Ch17 ISM

1713
Chapter 17
Temperature and the Kinetic Theory of Gases

Conceptual Problems

1 True or Ialse:
(a) The zeroth law oI thermodynamics states that two objects in thermal
equilibrium with each other must be in thermal equilibrium with a third
object.
(b) The Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales diIIer only in the choice oI
the ice-point temperature.
(c) The Celsius degree and the kelvin are the same size.

(a) False. II two objects are in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.

(b) False. The Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales also diIIer in the number
oI intervals between the ice-point temperature and the steam-point temperature.

(c) True.

2 How can you determine iI two objects are in thermal equilibrium with
each other when putting them into physical contact with each other would have
undesirable eIIects? (For example, iI you put a piece oI sodium in contact with
water there would be a violent chemical reaction.)

Determine the Concept Put each in thermal equilibrium with a third body; that
is, a thermometer. II each body is in thermal equilibrium with the third, then they
are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

3 [SSM] Yesterday I woke up and it was 20 F in my bedroom, said
Mert to his old Iriend Mort. That`s nothing, replied Mort. My room was
5.0 C. Who had the colder room, Mert or Mort?

Picture the Problem We can decide which room was colder by converting 20F
to the equivalent Celsius temperature.

Using the Fahrenheit-Celsius
conversion, convert 20F to the
equivalent Celsius temperature:
( ) ( )
C 7 . 6
32 20 32
9
5
F 9
5
C
=
= = t t

so colder. was room s Mert'

Chapter 17

1714
4 Two identical vessels contain diIIerent ideal gases at the same
pressure and temperature. It Iollows that (a) the number oI gas molecules is the
same in both vessels, (b) the total mass oI gas is the same in both vessels, (c) the
average speed oI the gas molecules is the same in both vessels, (d) None oI the
above.

Determine the Concept Because the vessels are identical (have the same volume)
and the two ideal gases are at the same pressure and temperature, the ideal-gas law
( NkT PV = ) tells us that the number oI gas molecules must be the same in both
vessels. ( ) a is correct.

5 [SSM] Figure 17-18 shows a plot oI volume versus absolute
temperature Ior a process that takes a Iixed amount oI an ideal gas Irom point A
to point B. What happens to the pressure oI the gas during this process?

Determine the Concept From the ideal-gas law, we have . V T nR P = In the
process depicted, both the temperature and the volume increase, but the
temperature increases Iaster than does the volume. Hence, the pressure increases.

6 Figure 17-19 shows a plot oI pressure versus absolute temperature Ior
a process that takes a sample oI an ideal gas Irom point A to point B. What
happens to the volume oI the gas during this process?

Determine the Concept From the ideal-gas law, we have . P T nR V = In the
process depicted, both the temperature and the pressure increase, but the pressure
increases Iaster than does the temperature. Hence, the volume decreases.

7 II a vessel contains equal amounts, by mass, oI helium and argon,
which oI the Iollowing are true?

(a) The partial pressure exerted by each oI the two gases on the walls oI the
container is the same.
(b) The average speed oI a helium atom is the same as that oI an argon atom.
(c) The number oI helium atoms and argon atoms in the vessel are equal.
(d) None oI the above.

Determine the Concept
(a) False. The partial pressure exerted by each gas in the mixture is the pressure it
would exert iI it alone occupied the container. Because the densities oI helium and
argon are not the same, these gases occupy diIIerent volumes and, hence, their
partial pressures are not the same.

(b) False. Assuming the gasses have been in the vessel Ior some time, their
average kinetic energies would be the same. Because the densities oI helium and
Temperature and the Kinetic Theory oI Gases

1715
argon are not the same, their average speeds must be diIIerent.

(c) False. We know that the volumes oI the two gasses are equal (they both
occupy the Iull volume oI the container) and that their temperatures are equal.
Because their pressures are diIIerent, the number oI atoms oI each gas must be
diIIerent, too.

(d) Because none oI the above is true, ) (d is true.

8 By what Iactor must the absolute temperature oI a gas be increased to
double the rms speed oI its molecules?

Determine the Concept We can use M RT v 3
rms
= to relate the temperature oI
a gas to the rms speed oI its molecules.

Express the dependence oI the rms
speed oI the molecules oI a gas on
their absolute temperature:
M
RT
v
3
rms
=
where R is the gas constant, M is the
molar mass, and T is the absolute
temperature.

Because T v
rms
, the temperature must be quadrupled in order to double the
rms speed oI the molecules.

9 Two diIIerent gases are at the same temperature. What can be said
about the average translational kinetic energies oI the molecules? What can be
said about the rms speeds oI the gas molecules?

Determine the Concept The average kinetic energies are equal. The ratio oI their
rms speeds is equal to the square root oI the reciprocal oI the ratio oI their
molecular masses.

10 A vessel holds a mixture oI helium (He) and methane (CH
4
). The ratio
oI the rms speed oI the He atoms to that oI the CH
4
molecules is (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 4,
(d) 16

Picture the Problem We can express the rms speeds oI the helium atoms and the
methane molecules using . 3
rms
M RT v =

Express the rms speed oI the helium
atoms:
He
He rms,
3
M
RT
v =
Chapter 17

1716
Express the rms speed oI the
methane molecules:
4
4
CH
CH rms.
3
M
RT
v =

Divide the Iirst oI these equations by
the second to obtain:

He
CH
CH rms.
He rms,
4
4
M
M
v
v
=

Use Appendix C to Iind the molar
masses oI helium and methane:

2
g/mol 4
g/mol 16
4
CH rms.
He rms,
= =
v
v

and ) (b is correct.

11 True or Ialse: II the pressure oI a Iixed amount oI gas increases, the
temperature oI the gas must increase.

False. Whether the pressure changes also depends on whether and how the
volume changes. In an isothermal process, the pressure can increase while the
volume decreases and the temperature is constant.

12 Why might the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales be more convenient than
the absolute scale Ior ordinary, nonscientiIic purposes?

Determine the Concept For the Celsius scale, the ice point (0C) and the boiling
point oI water at 1 atm (100C) are more convenient than 273 K and 373 K;
temperatures in roughly this range are normally encountered. On the Fahrenheit
scale, the temperature oI warm-blooded animals is roughly 100F; this may be a
more convenient reIerence than approximately 300 K. Throughout most oI the
world, the Celsius scale is the standard Ior nonscientiIic purposes.

13 An astronomer claims that the temperature at the center oI the Sun is
about 10
7
degrees. Do you think that this temperature is in kelvins, degrees
Celsius, or doesn`t it matter?

Determine the Concept Because T t
C
273.15 K and 10
7
~~ 273, it doesn`t
matter.

14 Imagine that you have a Iixed amount oI ideal gas in a container that
expands to maintain constant pressure. II you double the absolute temperature oI
the gas, the average speed oI the molecules (a) remains constant, (b) doubles, (c)
quadruples, (d) increases by a Iactor oI 2 .

Determine the Concept The average speed oI the molecules in an ideal gas
depends on the square root oI the kelvin temperature. Because ,
av
T v doubling

1717
the temperature while maintaining constant pressure increases the average speed
by a Iactor oI . 2 ) (d is correct.

15 [SSM] Suppose that you compress an ideal gas to halI its original
volume, while also halving its absolute temperature. During this process, the
pressure oI the gas (a) halves, (b) remains constant, (c) doubles, (d) quadruples.

Determine the Concept From the ideal-gas law, nRT PV = , halving both the
temperature and volume oI the gas leaves the pressure unchanged. ) (b is
correct.

16 The average translational kinetic energy oI the molecules oI a gas
depends on (a) the number oI moles and the temperature, (b) the pressure and the
temperature, (c) the pressure only, (d) the temperature only.

Determine the Concept The average translational kinetic energy oI the molecules
oI an ideal gas K
av
depends on its temperature T according to .
2
3
av
kT K = ) (d is
correct.

17 [SSM] Which speed is greater, the speed oI sound in a gas or the
rms speed oI the molecules oI the gas? JustiIy your answer, using the appropriate
Iormulas, and explain why your answer is intuitively plausible.

Determine the Concept The rms speed oI molecules oI an ideal gas is given by
M
RT
v
3
rms
= and the speed oI sound in a gas is given by
M
RT
v

=
sound
.

The rms speed oI the molecules oI an
ideal-gas is given by:

M
RT
v
3
rms
=

The speed oI sound in a gas is given
by:

M
RT
v

=
sound

the second and simpliIy to obtain:

3
3
sound
rms
= =
M
RT
M
RT
v
v

For a monatomic gas, 1.67 and:

34 . 1
67 . 1
3
sound
monatomic rms,
= =
v
v

Chapter 17

1718
For a diatomic gas, 1.40 and:

46 . 1
40 . 1
3
sound
diatomic rms,
= =
v
v

In general, the rms speed is always somewhat greater than the speed oI sound.
However, it is only the component oI the molecular velocities in the direction oI
propagation that is relevant to this issue. In addition, In a gas the mean Iree path is
greater than the average intermolecular distance.

18 Imagine that you increase the temperature oI a gas while holding its
volume Iixed. Explain in terms oI molecular motion why the pressure oI the gas
on the walls oI its container increases.

Determine the Concept The pressure is a measure oI the change in momentum
per second oI a gas molecule on collision with the wall oI the container. When
the gas is heated, the average velocity and the average momentum oI the
molecules increase and, as a consequence, the pressure exerted by the molecules
increases.

19 Imagine that you compress a gas while holding it at Iixed temperature
(perhaps by immersing the container in cool water). Explain in terms oI
molecular motion why the pressure oI the gas on the walls oI its container
increases.

Determine the Concept II the volume decreases the pressure increases because
more molecules hit a unit oI area oI the walls in a given time. The Iact that the
temperature does not change tells us the molecular speed does not change with
volume.

20 Oxygen has a molar mass oI 32 g/mol and nitrogen has a molar mass
oI 28 g/mol. The oxygen and nitrogen molecules in a room have

(a) equal average translational kinetic energies, but the oxygen molecules have
a larger average speed than the nitrogen molecules have.
(b) equal average translational kinetic energies, but the oxygen molecules have
a smaller average speed than the nitrogen molecules have.
(c) equal average translational kinetic energies and equal average speeds.
(d) equal average speeds, but the oxygen molecules have a larger average
translational kinetic energy than the nitrogen molecules have.
(e) equal average speeds, but the oxygen molecules have a smaller average
translational kinetic energy than the nitrogen molecules have.
(f) None oI the above.

Picture the Problem The average kinetic energies oI the molecules are given by
( ) .
2
3
av
2
2
1
av
kT mv K = = Assuming that the room`s temperature distribution is

1719
uniIorm, we can conclude that the oxygen and nitrogen molecules have equal
average kinetic energies. Because the oxygen molecules are more massive, they
must be moving slower than the nitrogen molecules. ) (b is correct.

21 [SSM] Liquid nitrogen is relatively cheap, while liquid helium is
relatively expensive. One reason Ior the diIIerence in price is that while nitrogen
is the most common constituent oI the atmosphere, only small traces oI helium
can be Iound in the atmosphere. Use ideas Irom this chapter to explain why it is
that only small traces oI helium can be Iound in the atmosphere.

Determine the Concept The average molecular speed oI He gas at 300 K is about
1.4 km/s, so a signiIicant Iraction oI He molecules have speeds in excess oI
earth`s escape velocity (11.2 km/s). Thus, they "leak" away into space. Over
time, the He content oI the atmosphere decreases to almost nothing.

Estimation and Approximation

22 Estimate the total number oI air molecules in your classroom.

Picture the Problem The number oI air molecules in your classroom is given by
the ideal-gas law.

From the ideal-gas law, the number
oI molecules N in a given volume V
at pressure P and temperature T is
given by:

kT
PV
N =
where k is Boltzmann`s constant.
Assuming that a typical classroom is
a rectangular parallelepiped, its
volume is given by:

wh V =
Substituting Ior V yields:
kT
wh P
N

=

Assume atmospheric pressure, room temperature and that the room is 15 m square
and 5 m high to obtain:

( )( )( )
( )( )
28
23
10 3
K 293 J/K 10 381 . 1
m 5 m 15 m 15
atm
kPa 101.325
atm 1
~
|
.
|
\
|

=

N

Chapter 17

1720
23 Estimate the density oI dry air at sea level on a warm summer day.
Picture the Problem We can use the deIinition oI mass density, the deIinition oI
the molar mass oI a gas, and the ideal-gas law to estimate the density oI air at sea
level on a warm day.

