Mahesh Babu

2009 Third International Conference on Power Systems, Kharagpur, INDIA December 27-29
PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER-32

978-1-4244-4331-4/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE

A new approach to Islanding detection in
Distributed Generations
S.R.Samantaray
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology
Rourkela-769008, India
sbh_samant@yahoo.co.in
Trupti Mayee Pujhari, B.D.Subudhi
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology
Rourkela-769008, India
pujhari_trupti@rediffmail.com,bidyadharnitrkl@gmail.com

Abstract This paper presents new techniques for islanding
detection in distributed generations. In the proposed approach,
the negative sequence component of the voltage and current at
the target DG location are extracted and processed using Wavelet
Transform. The detailed coefficient at the level-1 (d1) clearly
localizes the event and thus detects the islanding condition. Also
the change in energy and standard deviations of the detailed
coefficients for one cycle current and voltage signals distinguishes
islanding conditions from non-islanding ones. Also the negative
sequence impedance is calculated at the target DG location and
effectively detects the islanding conditions. The proposed
techniques are tested on islanding and possible non-islanding
conditions such as normal operation, sudden load change and
tripping of other DG etc. and found to be highly effective in
islanding detection at different target DG locations in the power
distribution network including multiple DGs.
Keywords- Change in energy, Islanding detection, standard
deviation, Negative Sequence Impedance, Wavelet Transform.
I. INTRODUCTION
Integrations of Distributed Generations (DGs) in the
distribution network is expected to play an increasingly
important role in the electric power system infrastructure and
market. As more DG systems become part of the power grid,
there is an increased safety hazard for personnel and an
increased risk of damage to the power system. Despite the
favorable aspects grid-connected DGs can provide to the
distribution system, a critical demanding concern is islanding
detection and prevention.
Islanding operation is a condition that occurs when a part of
a network is disconnected from the remainder of power system
but remains energized by DG units interconnected to the
distribution system, which normally comprises multiple DGs
with diverse technologies. Failure to trip islanded DG can lead
to a number of problems for these resources and the connected
loads, which includes power quality, safety and operation
problems. Therefore, the current industry practice is to
disconnect all DRs immediately after the occurrence of
islands [3], [4]. The disconnection is normally performed by a
special protection scheme called islanding detection relays
which can be implemented using different techniques.
Islanding detection techniques may be classified as passive
or active. Passive techniques use information available at the
DG side to determine whether the DG system is isolated from
the grid. The advantage of passive techniques is that the
implementation does not have an impact on the normal
operation of the DG system. Active techniques introduce an
external perturbation at the output of the inverter. These tend
to have a faster response and a smaller non-detection zone
compared to passive approaches. However, the power quality
(PQ) of the inverter can be degraded by the perturbation.
Different method for islanding detection techniques [1-12]
have been reported in recent years. Some of the papers
provides [2, 3] detailed review of islanding detection for DGs
in distributed networks. The islanding detection based upon
the rate-of-change of power signal [1], the rate-of-change of
voltage and change in power factor [8], the vector surge
technique [5], the rate-of-change of frequency [6], the phase-
shift method [7], the harmonic impedance estimation
technique [8] have attracted wide spread attention. The
proposed data mining technique [11] using Decision Tree
(DT) may find limitations as the thresholds depend on the
splitting criteria of the corresponding DT. Thus deciding
optimal splitting criteria is also a complex task as well. For
ROCOF relays, the rate of change of frequency is calculated
within a measurement window and used to detect islanding
operation. The ROCOF relays, however, may become
ineffective if the power imbalance in the islanded system is
less than 15%, resulting in a high risk of false detection [6].
Recently pattern recognition technique based on Wavelet
Transform [12-14] has been found to be an effective tool in
monitoring and analyzing power system disturbances
including power quality assessment and system protection
against faults. This paper investigates the time-localization
property of Wavelet transform for islanding detection by
processing negative sequence components of voltage and
current signals retrieved at the target DG location. As negative
sequence components provide vital information in case of
unbalanced conditions in power system, thus same has been
considered for the proposed islanding detection technique
which is subjected to disturbance during islanding process
such as deviations in frequency, voltage and active power etc.
The negative sequence component of the voltage and
current signals are extracted from the derived voltage and
current signal at the target DG locations. The one cycle
negative sequence voltage and current signal are processed
through Wavelet transform (db4). The time-frequency

