Deforestation

Here are some of the main causes and effects of deforestation.

Trees are one of the most important aspects of the planet we live in. Trees are vitally important to the
environment, animals, and of course for us humans. They are important for the climate of the Earth, as
they act as filters of carbon dioxide. Forests are known as habitats and shelters to millions of species.
However, the trees on our planet are being depleted at a very fast rate. According to some estimates,
more than 50 percent of the tree cover has disappeared due to human activity. This removal of forest or
trees from a land and converting it for nonforest use is called deforestation.

Although humans have practiced deforestation since ages, it was in the mid-1800s that forests began to
be destroyed at an unprecedented rate. One of the most worrying factors today is the massive
destruction of the rainforest of the world is affecting the biodiversity adversely, as well as being one of
the major contributory factors to the ongoing Holocene mass extinction.

What are the Causes of Deforestation?

The deforestation causes include many factors. The destruction of the forests is occurring due to various
reasons, one of the main reasons being the short-term economic benefits. Corruption at the
government institutions, wealth and power due to harvesting of the riches of the forest, population
growth and urbanization are some of the common causes.

Urban Construction
The cutting down of trees for lumber that is used for building materials, furniture, and paper products
have a major impact on forest life. Forests are cleared to accommodate expanding urban areas. This
results in loss of forest area and massive deforestation.

Agriculture
Forests are also cut down to clear land for growing crops, build farms, ranches and other food growing
lands.

Grazing Land
Forests are cut down in order create land for grazing cattle. Huge herds of animals require food and
forests are cleared out to make way for grazing lands for these cattle.

Used for Fuel
Trees are cut down in developing countries to be used as firewood or turned into charcoal, which are
used for cooking and heating purposes.

Commercial Purposes
Some of the other causes are: clearing forests for oil and mining exploitation, to make highways and
roads, slash and burn farming techniques, wildfires, and acid rain. Forest fires can occur naturally or in
most cases are deliberate attempts by man to clear huge forests. Most of the time, these forests may
recover, but usually the cleared land is used for construction and agriculture purposes. This leads to loss
of forests and loss of habitat for the local wildlife.


Illegal Logging
Many government agencies are fighting illegal logging to protect the forests. However, any type of
logging legal or illegal leads to deforestation. Trees are cut down indiscriminately by logging companies,
to fulfill the demands of the wood market. This does not give a chance to the local wildlife and trees to
regenerate and sustain themselves. Thus, leading to loss of wildlife forever.

What are the Effects of Deforestation?

There are a number of adverse effects, that include environmental and economical. Some of these
effects are discussed below:

Erosion of Soil
When forest areas are cleared, it results in exposing the soil to the sun, making it very dry and
eventually, infertile, due to volatile nutrients such as nitrogen being lost. In addition, when there is
rainfall, it washes away the rest of the nutrients, which flow with the rainwater into waterways. Because
of this, merely replanting trees may not help in solving the problems caused by deforestation, for by the
time the trees mature, the soil will be totally devoid of essential nutrients. Ultimately, cultivation in this
land will also become impossible, resulting in the land becoming useless. Large tracts of land will be
rendered permanently impoverished due to soil erosion.

Disruption of the Water Cycle
Trees contribute in a large way in maintaining the water cycle. They draw up water via their roots, which
is then released into the atmosphere. A large part of the water that circulates in the ecosystem of
rainforests, for instance, remains inside the plants. When these trees are cut down it results in the
climate getting drier in that area. The groundwater tables are affected and soon get depleted. The trees
help in prevention of running off of water and help the soil absorb the flowing water. When there are no
trees, water just runs off, leaving no chance for the groundwater tables to absorb more water. Thus,
ultimately leading to reduction in water resources.

Loss of Biodiversity
The unique biodiversity of various geographical areas is being lost on a scale that is quite
unprecedented. Even though tropical rainforest make up just 6 percent of the surface area of the Earth,
about 80-90 percent of the entire species of the world exist here. Due to massive felling of trees, about
50 to 100 species of animals are being lost each day. The outcome of which is the extinction of animals
and plants on a massive scale. The effects on animals is very heartbreaking. They not only lose their
habitat and protective cover, they are pushed to extinction. Many beautiful creatures, both plants and
animals have vanished from the face of the earth.

Flooding and Drought
One of the vital functions of forests is to absorb and store great amounts of water quickly when there
are heavy rains. When forests are cut down, this regulation of the flow of water is disrupted, which
leads to alternating periods of flood and then drought in the affected area. Thus, leading to disruption of
human settlements and loss of life in thousands.

Climate Change
It is well-known that global warming is being caused largely due to emissions of greenhouse gases like
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. However, what is not known quite as well is that deforestation has
a direction association with carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Trees act as a major storage
depot for carbon, since they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, which is then used to produce
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that make up trees. When deforestation occurs, many of the trees are
burnt or they are allowed to rot, which results in releasing the carbon that is stored in them as carbon
dioxide. This, in turn, leads to greater concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

These are just a few of the causes and effects of deforestation. The consequences are very unpleasant
as every form of life on earth is interlinked with one another. Not only do animals lose their homes, but
humans dependent on the local ecology are also affected. The water cycle gets disturbed leading to
floods and droughts. People dependent on the forests for their survival lose their livelihood. Global
warming is another problem looming over our heads. The causes and its effects of this destructive
practice can be stopped to some extent, if we all do our bit towards the environment. Reduce emissions
by avoiding use of cars and bikes indiscriminately. Make our factories more cleaner and monitor their
emissions. Develop better ways of farming that help increase the yield without having an impact on the
neighboring forest areas. Forest management and strict monitoring of tree cutting should be carried out
by various government and other nonprofit agencies. Reforestation of lost areas and following
sustainable practices will help us balance our green cover. Remember, trees give us life, without them it
will be impossible to sustain life.
Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/causes-and-effects-of-deforestation.html
The Solutions
1. Corporations & Markets
If corporations have the ability to destroy the world's intact forests, they also have the power to
help save them.

Companies can make an impact by introducing zero-deforestation policies that require suppliers
to produce commodities such as timber, beef, soy, palm oil and paper fiber in a way that has a
minimal impact on natural forests and the climate. Companies can also introduce paper
procurement policies that set ambitious targets to maximize use of post consumer recycled
wood, pulp, paper and fiber in their products and ensure that any virgin fiber used is certified by
a rigorous third party certification system such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC).

2. Sustainable consumer options
Even you as an individual can make a difference in saving forests by setting the best example . It
is a crucial part of the solution to ending worldwide deforestation. As a consumer, you have the
power to put pressure on companies that have bad environmental practices. By buying recycled
or certified wood products, only supporting brands with zero deforestation policies, and getting
others to do the same you send a message to companies to embrace zero deforestation policies.

3.Politics
In order to achieve zero deforestation by 2020 we need ambitious and science-based domestic
and international forest policies from our government.