The density oI air at sea level is
given by:
V
m
=

The mass oI the air molecules
occupying a given volume is the
product oI the number oI moles n
and the molar mass M oI the
molecules. Substitute Ior m to obtain:

V
nM
=
From the ideal-gas law, the number
oI moles in a given volume depends
on the pressure and temperature
according to:

RT
PV
n =
Substitute in the expression Ior and
simpliIy to obtain:

RT
PM
RT
PV
V
M
=
|
.
|
\
|
=

Assuming atmospheric pressure, a
temperature oI 27C (93F), and
29 g/mol Ior the molar mass oI air,
substitute numerical values and
evaluate :
( )
( )( )
3
kg/m 2 . 1
K 300 K J/mol 314 . 8
g/mol 29
atm
kPa 101.325
atm 1
=

|
.
|
\
|

=

24 A stoppered test tube that has a volume oI 10.0 mL has 1.00 mL oI
water at its bottom. The water has a temperature oI 100C and is initially at a
pressure oI 1.00 atm. The test tube is held over a Ilame until the water has
completely boiled away. Estimate the Iinal pressure inside the test tube.

Picture the Problem Assuming the steam to be an ideal gas at a temperature oI
373 K, we can use the ideal-gas law to estimate the pressure inside the test tube
when the water is completely boiled away.

Using the ideal-gas law, relate the
pressure inside the test tube to its
volume and the temperature:

V
NkT
P =

1721

Relate the number oI particles N to
the mass oI water, its molar mass M,
and Avogadro`s number N
A
:

A
N
M
N
m
=
M
N
m N
A
=
Relate the mass oI 1.00 mL oI water
to its density:

( )
( )
g 00 . 1
m 10 00 . 1
kg/m 10 00 . 1
3 6
3 3
=

= =
V m

Substitute Ior m, N
A
, and M
(18 g/mol) and evaluate N:

( )
particles 10 346 . 3
g/mol 18
mol particles/ 10 022 . 6
g 00 . 1
22
23
=
= N

Substitute numerical values and evaluate P:

( )( )( )
atm 170
N/m 10 101.325
atm 1
N/m 10 723 . 1
mL
m 10
mL 0 . 10
K 373 J/K 10 381 . 1 particles 10 346 . 3
2 3
2 7
3 6
23 22
=

=
P

25 [SSM] In Chapter 11, we Iound that the escape speed at the surIace
oI a planet oI radius R is

v
e
= 2gR , where g is the acceleration due to gravity at
the surIace oI the planet. II the rms speed oI a gas is greater than about 15 to 20
percent oI the escape speed oI a planet, virtually all oI the molecules oI that gas
will escape the atmosphere oI the planet.

(a) At what temperature is v
rms
Ior O
2
equal to 15 percent oI the escape speed
Ior Earth?
(b) At what temperature is v
rms
Ior H
2
equal to 15 percent oI the escape speed
Ior Earth?
(c) Temperatures in the upper atmosphere reach 1000 K. How does this help
account Ior the low abundance oI hydrogen in Earth`s atmosphere?
(d) Compute the temperatures Ior which the rms speeds oI O
2
and H
2
are equal
to 15 percent oI the escape speed at the surIace oI the moon, where g is
about one-sixth oI its value on Earth and R 1738 km. How does this
account Ior the absence oI an atmosphere on the moon?

Picture the Problem We can Iind the escape temperatures Ior the earth and the
moon by equating, in turn, 0.15v
e
and v
rms
oI O
2
and H
2
. We can compare these
Chapter 17

1722
temperatures to explain the absence Irom Earth`s upper atmosphere and Irom the
surIace oI the moon. See Appendix C Ior the molar masses oI O
2
and H
2
.

(a) Express v
rms
Ior O
2
:
2
2
O
O rms,
3
M
RT
v =
where R is the gas constant, T is the
absolute temperature, and
2
O
M is the
molar mass oI oxygen.

Equate 0.15v
e
and
2
O rms,
v :
M
RT
gR
3
2 15 . 0
earth
=

Solve Ior T to obtain:
R
M gR
T
3
045 . 0
earth
= (1)

Substitute numerical values and evaluate T Ior O
2
:

( )( )( )
( )
K 10 60 . 3
K J/mol 8.314 3
kg/mol 10 32.0 m 10 6.37 m/s 9.81 045 . 0
3
3 6 2
=

=

T

(b) Substitute numerical values and evaluate T Ior H
2
:

( )( )( )
( )
K 230
K J/mol 8.314 3
kg/mol 10 2.02 m 10 6.37 m/s 9.81 045 . 0
3 6 2
=

=

T

(c) Because hydrogen is lighter than air it rises to the top oI the atmosphere.
Because the temperature is high there, a greater Iraction oI the molecules reach
escape speed.

(d) Express equation (1) at the
surIace oI the moon:
( )
R
M R g
R
M R g
R
M R g
T
moon earth
moon earth 6
1
moon moon
0025 . 0
3
045 . 0
3
045 . 0
=
=
=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate T Ior O
2
:

( )( )( )
K 160
K J/mol 8.314
kg/mol 10 32.0 m 10 738 . 1 m/s 9.81 0025 . 0
3 6 2
=

=

T

1723
Substitute numerical values and evaluate T Ior H
2
:

( )( )( )
K 10
K J/mol 8.314
kg/mol 10 2.02 m 10 738 . 1 m/s 9.81 0025 . 0
3 6 2
=

=

T

Because g is less on the moon, the escape speed is lower. Thus, a larger
percentage oI the molecules are moving at escape speed.

26 The escape speed Ior gas molecules in the atmosphere oI Mars is
5.0 km/s and the surIace temperature oI Mars is typically 0C. Calculate the rms
speeds Ior (a) H
2
, (b) O
2
, and (c) CO
2
at this temperature. (d) Are H
2
, O
2
, and CO
2

likely to be Iound in the atmosphere oI Mars?

Picture the Problem We can use M RT v 3
rms
= to calculate the rms speeds oI
H
2
, O
2
, and CO
2
at 273 K and then compare these speeds to 20 oI the escape
velocity on Mars to decide the likelihood oI Iinding these gases in the atmosphere
oI Mars. See Appendix C Ior molar masses.

Express the rms speed oI an atom as
a Iunction oI the temperature:

M
RT
v
3
rms
=
(a) Substitute numerical values
and evaluate v
rms
Ior H
2
:
( )( )
km/s 1.84
kg/mol 10 2.02
K 273 K J/mol 8.314 3
3 H rms,
2
=

=

v

(b) Evaluate v
rms
Ior O
2
:
( )( )
m/s 1 6 4
kg/mol 10 32.0
K 273 K J/mol 8.314 3
3 O rms,
2
=

=

v

(c) Evaluate v
rms
Ior CO
2
:
( )( )
m/s 93 3
kg/mol 10 0 . 4 4
K 273 K J/mol 8.314 3
3 CO rms,
2
=

=

v

(d) Calculate 20 oI v
esc
Ior Mars: ( ) km/s 1.0 km/s 5.0
5
1
esc 5
1
= = = v v

Because v is greater than
rms
v CO
2
and O2 but less than
rms
v Ior H
2
, O
2
and CO
2
,
but not H
2
should be present.

Chapter 17

1724
27 [SSM] The escape speed Ior gas molecules in the atmosphere oI Jupiter is
60 km/s and the surIace temperature oI Jupiter is typically 150C. Calculate the
rms speeds Ior (a) H
2
, (b) O
2
, and (c) CO
2
at this temperature. (d) Are H
2
, O
2
, and
CO
2
likely to be Iound in the atmosphere oI Jupiter?

rms
= to calculate the rms speeds oI
H
2
, O
2
, and CO
2
at 123 K and then compare these speeds to 20 oI the escape
velocity on Jupiter to decide the likelihood oI Iinding these gases in the
atmosphere oI Jupiter. See Appendix C Ior the molar masses oI H
2
, O
2
, and CO
2
.

a Iunction oI the temperature:

M
RT
v
3
rms
=
(a) Substitute numerical values and
evaluate v
rms
Ior H
2
:
( )( )
km/s 1.23
kg/mol 10 2.02
K 23 1 K J/mol 8.314 3
3 H rms,
2
=

=

v

(b) Evaluate v
rms
Ior O
2
:
( )( )
m/s 310
kg/mol 10 32.0
K 123 K J/mol 8.314 3
3 O rms,
2
=

=

v

(c) Evaluate v
rms
Ior CO
2
:
( )( )
m/s 264
kg/mol 10 0 . 4 4
K 123 K J/mol 8.314 3
3 CO rms,
2
=

=

v

(d) Calculate 20 oI v
esc
Ior Jupiter: ( ) km/s 12 km/s 0 6
5
1
esc 5
1
= = = v v

Because v
e
is greater than v
rms
Ior O
2
, CO
2
and H
2
, O
2
, all three gasses should be
Iound on Jupiter.

28 Estimate the average pressure on the Iront wall oI a racquetball court,
due to the collisions oI the ball with the wall during a game. Use any reasonable
numbers Ior the mass oI the ball, its typical speed, and the dimensions oI the
court. Is the average pressure Irom the ball signiIicant compared to that Irom the
air?

Picture the Problem The average pressure exerted by the ball on the wall is the
ratio oI the average Iorce it exerts on the wall to the area oI the wall. The average
Iorce, in turn, is the rate at which the momentum oI the ball changes during each
collision with the wall. Assume that the mass oI a racquetball is 100 g, that the
court measures 5 m by 5 m, and that the speed oI the racquetball is 10 m/s. We`ll

1725
also assume that the interval At between collisions with the wall is 1 s.

The average pressure exerted on the
wall by the racquetball is given by:
wh
F
A
F
P
av av
av
= =
where w and h are the width and height
oI the wall, respectively.

Assuming head-on collisions with
the wall, the change in momentum oI
the ball during each collision is 2mv
and the average Iorce exerted by the
ball on the wall is:

t
mv
t
p
F
av
= =
where At is the elapsed time between
collisions oI the ball with the wall.

Substituting Ior F
av
yields:

t wh
mv
P
2
av
=

Substitute numerical values and
evaluate P
av
:
( )( )
( )( )( )
Pa 1 . 0
N/m 08 . 0
s 1 m 5 m 5
m/s 10 kg 1 . 2
2
av
~
= = P

Express the ratio oI P
av
and P
atm
to
obtain:
6
5
atm
av
10
Pa 10
Pa 1 . 0

= ~
P
P

or
atm
6
av
10 P P

~
and the average pressure Irom the ball
is not signiIicant compared to
atmospheric pressure.

29 To a Iirst approximation, the Sun consists oI a gas oI equal numbers oI
protons and electrons. (The masses oI these particles can be Iound in Appendix
B.) The temperature at the center oI the Sun is about 1 ! 10
7
K, and the density
oI the Sun is about 1 ! 10
5
kg/m
3
. Because the temperature is so high, the protons
and electrons are separate particles (rather than being joined together to Iorm
hydrogen atoms). (a) Estimate the pressure at the center oI the Sun. (b) Estimate
the rms speeds oI the protons and the electrons at the center oI the Sun.

Picture the Problem We`ll assume that we can model the plasma as an ideal gas,
at least to a Iirst approximation. Then we can apply the ideal gas law to an
arbitrary volume oI the material, say one cubic meter.

(a) To the extent that the plasma acts
like an ideal gas, the pressure at the
center oI the Sun is given by:

V
nRT
P =
Chapter 17

1726
The mass oI our 1 m
3
volume oI
matter is 10
5
kg and this mass
consists mostly oI protons. One mole
oI protons has a mass oI 1 g, so in
10
5
kg, the number oI moles oI
protons would be:

mol 10
kg 10
kg 10
8
3
5
protons
protons
protons
= = =

M
m
n
or, counting electrons,
mol 10 2 2
8
protons
= = n n

evaluate P:
( )( )( )
atm 10 2
kPa 101.325
atm 1
Pa 10 2
m 1
K 10 K J/mol 314 . 8 mol 10 2
11
16
3
7 8
~
~

= P

(b) To one signiIicant Iigure, the
average speed oI the protons is the
same as the rms speed:

protons
protons rms,
3
M
RT
v =
evaluate
protons rms,
v :
( )( )
m/s 10 5
kg 001 . 0
K 10 K J/mol 314 . 8 3
5
7
protons rms,
=
= v

The rms speed oI an electron at the
center oI the Sun is given by:
protons 2000
1
electrons
electrons rms,
3 3
M
RT
M
RT
v = =

evaluate
electrons rms,
v :
( )( )
( )
m/s 10 2
kg 001 . 0
K 10 K J/mol 314 . 8 3
7
2000
1
7
electrons rms,
=
= v

Remarks: The huge pressure we calculated in (a) is required to support the
tremendous weight of the rest of the sun. The very high speed we calculated
for the plasma electrons is still an order-of-magnitude smaller than the speed
of light.

