CostTargeting

Module04

Lecture21

Module04:Targeting
Lecture21:Costtargeting
Keywords:Costtargeting,capitalcost,Operatingcost,Targeting,HEN,

Ingeneral,thepurposeofsynthesizingacountercurrentheatexchangernetwork(HEN)isto
matchhotandcoldprocessstreamsofanindustryinsuchawaythattheexpenseforheating
cold streams and cooling hot streams is reduced. In other words, the objective of the HEN
synthesis is to develop a network of countercurrent heat exchangers that minimizes capital
investmentandoperationalcosts.ItleadstotheoptimizationofTminwhichwilloffertradeoff
between the capital costs and the energy costs. At an optimum Tmin the total annual cost
(TAC) of the HEN gets minimized. The TAC of a HEN for a given Tmin is found out using cost
targeting.Thecosttargetingisdividedintotwoparts:

a) CapitalcostTargetingand
b) Operatingcosttargeting.

A. CapitalCostTargetingforsimilarmaterialofconstruction
Thecostofaheatexchangerdependsprimarilyonitsmaterialofconstruction,pressurerating
andthetypeofexchangeritself.ThecostofasingleheatexchangerwithsurfaceareaAcanbe
foundoutusingsimplerelationship:
Installedcapitalcostofexchanger=a+bAc..(21.1)
In the Eq.21.1, a, b and c are the cost law constants that vary according to the material of
construction,pressureratingandthetypeoftheheatexchanger.
Thedistributionofthetargetedareabetweennetworkexchangersisunknownwhiledoingcost
targeting. Therefore, for using above equation to find the capital cost of a heat exchanger
network,consistingofmanyheatexchangers,thesimplestassumptionofequalareaforallthe
exchangersisused.
Thus,
Networkcapitalcost=N[a+b(ANetwork/N)c].(21.2)
Here,Nrepresentsthenumberofunitsorshellswhicheverisappropriate.Theaboveequation
is valid if the problem is dominated by equipment with a single specification i.e. material of
construction,pressureratingandequipmenttype.However,ifthereisamixofspecifications
such as different streams requiring different materials of construction, then the above
approach must be modified in accordance to Section B to obtain a realistic value of cost
target.

CostTargeting

Module04

Lecture21

AccuracyofthisApproach:Thebasicareatargetingalgorithm(bathalgorithm)givesthetrue
minimumnetworkareaifallthestreamshavethesameheattransfercoefficientsandslightly
above the true minimum if the heat transfers coefficients varies by less than an order of
magnitude(<10%).However,thisdoesnotresultin10%errorincapitalcosttargetingasthe
practicaldesignsareinvariableabovetheminimum.
Therearetwoinherenterrorsinthisapproachofcapitalcosttargeting:
a) Total heat exchanger area is assumed to be divided equally between exchangers. This
tendstooverestimatethecapitalcost.
b) Theareatargetisslightlylessthantheareaobservedindesign.
However, these two tends to nullify each other and hence the accuracy of the capital cost
targetsisusuallygoodforthetargetingpurpose.
TotalCostTargeting:

Asmentionedearlier,costisinvolvedattwoplacesinanyHeatexchangernetworksynthesis
problem:
a) Capitalcostoftheheatexchangers,heatersandcoolers
b) Utilitycosts
WithchangeindrivingforceorTmin,thesetwocostsvaryoppositetoeachother.Forexample,
withincreaseinTmin,theutilitycostsincreaseastheutilityconsumptionincreases.However,
capital cost decreases as the area of the heat exchanger network reduces with increase in
driving force. Thus, it is better to consider both the costs during targeting a heat exchanger
networkandforfurtherdeterminationofoptimumTminusingSupertargeting.
Now, capital cost (fixed cost) and operating cost (utility cost) are expressed in different time
scales. For example capital cost is expressed for the operating useful life period of the
exchanger whereas operating cost is generally expressed on per year basis. Therefore, it is
necessarytofindacommontimescaleforjoiningthesetwocosts.Thisisdonebydetermining
the annualized capital cost (expressing capital cost on per year basis) before it is added to
operatingcosttomaketimescaleconsistent.Therefore,
TotalAnnualCost(TAC)=Annualizedcapitalcost+Annualutilitycost(21.3)
Theannualizedcapitalcostiscalculatedusingequation21.4
Annualizedcapitalcost=(capitalcost)*

