Untitled

IntegrationofHeatPump Module06 Lectrure41
Module06
Lecture41:IntegrationofHeatPump
Keywords:HeatPump,HeatEngine,temperaturelift,COP,PER,MVR,TVR,Heat
Transformer,ReverseBraytoncycle,
Itisknownfactthatheatflowsnaturallyfromahighertoalowertemperature.However,
heatpumps,areabletoforcetheheatflowintheotherdirection,usingarelativelysmall
amount of high quality drive energy (electricity, fuel, or hightemperature waste heat).
Thus, heat pumps can transfer heat from natural heat sources, such as from the air,
ground,waterorfromheatsourcessuchasindustrialordomesticwaste,toanindustrial
applicationorbuilding.Heatpumpscanalsobeusedforcoolingpurposesalso.Forsucha
situation,heatistransferredintheoppositedirectioni.e.fromtheapplicationthatneeds
tobecooledtosurroundingsatahighertemperaturewhereheatisrejected.Inshort,the
objectiveofarefrigeratoristoremoveheatfromthecoldmediumwhereas,theobjective
of a heat pump is to supply heat to a warm medium. The Fig.41.1 distinguishes the
functionsofheatpumpandrefrigerator.
= requiredinput
W=requiredinput
Fig.41.1Differencebetween(a)Refrigeratorand(b)Heat
Warm
environment,T
1
Refrige
rator
Refrigerated
space(cold),T
2
Q
1
Q
2
=desiredoutput
Heat
Pump
Q
2
Q
1
=desiredoutput
Coldenviron
ment,T
2
(a) Refrigerator
(b) HeatPump
T
1
Heatpumpsofferuniquewaytoprovideheatingandcoolinginanenergyefficientwayin
manyapplications,astheycanuserenewableheatsourcesaroundit.Byinvestingalittle
extra energy, a heat pump can raise the temperature of available heat energy from the
surroundingstothelevelneededforprocessapplications.Heatpumpscanalsousewaste
heat sources of industrial processes, cooling equipment or ventilation air extracted from
buildings to convert it into useful heat. A typical electrical heat pump will just need 100
kWh of power( for lifting the heat of 200kWh) to turn 200 kWh of freely available
environmentalorwasteheatinto300kWhofusefulheat.Manyindustrialheatpumpscan
achieveevenhigherperformance,andlift100kWhamountofheatwithonly310kWhof
electricity. Because heat pumps consume less drive energy than conventional heating
systems, it is an a key technology for reducing gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide
(CO2),sulphurdioxide(SO2)andnitrogenoxides(NOx). Industrialheatpumpsaremainly
used for, space heating; heating and cooling of process streams; water heating for
washing, sanitation and cleaning; steam production; drying/dehumidification;
evaporation; distillation and concentration. When heat pumps are used in drying,
evaporationanddistillationprocesses,heatisrecycledwithintheprocess.
Through this unique ability, heat pumps can radically improve the energy efficiency and
environmental value of any heating system that is driven by primary energy resources
suchasfuelorpower.Thefollowingsixfactsshouldbeconsideredwhenanyheatsupply
systemisdesigned[1]:
1. Directcombustiontoproduceheatisneverthemostefficientuseoffuelasitcreates
pollution
2. Heatpumpsaremoreefficientbecausetheyuserenewableenergyintheformof
lowtemperatureheat;
3. Ifthefuelusedbyconventionalboilerswereredirectedtosupplypowerforelectric
heatpumps,about3550%lessfuelwouldbeneeded,resultingin3550%less
emissions;
4. Around50%savingsaremadewhenelectricheatpumpsaredrivenbyCHP
(combinedheatandpowerorcogeneration)systems;
5. Whetherfossilfuels,nuclearenergy,orrenewablepowerisusedtogenerate
electricity,electricheatpumpsmakefarbetteruseoftheseresourcesthando
resistanceheaters;
6. Thefuelconsumption,andconsequentlytheemissionsrate,ofanabsorptionorgas
engineheatpumpisabout3550%lessthanthatofaconventionalboiler.
HeatPump
Inordertotransportheatfromaheatsourcetoaheatsink,heatpumpsneedexternal
energy.Theoretically,thetotalheatdeliveredbytheheatpumpisequaltotheheat
extractedfromtheheatsource,plustheamountofdriveenergysuppliedtoit. Itis
simplyaheatenginerunninginreversedirection,asshowninFig.41.2andtheactual
heatpumpisshownschematicallyinFig.41.3.ItacceptsheatQ
2
fromthesinkatT
2
(at
lowertemperature),rejectsheatQ
1
intothesourcewhichisatahighertemperature,T1
indoingsoitconsumesworkW.
The heat pump is a heat lift. Eq.41.1 can be written based on First Law of
Thermodynamics:
w =
1
-
2
(41.1)
Asperthesecondlawofthermodynamics,Eq.41.2canbewritten:
W =
Q
1
q
mech
( T
1
- T
2
)
T
1
( 41.2)
Itisusualtodefineoverallefficienciesforrealheatenginesandheatpumps,accordingto:
w = q
1
(41.3)
withq<q
c
forheatengines,andq>q
c
forheatpumps.Eq.41.3canberewrittenforheat
pumpsas:
w =
1
C0P
HP
=
2
C0P
R
. (41.4)
whereCOP
p
isthesocalledcoefficientofperformancebasedonheatoutputQ
1
froma
heatpumporvapourrecompressionsystem,andCOP
r
isthecoefficientforarefrigeration
Condenser,T
1
Q
1
Evaporator,T
2
Q
2
W
Compressor
ThrottleValve
Fig.41.3Closedcycleheatpump
T
1
>T
2
Heat
Engine
Heat,Q
1
Heat,Q
2
(Source)
Temperature,T
1
Temperature,T
2
(sink)
T
1
>T
2
Work,W
Fig.41.2Thermodynamicconceptbehindheatpump
systembasedonheatabsorbed(Q
2
)fromtheprocess.FromEquations(41.1),(41.2),(41.3)
and(41.4),onecanwrite:
C0P
HP
=
cscd output
Rcqucd nput
=
Hcutng L]]cct
wok nput
=
1
w
=
1
q
=
q
mcch
1
1