30 You are designing a vacuum chamber Ior Iabricating reIlective
coatings. Inside this chamber, a small sample oI metal will be vaporized so that
its atoms travel in straight lines (the eIIects oI gravity are negligible during the
brieI time oI Ilight) to a surIace where they land to Iorm a very thin Iilm. The
sample oI metal is 30 cm Irom the surIace to which the metal atoms will adhere.
How low must the pressure in the chamber be so that the metal atoms only rarely
collide with air molecules beIore they land on the surIace?


1727
Picture the Problem We can use the expression Ior the mean Iree path oI a
molecule to eliminate the number oI molecules per unit volume n
V
Irom the ideal-
gas law. Assume that the air in the chamber is at room temperature (300 K) and
that the average diameter oI an air molecule is 4 10
10
m.

Apply the ideal gas law to express
the pressure in terms oI the number
oI molecules per unit volume and the
temperature:

kT n
V
NkT
P
V
= =

The mean Iree path oI an air
molecule is given by:

2
2
1
d n
V
t
=
2
2
1
d
n
V
t
=

Substitute Ior n
V
to obtain:
2
2 d
kT
P
t
=

evaluate P:

( )( )
( ) ( )
mPa 0 2
m 10 4 cm 30 2
K 00 3 J/K 10 .381 1
2
10
23
~

t
P

31 [SSM] In normal breathing conditions, approximately 5 percent oI
each exhaled breath is carbon dioxide. Given this inIormation and neglecting any
diIIerence in water-vapor content, estimate the typical diIIerence in mass between
an inhaled breath and an exhaled breath.

Picture the Problem One breath (one`s lung capacity) is about halI a liter. The
only thing that occurs in breathing is that oxygen is exchanged Ior carbon dioxide.
Let`s estimate that oI the 20 oI the air that is breathed in as oxygen, / is
exchanged Ior carbon dioxide. Then the mass diIIerence between breaths will be
5 oI a breath multiplied by the molar mass diIIerence between oxygen and
carbon dioxide and by the number oI moles in a breath. Because this is an
estimation problem, we`ll use 32 g/mol as an approximation Ior the molar mass oI
oxygen and 44 g/mol as an approximation Ior the molar mass oI carbon dioxide.

Express the diIIerence in mass
between an inhaled breath and an
exhaled breath:

( )
breath CO O CO
CO O
2 2 2
2 2
n M M f
m m m
=
=

where
2
CO
f is the Iraction oI the air
breathed in that is exchanged Ior carbon
dioxide.

The number oI moles per breath is
given by:

L/mol 4 . 22
breath
breath
V
n =
Chapter 17

1728
Substituting Ior n
breath
yields:
( ) |
.
|
\
|
=
L/mol 4 . 22
breath
CO O CO
2 2 2
V
M M f m

Substitute numerical values and evaluate Am:

( )( )
( )
g 10 1
L/mol 4 . 22
L 5 . 0
g/mol 32 g/mol 44 05 . 0
4
~ = m

Temperature Scales

32 A certain ski wax is rated Ior use between 12 and 7.0 C. What is
this temperature range on the Fahrenheit scale?

Picture the Problem We can use the Iact that 5 C 9 F to set up a proportion
that allows us to make easy interval conversions Irom either the Celsius or
Fahrenheit scale to the other.

The proportion relating a temperature
range on the Fahrenheit scale oI a
temperature range on the Celsius
scale is:

=
C 5
F 9
C
F
t
t
C F

C 5
F 9
t t
|
.
|
\
|
=
evaluate At
F
:

( ) ( ) =
|
.
|
\
|
= F 9 C 12 C 7
C 5
F 9
F
t
Remarks: An equivalent but slightly longer solution involves converting the
two temperatures to their Fahrenheit equivalents and then subtracting these
temperatures.

33 [SSM] The melting point oI gold is 1945.4 F. Express this
temperature in degrees Celsius.

Picture the Problem We can use the Fahrenheit-Celsius conversion equation to
Iind this temperature on the Celsius scale.

Convert 1945.4F to the
equivalent Celsius temperature:
( ) ( )
C 1063
32 4 . 1945 32
9
5
F 9
5
C
=
= = t t

34 A weather report indicates that the temperature is expected to drop by
15.0C over the next Iour hours. By how many degrees on the Fahrenheit scale
will the temperature drop?


1729
Picture the Problem We can use the Iact that 5 C 9 F to set up a proportion
that allows us to make easy interval conversions Irom either the Celsius or
Fahrenheit scale to the other.

The proportion relating a temperature
range on the Fahrenheit scale oI a
temperature range on the Celsius
scale is:

=
C 5
F 9
C
F
t
t
C F

C 5
F 9
t t
|
.
|
\
|
=
evaluate At
F
:
( ) =
|
.
|
\
|
= F 7.0 2 C 0 . 15
C 5
F 9
F
t

35 The length oI the column oI mercury in a thermometer is 4.00 cm
when the thermometer is immersed in ice water at 1 atm oI pressure, and 24.0 cm
when the thermometer is immersed in boiling water at 1 atm oI pressure. Assume
that the length oI the mercury column varies linearly with temperature. (a) Sketch
a graph oI the length oI the mercury column versus temperature (in degrees
Celsius). (b) What is the length oI the column at room temperature (22.0C)?
(c) II the mercury column is 25.4 cm long when the thermometer is immersed in a
chemical solution, what is the temperature oI the solution?

Picture the Problem We can use the equation oI the graph plotted in (a) to (b)
Iind the length oI the mercury column at room temperature and (c) the
temperature oI the solution when the height oI the mercury column is 25.4 cm.

(a) A graph oI the length oI the
mercury column versus temperature
(in degrees Celsius) is shown to the
right. The equation oI the line is:

cm 00 . 4
C
cm
200 . 0
C
+
|
.
|
\
|
= t L (1)
0
100
4.00
24.0
cm , L
C ,
C
t

(b) Evaluate ( ) C 0 . 22 L

( )
cm 40 . 8
cm 00 . 4 C 0 . 22
C
cm
200 . 0
=
+
|
.
|
\
|
= L

(c) Solve equation (1) Ior t
C
to
obtain:
C
cm
200 . 0
cm 00 . 4
C
=
L
t
Chapter 17

1730
evaluate ( ) cm 4 . 25
C
t :
( )
C 107
C
cm
200 . 0
cm 00 . 4 cm 4 . 25
cm 4 . 25
C
=

= t

36 The temperature oI the interior oI the Sun is about 1.0 10
7
K. What is
this temperature in (a) Celsius degrees, (b) kelvins, and (c) Fahrenheit degrees?

Picture the Problem We can use the temperature conversion equations
+ = 32
C 5
9
F
t t and K 15 . 273
C
= T t to convert 10
7
K to the Fahrenheit and
Celsius temperatures.

Express the kelvin temperature in
terms oI the Celsius temperature:

K 15 . 273
C
+ = t T
(a) Solve Ior and evaluate t
C
:
C 10 0 . 1
K 273.15 K 10 0 . 1
K 15 . 273
7
7
C
~
=
= T t

(b) Use the Celsius to Fahrenheit
conversion equation to evaluate t
F
:
( )
F 10 8 . 1
32 C 10 0 . 1
7
7
5
9
F
~
+ = t

37 The boiling point oI nitrogen, N
2
, is 77.35 K. Express this temperature
in degrees Fahrenheit.

Picture the Problem While we could
convert 77.35 K to a Celsius
temperature and then convert the
Celsius temperature to a Fahrenheit
temperature, an alternative solution is
to use the diagram to the right to set up
a proportion Ior the direct conversion
oI the kelvin temperature to its
Fahrenheit equivalent.
212
32
t
F
373.15
273.15
77.35
F K

Use the diagram to set up the
proportion: K 273.15 K 373.15
K 77.35 K 273.15
F 32 F 212
F 32
F
=

t

or
100
8 . 195
F 80 1
F 32
F
=
t


1731
Solving Ior t
F
yields:
F 320 F 180
100
195.8
F 32
F
= = t

38 The pressure oI a constant-volume gas thermometer is 0.400 atm at the
ice point and 0.546 atm at the steam point. (a) Sketch a graph oI pressure versus
Celsius temperature Ior this thermometer. (b) When the pressure is 0.100 atm,
what is the temperature? (c) What is the pressure at 444.6 C (the boiling point oI
sulIur)?

Iind the temperature when the pressure is 0.100 atm and (c) the pressure when the
temperature is 444.6C.

(a) A graph oI pressure (in atm)
versus temperature (in degrees
Celsius) Ior this thermometer is
shown to the right. The equation
oI this graph is:

atm 400 . 0
C
atm
10 46 . 1
C
3
+
|
.
|
\
|
=

t P
0
100
C ,
C
t
atm , P
0.400
0.546

(b) Solving Ior t
C
yields:

C
atm
10 46 . 1
atm 400 . 0
3
C
P
t

evaluate ( ) atm 100 . 0
C
t :

( )
C 205
C
atm
10 46 . 1
atm 400 . 0 atm 100 . 0
atm 100 . 0
3
C
=

t

Substitute numerical values and evaluate ( ) C 6 . 444 P :

( ) ( ) atm 05 . 1 atm 400 . 0 C 6 . 444
C
atm
10 46 . 1 C 6 . 444
3
= +
|
.
|
\
|
=

P

39 [SSM] A constant-volume gas thermometer reads 50.0 torr at the
triple point oI water. (a) Sketch a graph oI pressure vs. absolute temperature Ior
this thermometer. (b) What will be the pressure when the thermometer measures a
temperature oI 300 K? (c) What ideal-gas temperature corresponds to a pressure
oI 678 torr?

Chapter 17

1732
Iind the pressure when the temperature is 300 K and (c) the ideal-gas temperature
when the pressure is 678 torr.

(a) A graph oI pressure (in torr)
versus temperature (in kelvins)
Ior this thermometer is shown to
the right. The equation oI this
graph is:

T P
|
.
|
\
|
=
K 273
torr 0 . 50
(1)

0
torr , P
K , T
273
0
50.0

(b) Evaluate P when T 300 K:
( ) ( )
torr 9 . 54
K 300
K 273
torr 0 . 50
K 300
=
|
.
|
\
|
= P

(c) Solve equation (1) Ior T to obtain:
P T
|
.
|
\
|
=
torr 50.0
K 273

Evaluate ( ) torr 678 T :
( ) ( )
K 10 70 . 3
torr 678
torr 50.0
K 273
torr 678
3
=
|
.
|
\
|
= T

40 A constant-volume gas thermometer has a pressure oI 30.0 torr when it
reads a temperature oI 373 K. (a) Sketch a graph oI pressure vs. absolute
temperature Ior this thermometer. (b) What is its triple-point pressure P
3
?
(c) What temperature corresponds to a pressure oI 0.175 torr?

Iind the triple-point pressure P
3
and (c) the temperature when the pressure is
0.175 torr.


1733
(a) A graph oI pressure versus
absolute temperature Ior this
thermometer is shown to the right.
The equation oI this graph is:

T P
|
.
|
\
|
=
K 373
torr 0 . 30
(1)

0
torr , P
K , T
0
373
30.0

(b) Solve Ior and evaluate the
thermometer`s triple-point
(273.16 K) pressure:

( ) ( )
torr 0 . 22
K 16 . 273
K 373
torr 0 . 30
K 16 . 273
=
|
.
|
\
|
= P

(c) Solve equation (1) Ior T to
obtain:
P T
|
.
|
\
|
=
torr 30.0
K 373

Evaluate ( ) torr 175 . 0 T :
( ) ( )
K 18 . 2
torr 175 . 0
torr 30.0
K 373
torr 175 . 0
=
|
.
|
\
|
= T

41 At what temperature do the Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales
give the same reading?

Picture the Problem We can Iind the temperature at which the Fahrenheit and
Celsius scales give the same reading by setting t
F
t
C
in the temperature-
conversion equation.

Set t
F
t
C
in ( ) = 32
F 9
5
C
t t : ( ) = 32
F 9
5
F
t t

Solve Ior and evaluate t
F
:
F 0 . 40 C 0 . 40
F C
= = = t t

Remarks: If youve not already thought of doing so, you might use your
graphing calculator to plot t
C
versus t
F
and t
F
= t
C
(a straight line at 45) on
the same graph. Their intersection is at (40, 40).

42 Sodium melts at 371 K. What is the melting point oI sodium on the
Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales?

Chapter 17

1734
Picture the Problem We can use the Celsius-to-absolute conversion equation to
Iind 371 K on the Celsius scale and the Celsius-to-Fahrenheit conversion equation
to Iind the Fahrenheit temperature corresponding to 371 K.