1
1

)(21.4)

CostTargeting

Module04

Lecture21

Where,
i=fractionalinterestrateperyear
n=numberofyears(usefullifeofexchangerinyears)
Example1

The example earlier selected for area targeting is used in this chapter for cost targeting. The
problemgiveninTable4.26(Lecture15)isreproducedinTable21.1hereforthispurpose.For
the process shown in the Table 21.1 below, pure countercurrent (1, 1) shell and tube heat
exchangersareusedandTministakentobe100C.Theaimis:

(a) tocalculatethecapitalcosttargetiftheindividualheatexchangerscanbecosted
accordingtotherelationship:

HeatExchangerCapitalCost($)=30,000+400(A)0.9
Here,
Aistheheattransferareainm2.

Table21.1Afivestreamproblemforcosttargeting(Tmin=100C)
Stream

HotStream1
HotStream2
HotStream3
ColdStream1
Coldstream2
Steam
CoolingWater

Supply
Temp.
Ts(0C)

159
267
343
26
118
300
20

Target
Temp.
TT(0C)

77
80
90
127
265
299
60

Heat Capacity Film

heat
transfer
Flow rate, CP coefficient,h(MW.m2.K1)
(MW.K1)

22.85
0.1
2.04
0.04
5.38
0.5
9.33
0.01
19.61
0.5

0.05

0.2

(b) tocalculatethetotalannualcost(TAC)providedtheutilitycostsvariesasfollows:
Steamcost=120,000($.MW1.y1)
Coolingwatercost=10,000($.MW1.y1)
i=10%;n=5
Solution:

CostTargeting

Module04

Lecture21

ForcosttargetingitisrequiredthattheareaoftheHENfortheproblemgiveninTable21.2is
computedusingtheprocedureoutlinedintheLecture17:AreaTargeting.Oncetheareaofthe
HENisknownitscapitalcostandAnnualizedcapitalcostcanbecomputed.ThenusingProblem
TableAnalysis,onecandoenergytargetingandsubsequentlycancomputethecostofutility
peryear.Further,byaddingannualizedcapitalcostandutilitycostperyearonecanfindtotal
annualcost(TAC).

UsingPTAminimumhotandcoldutilitiesarecomputedasgivenbelow:

MinimumHotutilityrequirement=1064.52kW
MinimumColdutilityrequirement=855.84kW

CPvaluesofhot&coldutilityarethereforecalculatedasfollows:

(CP)hu=Qhu,min/(TinTout)hu=1064.52/(300299)=1064.52kW/0C
(CP)cu=Qcu,min/(ToutTin)cu=855.84/(6020)=21.396kW/0C

Computationforbalancedhotcompositecurve:

Forbalancedhotcompositecurve,hotstreams(H1,H2&H3)andhotutility(ST)temperatures
andotherdatasuchasCParenecessary.

Table21.2Computationtableforbalancedhotcompositecurve

CP,hb
CumQhb
Qhb=T*CP,hb
22.85
77

22.85
22.85*3=68.55
68.55
2.04
80

22.85+2.04=24.89
24.89*10=248.9
317.45
5.38
90

22.85+2.04+5.38=30.27 30.27*69=2088.63 2406.08

159

H1

2.04+5.38=7.42
7.42*108=801.36 3207.44
267

H2

5.38
5.38*32=172.16
3379.6
1064.52
299

1064.52+5.38=1069.9 1069.9*1=1069.9
4449.5
300

ST

5.38
5.38*43=231.34
4680.84
343

H3

Computationofbalancedcoldcompositecurve:

CostTargeting

Module04

Lecture21

Forbalancedcoldcompositecurve,coldstreams(C1&C2)andcoldutility(CW)temperatures
andotherdatasuchasCParenecessary.