978-1-4244-4331-4/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE

2
information derived at the level-1 decompositions (d1),
localizes the corresponding islanding events. Further to
provide a threshold for detecting islanding conditions from
non-islanding ones, the standard deviations (std) and change in
energy (ce) of the d1 level coefficients for one cycle are
computed.
Further to know the impact of negative sequence impedance
in the islanding detection, the same is found out at the target
DG location. It is observed that time variation of the negative
sequence impedance provides effective islanding detection
compared to non-islanding situations. Further, the standard
deviation of the negative sequence impedance for one cycle
data, detects the islanding conditions accurately over non-
sanding ones. Thus the above two techniques based on
negative sequence components provide effective islanding
detection techniques, which has edge over some earlier
techniques.
II. DISTRIBUTION NETWORK WITH MULTIPLE DGS

Fig. 1 The studied Power Distribution network with multiple DGs

The detailed studied system is shown in Fig. 1. The base
power has been chosen as 10 MVA. The studied system
consists of radial distribution system with 4 DG units (wind
farms), connected to the main supply system through Point of
Common Coupling (PCC). The DG units are placed at a
distance of 30 km with distribution lines of pi-sections. The
details of the generator, DGs, transformers, distribution lines
and loads are mentioned as below.
Generator: rated short-circuit MVA=1000, f=50 Hz,
rated kV =120, V
base
= 120 kV.
Distributed Generations (DGs): Wind farm (9 MW)
consisting of six 1.5-MW wind turbines (Doubly Fed
Induction Generator) is connected to a 25-kV
distribution system exports power to a 120-kV grid
through a 30-km 25-kV feeder.
Transformer T1: rated MVA = 25, f = 50 Hz, rated kV
= 120/25, V
base
= 25 kV, R
1
= 0.00375 pu, X
1
= 0.1 pu,
R
m
= 500 pu, X
m
= 500 pu .
Transformer T2, T3, T4 and T5: rated MVA = 10, f =
50 Hz, rated kV = 575 V/ 25 kV, V
base
= 25 kV, R
1
=
0.00375 pu, X
1
= 0.1 pu, R
m
= 500 pu, X
m
= 500 pu
Distribution lines (DL): DL-1, DL-2, DL-3 and DL-4:
PI-Section, 30 km each, Rated kV = 25, rated MVA =
20, V
base
= 25 kV, R
0
= 0.1153 ohms/km, R
1
= 0.413
ohms/km, L
0
= 1.05e-3 H/km, L
1
= 3.32e-3 H/km, C
0
=
11.33e-009 F/km, X
1
= 5.01e-009 F/km,
Normal Loading data:
L1 = 15 MW, 5 MVAR.,
L2, L-3, L4, L5=8.0MW, 3 MVAR.
The voltage and current signals are retrieved at the target
DG location for islanding conditions and non-islanding
conditions (other disturbances). The relays for each DG units
are placed at the DG end. For example, the relay for CB_DG-1
is placed at DG-1 to collect the voltage and current
information for both islanding and non-islanding conditions.
The possible situations of islanding and non-islanding
conditions studied are given as follows
Tripping of main circuit breaker (CB) for islanding
conditions.
Opening of any breakers between the power system
and DG.
Loss of power on the PCC bus.
Sudden load change at the target DG location.
Tripping of other DGs apart from the target one.
The above conditions are simulated under possible
variations in operating loading at normal, minimum and
maximum loading conditions. The loads are varied at the DG
end as well as at the PCC. The model is simulated at 1.6 kHz
(32 samples on 50 Hz base frequency). The voltage and
current signals are retrieved at the target DG location (DG-1,
DG-4). The islanding starts at 0.3 sec as shown in the Fig. 2.
The complete simulation is carried out using Matlab-
SIMULINK software package.
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
p
u
)
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
-1
0
1
time in second
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
p
u
)

Fig. 2 Three-phase voltage and current signals under islanding condition
retrieved at the target DG location (starts at 0.3 sec)
TR-3
CB_DG-1
CB_D
G-2
CB_D
G-4
CB_DG-3
TR-5
TR-4
TR-2
CB
~
Gen
DG-3 DG-4
DG-1 DG-2
DL-1 DL-2
DL-3 DL-4
L1
L4 L5
L2
L3
TR-1
PCC