Express the absolute temperature as a
Iunction oI the Celsius temperature:

K 15 . 273
C
+ = t T

C
:
C 98 K 273.15 K 371
K 15 . 273
C
= =
= T t

Use the Celsius-to-Fahrenheit
conversion equation to Iind t
F
:
( )
F 208
32 9 . 97 32
5
9
C 5
9
F
=
+ = + = t t

43 The boiling point oI oxygen at 1.00 atm is 90.2 K. What is the boiling
point oI oxygen at 1.00 atm on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales?

Picture the Problem We can use the Celsius-to-absolute conversion equation to
Iind 90.2 K on the Celsius scale and the Celsius-to-Fahrenheit conversion equation
to Iind the Fahrenheit temperature corresponding to 90.2 K.

Express the absolute temperature as a
Iunction oI the Celsius temperature:

K 15 . 273
C
+ = t T

C
:
C 183 K 273.15 K 2 . 0 9
K 15 . 273
C
= =
= T t

Use the Celsius-to-Fahrenheit
conversion equation to Iind t
F
:
( )
F 297
32 183 32
5
9
C 5
9
F
=
+ = + = t t

44 On the Reaumur temperature scale, the melting point oI ice is 0R and
the boiling point oI water is 80R. Derive expressions Ior converting temperatures
on the Reaumur scale to the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales.

Picture the Problem We can use the Iollowing diagram to set up proportions that
will allow us to convert temperatures on the Reaumur scale to Celsius and
Fahrenheit temperatures.

1735
100
0
t
C
t
F
212
32
t
R
80
0
C F R

ReIerring to the diagram, set up a
proportion to convert temperatures
on the Reaumur scale to Celsius
temperatures:

R 0 R 80
R 0
C 0 C 100
C 0
R C

=

t t

SimpliIy to obtain:
80 100
R C
t t
=
R 4
5
C
t t =

ReIerring to the diagram, set up a
proportion to convert temperatures
on the Reaumur scale to Fahrenheit
temperatures:

R 0 R 80
R 0
F 32 F 212
F 32
R F

=

t t

SimpliIy to obtain:
80 180
32
R F
t t
=
32
R 4
9
F
+ = t t

45 [SSM] A thermistor is a solid-state device widely used in a variety oI
engineering applications. Its primary characteristic is that its electrical resistance
varies greatly with temperature. Its temperature dependence is given
approximately by R R
0
e
B/T
, where R is in ohms (O), T is in kelvins, and R
0
and B
are constants that can be determined by measuring R at calibration points such as
the ice point and the steam point. (a) II R 7360 O at the ice point and 153 O at
the steam point, Iind R
0
and B. (b) What is the resistance oI the thermistor at
t 98.6 F? (c) What is the rate oI change oI the resistance with temperature
(dR/dT) at the ice point and the steam point? (d) At which temperature is the
thermistor most sensitive?

Picture the Problem We can use the temperature dependence oI the resistance oI
the thermistor and the given data to determine R
0
and B. Once we know these
quantities, we can use the temperature-dependence equation to Iind the resistance
at any temperature in the calibration range. DiIIerentiation oI R with respect to T
will allow us to express the rate oI change oI resistance with temperature at both
the ice point and the steam point temperatures.
Chapter 17

1736
(a) Express the resistance at the ice
point as a Iunction oI temperature oI
the ice point:

K 273
0
7360
B
e R = O (1)
Express the resistance at the steam
point as a Iunction oI temperature oI
the steam point:

K 373
0
153
B
e R = O (2)
Divide equation (1) by equation (2)
to obtain:

K 373 K 273
10 . 48
153
7360
B B
e

= =
O
O

Solve Ior B by taking the logarithm
oI both sides oI the equation:
1
K
373
1
273
1
1 . 48 ln

|
.
|
\
|
= B
and
K 10 94 . 3
K 10 944 . 3
K
373
1
273
1
1 . 48 ln
3
3
1
=
=
|
.
|
\
|

=
B

Solve equation (1) Ior R
0
and
substitute Ior B:
( )
( )
10 91 . 3
10 913 . 3
7360
7360
7360
3
3
K 273 K 10 944 . 3
K 273
K 273
0
3
=
=
=
= =
e
e
e
R
B
B

(b) From (a) we have:
( )
T
e R
K 10 944 . 3 3
3
10 913 . 3

=

Convert 98.6 F to kelvins to obtain:
K 310 = T

Substitute Ior T to obtain:
( ) ( )
k 31 . 1
10 913 . 3 K 310
K 310 K 10 944 . 3 3
3
=
=

e R

(c) DiIIerentiate R with respect to T
to obtain:
( )
2 0 2
0 0
T
RB
e R
T
B
T
B
dT
d
e R e R
dT
d
dT
dR
T B
T B T B
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
= =


1737
Evaluate dR/dT at the ice point:

( )( )
( )
K / 389
K 16 . 273
K 10 943 . 3 7360
2
3
point ice
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
dT
dR

Evaluate dR/dT at the steam point:

( )( )
( )
K / 33 . 4
K 16 . 373
K 10 943 . 3 153
2
3
point steam
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
dT
dR

(d) The thermistor is more sensitive (has greater sensitivity) at lower
temperatures.

The Ideal-Gas Law

46 An ideal gas in a cylinder Iitted with a piston (Figure 17-20) is held at
Iixed pressure. II the temperature oI the gas increases Irom 50 to 100C, by what
Iactor does the volume change?

Picture the Problem Let the subscript 50 reIer to the gas at 50C and the
subscript 100 to the gas at 100C. We can apply the ideal-gas law Ior a Iixed
amount oI gas to Iind the ratio oI the Iinal and initial volumes.

Apply the ideal-gas law Ior a Iixed
amount oI gas:

50
50 50
100
100 100
T
V P
T
V P
=
or, because P
100
P
50
,
50
100
50
100
T
T
V
V
=

evaluate V
100
/V
50
:
( )
( )
15 . 1
K 50 15 . 273
K 100 15 . 273
50
100
=
+
+
=
V
V

or a 15 increase in volume.

47 [SSM] A 10.0-L vessel contains gas at a temperature oI 0.00C and a
pressure oI 4.00 atm. How many moles oI gas are in the vessel? How many
molecules?

Picture the Problem We can use the ideal-gas law to Iind the number oI moles oI
gas in the vessel and the deIinition oI Avogadro`s number to Iind the number oI
molecules.

Chapter 17

1738
Apply the ideal-gas law to the gas:
nRT PV =
RT
PV
n =

evaluate n:
( )( )
( )( )
mol 1.79 mol 786 . 1
K 273 K atm/mol L 10 8.206
L 10.0 atm 4.00
2
= =

=

n

Relate the number oI molecules N in
the gas in terms oI the number oI
moles n:

A
nN N =
Substitute numerical values and evaluate N:

( )( ) molecules 10 1.08 mol molecules/ 10 6.022 mol 1.786
24 23
= = N

48 A pressure as low as 1.00 10
8
torr can be achieved using an oil
diIIusion pump. How many molecules are there in 1.00 cm
3
oI a gas at this
pressure iI its temperature is 300 K?

Picture the Problem We can use the ideal-gas law to relate the number oI
molecules in the gas to its pressure, volume, and temperature.

Solve the ideal-gas law Ior the
number oI molecules in a gas as a
Iunction oI its pressure, volume, and
temperature:

kT
PV
N =
Substitute numerical values and evaluate N:

( )( )( )
( )( )
8
23
3 6 8
10 22 . 3
K 300 J/K 10 1.381
m 10 1.00 Pa/torr 133.32 torr 10 1.00
=

=

N

49 You copy the Iollowing paragraph Irom a Martian physics textbook:
1 snorf oI an ideal gas occupies a volume oI 1.35 zaks. At a temperature oI
22 glips, the gas has a pressure oI 12.5 klads. At a temperature oI 10 glips, the
same gas now has a pressure oI 8.7 klads. Determine the temperature oI absolute
zero in glips.

Picture the Problem Because the gas is ideal, its pressure is directly proportional
to its temperature. Hence, a graph oI P versus T will be linear and the linear
equation relating P and T can be solved Ior the temperature corresponding to zero
pressure. We`ll assume that the data was taken at constant volume.

1739

A graph oI P, in klads, as Iunction oI T,
in glips, is shown to the right. The
equation oI this graph is:

klads T
glips
klads
P 9 . 9
32
8 . 3
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
glips T,
klads P,
12.5
8.7
22 10
0
T

When P 0:

klads T
glips
klads
9 . 9
32
8 . 3
0
0
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

Solve Ior T
0
to obtain:
glips T 83
0
=

50 A motorist inIlates the tires oI her car to a gauge pressure oI 180 kPa
on a day when the temperature is 8.0C. When she arrives at her destination, the
tire pressure has increased to 245 kPa. What is the temperature oI the tires iI we
assume that (a) the tires do not expand or (b) that the tires expand so the volume
oI the enclosed air increases by 7 percent?

Picture the Problem Let the subscript 1 reIer to the tires when their gauge
pressure is 180 kPa and the subscript 2 to conditions when their gauge pressure is
245 kPa. Assume that the air in the tires behaves as an ideal gas. Then, we can
apply the ideal-gas law Ior a Iixed amount oI gas to relate the temperatures to the
pressures and volumes oI the tires.

(a) Apply the ideal-gas law Ior a
Iixed amount oI gas to the air in the
tires:

1
1 1
2
2 2
T
V P
T
V P
= (1)
where the temperatures and pressures
are absolute.

Solve Ior T
2
:

1
2
1 2
P
P
T T = because V
1
V
2
.

Substitute numerical values to
obtain:

( )
C 3 5 K 326.3
kPa 101 kPa 180
kPa 101 kPa 245
K 265
2
= =
+
+
= T

Chapter 17

1740
(b) Use equation (1) with
V
2
1.07 V
1
. Solve Ior T
2
:
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
1
1
2
1
1 1
2 2
2
07 . 1 T
P
P
T
V P
V P
T

evaluate T
2
:
( )( )
C 6 7
K 349.1 K 3 . 326 07 . 1
2
=
= = T

51 A room is 6.0 m by 5.0 m by 3.0 m. (a) II the air pressure in the room
is 1.0 atm and the temperature is 300 K, Iind the number oI moles oI air in the
room. (b) II the temperature increases by 5.0 K and the pressure remains constant,
how many moles oI air leave the room?

Picture the Problem We can apply the ideal-gas law to Iind the number oI moles
oI air in the room as a Iunction oI the temperature.

(a) Use the ideal-gas law to relate the
number oI moles oI air in the room
to the pressure, volume, and
temperature oI the air:

RT
PV
n = (1)
evaluate n:
( )( )( )( )
( )( )
mol 10 3.7 mol 10 66 . 3
K 300 K J/mol 8.314
m 0 . 3 m 0 . 5 m 0 . 6 kPa 101.325
3 3
= =

= n

(b) Letting n' represent the number
oI moles in the room when the
temperature rises by 5 K, express the
number oI moles oI air that leave the
room:

n' n n = A
Apply the ideal-gas law to obtain:
' RT
PV
n' = (2)

Divide equation (2) by equation (1)
to obtain: T'
T
n
n'
= and
T'
T
n n' =

Substitute Ior n' to obtain:
|
.
|
\
|
= = A
T'
T
n
T'
T
n n n 1


1741
evaluate An:
( )
mol 60
K 305
K 300
1 mol 10 3.66
3
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= n

52 Image that 10.0 g oI liquid helium, initially at 4.20 K, evaporate into an
empty balloon that is kept at 1.00 atm pressure. What is the volume oI the
balloon at (a) 25.0 K and (b) 293 K?

Picture the Problem Let the subscript 1 reIer to helium gas at 4.2 K and the
subscript 2 to the gas at 293 K. We can apply the ideal-gas law to Iind the volume
oI the gas at 4.2 K and a Iixed amount oI gas to Iind its volume at 293 K. See
Appendix C Ior the molar mass oI helium.

(a) Apply the ideal-gas law to the
helium gas to express its volume:

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
MP
mRT
P
RT
M
m
P
nRT
V = = =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate V
1
:

( )( )( )
( )( )
L .13 5 L 125 . 5
atm 1.00 g/mol 003 . 4
K 0 . 5 2 K atm/mol L 0.08206 g 0 . 10
1
= =

= V

(b) Apply the ideal-gas law Ior a
Iixed amount oI gas and solve Ior the
volume oI the helium gas at
293 K:

1
1 1
2
2 2
T
V P
T
V P
=
and, because P
1
P
2
,
1
1
2
2
V
T
T
V =

evaluate V
2
:
( ) L 60.1 L 125 . 5
K 25.0
K 293
2
= = V

53 A closed container with a volume oI 6.00 L holds 10.0 g oI liquid
helium at 25.0 K and enough air to Iill the rest oI its volume at a pressure oI 1.00
atm. The helium then evaporates and the container warms to room temperature
(293 K). What is the Iinal pressure inside the container?