(1
1
-1
2
)
(41.4)
C0P
R
=
csircJ output
RcquircJ input
=
Cooling ccct
work input
=

2
w
=
1
-w
w
= C0P
HP
- 1(41.S)
C0P
R
=
2
w
=
1 -q
q
=
q
mcch
I
2
(I
1
-I
2
)
(41.6)
Hence, the heat pump as a low temperature lift (T

2
T
1
) gives a high COP
Hp
and a large
amount of upgraded heat per unit power. However, lower values of T
2
reduce COP
R
, so
refrigeration systems need more power per unit for upgraded heat as the absolute
temperature falls. With the above understanding, one can start analyzing the CHP
problems.
Heatpumpcycles
Theoretically, heat pumping can be achieved by many more thermodynamic cycles and
processes.TheseincludeStirlingandVuilleumiercycles,singlephasecycles(e.g.withair,
CO
2
ornoblegases),solidvapoursorptionsystems,hybridsystems(notablycombiningthe
vapour compression and absorption cycle) and electromagnetic and acoustic processes.
Some of these are entering the market or have reached technical maturity, and could
becomesignificantinthefuture.
Almost all heat pumps fall on two categories, i.e. either based on a vapour compression,
or on an absorption cycle. Heat pumps are used for two purposes; either as a
refrigeration system to carryout cooling belowambient temperature, or as a heat
recoverysystemtopump
heatbackwardsacrossthepinch.However,theequipmentusedinbothcasesissimilar.
Industrialheatpumpscanbedividedintosixprincipaltypes:
1. Closedcycleheatpumps(mostrefrigerationcycles):Agreatmajorityofheatpumps
work according to this principle. A volatile liquid, known as the working fluid or
refrigerant, circulates through the components of this cycle. Themain components
in such a heat pump system are the compressor, the expansion valve and two heat
exchangers referred to as evaporator and condenser. The components are
connected to form a closed circuit. It takes in heat and evaporates in the
evaporator, is compressed and then condensed to give out heat at a higher
temperature at condenser, and returned to the evaporator via a expansion valve
whichcoolstherefrigeranttoevaporatortemperature.
2. Mechanical vapour recompression (MVR): Categorized as open or semiopen heat
pumps. In a open systems, vapour from an industrial process is compressed by a
compressor( driven by electricity or a plant turbine) to a higher pressure (thus a
higher temperature) and condensed in the same process giving off heat. In semi
opensystems,heatfromtherecompressedvapouristransferredtotheprocessviaa
heat exchanger. Because one or two heat exchangers are eliminated (evaporator
and/or condenser) and the temperature lift is generally small, the performance of
MVR systems is high, with typical coefficients of performance (COPs) of 10 to 30.
Current MVR systems work with heatsource temperatures from 7080C, and
deliverheatbetween110and150C,insomecasesupto200C.Wateristhemost
common 'working fluid' (i.e. recompressed process vapour), although other process
vapoursarealsoused,notablyinthepetrochemicalindustry.
3. Thermalvapourrecompression(TVR):Highpressuresteamispassedintoaventuri
typethermocompressor,andmixedwithlowerpressuresteamtogivea larger
flowatanintermediatetemperatureandpressure.Thisalsoincludesejectors,
mainlyusedfordrawingavacuum.
4. Absorption refrigeration cycles: These refrigeration cycles take waste heat above
ambientandextractsomebelowambientheatfromtheprocessandrejectsallheat
at a medium temperature close to ambient. These are not widely used in industrial
applications.Currentsystemswithwater/lithiumbromideasworkingpairachievean
output temperature of 100C and a temperature lift of 65C. The COP typically
ranges from 1.2 to 1.4. The new generation of advanced absorption heat pump
systemswillhavehigheroutputtemperatures(upto260C)andhighertemperature
lifts.