978-1-4244-4331-4/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE

3
III. WAVELET TRANSFORM FOR EVENT DETECTION
Given a function f(t), its continuous Wavelet Transform
(CWT) can be calculated as follows:

= dt
x
y t
t f
a
y x f * ) (
1
) , , ( CWT (1)
Where x and y are scaling (dilation) and translation (time
shift) constants, respectively, and is the wavelet function.
Wavelet Transform of sampled waveforms can be obtained by
implementing the discrete Wavelet Transform, which is given
by

=
k
m
m
m
x x
kx n
k f y) (f, x,
0
0
0
1
* ) ( DWT
(2)
Where the parameters x and y in (1) are replaced by
m
x
0

and
m
kx
0
, k and m being integer variables. In a standard DWT,
the coefficients are sampled from the CWT on a dyadic grid.
Associated with the wavelet is a scaling function ( ) t . The
scaling function along with the wavelet function creates a
multi-resolution analysis (MRA) of the signal. The scaling
function of one level can be represented as a sum of a scaling
function of the next finer level.
( ) ( ) 2 (2 )
n
t h n t n
=
=
(3)
The wavelet function is also related to the scaling function by
1
( ) ( ) 2 (2 )
n
t h n t n
=
=
(4)
Where ) (k h and ) (
1
k h represent the scaling and wavelet
functions, respectively, and are related as
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
1
k h k h
k
= (5)
We can make use of the scaling function to represent the
signal as
2 2
( ) ( )2 (2 ) ( )2 (2 )
jo j
jo j
jo j
k k j jo
y t c k t k d k t k

= = =
= +

(6)
Where jo represents the coarsest scale spanned by the
scaling function. The scaling and wavelet coefficients of the
signal ( ) y t can be evaluated by using a filter bank of
quadrature mirror filters
1
( ) ( ) ( 2 )
j j
m
c k c m h m k
+
=
=
(7)

1 1
( ) ( ) ( 2 )
j j
m
d k c m h m k
+
=
=
(8)
Equations (7) and (8) show that the coefficients at a coarser
level can be attained by passing the coefficients at the finer
level to their respective filters followed by a decimation of
two. This will result in the number of samples in the coarser
level to be approximately half of the number of samples at the
finer level. For a signal that is sampled at a frequency higher
than the Nyquist frequency, the samples are used as
1
( )
j
c m
+
.
The filter bandwidth and center frequency for a dyadic
wavelet filter at scale k is given as
1
2
s
k k
f
B
+
=
(9)

2
3
2
s
k k
f
f
+
=
(10)
Actual implementation of DWT involves successive pairs
of high pass and low pass filters at each scaling stage of
Wavelet Transform. This can be thought of as successive
approximations of the same function, each approximation
providing the incremental information related to a particular
scale (frequency range), the first scale covering a broad
frequency range at the high frequency end of the frequency
spectrum, however, with progressively shorter bandwidths.
Conversely, the first scale will have the highest time
resolution, higher scales will cover increasingly longer time
intervals. While in principle any admissible wavelet can be
used in the Wavelet analysis, Daubechies Wavelet (db4) is
used in this work for islanding detection.
If the used scaling function and the Wavelet function from
an orthogonal basis, then Parsevals theorem relates the energy
of the distorted signal to the energy in each expansion
coefficients and their Wavelet coefficients. This means that
the norm of energy of the signal can be partitioned in terms of
expansion coefficients. The energy of the distorted signal will
be partitioned at different resolution levels in different ways
depending on the signals to be analyzed. The Energy of the
signal is given by

2
2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
signal j
k j jo k
E y t dt c k d k

= = =
= = +

(11)
The change in energy is found out by deducting the energy
content of the d1 coefficients for one cycle signal before
islanding inception from the energy content of the d1
coefficients for one cycle signal after islanding inception.
Similarly the standard deviation of the d1 coefficients for one
cycle signal is computed for detecting islanding events from
non-islanding ones. Standard deviation can be considered as a
measure of the energy for a distorted signal with zero mean
and is utilized in this work as a feature to detect the islanding
conditions from non-islanding ones.
IV. SIMULTION RESULTS
A. Negative Sequence Component and d-1 coefficients for
islanding detection
Negative sequence component is one of the key indicator in
case of any disturbance conditons. Thus , in this technique, the
negative sequence component of the current and voltage
siglans retrieved at the target DG location are found out as