Picture the Problem We can apply the law oI partial pressures to Iind the Iinal
pressure inside the container. See Appendix C Ior the molar mass oI helium and oI
air.

Chapter 17

1742
The Iinal pressure inside the
container is the sum oI the partial
pressures oI helium gas and air:

air gas He Iinal
P P P + = (1)
The pressure exerted by the air
molecules at room temperature is
given by the ideal-gas law:

air
air
air
air
air
air air
air
M
RT
V M
VRT
V M
RT m
V
RT n
P
=
= = =

The pressure exerted by the helium
molecules at room temperature is
also given by the ideal-gas law:

V M
RT m
V
RT n
P
He
He He
gas He
= =
Substituting in equation (1) yields:

RT
M V M
m
M
RT
V M
RT m
P
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
+ =
air
air
He
He
air
air
He
He
Iinal

Substitute numerical values and evaluate P
2
:

( )
atm 1 . 11
kPa 101.325
atm 1
Pa 10 124 . 1
K 293
K mol
J
314 . 8
mol
g
81 . 28
m
kg
293 . 1
L
m 10
L 00 . 6
mol
g
003 . 4
g 0 . 10
6
3
3 3
Iinal
= =
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

P

54 An automobile tire is Iilled to a gauge pressure oI 200 kPa when its
temperature is 20C. (Gauge pressure is the diIIerence between the actual pressure
and atmospheric pressure.) AIter the car has been driven at high speeds, the tire
temperature increases to 50C. (a) Assuming that the volume oI the tire does not
change and that air behaves as an ideal gas, Iind the gauge pressure oI the air in
the tire. (b) Calculate the gauge pressure iI the tire expands so the volume oI the
enclosed air increases by 10 percent.

Picture the Problem Let the subscript 1 reIer to the tire when its temperature is
20C and the subscript 2 to conditions when its temperature is 50C. We can
apply the ideal-gas law Ior a Iixed amount oI gas to relate the temperatures to the
pressures oI the air in the tire.


1743
(a) Apply the ideal-gas law Ior a
Iixed amount oI gas and solve Ior
pressure at the higher
temperature:

1
1 1
2
2 2
T
V P
T
V P
= (1)
and
1
1
2
2
P
T
T
P =
because V
1
V
2

Substitute numerical values to
obtain:

( )
kPa 32 3
kPa 101 kPa 200
K 293
K 323
2
=
+ = P

and
kPa 231 kPa 101 kPa 332
gauge 2,
= = P

(b) Solve equation (1) Ior P
2
:
1
1 2
2 1
2
P
T V
T V
P =

Because V
2
1.10 V
1
:
1
1
2
1
1 1
2 1
2
10 . 1 10 . 1
P
T
T
P
T V
T V
P = =

evaluate P
2
and P
2,gauge
: ( )( )
( )
kPa 302
kPa 101 kPa 200
K 293 1.10
K 323
2
=
+ = P

and
kPa 201 kPa 101 kPa 302
gauge 2,
= = P

55 [SSM] AIter nitrogen (N
2
) and oxygen (O
2
), the most abundant
molecule in Earth's atmosphere is water, H
2
O. However, the Iraction oI H
2
O
molecules in a given volume oI air varies dramatically, Irom practically zero
percent under the driest conditions to as high as 4 percent where it is very humid.
(a) At a given temperature and pressure, would air be denser when its water vapor
content is large or small? (b) What is the diIIerence in mass, at room temperature
and atmospheric pressure, between a cubic meter oI air with no water vapor
molecules, and a cubic meter oI air in which 4 percent oI the molecules are water
vapor molecules?

Picture the Problem (a) At a given temperature and pressure, the ideal-gas law
tells us that the total number oI molecules per unit volume, N/V, is constant. The
denser gas will, thereIore, be the one in which the average mass per molecule is
greater. (b) We can apply the ideal-gas law and use the relationship between the
masses oI the dry and humid air and their molar masses to Iind the diIIerence in
Chapter 17

1744
mass, at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, between a cubic meter oI air
containing no water vapor, and a cubic meter oI air containing 4 water vapor.
See Appendix C Ior the molar masses oI N
2
, O
2
, and H
2
O.

(a) The molecular mass oI N
2
is 28.014 amu (see Appendix C), that oI O
2
is
31.999 amu, and that oI H
2
O is 18.0152 amu. Because H
2
O molecules are lighter
than the predominant molecules in air, a given volume oI air will be less when its
water vapor content is lower.

(b) Express the diIIerence in mass
between a cubic meter oI air
containing no water vapor, and a
cubic meter oI air containing 4
water vapor:

humid dry
m m m =

The masses oI the dry air and humid
air are related to their molar masses
according to:

dry dry
04 . 0 nM m =
and
humid humid
04 . 0 nM m =

Substitute Ior m
dry
and m
humid
and
simpliIy to obtain:

( )
humid dry
humid dry
04 . 0
04 . 0 04 . 0
M M n
nM nM m
=
=

From the ideal-gas law we have:
RT
V P
n
atm
=
and so Am can be written as
( )
humid dry
atm
04 . 0
M M
RT
V P
m =

Substitute numerical values (28.811 g/mol is an 80 nitrogen and 20 oxygen
weighted average) and evaluate Am:

( )( )( )
( )( )
( ) g 18 g/mol 0152 . 18 g/mol 8.811 2
K 300 K J/mol 314 . 8
m 00 . 1 kPa 325 . 101 04 . 0
3
~
= m

56 A scuba diver is 40 m below the surIace oI a lake, where the
temperature is 5.0C. He releases an air bubble that has a volume oI 15 cm
3
. The
bubble rises to the surIace, where the temperature is 25C. Assume that the air in
the bubble is always in thermal equilibrium with the surrounding water, and
assume that there is no exchange oI molecules between the bubble and the
surrounding water. What is the volume oI the bubble right beIore it breaks the
surIace? Hint: Remember that the pressure also changes.


1745
Picture the Problem Let the subscript 1 reIer to the conditions at the bottom oI
the lake and the subscript 2 to the surIace oI the lake and apply the ideal-gas law
Ior a Iixed amount oI gas.

Apply the ideal-gas law Ior a Iixed
amount oI gas:

1
1 1
2
2 2
T
V P
T
V P
=
2 1
1 2 1
2
P T
P T V
V =
The pressure at the bottom oI the
lake is the sum oI the pressure at its
surIace (atmospheric) and the
pressure due to the depth oI the lake:

gh P P + =
atm 1

Substituting Ior P
1
yields: ( )
2 1
atm 2 1
2
P T
gh P T V
V
+
=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate V
2
:

( )( ) ( )( )( ) | |
( )( )
3
2 3 3 3
2
cm 78
kPa 325 . 101 K 278
m 40 m/s 81 . 9 kg/m 10 00 . 1 kPa 325 . 101 K 298 cm 15
=
+
= V

57 [SSM] A hot-air balloon is open at the bottom. The balloon has a
volume oI 446 m
3
is Iilled with air with an average temperature oI 100C. The air
outside the balloon has a temperature oI 20.0C and a pressure oI 1.00 atm. How
large a payload (including the envelope oI the balloon itselI) can the balloon liIt?
Use 29.0 g/mol Ior the molar mass oI air. (Neglect the volume oI both the
payload and the envelope oI the balloon.)

Picture the Problem Assume that the volume oI the balloon is not changing.
Then the air inside and outside the balloon must be at the same pressure oI about
1.00 atm. The contents oI the balloon are the air molecules inside it. We can use
Archimedes principle to express the buoyant Iorce on the balloon and we can Iind
the weight oI the air molecules inside the balloon. You`ll need to determine the
molar mass oI air. See Appendix C Ior the molar masses oI oxygen and nitrogen.

Express the net Iorce on the balloon
and its contents:

balloon the inside air net
w B F = (1)
Using Archimedes principle, express
the buoyant Iorce on the balloon:

g m w B
Iluid displaced Iluid displaced
= =
or
g V B
balloon o
=
where
o
is the density oI the air
outside the balloon.
Chapter 17

1746
Express the weight oI the air inside
the balloon:

g V w
balloon i balloon the inside air
=
where
i
is the density oI the air inside
the balloon.

Substitute in equation (1) Ior B and
w
air inside the balloon
to obtain:

( ) g V
g V g V F
balloon i o
balloon i balloon o net

=
=
(2)

Express the densities oI the air
molecules in terms oI their number
densities, molecular mass, and
Avogadro`s number:

|
.
|
\
|
=
V
N
N
M
A

Using the ideal-gas law, relate
the number density oI air N/V to
its temperature and pressure:

NkT PV = and
kT
P
V
N
=
Substitute Ior
V
N
to obtain:

|
.
|
\
|
=
kT
P
N
M
A

Substitute in equation (2) and
simpliIy to obtain:

( )g d
T T k N
MP
g V
T T k N
MP
F
3
6
1
i o A
balloon
i o A
net
1 1
1 1
t
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

Assuming that the average molar mass oI air is 28.81 g/mol, substitute numerical
values and evaluate F
net
:

( )( ) ( ) | |( )
( )( )
kN 0 . 3
J/K 10 381 . 1 mol particles/ 10 022 . 6
m/s 81 . 9 m 0 . 15
K 348
1
K 297
1
kPa 325 . 101 g/mol 81 . 28
23 23
2 3
6
1
net
=

|
|
.
|
\
|

=

t
F

58 A helium balloon is used to liIt a load oI 110 N. The weight oI the
envelope oI the balloon is 50.0 N and the volume oI the helium when the balloon
is Iully inIlated is 32.0 m
3
. The temperature oI the air is 0C and the atmospheric
pressure is 1.00 atm. The balloon is inIlated with a suIIicient amount oI helium
gas that the net upward Iorce on the balloon and its load is 30.0 N. Neglect any
eIIects due to the changes oI temperature as the altitude changes. (a) How many
moles oI helium gas are contained in the balloon? (b) At what altitude will the
balloon be Iully inIlated? (c) Does the balloon ever reach the altitude at which it is
Iully inIlated? (d) II the answer to (c) is Yes, what is the maximum altitude
attained by the balloon?

1747
Picture the Problem (a) We can Iind the number oI moles oI helium gas in the
balloon by applying the ideal-gas law to relate n to the pressure, volume, and
temperature oI the helium and Archimedes principle to Iind the volume oI the
helium. In Part (b), we can apply the result oI Problem 13-91 to relate
atmospheric pressure to altitude and use the ideal-gas law to determine the
pressure oI the gas when the balloon is Iully inIlated. In Part (c), we`ll Iind the net
Iorce acting on the balloon at the altitude at which it is Iully inIlated in order to
decide whether it can rise to that altitude.

(a) Apply the ideal-gas law to the
helium in the balloon and solve
Ior n:

RT
PV
n = (1)
Relate the net Iorce on the balloon to
its weight:

N 30
He load skin B
= w w w F
Use Archimedes principle to express
the buoyant Iorce on the balloon in
terms oI the volume oI the balloon:

Vg
w F
air
air displaced B
=
=

Substitute to obtain:

N 0 . 30
He load skin air
= Vg w w Vg
Solve Ior the volume oI the helium:
( )g
w w
V
He air
load skin
N 0 . 30

+ +
=

Substituting Ior V in equation (1)
yields:

( )
( )g RT
w w P
n
He air
load skin
N 0 . 30

+ +
=
Substitute numerical values and evaluate n:

( )( )
( )( )( )( )
mol 776
m/s 9.81 kg/m 0.179 kg/m 1.293 K 273 K atm/mol L 10 8.206
m 10
L 1
N 110 N 50.0 N 30.0 atm 1.00
2 3 3 2
3 3
=

|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=

n

(b) Using the result oI Problem
13-91, express the variation in
atmospheric pressure with
altitude:

( )
Ch
e P h P

=
0

where
1
km 13 . 0

= C .
Chapter 17

1748
Solving Ior h yields:

( )
(
=
h P
P
C
h
0
ln
1
(2)

Using the ideal-gas law, express P:
V
nRT
P =

Substitute Ior P in equation (2) and
simpliIy to obtain:
(
=
(
(
(
=
nRT
V P
C
V
nRT
P
C
h
0 0
ln
1
ln
1

Substitute numerical values and evaluate h:

( )
( )( )( )
km 4.8 km 4.84
K 273 K atm/mol L 10 8.206 mol 776
m 10
L 1
m 32.0 atm 00 . 1
ln
km 13 . 0
1
2
3 3
3
1
= =
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
=

h

(c) Express the condition that must
be satisIied iI the balloon is to reach
its Iully inIlated altitude:

0
tot B net
> = w F F (3)

The total weight is the sum oI the
weights oI the load, balloon skin, and
helium:

He skin load tot
w w w w + + =
or, because Vg w
He He
= ,
Vg w w w
He skin load tot
+ + =

Express the buoyant Iorce on the
balloon at h 4.84 km:

Vg F
h air, B
= (4)

Express the dependence oI the
density oI the air on atmospheric
pressure:

air
air,
0

h
P
P
=
air
0
air,

P
P
h
= (5)

Substitute Ior
air,h
in equation (4) to
obtain:
Vg
P
P
F
air
0
B
=


1749

Substitute Ior w
tot
and F
B
in equation
(3) and simpliIy to obtain:
( )
skin load He air
0
net
w w Vg
P
P
F =
or, because ( )
Ch
e P h P

=
0
,
( )
skin load He air net
w w Vg e F
Ch
=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate F
net
:

( )( )
( )( )( )
N 30 N 50 N 110
kg/m 179 . 0 kg/m 293 . 1 m/s 81 . 9 m 0 . 32
3 3 2 3 km 84 . 4 km 13 . 0
net
1
=
=

e F

Because F
net
30 N ~ 0, the balloon will rise higher than the altitude at which it
is Iully inIlated.

