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Basal ganglia - Lengvri

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Basal ganglia - Lengvri
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I.
II. III. IV.
THE TOPOGRAPHICAL ANATOMY OF THE CORPUS STRIATUM
precentral sulcus
central sulcus
postcentral sulcus
lateral
fissure
caudate nucleus
(body)
internal capsule
putamen
dience-
phalon
caudate
nucleus
(tail) amygdala
anterior
commissure
caudate
nucleus
(head)
anterior limb
of internal
capsule
anterior
perforated
substance
LATERAL
VIEW
LENTIFORM NUCLEUS
(seen from lateral side and behind)
antero-
lateral
postero-
medial
inferior
external
medullary lamina
internal
medullary lamina
putamen
internal segment
external segment
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I.
II.
III.
IV.
anterior horn of
lateral ventricle
septum
stria terminalis
thalamus
head of
caudate nucleus
anterior limb of
internal capsule
putamen
globus pallidus
lentiform
nucleus
posterior limb of
internal capsule
tail of caudate nucleus
stria terminalis
I.
II. III. IV.
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body of
caudate nucleus
external
capsule
putamen
insula
claustrum
extreme
capsule
tail of
caudate
nucleus
sublentiform
internal
capsule
subthalamic
nucleus
DM
V
CL
CM
mfb
pars reticulata
pars compacta
red
nucleus
retrorubral
nucleus
zona
incerta
paranigral
nucleus
striato-nigral
comb system
hippocampus
ansa
lenticularis
fasciculus
subthalamicus
fasciculus
lenticularis
thalamic
reticular
nucleus
corpus
callosum
cingulate gyrus
H
CL
CM
DM
H
mfb
V
centrolateral nucleus of the thalamus
centromedial nucleus of the thalamus
dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus
subthalamic fields of Forel
medial forebrain bundle
ventral thalamic nuclei
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II.
II.
III.
III.
caudate nucleus
(body)
internal capsule
putamen
dience-
phalon
caudate
nucleus
(tail)
amygdala
anterior
commissure
caudate
nucleus
(head)
anterior limb
of internal
capsule
anterior
perforated
substance
head of
caudate
nucleus
LV
anterior
limb of
internal
capsule
external
capsule
claustrum
extreme
capsule
putamen
nucleus
accumbens
diagonal
band of
Broca
septal
nuclei
corpus
callosum
bed nucleus
of stria
terminalis
III.
anterior
commisure
optic
chiasma
ventral
pallidum
olfactory
tubercle
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Structure of the corpus striatum Structure of the corpus striatum
small, multipolar cells with round, triangular or fusiform somata,
large neurons,
small/large 20:1,
spherical dendritic trees, 200/600 m (small/large),
spiny and non-spiny dendrites,
small spiny (75%) contains GABA and enkephalin+D2 receptor or substance P+D1
receptor,
small spiny cells are the striatal efferents (pallidum and substancia nigra),
aspiny small cells (acethylcholinestherase, cholinacethyltransferase, somatostatin)
are intrinsic,
spiny/aspiny large neurons (acethylcholinestherase, cholinacethyltransferase) are
intrinsic,
striosomes and striatal mosaic,
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ORGANIZATION OF THE SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
superior
colliculus
red nucleus
pars
lateralis
pars
compacta
pars
reticulata
crus
cerebri
dopamine
group A10
(Paranigral
nucleus)
dorsal raphe
5HT group B7
raphe 5HT
group B8
dopamine
group A9
substantia
nigra
pars lateralis (A9)
crus
cerebri
meso-striatal
axons to
dorsal striatum
meso-striatal
axons to
dorsal striatum
to superior colliculus
and thalamus
meso-limbic axons
to ventral striatum,
and prefrontal and
limbic cortices
paranigral nucleus
(ventral tegmental
group A10)
pars compacta (A9)
pars reticulata
strio-nigral
(comb) fibres
Acetylcholin
Cholecystikinin
somatostatin
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CONNECTIONS OF THE STRIATIM
CONNECTIONS OF THE STRIATIM CONNECTIONS OF THE STRIATIM
PUT
GP
IC
RN
SN
EFFERENS EFFERENS
1
2
3
1.Striatopallidal indirect
2. Striatopallidal direct
3. Striatonigral
1.Striatopallidal 1.Striatopallidal indirect indirect
2. Striatopallidal 2. Striatopallidal direct direct
3. Striatonigral 3. Striatonigral
AFFERENS AFFERENS
1
1
1
2
3
1. Corticostriatal
2. Thalamostriatal
3. Nigrostriatal
1. Corticostriatal 1. Corticostriatal
2. Thalamostriatal 2. Thalamostriatal
3. Nigrostriatal 3. Nigrostriatal
CN
MD
CM
VPL
VPM
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MAJOR INTERCONNECTIONS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA.
MAJOR INTERCONNECTIONS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA. MAJOR INTERCONNECTIONS OF THE BASAL GANGLIA.