) (
3
1
2
c b a n
aV V a V V + + =
(12)

) (
3
1
2
c b a n
aI I a I I + + =
(13)

978-1-4244-4331-4/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE

4
where
a
V ,
b
V ,
c
V are three phase voltages, and
a
I ,
b
I ,
c
I are
three phase currents retrieved at the taget DG location, and
= 120 1 a , is the complex operator. The negative sequence
components are found out using sequence analyser block of
Simulink.
The negative sequence voltage and currents are processed
through Wavlet Tranfrom (db4) for time localization of the
islanding event. The negative sequence current and
corresponding d1 coefficints of the current signal is shown in
Fig. 3 for islaning condition. The negative sequence volatge
and corresponding d1 coefficients are shown in Fig. 4 for
islanding condition. The d1 coefficients clearly localizes the
islanding event and thus helps in detecting the same.
The comparision between islanding and non-islanidng
conditions (normal operation) is given in Fig. 5. Similar
comaprision between islanidng and non-islanding conditions
such as sudden load change and DG line cut-off are shown in
Fig. 6 and 7 respectively. It is observed that the d1 coefficients
are highly pronounced in case of islanding compared to non-
islaning situations. In case of 50 % load change (non-
islanding) , even the d1 coefficients are highly pronounced
compared to other non-islanding situations, but still a
threshold will work to distinguish between islanding and non-
islanding conditon.

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
sample(time)
-
v
e

s
e
q

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
0 50 100 150 200
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
sample(time)
d
1
Localization

Fig. 3. The negative sequence component of current and d-1 coefficient for
islanding condition

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
sample(time)
-
v
e

s
e
q

v
o
lt
a
g
e

0 50 100 150 200
-0.01
-0.005
0
0.005
0.01
sample(time)
d
1
Localization

Fig.4. The negative sequence component of voltage and d-1 coefficient for
islanding condition
0 50 100 150 200
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
x 10
-3
sample(time)
-
v
e

s
e
q

v
o
lt
a
g
e

a
t

d
1

islanding
normal

Fig. 5. Comparison between d-1 coefficient for islanding and non-islanding
condition (normal condition)

0 50 100 150 200
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
x 10
-3
sample(time)
-
v
e

s
e
q

v
o
lt
a
g
e

a
t

d
1

islanding
load change

condition (sudden load change- 50%)

0 50 100 150 200
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
x 10
-3
sample(time)
-
v
e

s
e
q

v
o
lt
a
g
e

a
t

d
1

islanding
DG line cutoff

condition (DG line cut-off)

The complete statistics of the derived standard devitaions
and change in energy of the d1 coefficients are depicetd in
Table-I . It is found from the Table-I that the change in energy
is 0.1225 for islanidng conditon compared to 0.0041, 5.4797e-
004 and 0.00675 for non-islanding cases. Similar observations
are made for standard deviation for islanding conditions. The
above results are for negative sequence voltage retrieved at
target DG location DG-1. Similar observations are made for
negative sequence currents retrieved at same target DG
location DG-1 as depicted in Table-II. Thus the change in
energy and standard deviations are high valued compared to
non-islanding cases and thus effective in distinguishing them.
To verify the effect of changing target DG locations, the
change in energy and standard deviations are found out for
islanding and non-islanding situations at target DG location
DG-4. It is observed from the Table-III and IV that the change
in energy and standard deviations for islanding case are

978-1-4244-4331-4/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE

5
substantially high compared to non-islanding cases. Thus a
threshold can easily be selected for detecting islanding events
from non-islanding ones.
TABLE I
STANDARD DEVAITIONS AT D1-COEFFICIENTS (NEAGTIVE
SEQUENCE VOLTAGE) FOR ISLANDING AND NON-ISLANIDNG
SITUATIONS AT DG-1
Events Change in
energy (E)
Change in standard
deviation(std)
Islanding condition 0.1225 0.0234
Normal condition 0.0041 6.9840e-004
DG line cutoff 5.4797e-004 8.5193e-005
sudden load change 0.00675 0.00121