(d) The balloon will rise until the net Iorce acting on it is zero. Because the
buoyant Iorce depends on the density oI the air, the balloon will rise until the
density oI the air has decreased suIIiciently Ior the buoyant Iorce to just equal the
total weight oI the balloon.

Substitute equation (5) in equation
(2) to obtain:

h
C
h
air,
air
ln
1
=
Using equation (4), express the
density oI the air in terms oI F
B
: Vg
F
h
B
air,
=

Substituting Ior
h air,
and
simpliIying yields:
(
=
(
(
(
(
=
B
air
B
air
ln
1
ln
1
F
Vg
C
Vg
F
C
h

Substitute numerical values and evaluate h:

( )( )( )
km 0 . 6
N 5 . 190
kg/m 293 . 1 m/s 81 . 9 m 0 . 32
ln
km 13 . 0
1
3 2 3
1
=
(
|
.
|
\
|
=

h

Kinetic Theory of Gases

59 [SSM] (a) One mole oI argon gas is conIined to a 1.0-liter container
at a pressure oI 10 atm. What is the rms speed oI the argon atoms? (b) Compare
your answer to the rms speed Ior helium atoms under the same conditions.
Chapter 17

1750
Picture the Problem We can express the rms speeds oI argon and helium atoms
by combining nRT PV = and M RT v 3
rms
= to obtain an expression Ior v
rms
in
terms oI P, V, and M. See Appendix C Ior the molar masses oI argon and helium.

a Iunction oI the temperature and its
molar mass:

M
RT
v
3
rms
=
From the ideal-gas law we have:
n
PV
RT =

Substitute Ior RT to obtain:
nM
PV
v
3
rms
=

(a) Substitute numerical values and evaluate v
rms
Ior argon atoms:

( )( )( )
( )( )
km/s 28 . 0
kg/mol 10 948 . 9 3 mol 1
m 10 1.0 kPa/atm 101.325 atm 10 3
3
3 3
Ar rms,
=
v

(b) Substitute numerical values and evaluate v
rms
Ior helium atoms:

( )( )( )
( )( )
km/s 87 . 0
kg/mol 10 4.003 mol 1
m 10 1.0 kPa/atm 101.325 atm 10 3
3
3 3
He rms,
=
v
The rms speed oI argon atoms is slightly less than one third the rms speed oI
helium atoms.

60 Find the total translational kinetic energy oI the molecules oI 1.0 L oI
oxygen gas at a temperature oI 0.0C and a pressure oI 1.0 atm.

Picture the Problem We can express the total translational kinetic energy oI the
oxygen gas by combining nRT K
2
3
= and the ideal-gas law to obtain an expression
Ior K in terms oI the pressure and volume oI the gas.

Relate the total translational kinetic
energy oI translation to the
temperature oI the gas:

nRT K
2
3
=
Using the ideal-gas law, substitute
Ior nRT to obtain:
PV K
2
3
=

1751
evaluate K:
( )
kJ 0.15
L
m 10
L 0 . 1 kPa 101.325
3 3
2
3
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

K

61 Estimate the rms speed and the average kinetic energy oI a hydrogen
atom in a gas at a temperature oI 1.0 10
7
K. (At this temperature, which is
approximately the temperature in the interior oI a star, hydrogen atoms are
ionized and become protons.)

Picture the Problem Because we`re given the temperature oI the hydrogen atom
and know its molar mass, we can Iind its rms speed using M RT v 3
rms
= and its
average kinetic energy Irom .
2
3
av
kT K = See Appendix C Ior the molar mass oI
hydrogen.

Relate the rms speed oI a hydrogen
atom to its temperature and molar
mass:

H
rms
3
M
RT
v =
evaluate v
rms
:

( )( )
m/s 10 0 . 5
kg/mol 10 1.0079
K 10 1.0 K J/mol 8.314 3
5
3
7
rms
=

=

v

Express the average kinetic energy oI
the hydrogen atom as a Iunction oI
its temperature:

kT K
2
3
av
=
evaluate K
av
:
( )( )
J 10 2.1
K 10 1.0 J/K 10 1.381
16
7 23
2
3
av
=
= K

62 Liquid helium has a temperature oI only 4.20 K and is in equilibrium
with its vapor at atmospheric pressure. Calculate the rms speed oI a helium atom
in the vapor at this temperature, and comment on the result.

Picture the Problem The rms speed oI helium atoms is given by
He
rms
3
M
RT
v = .
See Appendix C Ior the molar mass oI helium.

Chapter 17

1752
The rms speed oI helium atoms is
given by:

He
rms
3
M
RT
v =
evaluate v
rms
:

( )( )
m/s 162
g/mol 003 . 4
K 20 . 4 K J/mol 314 . 8 3
rms
=
= v

Thermal speeds, even at temperatures as low as 4.20 K, are very large compared
to most oI the speeds we experience directly.

63 Show that the mean Iree path Ior a molecule in an ideal gas at
temperature T and pressure P is given by
2
2 d P kT t = .

Picture the Problem We can combine
2
2
1
d n
v
t
= and nRT PV = to express
the mean Iree path Ior a molecule in an ideal gas in terms oI the pressure and
temperature.

Express the mean Iree path oI a
molecule in an ideal gas:

2
2
1
d n
v
t
= (1)
where
V
nN
V
N
n
v
A
= =

Solve the ideal-gas law Ior the
volume oI the gas:

P
nRT
V =
Substitute Ior V in the expression Ior
n
v
to obtain: kT
P
P
nRT
nN
n
v
= =
A

Substitute Ior n
v
in equation (1) to
obtain:
2
2 d P
kT
t
=

64 State-oI-the-art vacuum equipment can attain pressures as low as
7.0 10
11
Pa. Suppose that a chamber contains helium at this pressure and at
room temperature (300 K). Estimate the mean Iree path and the collision time Ior
helium in the chamber. Assume the diameter oI a helium atom is 1.0 10
10
m.

Picture the Problem We can Iind the collision time Irom the mean Iree path and
the average (rms) speed oI the helium molecules. We can use the result oI Problem

1753
63 to Iind the mean Iree path oI the molecules and M RT v 3
rms
= to Iind the
average speed oI the molecules. See Appendix C Ior the molar mass oI helium.

Express the collision time in terms oI
the mean Iree path Ior and the
average speed oI a helium molecule:

rms av
v v

t ~ = (1)
From Problem 63, the mean Iree
path oI the gas is given by:

2
2 d P
kT
t
=

evaluate the mean Iree path :
( )( )
( ) ( )
m 10 3 . 1 m 10 332 . 1
m 10 0 . 1 Pa 10 0 . 7 2
K 300 J/K 10 381 . 1
9 9
2
10 11
23
= =

=

Express the rms speed oI the helium
molecules:
He
rms
3
M
RT
v =

Substitute Ior v
rms
in equation (1)
and simpliIy to obtain:
RT
M
M
RT 3 3
He
He
t = =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate t :

( )
( )( )
s 10 7 . 9
K 300 K J/mol 314 . 8 3
g/mol 007 . 4
m 10 332 . 1
5 9
=
= t

65 [SSM] Oxygen (O
2
) is conIined to a cube-shaped container 15 cm on
an edge at a temperature oI 300 K. Compare the average kinetic energy oI a
molecule oI the gas to the change in its gravitational potential energy iI it Ialls
15 cm (the height oI the container).

Picture the Problem We can use kT K
2
3
= and
A
N Mgh mgh U = = A to express
the ratio oI the average kinetic energy oI a molecule oI the gas to the change in its
gravitational potential energy iI it Ialls Irom the top oI the container to the bottom.
See Appendix C Ior the molar mass oI oxygen.

Express the average kinetic energy oI
a molecule oI the gas as a Iunction oI
its temperature:
kT K
2
3
av
=
Chapter 17

1754
Letting h represent the height oI the
container, express the change in the
potential energy oI a molecule as it
Ialls Irom the top oI the container to
the bottom:

A
O
2
N
gh M
mgh U = =
Express the ratio oI K
av
to AU and
simpliIy to obtain:

gh M
kT N
N
gh M
kT
U
K
2
2 O
A
A
O
2
3
av
2
3
= =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate K
av
/AU:

( )( )( )
( )( )( )
4
2 3
23 23
av
10 9 . 7
m 15 . 0 m/s 81 . 9 kg/mol 10 0 . 32 2
K 300 J/K 10 381 . 1 mol particles/ 10 022 . 6 3
U
K

*The Distribution of Molecular Speeds

66 Use calculus to show that f(v), given by Equation 17-36, has its
maximum value at a speed

v = 2kT / m .

Picture the Problem Equation 17-36 gives the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed
distribution. Setting its derivative with respect to v equal to zero will tell us where
the Iunction`s extreme values lie.

DiIIerentiate Equation 17-36with
respect to v:
kT mv
kT mv
e
kT
mv
v
kT
m
e v
kT
m
dv
d
dv
df
2
3
2 3
2 2
2 3
2
2
2
2
4
2
4
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
t

Set df/dv 0 Ior extrema and solve
Ior v:
0 2
3
=
kT
mv
v
m
kT
v
2
=

Examination oI the graph oI f(v) makes it clear that this extreme value is, in Iact, a
maximum. See Figure 17-17 and note that it is concave downward at . 2 m kT v =

Remarks: An alternative to the examination of f(v) in order to conclude that
m kT v 2 = maximizes the Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution function
is to show that d
2
f/dv
2
< 0 at . m kT v 2 =

1755
67 [SSM] The Iractional distribution Iunction f(v) is deIined in Equation
17-36. Because f(v) dv gives the Iraction oI molecules that have speeds in the
range between v and v + dv, the integral oI f(v) dv over all the possible ranges oI
speeds must equal 1. Given that the integral v
2
0
}
e
av
2
dv =
t
4
a
3/ 2
, show that

f v ( )
0
}
dv =1, where f(v) is given by Equation 17-36.

Picture the Problem We can show that f(v) is normalized by using the given
integral to integrate it over all possible speeds.

Express the integral oI Equation 17-
36:
( )
} }

|
.
|
\
|
=
0
2 2
2 3
0
2
2
4
dv e v
kT
m
dv v f
kT mv
t

Let kT m a 2 = to obtain:
( )
} }

=
0
2 2 3
0
2 4
dv e v a dv v f
av
t

Use the given integral to obtain:
( ) 1
4
4
2 3 2 3
0
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

}
a a dv v f
t
t

That is, f(v) is normalized.

68 Given that the integral v
3
0
}
e
av
2
dv =
1
2a
2
, calculate the average
speed v
av
oI molecules in a gas using the MaxwellBoltzmann distribution
Iunction.

Picture the Problem In Problem 67 we showed that f(v) is normalized. Hence we
can evaluate v
av
using ( )
}
0
dv v vf .

The average speed oI the molecules
in the gas is given by:
( )
}
}
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
0
2 3
2 3
0
av
2
2
4
dv e v
kT
m
dv v vf v
kT mv
t

Substitute : 2kT m a =
}
=
0
3 2 3
av
2 4
dv e v a v
av
t

Chapter 17

1756
Use the given integral to obtain:
m
kT
a
a
a v
2 2
1 2
2
4
2
2 3
av
t
t t
=
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

69 The translational kinetic energies oI the molecules oI a gas are
distributed according to the Maxwell-Boltzmann energy distribution, Equation
17-38. (a) Determine the most probable value oI the translational kinetic energy
(in terms oI the temperature T) and compare this value to the average value.
(b) Sketch a graph oI the translational kinetic energy distribution |f(E) versus E|
and label the most probable energy and the average energy. (Do not worry about
calibrating the vertical scale oI the graph.) (c) Your teacher says, Just looking at
the graph f(E) versus E oI allows you to see that the average translational kinetic
energy is considerably greater than the most probable translational kinetic
energy. What Ieature(s) oI the graph support her claim?