Table21.3Computationtableforcoldbalancedcompositecurve

CP,hb
Qhb
CumQhb
CW
20

21.396
128.376
128.376
C1
26

30.726
1044.684
1173.06
C2
60

21.396

9.33
541.14
1714.2
118

28.94
260.46
1974.66
127

9.33

19.61
2706.18
4680.84
265

19.61

Therefore,thebalancedcoldcompositecurvesfortheabovestreamscanbedrawnusingTable
21.4andTable21.5.

Table21.4Requireddataforplottingbalancedhotcompositecurve

Thb
CumQhb

77
0

80
68.55

90
317.45

159
2406.08

267
3207.44

299
3379.6

300
4449.5

343

4680.84

Table21.5Requireddataforplottingbalancedcoldcompositecurve

Tcb

CumQcb

20

26

128.376

60

1173.06

118

1714.2

127

1974.66

265

4680.84

CostTargeting

Module04

Lecture21

BasedonthedataofTables21.4&21.5balancedhotandcoldcompositecurvesareplottedin
Fig.21.1
400
350
Temperature,C

CumQ=3379.6

(Tc12Tc10)*CPcb=(4680.83379.6)
T c10=Tc12(4680.83379.6)/CPcb
Tc10=198.64C

300

Points()wheretemperature
Valuesareknown

CumQ=4680.8
11

Balancedhotcompositecurve

250

10

200

150

Th5

Th6

Th3

100

Tc10

CPcb=19.61

5
Temperatureisnotknownwherethereisno( ).

50 1 3

Tc9

Tc12=265C

Balancedcoldcompositecurve

Tc4
500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

Enthalpy,kW
Fig.21.1BalancedhotandcoldcompositecurveswithenthalpyintervalsforproblemgiveninTable21.1.

Now,forcomputationofareatarget,thebalancedcompositecurveisdividedintoanumberof
enthalpyintervals(forthepresentcase1to11).CumQhbandCumQcbcolumnsofTable21.4&
21.5aremergedbycountingcumulativeenthalpiescommontobothonceandtheentriesare
thensortedinascendingorder.Thisidentifiesallpointswherehotorcoldcompositecurvehas
avertex(changeinslope).However,fromFig.21.1Onecanseethatformanyenthalpyintervals
all the four temperatures (Hot in & out and cold in & out) temperatures are not known for
computationofTLMvaluesoftheinterval.Thus,hotandcoldtemperaturescorrespondingto
eachintervaliscomputedwhereitisnotknown.

5000

CostTargeting

Module04

Lecture21

Table21.6Cumulativeenthalpiesatdifferenttemperatureintervalsalongwithknowninterval
temperaturesofbalancedhotandcoldcompositecurves
Enthalpy Cumulative
Thi
BalanceHot
interval enthalpy,kW
Comp.
No.
CumQ
Temp

0
77
Th1
1
68.55
80
Th2
2
128.376
unknown
Th3
3
317.45
90
Th4
4
1173.06
unknown
Th5
5
1714.2
unknown
Th6
6
1974.66
unknown
Th7
7
2406.08
159
Th8
8
3207.44
267
Th9
9
3379.6
299
Th10
10
4449.5
300
Th11
11
4680.84
343
Th12