TABLE-II
SEQUENCE CURRENT) FOR ISLANDING AND NON-ISLANIDNG
SITUATIONS AT DG-1
Conditions Change in
energy((E)
Change in standard
deviation((std))
Normal condition 0.0065 0.0019
DG line cutoff 0.0013 0.0029
Sudden load change 0.0032 0.0085

TABLE III
SITUATIONS AT DG-4
Events Change in
energy (E)
Change in standard
deviation(std)
Normal condition 0.0021 5.24550e-004
DG line cutoff 6.3167e-004 7.8934e-005
sudden load change 0.00524 0.00142

TABEL-IV
SITUATIONS AT DG-4
Events Change in
energy((E)
Change in standard
deviation((std))
Normal condition 0.0087 0.0021
DG line cutoff 0.0013 0.0018
Sudden load change 0.0032 0.0098

B. Negativ Sequence Impedance for Islanding Detection
As negative seqence components of the volatage and
current signals at the traget DG loaction are highly
pronounced in case of islanding situations compatred to non-
islanding situations, thus the negative sequience impedance
seen at the traget DG location has been computed to detect the
islanding conditions. The negative seuqece impedance has
been one of the key indicator in distrubance conditions such as
fault process. Thus, during the islanding process, the negative
sequence impedance provides vital information which can be
effecetvely used for islanding detection. The negative
sequence impedance can be found as
n
n
n
I
V
Z =
(14)
where
n
V is the negative sequence voltage and
n
I is the
negative sequence current derived at taget DG location.
The negative sequence imepdance of the islanding versus
non-islanding conditions such as normal operation is shown in
Fig. 8. Similarly, negative sequence impedance comparision
between islanding and non-islanding conditions such as
sudden load change (non-islanding) and DG line cut-off are
shown in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10, respectively. It is found that the
negative sequence impedance becomes steady after islanding
compared to non-islanding situations.
To further provide a thershhold for islanding detection, the
standard deviations of the negative sequence imepdance for
one cycle is found out and given in Table- V and VI. It is
found that the standard deviation is 0.0152 compraed to
0.3551,0.2977,0.1336 for non-islanding cases at atrget DG
location DG-1. To furhter know the efect of changing DG
locations, the similar observations are made for standard
devtaions for negative equence impadance at target DG
location DG-4. It is seen that the standard deviation is very
low for islanding condition compared to non-islanding ones,
and thus providing a threshold effectively distinguishes the
islanding events from non-islanindg conditions. It is observed
that the negative sequence impedance is marginally affected
when the target DG location is changed. Thus the negative
sequence impedance is a potential measure for detecting
islanding conditions in distributed generations.

TABLE V
STANDARD DEVAITIONS OF THE NEGATIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE
SEEN AT DG-1
Conditions Change in standard
deviation((std)
Islanding condition 0.0152
Normal condition 0.3521
DG line cutoff 0.2977
Sudden load change 0.1336

TABLE VI
STANDARD DEVAITIONS OF THE NEGATIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE
SEEN AT DG-4
Conditions Change in standard
deviation((std)
Islanding condition 0.0172
Normal condition 0.4123
DG line cutoff 0.3178
Sudden load change 0.1542

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
sample(time)
-
v
e

s
e
q

im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

islanding
normal

Fig. 8. The negative sequence impedance comparison between islanding
vs non-islanding condition (normal condition)

978-1-4244-4331-4/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE

6
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
samples(time)
-
v
e

s
e
q

im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

islanding
load change

Fig. 9. The negative sequence impedance comparison between islanding
vs load change by 50% (non-islanding)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
sample(time)
-
v
e

s
e
q

i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

islanding
DG line cutoff

Fig. 10. The negative sequence impedance comparison between
islanding vs DG line cut-off