Picture the Problem We can set the derivative oI f(E) with respect to E equal to
zero in order to determine the most probable value oI the kinetic energy oI the gas
molecules.

(a) The Maxwell-Boltzmann energy
distribution Iunction is:

( )
kT E
e E
kT
E f

|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 3
1 2
t

DiIIerentiate this expression with respect to E to obtain:

( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
kt E kT E
e
kT
E e E
kT
E f
dE
d 1 1 2
2 1 2 1
2
1
2 3
t

Set this derivative equal to zero Ior
extrema values and simpliIy to obtain:

0
1
peak peak 2 1
peak
2 1
peak 2
1
= |
.
|
\
|
+

kt E kT E
e
kT
E e E
Solving Ior E
peak
yields:
kT E
2
1
peak
=

The average value oI the energy oI
the gas molecules is given by:

kT E
2
3
av
=
Express the ratio oI E
peak
to E
av
:
3
1
2
3
2
1
av
peak
= =
kT
kT
E
E
av 3
1
peak
E E =

(b) The Iollowing graph oI the energy distribution was plotted using a spreadsheet
program. Note that kT was set equal to 1 and that, as predicted by our result in
(a), the peak value occurs Ior E 0.5.

1757
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
E
f
(
E
)

(c) The graph rises Irom zero to the peak much more rapidly than it Ialls oII to the
right oI the peak. Because the distribution is so strongly skewed to the right oI the
peak, the outlying molecules with relatively high energies pull the average
(3kT/2) Iar to the right oI the most probable value (kT/2).

General Problems

70 Find the temperature at which the rms speed oI a molecule oI hydrogen
gas equals 343 m/s.

rms
= to relate the temperature oI the
H
2
molecules to their rms speed. See Appendix C Ior the molar mass oI hydrogen.

Relate the rms speed oI the hydrogen
molecules to its temperature:

2
H
rms
3
M
RT
v =
R
v M
T
3
2
rms H
2
=

evaluate T:
( )( )
( )
K 51 . 9
K J/mol 8.314 3
m/s 343 kg/mol 10 2.016
2 3
=

=

T

71 (a) II 1.0 mol oI a gas in a cylindrical container occupies a volume oI
10 L at a pressure oI 1.0 atm, what is the temperature oI the gas in kelvins?
(b) The cylinder is Iitted with a piston so that the volume oI the gas (Figure 17-
20) can vary. When the gas is heated at constant pressure, it expands to a volume
oI 20 L. What is the temperature oI the gas in kelvins? (c) Next, the volume is
Iixed at 20 L, and the gas`s temperature is increased to 350 K. What is the
pressure oI the gas now?
Chapter 17

1758
Picture the Problem We can use the ideal-gas law to Iind the initial temperature
oI the gas and the ideal-gas law Ior a Iixed amount oI gas to relate the volumes,
pressures, and temperatures resulting Irom the given processes.

(a) Apply the ideal-gas law to
express the temperature oI the gas:

nR
PV
T =

evaluate T:
( )( )
( )( )
K 10 1.2 K 9 . 121
K J/mol 8.314 mol 1.0
m 10 10 kPa 101.325
2
3 3
= =

=

T

(b) Use the ideal-gas law Ior a Iixed
amount oI gas to relate the
temperatures and volumes:
2
2 2
1
1 1
T
V P
T
V P
=
or, because P
1
P
2
,
2
2
1
1
T
V
T
V
=

Solve Ior and evaluate T
2
:
( )
K 10 2.4
K 7 . 243 K 121.9 2
2
1
1
2
2
=
= = = T
V
V
T

(c) Use the ideal-gas law Ior a Iixed
amount oI gas to relate the
temperatures and pressures:
2
2 2
1
1 1
T
V P
T
V P
=
or, because V
1
V
2
,
2
2
1
1
T
P
T
P
=

Solve Ior T
2
:
1
1
2
2
P
T
T
P =

evaluate P
2
:
( ) atm 1.4 atm 1.0
K 243.7
K 350
2
= = P

72 (a) The volume per molecule oI a gas is the reciprocal oI the number
density (the number oI molecules per unit volume). (a) Find the average volume
per molecule Ior dry air at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. (b) Take
the cube root oI your answer to Part (a) to obtain a rough estimate oI the average
distance d between air molecules. (c) Find or estimate the average diameter D oI
an air molecule, and compare it to your answer to Part (b). (d) Sketch the
molecules in a cube-shaped volume oI air, with the edge length oI the cube equal

1759
to 3d. Make your Iigure to scale and place the molecules in what you think is a
typical conIiguration. (e) Use your picture to explain why the mean Iree path oI
an air molecule is much greater than the average distance between molecules.

Picture the Problem (a) We can use the ideal-gas law to Iind the average volume
per molecule. (b) II one were to divide a container oI air into little cubes, with one
cube per molecule, then this distance would be the width oI each cube or,
equivalently, the distance Irom the center oI one cube to the centers oI the
neighboring cubes. On average, we can imagine that the molecules are at the
centers oI their respective cubes, so this distance is also the average distance
between neighboring molecules.

(a) The ideal-gas law relates the
number oI molecules N in a gas to
the volume V they occupy:

NkT PV =
P
kT
N
V
=

evaluate V/N:
( )( )
3 26
23
m 10 99 . 3
kPa 325 . 101
K 293 J/K 10 381 . 1
=
N
V

(b) Taking the cube root oI V/N
yields:

nm 42 . 3 m 10 99 . 3
3 3 26
~ =

d
(c) Example 17-10 gives the average
diameter oI an air molecule as:

nm 375 . 0 m 10 75 . 3
10
= =

D
or about 1/10 the average distance
between molecules.

(d) A sketch oI the molecules in a cube-shaped volume oI air, with the edge
length oI the cube equal to 3d, Iollows. The random distribution oI the molecules
is a typical conIiguration.
d 3
d 3
d 3

Chapter 17

1760

(e) II a particular molecule in the diagram is moving in a random direction, its
chance oI colliding with a neighbor is very small because it can miss in either oI
the two directions perpendicular to its motion. So the mean Iree path, or average
distance between collisions, should be many times larger than the distance to the
nearest neighbor.

73 [SSM] The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution applies not just to
gases, but also to the molecular motions within liquids. The Iact that not all
molecules have the same speed helps us understand the process oI evaporation.
(a) Explain in terms oI molecular motion why a drop oI water becomes cooler as
molecules evaporate Irom the drop`s surIace. (Evaporative cooling is an
important mechanism Ior regulating our body temperatures, and is also used to
cool buildings in hot, dry locations.) (b) Use the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
to explain why even a slight increase in temperature can greatly increase the rate
at which a drop oI water evaporates.

Determine the Concept
(a) To escape Irom the surIace oI a droplet oI water, molecules must have enough
translational kinetic energy to overcome the attractive Iorces Irom their neighbors.
ThereIore the molecules that escape will be those that are moving Iaster, leaving
the slower molecules behind. The slower molecules have less kinetic energy, so
the temperature oI the droplet, which is proportional to the average translational
kinetic energy per molecule, decreases.

(b) As long as the temperature isn`t too high, the molecules that evaporate Irom a
surIace will be only those with the most extreme speeds, at the high-energy tail
oI the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Within this part oI the distribution,
increasing the temperature only slightly can greatly increase the percentage oI
molecules with speeds above a certain threshold. For example, suppose that we
set an initial threshold at E 5kT
1
, then imagine increasing the temperature by
10 so T
2
1.1T
1
. At the threshold, the ratio oI the new energy distribution to
the old one is

( )
( )
( ) 366 . 1 1 . 1
5
1 . 1
5
2
3
2
1
1
2 1 2
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

+
e e e e
T
T
T F
T F
kT
E
kT
E

an increase oI almost 37.

74 A cubic metal box that has 20-cmlong edges contains air at a pressure
oI 1.0 atm and a temperature oI 300 K. The box is sealed so that the enclosed
volume remains constant, and it is heated to a temperature oI 400 K. Find the
Iorce due to the internal air pressure on each wall oI the box.


1761
Picture the Problem We can use the deIinition oI pressure to express the net
Iorce on each wall oI the box in terms oI its area and the pressure diIIerential
between the inside and the outside oI the box. We can apply the ideal-gas law Ior
a Iixed amount oI gas to Iind the pressure inside the box aIter it has been heated.

Using the deIinition oI pressure,
express the net Iorce on each wall
oI the box:

( )
atm inside
P P A
P A F
=
=
(1)
Use the ideal-gas law Ior a Iixed
amount oI gas to relate the initial
and Iinal pressures oI the gas:

Iinal
Iinal inside
initial
initial atm
T
V P
T
V P
=
or, because V
initial
V
Iinal
,
Iinal
inside
initial
atm
T
P
T
P
=

Solve Ior P
inside
to obtain:
atm
initial
Iinal
inside
P
T
T
P =

Substituting in equation (1) and
simpliIying yields:
atm
initial
Iinal
atm atm
initial
Iinal
1 P
T
T
A
P P
T
T
A F
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

evaluate F:
( ) ( )
kN 4 . 1
kPa 325 . 101 1
K 300
K 400
m 20 . 0
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
= F

75 [SSM] In attempting to create liquid hydrogen Ior Iuel, one oI the
proposals is to convert plain old water (H
2
O) into H
2
and O
2
gases by electrolysis.
How many moles oI each oI these gases result Irom the electrolysis oI 2.0 L oI
water?

Picture the Problem We can use the molar mass oI water to Iind the number oI
moles in 2.0 L oI water. Because there are two hydrogen atoms in each molecule
oI water, there must be as many hydrogen molecules in the gas Iormed by
electrolysis as there were molecules oI water and, because there is one oxygen
atom in each molecule oI water, there must be halI as many oxygen molecules in
the gas Iormed by electrolysis as there were molecules oI water. See Appendix C
Ior the molar masses oI hydrogen and oxygen.

Chapter 17

1762
Express the electrolysis oI water into
H
2
and O
2
:

2 2 2
O 2
1
H O H
n n n +

Express the number oI moles in
2.0 L oI water:
mol 110
g/mol 18.02
L
g
1000 L 2.0
O H
2
=
= n

Because there are two hydrogen
atoms Ior each water molecule:

mol 110
2
H
= n
Because there is one oxygen atom
Ior each water molecule:
( ) mol 5 5 mol 110
2
1
O H 2
1
O
2 2
= = = n n

76 A hollow 40-cm-long cylinder oI negligible mass rests on its side on a
horizontal Irictionless table. The cylinder is divided into two equal sections by a
vertical non-porous membrane. One section contains nitrogen and the other
contains oxygen. The pressure oI the nitrogen is twice that oI the oxygen. How Iar
will the cylinder move iI the membrane breaks?

Picture the Problem The diagram shows the cylinder beIore removal oI the
membrane. We`ll assume that the gases are at the same temperature. The
approximate location oI the center oI mass (CM) is indicated. We can Iind the
distance the cylinder moves by Iinding the location oI the CM aIter the membrane
is removed. See Appendix C Ior the molar masses oI oxygen and nitrogen.
2
N
2
O
cm , x
CM 0 40

Express the distance the cylinder
will move in terms oI the movement
oI the center oI mass when the
membrane is removed:

beIore cm, aIter cm,
x x x = A
Apply the ideal-gas law to both
collections oI molecules to obtain:

kT n V P
2 2 2
N N N
=
and
kT n V P
2 2 2
O O O
=


1763

the second to obtain:

2
2
2
2
O
N
O
N
n
n
P
P
=
or, because
2 2
O N
2P P = ,
2
2
2
2
O
N
O
O
2
n
n
P
P
=
2 2
O N
2n n =

Express the mass oI O
2
in terms oI
its molar mass and the number oI
moles oI oxygen:

2 2 2
O O O
M n m =

Express the mass oI N
2
in terms oI
its molar mass and the number oI
moles oI nitrogen:

2 2 2
N O N
M n m =

Using the deIinition oI center oI mass, express the center oI mass beIore the
membrane is removed:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
O cm, 2 N cm, 2
2 2 2 2
O cm, 2 2 N cm, 2 2
2 2 2 2
O cm, 2 2 N cm, 2 2
beIore cm,
O N 2
O N 2
O O N O 2
O O N O 2
O O N N
O O N N
2 2
2 2
2 2
M M
x M x M
M n M n
x M n x M n
M n M n
x M n x M n
m
m x
x
i
i
i
i i
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
= =

Substitute numerical values and evaluate x
cm,beIore
:

( )( ) ( )( )
( )
cm 17.27
g 32.00 g 28.01 2
g 32.00 cm 30 g 28.01 cm 10 2
beIore cm,
=
+
+
= x

Locate the center oI mass aIter the membrane is removed:

( )( ) ( )( )
( )
cm 00 . 0 2
g 32.00 g 28.01 2
g 32.00 cm 20 g 28.01 cm 20 2
aIter cm,
=
+
+
= x

Substitute to obtain:
cm 2.7 cm 17.27 cm 20.00 = = x

Chapter 17

1764

Because momentum must be conserved during this process and the center oI mass
moved to the right, the cylinder moved 2.7 cm to the leIt.