5. Heattransformers:Thesehavethesamemaincomponentsandworkingprinciple
asabsorptionheatpumps.Withaheattransformerwasteheatcanbeupgraded,virtually
without the use of external drive energy. Waste heat of a medium temperature (i.e.
betweenthedemandlevelandtheenvironmentallevel)issuppliedtotheevaporatorand
generator. Useful heat of a higher temperature is given off in the absorber. All current
systems use water and lithium bromide as working pair. These heat transformers can
achieve a delivery temperatures up to 150C, typically with a lift of 50C. COPs under
theseconditionsrangefrom0.45to0.48.Inshort,heattransformerstakeinwasteheat,
upgrade some of it to a useful temperature and cool the rest, thus acting as heat
splitters.They are in effect a reversed absorption refrigeration cycle working entirely
aboveambienttemperature.
.
6. ReverseBraytoncycleheatpumps:Itrecoverssolventsfromgasesinmany
industrialprocesses.Solventloadedairiscompressed,andthenexpanded.Theair
coolsthroughtheexpansion,andthesolventscondenseandarerecovered.Further,
expansiontakesplaceinaturbine,whichdrivesthecompressor.
AsimpleclosedcycleheatpumpisillustratedinFigs.41.3&41.4withTSdiagram.Inthis
heatpumpmoderateamountofelectricalormechanicalpowerisusedtoupgradealarger
amountof heat. An absorption heat pumpisshownin Fig.41.5. Absorptionheat pumps
arethermallydriven,meaningthatratherthanmechanicalenergy,heatisusedtodrive
the cycle. Absorption heat pumps for space conditioning are often gasfired, while
industrial installations are usually driven by highpressure steam or waste heat.
Absorptionsystemsmakeuseoftheabilityofliquidsorsaltstoabsorbthevapourofthe
workingfluid.Themostcommonworkingpairsforabsorptionsystemsare:
water(workingfluid)andlithiumbromide(absorbent);and
ammonia(workingfluid)andwater(absorbent).
Inabsorptionsystems,compressionoftheworkingfluidisachievedthermallyinasolution
circuitwhichconsistsofanabsorber,asolutionpump,ageneratorandthenanexpansion
valveasshowninFig.35.4,expandstheworkingfluidtocreatelowtemperaturetoabsorb
heat. The lowpressure vapour from the evaporator is absorbed in the absorbent in an
absorber.Thisprocessgeneratesheat.Thesolutionispumpedtohighpressureandthen
entersthegenerator,wheretheworkingfluidisboiledoffwithanexternalheatsupplyat
a high temperature. The working fluid (vapour) is condensed in the condenser while the
absorbentisreturnedtotheabsorberviatheexpansionvalve.
Here, it is the work potential of aboveambient heat (usually steam) which causes the
heat pumping without actually converting heat into shaft power. These systems are not
preferred due to their high capital costs (two columns required, one of them a high
pressurecolumn)andheavyheatdemand.

Liquid+Vapor 1
2
3
4
5
Superheated
vapor
Saturated
liquid
Saturated
Vapor
Isobars
Liquid Vapor Liquid +Vapor
Specificentropy,S
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
E
v
a
p
o
r
a
t
o
r
C
o
n
d
e
n
s
e
r
Superheated
Vapor
Valve
Compressor
Liquid+Vapor Liquid
Hotair
Vapor(Cold)
Expansion
Hotter
air
Cold
air
Fig.41.4Singlestage(a)vaporcompressionrefrigerationcycle(b)TSdiagram
2 1
3
4
5
12Compressionofvapor
23Vaporsuperheatremovedincondenser
34Vaporconvertedtoliquidincondenser
45LiquidflashedintoLiquid+Vaporacrossexpansionvalve
51Liquid+vaporconvertedtoallvaporinevaporator

PerformanceofHeatpump
The heat delivered by a heat pump is theoretically the sum of the heat extracted from the heat source
and the energy needed to drive the cycle. The steady-state performance of an electric compression heat
pump at a given set of temperature conditions is referred to as the coefficient of performance (COP). I t
is defined as the ratio of heat delivered by the heat pump and the electricity supplied to the compressor.