V. DISCUSSION

The proposed research investigates the potential of negative
sequence components of voltage, current and impedance for
islanding detection in distributed generation in power
distribution network. It is observed that the d1 coefficients of
the negative sequence current and voltage is highly
pronounced in case of islanding events compared to non-
islanding ones. But in case of 50% load change (considered as
non-islanding condition), the d1 coefficients are more close to
islanding condition compared to other non-islanding
conditions and still a threshold can separate them. But 50%
load change is one of the extreme non-islanding conditions,
where ROCOF fails to detect islanding. Thus improved results
are obtained with the proposed approach.
The second approach uses negative sequence impedance for
islanding detection. Generally, the negative sequence
impedance is one of the potential parameter for detecting
unbalanced conditions in the power systems. Thus the
potential of negative sequence impedance has been
investigated for islanding detection. It is observed that the
negative sequence impedance for islanding and non-islanding
cases is clearly separable and thus able to detect islanding
events accurately.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The proposed technique investigates the negative sequence
component of voltage, current and impedance for islanding
detection in distributed generations. Wavelet transform is used
to process the negative sequence voltage and current signals
and the d1 coefficients clearly detect the islanding events from
non-islanding ones. Further, the change in energy and
standard deviation of d1 coefficients for one cycle signal data
is found out which clearly detects the islanding conditions.
Also the negative sequence impedance is found out for both
islanding and non-islanding events, and it is observed that the
standard deviation of the negative sequence impedance of
islanding event is very low compared to non-islanding
condition, thus able to detect the islanding events effectively.
Thus the proposed methods are highly effective for islanding
detection with extreme operating situations of the Power
distribution network with multiple DG interface.
REFERENCES
[1] M. A. Redfern, O. Usta, A new microprocessor based islanding
protection algorithm for dispersed storage and generation units, IEEE
Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 10, pp. 1249-1254, July 1995.
[2] T. Funabashi, K. Koyanagi and R. Yokoyama, A review of islanding
detection methods for distributed resources, IEEE Bologna Power Tech
Conference, Bologna, Italy, Vol. 2, pp. 23-26, June 23-26, 2003.
[3] J. Yin, L. Chang and C. Diduch, Recent development in islanding
detection for distributed power generation, Large Engineering Systems
Conference on Power Engineering (LESCOPE), pp. 124-128, 28-30 July
2004.
[4] S. K. Salman, D. J. King, G. Weller, New loss of mains detection
algorithm for embedded generation using rate of change of voltage and
changes in power factors, Developments in Power System Protection
Conference, IEE Publication No. 479, pp. 82-85, 2001.
[5] W. Freitas, Z. Huang, and W. Xu, A practical method for assessing the
effectiveness of vector surge relays for distribute generation
applications, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 20, pp. 57-63, Jan.
2005.
[6] W. Freitas, W. Xu, C. M. Affonso, and Z. Huang, Comparative
analysis between ROCOF and vector surge relays for distributed
generation applications, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 2, pt. 2,
pp.1315-- -1324, Apr. 2005.
[7] G. Hung, C. Chang and C. Chen, Automatic phase-shift method for
islanding detection of grid-connected photovoltaic inverter, IEEE
Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 18, pp. 169-173, Mar. 2003.
[8] M. Sumner, B. Patethorpe, D. W. P. Thomas, P. Zanchetta and M. C. D.
Piazza, A technique for power supply harmonic impedance estimation
using a controlled voltage disturbance, IEEE Trans. Power Electronics,
vol. 17, pp. 207-215, Mar. 2002.
[9] J.C. Vieira, W. Freitas, W. Xu, A.Moriduch, L. elato, Performance of
Frequency Relays for Distributed Generation protection, IEEE Trans.
On Power Delivery, vol.21, no.3, pp.1120-1127, July-2006.
[10] J.Yin, C.P. Diduch, L. Chang, Islanding detection using proportional
power spectral density IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, vol.23, no.2,
pp.776-784, Apri-2008.
[11] El-Arroudi, K.; Joos, G.; Kamwa, I., McGillis, D.T., Intelligent-Based
Approach to Islanding Detection in Distributed Generation; IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, Volume 22, Issue 2, pp.828 835,
April 2007
[12] O.A.S. Youssef, New algorithms for phase selection based on wavelet
transforms, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 17 (2002) 908-- -914.
[13] A.H. Osman, O.P. Malik, Transmission line protection based on wavelet
transform, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 19 (2) (2004) 515-- -523.
[14] D. Chanda, N.K. Kishore, A.K. Sinha, A wavelet multi-resolution
analysis for location of faults on transmission lines, Electr. Power
Energy Syst. 25 (2003) 59-- -69.

Mahesh Babu

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Mahesh Babu

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2009 Third International Conference on Power Systems, Kharagpur, INDIA December 27-29

PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER-32

You might also like