77 A cylinder oI Iixed volume contains a mixture oI helium gas (He) and
hydrogen gas (H
2
) at a temperature T
1
and pressure P
1
. II the temperature is
doubled to T
2
2T
1
, the pressure would also double, except Ior the Iact that at
temperature the H
2
is essentially 100 percent dissociated into H
1
. In reality, at
pressure P
2
2P
1
the temperature is T
2
3T
1
. II the mass oI the hydrogen in the
cylinder is m, what is the mass oI the nitrogen in the cylinder?

Picture the Problem We can apply the ideal-gas law to the two processes to Iind
the number oI moles oI hydrogen in terms oI the number oI moles oI nitrogen in
the gas. Using the deIinition oI molar mass, we can relate the mass oI each gas to
the number oI moles oI each gas and their molar masses. See Appendix C Ior the
molar masses oI nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas.

Apply the ideal-gas law to the Iirst
case:

| |
1 H N 1
2 2
2 RT n n V P + =

Apply the ideal-gas law to the
second case:

| |
1 H N 1
2 2 2 3
2 2
RT n n V P + =

Divide the second oI these equations
by the Iirst and simpliIy to express
2
H
n in terms oI
2
N
n :

2 2
N H
2n n = (1)
Relate the m
N
to
2
N
n :
( ) g/mol 01 . 28
2
2 2
N
N N N
n
M n m
=
=

and
g/mol 01 . 28
2
2
N
N
m
n =

Relate the m to
2
H
n :
( ) g/mol 016 . 2
2
2 2
H
H H
n
M n m
=
=

and
g/mol 016 . 2
2 H
H
2
m
n =


1765

Substitute in equation (1) and solve
Ior m
N
:
g/mol 01 . 28
2
g/mol 016 . 2
2
N
m
m
=
and
m m 7
2
N
~

78 The mean Iree path Ior O
2
molecules at a temperature oI 300 K and at
1.00 atm pressure is 7.10 10
8
m. Use this data to estimate the size oI an O
2

molecule.

Picture the Problem Because the O
2
molecule resembles 2 spheres stuck
together, which in cross section look something like two circles, we can estimate
the radius oI the molecule Irom the Iormula Ior the area oI a circle. We can
express the area, and hence the radius, oI the circle in terms oI the mean Iree path
and the number density oI the molecules and use the ideal-gas law to express the
number density.

Express the area oI two circles oI
diameter d that touch each other:

2 4
2
2 2
d d
A
t t
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
A
d
2
= (1)

Relate the mean Iree path oI the
molecules to their number
density and cross-sectional area:

A n
v
1
=
v
n
A
1
=
Substitute Ior A in equation (1) to
obtain:

t
v
n
d
2
=

Use the ideal-gas law to relate the
number density oI the O
2

molecules to their temperature
and pressure:

NkT PV = or
kT
P
V
N
n
v
= =
Substituting Ior n
v
yields:
tP
kT
d
2
=

evaluate d:
( )( )
( )( )
nm 0.605
m 10 10 . 7 kPa 325 . 101
K 300 J/K 10 381 . 1 2
8
23
=

t
d

79 [SSM] Current experiments in atomic trapping and cooling can
create low-density gases oI rubidium and other atoms with temperatures in the
nanokelvin (10
9
K) range. These atoms are trapped and cooled using magnetic
Chapter 17

1766
Iields and lasers in ultrahigh vacuum chambers. One method that is used to
measure the temperature oI a trapped gas is to turn the trap oII and measure the
time it takes Ior molecules oI the gas to Iall a given distance. Consider a gas oI
rubidium atoms at a temperature oI 120 nK. Calculate how long it would take an
atom traveling at the rms speed oI the gas to Iall a distance oI 10.0 cm iI (a) it
were initially moving directly downward and (b) iI it were initially moving
directly upward. Assume that the atom doesn`t collide with any others along its
trajectory.

Picture the Problem Choose a coordinate system in which downward is the
positive direction. We can use a constant-acceleration equation to relate the Iall
distance to the initial velocity oI the molecule, the acceleration due to gravity, the
Iall time, and m kT v 3
rms
= to Iind the initial velocity oI the rubidium
molecules.

(a) Using a constant-acceleration
equation, relate the Iall distance to
the initial velocity oI a molecule,
the acceleration due to gravity, and
the Iall time:

2
2
1
0
gt t v y + = (1)
Relate the rms speed oI rubidium
atoms to their temperature and
mass:

Rb
rms
3
m
kT
v =

evaluate v
rms
:

( )( )
( )( )
m/s 10 918 . 5
kg/u 10 6606 . 1 u 47 . 85
nK 120 J/K 10 381 . 1 3
3
27
23
rms
= v

Letting v
rms
v
0
, substitute in equation (1) to obtain:

( ) ( )
2 2
2
1
3
m/s 81 . 9 m/s 10 918 . 5 m 100 . 0 t t + =

Use the quadratic Iormula or your
graphing calculator to solve this
equation Ior its positive root:

ms 142 s 14218 . 0 = = t

(b) II the atom is initially moving
upward:

m/s 10 918 . 5
3
0 rms

= = v v

1767

Substitute in equation (1) to obtain:

( ) ( )
2 2
2
1
3
m/s 81 . 9 m/s 10 918 . 5 m 100 . 0 t t + =

Use the quadratic Iormula or your
graphing calculator to solve this
equation Ior its positive root:
ms 46 1 s 1464 . 0 = = t

80 A cylinder is Iilled with 0.10 mol oI an ideal gas at standard
temperature and pressure, and a 1.4-kg piston seals the gas in the cylinder (Figure
17-21) with a Irictionless seal. The trapped column oI gas is 2.4-m high. The
piston and cylinder are surrounded by air, also at standard temperature and
pressure. The piston is released Irom rest and starts to Iall. The motion oI the
piston ceases aIter the oscillations stop with the piston and the trapped air in
thermal equilibrium with the surrounding air. (a) Find the height oI the gas
column. (b) Suppose that the piston is pushed down below its equilibrium position
by a small amount and then released. Assuming that the temperature oI the gas
remains constant, Iind the Irequency oI vibration oI the piston.

Picture the Problem (a) Let A be the cross-sectional area oI the cylinder. We can
use the ideal-gas law to Iind the height oI the piston under equilibrium conditions.
In (b), we can apply Newton`s 2
nd
law and the ideal-gas law Ior a Iixed amount oI
gas to the show that, Ior small displacements Irom its equilibrium position, the
piston executes simple harmonic motion.

(a) Express the pressure inside the
cylinder:

A
mg
P P + =
atm in

Apply the ideal-gas law to obtain a
second expression Ior the pressure
oI the gas in the cylinder:

hA
nRT
V
nRT
P = =
in
(1)

Equating these two expressions
yields: hA
nRT
A
mg
P = +
atm

Solve Ior h to obtain:
( )
atm
atm
atm
atm
1
m 4 . 2
m 4 . 2
AP
mg
mg AP
AP
mg AP
nRT
h
+
=
+
=
+
=

Chapter 17

1768
At STP, 0.10 mol oI gas occupies
2.24 L. ThereIore:
( )
3 3
m 10 24 . 2 m 4 . 2

= A
and
2 4
m 10 333 . 9

= A

evaluate h: ( )( )
( )( )
m 1 . 2 m 096 . 2
kPa 101.325 m 10 9.333
m/s 9.81 kg 1.4
1
m 2.4
2 4
2
= =

+
=
h

(b) Relate the Irequency oI vibration
oI the piston to its mass and a
stiIIness constant:
m
k
f
t 2
1
= (2)
where m is the mass oI the piston and k
is a constant oI proportionality.

Letting y be the displacement Irom
equilibrium, apply
=
y y
ma F to
the piston in its equilibrium position:

0
atm in
= A P mg A P
For a small displacement y above
equilibrium:
y
ma A P mg A P' =
atm in

or
y
ma A P A P' =
in in
(3)

Using the ideal-gas law Ior a Iixed
amount oI gas and constant
temperature, relate
in in
to P ' P :
V P V' P'
in in
=
or
( ) V P Ay V P'
in in
= +
Ay V
V
P P'
+
=
in in

Substituting Ior V and simpliIying
yields:
h
y
A P
Ay Ah
Ah
A P A P'
+
=
+
=
1
1
in in in

y
ma A P
h
y
A P = |
.
|
\
|
+

in
1
in
1
or, Ior y h,
y
ma A P
h
y
A P ~ |
.
|
\
|

in in
1 (4)

SimpliIy equation (4) to obtain:
y
ma
h
y
A P ~
in


1769
y
ma
h
y
A
Ah
nRT
~ |
.
|
\
|

y
ma y
h
nRT
~ |
.
|
\
|
2

Solving Ior a
y
yields:
y
mh
nRT
a
y
2
=
or
y
m
k
a
y
= , the condition Ior SHM
where
2
mh
nRT
m
k
=

2
2
1
mh
nRT
f
t
=

Substitute numerical values and evaluate f:

( )( )( )
( )( )
Hz 0 . 1
m 2.096 kg 1.4
K 300 K J/mol 8.314 mol 0.10
2
1
2
=
=
t
f

81 During this problem, you will use a spreadsheet to study the
distribution oI molecular speeds in a gas. Figure 17-22 should help you get
started. (a) Enter the values Ior constants R, M, and T as shown. Then in column
A, enter values oI speed ranging Irom 0 to 1200 m/s, in increments oI 1 m/s.
(This spreadsheet will be long.) In cell B7, enter the Iormula Ior the Maxwell-
Boltzmann Iraction Iractional speed distribution. This Iormula contains
parameters v, R, M and T. Substitute A7 Ior v, B$1 or R, B$2 Ior M and B$3 Ior T.
Then use the FILL DOWN command to enter the Iormula in the cells below B7.
Create a graph oI f(v) versus v using the data in columns A and B. (b) Explore
how the graph changes as you increase and decrease the temperature, and describe
the results. (c) Add a third column in which each cell contains the cumulative
sum oI all f(v) values, multiplied by the interval size dv (which equals 1), in the
rows above and including the row in question. What is the physical interpretation
oI the numbers in this column? (d) For nitrogen gas at 300 K, what percentage oI
the molecules has speeds less than 200 m/s? (e) For nitrogen gas at 300 K, what
percentage oI the molecules has speeds greater than 700 m/s?

(a) The Iirst Iew rows oI the spreadsheet are shown below. Note that the column
Ior Part (c) is included.
A B C
1 R 8.31 J/mol-K
2 M 0.028 kg/mol
3 T 300 K
4
5 v f(v) sum f(v)dv
Chapter 17

1770
6 (m/s) (s/m) (unitless)
7 0 0.00E00 0.00E00
8 1 3.00E08 3.00E08
9 2 1.20E07 1.50E07
10 3 2.70E07 4.20E07
11 4 4.80E07 9.01E07
12 5 7.51E07 1.65E06

A graph oI f(v) Ior nitrogen at 300 K Iollows:
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
v , m/s
f
(
v
)
,

s
/
m

(b) As the temperature is increased the horizontal position oI the peak moves to
the right in proportion to the square root oI the temperature, while the height oI
the peak drops by the same Iactor, preserving the total area under the graph
(which must be 1.0).

(c) Each number in column C oI the spreadsheet (shown in (a)) is approximately
equal to the integral oI f(v) Irom zero up to the corresponding v value. This
integral represents the probability oI a molecule having a speed less than or equal
to this value oI v.

1771
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
v , m/s
f
(
v
)

d
v

(d) Looking in cell C207, we Iind that the probability (at 300 K) oI a nitrogen
molecule having a speed less than 200 m/s is 0706 . 0 , or about 7. Note that
this value is consistent with the graph oI ( )dv v f shown immediately above.

(e) Looking in cell C707, we Iind that the probability oI a nitrogen molecule
having a speed less than 700 m/s is approximately 0.862, so the probability oI it
having a speed greater than this would be 1 0.862 or 138 . 0 , or a little under
14.

Chapter 17

1772

Ch17 ISM

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