For engine and thermally driven heat pumps the performance is indicated by the primary energy ratio
(PER). The energy supplied is then the higher heating value (HHV) of the fuel supplied. For electrically
driven heat pumps a PER can also be defined, by multiplying the COP with the power generation
efficiency.

The COP or PER of a heat pump is closely related to the temperature lift, i.e. the difference between the
temperature of the heat source and the output temperature of the heat pump. The COP of an ideal heat
pump is determined solely by the condensation temperature and the temperature lift (condensation -
evaporation temperature).

Fig.41.6 shows the COP for an ideal heat pump as a function of temperature lift, where the temperature
of the heat source is 0C. Also shown is the range of actual COPs for various types and sizes of real heat
pumps at different temperature lifts.

.

The ratio of the actual COP of a heat pump and the ideal COP is defined as the Carnot-efficiency. The
Carnot-efficiency varies from 0.30 to 0.5 for small electric heat pumps and 0.5 to 0.7 for large, very
efficient electric heat pump systems.

An indication of achievable COP/PERs for different heat pump types at evaporation 0C and condensing
temperature 50C is shown in Table 41.1
Table41.1COP/PERrangeforheatpumpswithdifferentdriveengines
HeatPumptypes(s)
COP PER
Electric(compression)
2.5-5.0
Engine(compression)
0.8-2.0
Thermal(Absorption)
1.0-1.8
Table41.2TechnicalCharacteristicsofheatpumps[3]
System Delivery
Temp.,C
Heat acceptance
temp.,C
Temperature
Lift,C
Typical
COP
ElectricCompression
R22 2080 2040 <60 35
R12,R500 3095 2065 <60 35
Fig.41.6Coefficientofperformanceasafunctionofcondensation
temperaturefordifferentheatpumps
R114 40130 1096 <60 24
MechanicalVaporcomp. >100 >80 <50 520
Thermalvaporcomp. 60150 45120 <40 1.1
Absorption 3092 542 <45 1.3
HeatTransformer 80150 58110 <50 0.450.5
Thechoicebetweenheatpumpsystemsalsodependsontheworkingtemperatures
andontherelativeheatloadsbelowandabovethepinch.
Absorbedandreleasedheatloadsfordifferentheatpumps
Whenmatchingheatpumpsagainsttheprocess(ProcessGCC),itshouldberemembered
that the amount of load on either the process source side or the process sink side can
limitthetotalenergysaving,sinceplacementacrossthepinchisthecorrectplacementof
Heat Pump. For closedcycle heat pumps and MVR, the heat loads below the pinch are
similarbuttheheatreleasedabovethepinchisslightlygreater,duetotheenergyputin
by the power drive. However, for TVR, the driver steam flow is much more than the
vapour sucked in, and thus, the waste heat recovered is far less thanthe heat released
above the pinch.The opposite appliesfor heat transformers, wherelessthan 50% ofthe
waste heat is usually upgraded. The shape of the GCC therefore suggests which system
willbemostsuitable.Fig.41.7showsthedifferenttypesofheatpumpsfittedtotheirideal
GCCs.

MatchingGCC for
thermovapor
compression(TVR)
HeatinQ
2
HeatoutQ
1
Driversteam,AH
AH,kW
S
h
i
f
t
e
d
T
e
m
p
.
,
pinch
MatchingGCC for
closedcycleheat
pumpandMVR
HeatinQ
2
HeatoutQ
1
Drivepower,W
AH,kW
S
h
i
f
t
e
d
T
e
m
p
.
,
pinch
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig.41.7MatchingGCCfor(a)closedcycleheatpumpandMVR(b)TVRand
(c)Heattransformer
MatchingGCC for
HeatTransformer
HeatinQ
2
HeatoutQ
1
AH,kW
S
h
i
f
t
e
d
T
e
m
p
.
,
pinch
HeatoutW

EconomicsofHeatPump

Whether a heat pump is feasible, as far as thermodynamics and cost is concerned,
dependsonthetemperatureliftforwhichithastobedesignedaswellascostofheatand
power which changes very often. The power requirement is determined by the Carnot
efficiency,asgiveninEq.41.7.