TCi

20
unknown
26
unknown
60
118
127
unknown
unknown
unknown
unknown
265

Balancecold
Comp.
Temp
Tc1
Tc2
Tc3
Tc4
Tc5
Tc6
Tc7
Tc8
Tc9
Tc10
Tc11
Tc12

CPhbor
CPcb
kW/C

22.85
21.396
24.89
30.726
9.33
28.94
30.27
7.42
5.38
1069.9
19.61

Now,thenextstepistocalculatetheunknowntemperaturesineachenthalpyinterval

Thq=Thb,rowr(CumQhb,rowrCumQcb,rowq)/CP,hbrows

Where,
Thb,rowr:Temperaturefromhotbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=3andr=4.
CumQhb,row r:CumQfromhotbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=3andr=4.
CP,hbrowq:Summationofheatcapacityofthehotstreamsintheintervalinwhichunknown
temperaturesistobedetermined.Fore.g.forrow3,itistheCPofhotstreamsintemperature
interval8090ofthehotbalancedcurve.

CostTargeting

Module04

Lecture21

CumQcb,rowq:CumQfromcoldbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=3andr=4.
Therefore,
Th3=90(317.45128.376)/24.89=82.40C
Th5=159(2406.081173.06)/30.27=118.27C
Th6=159(2406.081714.2)/30.27=136.14C
Th7=159(2406.081974.66)/30.27=144.75C
Similarly,forcalculationofcoldintervaltemperatures,thefollowingequationcanbeused:
Tcq=Tcb,rowr(CumQcb,rowrCumQhb,rowq)/CP,cbrows
Where,
Tcb,rowr:Temperaturefromcoldbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=2andr=3.
CumQcb,rowr:CumQfromcoldbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=2andr=3.
CP,cbrowq: Summationofheatcapacityofthecoldstreamsintheintervalinwhichunknown
temperaturesistobedetermined.Fore.g.forrow2,itistheCPofhotstreamsintemperature
interval2026ofthehotbalancedcurve.
CumQhb,rowq:CumQfromhotbalancedcurveintherowr(firstrowafterrowqinwhichthe
temperatureisavailable),Forexample,ifwewanttodeterminethehottemperatureinrow3.
Then,q=2andr=3.
Tc2=26(128.37668.55)/21.396=23.20C
Tc4=60(1173.06317.45)/30.726=32.15C
Tc8=265(4680.842406.08)/19.61=149C
Tc9=265(4680.843207.44)/19.61=189.87C
Tc10=265(4680.843379.6)/19.61=198.64C

CostTargeting

Module04

Lecture21

Tc11=265(4680.844449.5)/19.61=253.20C
Thecompletedenthalpyintervaltablewithallhotandcoldintervaltemperaturesisshownin
Table21.7.
Table21.7Hotandcoldintervaltemperatureswithintervalenthalpies
Enthalpy
intervalNo

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

Cum.Interval
Enthalpy,kW
0
68.55
128.376
317.45
1173.06
1714.2
1974.66
2406.08
3207.44
3379.6
4449.5
4680.84

Thi

TCi

77
80
82.40
90
118.26
136.14
144.74
159
267
299
300
343

20
23.2
26
32.15
60
118
127
149
189.86
198.64
253.20
265

Computationof(CP/h)hand(CP/h)cineachintervaliscarriedoutasshowninTable21.8
andillustratedbelowfor1stand2ndintervals:
ForIntervalNo.1ForintervalNo.2(StreamsH1,H2&CW)
(CP/h)h=(22.85/0.1)=228.5

(CP/h)h=(22.85/0.1)+(2.04/0.04)=279.5
(CP/h)c=(21.396/0.2)
=106.98
(CP/h)c=(21.396/0.2)=106.98

CostTargeting

Module04

Lecture21

Table21.8Computationof(CP/h)hand(CP/h)cineachenthalpyinterval
Interval CumQi

Thi
TCi
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

0
68.55
128.376
317.45
1173.06
1714.2
1974.66
2406.08
3207.44
3379.6
4449.5
4680.84

