers t'
effe+ti,el- ig%'re t5e fiEe* +'sts4 si$(lif-i%g t5e *e+isi'% (r'+ess e,e% $'re. T5is $et5'*
te%*e* t' slig5tl- *ist'rt t5e resulti%g u%it +'st4 but i% $ass8(r'*u+ti'% i%*ustries t5at $a*e
'%e (r'*u+t li%e4 a%* ?5ere t5e fiEe* +'sts ?ere relati,el- l'?4 t5e *ist'rti'% ?as ,er- $i%'r.
5.3.3. Marjinal Costing
T5is $et5'* is use* (arti+ularl- f'r s5'rt8ter$ *e+isi'%8$a@i%g. Its (ri%+i(al te%ets areC
Re,e%ue Q(er (r'*u+tR 8 1ariable 'sts Q(er (r'*u+tR U '%tributi'% Q(er (r'*u+tR
T'tal '%tributi'% 8 T'tal FiEe* 'sts U T'tal !r'fit 'r QT'tal L'ssR
17
T5us it *'es %'t atte$(t t' all'+ate fiEe* +'sts i% a% arbitrar- $a%%er t' *iffere%t (r'*u+ts.
T5e s5'rt8ter$ 'b>e+ti,e is t' $aEi$i;e +'%tributi'% (er u%it. If +'%strai%ts eEist '% res'ur+es
t5e% u%*er $argi%al +'sti%g4 t5ese res'ur+es t' $aEi$i;e +'%tributi'% (er u%it 'f t5e
+'%strai%e* res'ur+e.
5.3.4. Other Costing Methods
&ore varieties of +osting met"ods "ave #een proposed in order to tailor for different aspe+ts
of t"e #usiness, Some of t"e uprising ones in+lude inventory costing met"od1 process
costing met"od1 average costing met"od1 target costing met"od, Still t"e standard met"ods
and normal +osting met"ods are t"e #est esta#lis"ed met"ods in t"e a++ounting world,
5.4. Cos Ta3(e
All 'f t5e +'st +al+ulati'%s are s5'?% at bel'? i% a% eEa$(le 'f RV%esa%s Ha%lIurfa Mall
'%stru+ti'%.
Table &C 'st Table
CHAPTER 6
6. CONCLUSION
&9
T5is re('rt +'%sists 'f t5e +'%se2ue%+es 'f $- (ra+ti+e eE(erie%+e i% #aster$ E%gi%eeri%g.
I ?as assig%e* al$'st e,er- *e(art$e%t i% t5e +'$(a%-. I% t5e su$$er (ra+ti+e I 5a*
+5a%+e t' see e,er- stage 'f (r'*u+ti'%4 +'%stru+ti'%4 $e+5a%i+al i%stallati'% a%* als'
$a%age$e%t4 5u$a% res'ur+es a%* ?5at t5e r'le t5at $e+5a%i+al e%gi%eers (la- at t5is
(r'+esses. I sa? t5at t5e $'st i$('rta%t r'le bel'%gs t' $e+5a%i+al e%gi%eers. I% e,er-
stageO (la%%i%g 'f (r'*u+ti'%4 arra%gi%g t5e '(erati'%s4 a*>usti%g t5e $a+5i%es4 a%*
(re(ari%g t5e '(erati'% (age t5at $ea%s al$'st e,er-t5i%g i% (r'*u+ti'% are t5e *uties 'f
t5e +i,il e%gi%eers.
<uri%g t5e su$$er (ra+ti+e (eri'*4 I trie* t' 'bser,e as $a%- fa+ilities a%* (e'(le as I +a%4 I
gai%e* a ge%eral i*ea ab'ut busi%ess ?'rl* a%* $e+5a%i+al i%stallati'% s-ste$s. !ra+ti+e
taug5t $e t5at $ai%tai%i%g +'$$u%i+ati'% ?it5 (e'(le is a $ust i% 'r*er t' be su++essful i%
busi%ess area.
Als' i% su$$er (ra+ti+e I 5a* +5a%+e t' see t5e $e+5a%i+al i%stallati'%4 +'%stru+ti'%
eE(eri$e%t a%* a((l- $- @%'?le*ge t' (ra+ti+e. I trie* t' use t5e i%f'r$ati'% ?5i+5 l 5a*
lear%e* i% less'%s. '$bi%ati'% 'f t5e'r- a%* (ra+ti+e ga,e $e a +lear u%*ersta%*i%g a%*
f'r$e* a ba+@gr'u%* i% $- $i%*. I% t5e +'$(a%- I sa? all t5e stages 'f >'bs a%*
$e+5a%i+al i%stallati'%.
As a result4 t5is su$$er (ra+ti+e ga,e $e s'$e t5e'reti+al @%'?le*ge4 s'$e eE(erie%+e4
s'$e s@ills t5at are *ire+tl- a((li+able a%* useful i% $- +areer i% t5e future. I belie,e t5at it is
,er- useful f'r $e. I lear%e* $a%- t5i%gs b- t5e ME)77 su$$er (ra+ti+e.
APPEN1I8
PHOTO ATTACHMENT
F$g%!e 5' Air Ha%*li%g U%it
F$g%!e 6' Air Ha%*li%g U%it
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F$g%!e 9' ra%e
F$g%!e :' Air Ha%*li%g U%it
F$g%!e 1;' Air <u+t
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F$g%!e 11' EE5aust a%* Is'late* Air <u+t
F$g%!e 12' Air '%*iti'%er U%its
F$g%!e 13' 1ie? 'f R''ft'(
F$g%!e 14' Me+5a%i+al 'f !la%t
F$g%!e 15' Heat EE+5a%ger
F$g%!e 16' !r'(erties 'f Heat EE+5a%ger
F$g%!e 10' B'ilers
F$g%!e 19' Fire EE5aust Fa%
F$g%!e 1:' /t'rage
F$g%!e 2;' 1ie? 'f Fire !i(es a%* Air <u+ts
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