Ansa lenticularis
Thalamic fasciculus
Lenticular fasciculus
Subthalamic fasciculus
Thalamostriatal Thalamostriatal
Putamen
CM
Globus
pallidus
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PRINCIPAL CONNECTIONS OF
THE GLOBUS PALLIDUS
PRINCIPAL CONNECTIONS OF
THE GLOBUS PALLIDUS CORTEX
STRIATUM
GLOBUS
PALLIDUS
THALAMUS
CENTROMEDIAN NUCL.
HABENULA
COLLICULUS SUP.
SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
GLUTAMATE
GABA
DOPAMINE
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All motor
cortices
All cerebral
cortex
Intralaminar
thalamus
Substantia nigra
compacta, A8, A9
Dorsal
raphe, B7
Locus
coeruleus, A6
Amygdala
subthalamic
nucleus
subthalamic
nucleus
glutamate
?ACh; ?
A
s
p
a
ra
te
dopamine; ACh
5HT
NA
?VIP;
?
C
C
K
?GABA;
?glycine
subs. nigra
reticulata
superior
colliculus
?
G
A
B
A
;
?
S
u
b
.
P
pedunculo-
pontine
nucleus
S
u
b
.
P
E
n
k
.
lower motor neurones
(, , and interneurones)
medullary
reticular
formation
DIENCEPHALON CORTEX
Habenular
complex
Centromedian
nucleus
Ventrolateral
nucleus, pars
anterioris
Thalamic
reticular
nucleus
Thalamic
principal nuclei
Ventrolateral
nucleus, pars
medialis
Posterior
group/ pulvinar
Somatosen-
sory cortex
Supplemen-
tary motor
cortex
Sensory
neocortex
Cingulate and
prefrontal
cortex
Non-motor
cortex
CONNECTIONS OF THE OF THE BASAL GANGLIA CONNECTIONS OF THE OF THE BASAL GANGLIA
Sub. P
Enk.
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Cerebral cortex
(including motor areas)
intralaminar thalamus
Cerebral cortex
(including prefrontal
and cingulate areas)
intralaminar thalamus
Dorsal
striatum
Dorsal
striatum
Dorsal
pallidum
Substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Ventralis lateralis
pars anterioris
Centromedian
Ventralis lateralis
pars medialis
Superior colliculus
(deep layers)
Supplementary
motor cortex
Somatosensory
motor cortices
Prefrontal and
cingulate cortex
Medullary reti-
cular formation
spinal cord
Thalamic nuclei:
Thalamic nucleus:
DA
5HT
NA
: Substantia nigra
pars compacta (A9);
retrorubral nucleus (A8)
: Raphe (B7)
: Locus coeruleus (A6)
DA
5HT
NA
: Substantia nigra
pars compacta (A9);
retrorubral nucleus (A8)
: Raphe (B7)
: Locus coeruleus (A6)
PRINCIPAL CONNECTIONS OF THE OF PRINCIPAL CONNECTIONS OF THE OF DORSAL DIVISION DORSAL DIVISIONOF THE OF THE BASAL GANGLIA BASAL GANGLIA
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Limbic, prefrontal and
temporal lobe cortices
Olfactory cortex and
amygdala
Limbic, prefrontal and
temporal lobe cortices
Olfactory cortex and
amygdala
Ventral
striatum
Ventral
striatum
Ventral
pallidum
Substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Mediodorsalis
Midline
Habenular nuclei
Ventralis lateralis
pars medialis
Superior colliculus
(deep layers)
Prefrontal and
cingulate cortex
Hippocampus
Limbic midbrain
Prefrontal and
cingulate cortex
Medullary reti-
cular formation
spinal cord
Thalamic nuclei:
Thalamic nucleus:
DA
5HT
NA
: Paranigral
nucleus (A10);
: Raphe (B7)
: Locus coeruleus (A6)
DA
5HT
NA
: Paranigral
nucleus (A10);
: Raphe (B7)
: Locus coeruleus (A6)
PRINCIPAL CONNECTIONS OF THE OF THE PRINCIPAL CONNECTIONS OF THE OF THE VENTRAL DIVISION VENTRAL DIVISIONOF OF BASAL GANGLIA BASAL GANGLIA
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Cerebral
cortex
areas
Cerebral
cortex
areas
Basal
nuclei
Thalamus 1
Basal
nuclei
Thalamus 1
A. Closed loop B. Open loop
2
Basal
nuclei
Thalamus
C. Mixed loop
2
1
3
Possible permutations of cortical loop - feedback configurations through the
basal ganglia. In each case the cortical areas 1, 2, 3 are hypothetical and do not
relate to any cytoarchitectural or physiological scheme.
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Subthalamic
nucleus
Pedunculo-
pontine
nucleus
All
motor
cortices
Pallidal
outflow to
thalamus
Internal
Internal External
External
Dorsal
pallidum
Dorsal
pallidum
Substantia
nigra pars
reticulata
Substantia
nigra pars
compacta
Prefrontal and
cingulate cortex;
superior colliculus
reticular formation
and spinal cord
Striatum
Reticular
formation
meso-
striatal
pathway
Closed feedback loop between the pallidumand the subthalamic and pedunculo-
pontine nuclei elaborating feedforward projection.
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PARKINSONS DISEASE PARKINSONS DISEASE DYSKINESIAS DYSKINESIAS