CW

C1

5.38

C2
21.396

9.33

H1

H2 1064.52

ST

22.85
2.04

H3

77
80
82.4036
90
118.266
136.143
144.747
159
267
299
300
343

20
23.204
26
32.1535
60
118
127
149
189.865
198.644
253.203
265

(CP/h)h

(CP/h)c

0
228.5
279.5
279.5
290.26
290.26
290.26
290.26
61.76
10.76
21301.16
10.76

0
106.98
106.98
1039.98
1039.98
933
972.22
39.22
39.22
39.22
39.22
39.22

19.61

(Q/h)IandLMTDfordifferententhalpyintervalswerecomputedinTable21.9andillustrated
belowfor1stand2ndintervals:
ForintervalNo.1(streamsH1&CW):

(Q/h)1=(8077)*228.5+(23.220)*106.98=1028
LMTD1=(7720)(8023.2)/ln(57/56.8)=56.89
ForintervalNo.2(StreamsH1,H2&CW)
(Q/h)2=(82.480)*279.5+(2623.2)*106.98=970.344
LMTD2=(8023.2)(82.426)/ln(56.8/56.4)=56.6

Table21.9ComputationofThi,Tci,(CP/h)h,(CP/h)c,(Q/h)iand(LMTD)i
Interval

Thi

TCi

(CP/h)h

(CP/h)c

(Q/h)i

(LMTD)i

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

77
80
82.40
90
118.27
136.14
144.75
159
267
299
300
343

20
23.20
26
32.1535
60
118
127
149
189.865
198.644
253.203
265

0
228.5
279.5
279.5
290.26
290.26
290.26
290.26
61.76
10.76
21301.16
10.76

0
106.98
106.98
1039.98
1039.98
933
972.22
39.22
39.22
39.22
39.22
39.22

1028.264
970.9223
8522.711
37164.29
59302.98
11247.38
4999.916
8272.805
688.6324
23440.96
925.3583

56.89
56.6
57.12
58.06
34.39
17.94
13.51
32.86
88.24
70.20
61.08

CostTargeting

Module04

Lecture21

Finally,theareaforeachintervaliscalculatedbyusingtheformula,Ai=((Q/h)i)/(LMTD)i
The heat transfer area of individual enthalpy interval is added to get the total area of the
networkasgiveninTable21.10
Table21.10Computationofheattransferareaoftheheatexchangernetwork
Interval

Thi

TCi

(CP/h)h

(CP/h)c

(Q/h)i

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

77
80
82.4036
90
118.266
136.143
144.747
159
267
299
300
343

20
23.2
26
32.2
60
118
127
149
189.9
198.6
253.2
265

0
114.25
124.45
124.45
151.35
151.35
151.35
151.35
37.1
26.9
5322.6
26.9

0
106.98
106.98
153.63
153.63
46.65
144.7
98.05
98.05
98.05
98.05
98.05

1028.264
970.9223
8522.711
37164.29
59302.98
11247.38
4999.916
8272.805
688.6324
23440.96
925.3583

(LMTD)i

56.897939
56.5995733
57.1220127
58.0559974
34.3891604
17.9442718
13.5051883
32.8614385
88.2368373
70.2040443
61.0758022
TotalArea=Ai

Ai

18.07208
17.15423
149.2019
640.1456
1724.467
626.7948
370.2218
251.7481
7.804364
333.8976
15.15098

4154.659

Thetotalareacomesouttobeequalto4154.659m2
a) Capitalcosttargets($)=30,000+400(A)0.9=30,000+400(4154.659)0.9=$752340.29

b) Annualizedcapitalcost=capitalcost*

=$752340.2865*

.
.

=$752340.2865*0.2638
=$198465.47/yr.

Operatingcosttargeting
Hotutility=1064.52kW
Hotutilitycost=1064.52kW*120,000($.MW1.y1)=127742.400$.yr1

CostTargeting

Module04

Lecture21

Coldutility=855.84kW
Coldutilitycost=855.84kW*10,000($.MW1.y1)=8558.4$.yr1

TotalCostTargeting
TACfortheprobleminTable21.1atTminequalto10C=127742.4$.yr1+8558.4$.yr1

=136300.8$.yr1

B. Cost Targeting when HEN comprises mixed material, different pressure rating and
exchangertypes

The Eqs. 21.1 and 21.2 uses a single cost function for all the heat exchangers. However, the
capitalcostfunctionfordifferentheatexchangersmaybedifferentdependingonmaterialof
construction. These differences in cost can be accounted for by either introducing new cost
functionsoradjustingtheheatexchangeareatoreflectthecostdifferences.Thiscanbedone
byweightingthestreamheattransfercoefficientsinthecomputationofnetworkareawitha
factortoaccountforthesedifferencesincost.
For example, a corrosive stream requires more expensive materials of construction than the
other streams, thus, itwill have agreater contribution to the total capital cost than a similar
noncorrosive stream. This can be accounted for by artificially decreasing corrosive streams
heat transfer coefficient to increase the contribution of the corrosive stream towards the
networkarea.Thisartificialincreaseinareawhenconvertedintoacapitalcostusingthecost
function used for the noncorrosive materials returns a higher capital cost of the exchanger
employingcorrosivestream,andthuscompensatesthecostofcostlyspecialmaterialusedin
thecaseofcorrosivestream.
Todevelopthisapproach,firstconsiderasingleexchangerwhosecostmayberepresentedas:
Installedcapitalcostofreferenceexchanger=a1+b1*AC1.(21.5)
Where,
a1,b1andc1arethecostlawcoefficientsforthereferenceexchanger
Ifinsteadtheheatexchangerhasadifferentspecification,itscostmayberepresentedas:

CostTargeting

Module04

Lecture21

Installedcapitalcostofspecialexchanger=a2+b2*AC2(21.6)
Where,
a2,b2andc2arethecostlawcoefficientsforthespecialexchanger
Intheapproachtobedeveloped,thecostofthespecialexchangercanbedeterminedfromthe
referencecostlawbyusingamodifiedareaA*.
Hall 1986 says that the exchanger cost data can usually be manipulated such that the fixed
costs represented by a in equations (21.5) and (21.6) doesnt vary with exchanger
specifications. Then, equations (21.5) and (21.6) can be rearranged to give the modified
exchangerareaA*asafunctionofactualareaAandthecostlawcoefficients.
A*=

..(21.7)

TherelationshipbetweenheatexchangerareaandoverallheattransfercoefficientUisgiven
by:
A=Q/TLM*U(21.8)
Here,
Q=Exchangerheatload
Theration(Q/TLM)isconstantforagivenheatexchangerandhencethemodifiedUvalueU*
canberelatedtotheactualUvalue

(21.9)

The overall heat transfer coefficient in a single exchanger comprises resistance

contributions from both streams. Each contribution contains allowances for film, wall and
fouling resistances. In practice the overall heat transfer coefficient will depend to some
extentontheexchangerflowarrangement.Itisnotpossibletospecifysuchdetailsat
the targeting stage, hence the overall heat transfer coefficient must be assumed
independentoftheflowarrangement:
Now,
.(21.10)

CostTargeting

Module04

Lecture21

Equation (21.10) may be then split stream wise to obtain an expression for the modified h
value,hj*ofeitherstreaminthematchasfollows:

(21.11)

Now,astreamspecificcostweightingfactor,toapplytothehvalueofaspecialstreamj
cannowbedefinedastheratioofweightedtoactualhvaluesofthestream:

j= =

.(21.12)

Theapplicationofsuchafactortocostaspecialexchangerbutusingthereferencecostlawwill
thereforegive:
Installedcostofthespecialexchanger:
a1+b1[(Q/TLM)[(1/(hot*hhot))+(1/(cold*hcold))]]c1.(21.13)
Where
hot=cold
Forasingleheatexchangermadeentirelytothespecialrequirements,thecapitalcostresulting
fromequation(21.13)isasaccurateasthecostlaws.Thismustbethecasefromthewayin
whichthefactorwasderived.Iftherequirementsofbothstreamsaredifferentleadingtoa
mixedspecification,thenthecapitalcosttargetwillbelessaccurate.Theerrorinvolveddepends
uponwhetherthespecialrequirementsarecausedbydifferencesinmaterialsofconstruction,
pressureratingordesigntype.
Thesamephilosophyofweightingareacontributionsinasingleexchangercanbeextendedto
weightingstreamareacontributionsforawholenetwork.Someadditionalerrorinthetargetsis
incurredbythisextensionresultingfromthefactthatastreammaypassthroughseveral
exchangersallwithdifferentareas.Atthetargetingstage,exchangersareassumedtobeallthe
samesize.Thespecialstreamcostweightingfactoristhenexpressedas:

j= =

(21.14)

Oncethefactorhasbeencalculatedforeachstream,aweightednetworkareatargetAmin*
canbecalculated

CostTargeting

Module04

A*NETWORK=

Lecture21

..(21.15)
Where,

(21.16)

Here,
i=costweightingfactorforhotstreami
j=costweightingfactorforcoldstreamj
a1,b1,c1=costlawcoefficientsforthereferencecostlaw
a2,b2,c2=costlawcoefficientsforthespecialcostlaw
N=numberofunitsorshells,whicheverisapplicable
Further,Hall1986showedthatheatexchangercostlawscanoftenbeadjustedwithlittleloss
ofaccuracysuchthatthecoefficientcisconstantfordifferentspecifications,thatis,c1=c2=c.
Inthiscase,theaboveequationsimplifiesto:

(21.17)

Thus, to calculate the capital cost target for a network comprising mixed exchanger
specifications,theprocedureisasfollows:
1.)First,wechooseareferencecostlawfortheheatexchangers.Highestaccuracyisobtainedif
the category of streams that make the largest contribution to capital cost is chosen for the
referencecostlaw.
2.Then,wecalculatefactorsforthosestreamsthatrequireaspecificationdifferentfromthat
ofthereference,usingEquations21.14or21.17.IfEquation21.14istobeused,thentheactual
networkareaANETWORKmustfirstbecalculatedusing

ANETWORK=

(21.18)

AndNUNITSorNSHELLS,whicheverisappropriate?
3.CalculatetheweightednetworkareaA NETWORKusingequation21.15asfollows:

CostTargeting

A*NETWORK=

Module04

Lecture21

Note: When the weighted hvalues (h) vary appreciably, say by more than one order of
magnitude, an improved estimate of A* NETWORK can be evaluated by linear programming as
shownbySabooetal.,in1986.
4. Calculate the capital cost target for the mixed specification heat exchanger network from
Equation21.2usingthecostlawcoefficientsforthereferencespecification.
References:
1.) AhmadS,LinnhoffBandSmithR(1990)CostOptimumHeatExchangerNetworks2.
TargetsandDesignforDetailedCapitalCostModels,CompChemEng,14:751.
2.) RobinSmith,Chemicalprocessdesign&Integration,Johnwiley&sonslimited,2005.
3.) HallS.G.,AhmadS.andSmithR(1990)Capitalcosttargetsforheatexchangernetworks
comprisingmixedmaterialofconstruction,pressureratingsandexchangertypes,Comp.
Chem.Eng.,14:319
4.) HallS.G.,Capitalcosttargetsforheatexchangernetworks:differingmaterialsof
constructionanddifferentheatexchangertypes.M.Sc.Dissertation.Universityof
Manchester(1986).
5.) SabooA.K.M.MorariandR.D.Colberg,RESHEXaninteractivesoftwarepackage
for the synthesis and analysis of resilient heat exchanger networks. Computers
them.Engng10,591599(1986).