W=
Q
1
COP
P
=
Q
1
(1
1
- 1
2
)
q
mcch
1
1
( 41.7 )
Typically,
mech
is0.5andso,foratemperatureliftof30C(fromambienttemperature
(300K)),WisaboutonefifthofQ1.Sincepowertypicallycosts34timesasmuchasheat
energy, the cost savings from upgrading 20 kW of heat are only equivalent to the supply
costofabout4kW,withoutevenadjustingfixedcostoftheequipmenttohandle20kW.
At higher temperature lifts, the economic advantage of heat pumping can vanish
altogether. In some countries only MVR systems have regularly yielded costeffective
projects; the temperature lift is usually low, there is no separate evaporator with its
associatedpressuredrop,andtheequipmentissimplerandcheaper.TVRhassometimes
been economic due to its low capital cost even for the low ratio of recovered heat to
steamsuppliedhasbeenacceptable.
IntegrationoftwoGCCs
TwoGCCscanbecombinedgraphically,bytakingtheGCCofthefirstprocess(process1)
and a mirror image ( around vertical axis) of the GCC of the second process(process2).
ThemirrorimageofthesecondGCCisthenplacedtotheGCCoffirstprocessandsliding
the first GCC it horizontally till it touches the mirror image of the second GCC. The
horizontaldistancebetweenthetwoGCCs(GCCoffirstandmirrorimageGCCofsecond)
is the GCC of the combined set, and the pinch temperature is the point where the two
curvesjusttouch.Thisshouldbenotedthatthispointneednotbethepinchofeitherof
the two processes. The Fig 41.8 shows the above process of creation of combined GCC
fromtwoGCCs.
Thismethodcanbeusedtofitanysetofprocessestogetherandisparticularlypowerful.

(a) CombinedGCC
Fig.41.8Mirrorimagemethod
T
H
(b) TwoGCC
T
H
(c) Mirrorimagemethod
T
H
GCCprocess1
GCCprocess2
GCCprocess1
Mirrorimage
GCCprocess2
CombinedGCC
ofprocess1+2
GrandcompositecurveofaHeatPump
Fig.41.3 shows a closed cycle heat pump. The GCC of the heat pump is shown in
Fig.41.8(a)anditsmirrorimageisshowninFig.41.8(b).Theshapeofthecurveisgoverned
by the laws of thermodynamics, which show that for a reversible heat pump operating
between evaporating and condensing temperatures T
2
K and T
1
K the following
relationshipshold:
1
I
1
=
2
I
2
=
w
(I
1
- I
2
)
. (41.8)
TheCOP
HP(actual)
=Q
1
/W=qT
1
/(T
1
T
2
)asreportedinEq.41.4.Whereqliesbetween0.5to
0.7.Thearea,Aofthetriangleformedbythecondenserheatlineandthetemperature
lift(T
1
T
2
)canbegivenas:
A=Q
1
(T
1
T
2
)=qWT
1
.(41.9)

Thisprovidesanalternativemethodtofindworkfromgraph.

Using the mirror image technique as discussed above, the matching of the GCC of heat
pump to that of process is relatively simple and it illustrated in Fig.41.10. Here it is
assumedthatthetemperaturedifferencebetweenthestreamandtheheatpumpfluidis
the same as the temperature adjustment of the stream. The mirror image heat pump
curve is shown being fitted to the process GCC, and the combined GCC ( Fig.41.10(b))
T
H
T
1
T
2
Q
2
Q
1
(a) MirrorImage
Fig.41.9Grandcompositecurveofheatpump
T
H
T
1
T
2
Q
2
(evaporator)
Q
1
(condenser)
(b) HeatPumpGCC
which is referred to as the remaining problem grand composite curve, is also shown in
figure.
It is interesting to note that the process GCC has been bracketed by two pinches at the
condensing and evaporating temperatures of the mirrir image of the Heat Pump GCC.
However, the shape of the GCC curve remains same above and below the temperature
rangeinvolvingtheheatpump.Theareascreatedbetweenthepinchandtheevaporating
and condensing temperatures theoretically offers a chance to generate work by
transferringheatfromthehighertemperaturehotstreamtothelowertemperaturecold
stream through a heat engine. Though, such a heat engine appears to be impractical, it
neverthelessshowsthattheheatpumphasconsumedmoreworkthanitisnecessaryin
doingitstask.Thisquantityofworkcanbereducedbytheuseofmultipleheatpumpsin
horizontalcascade,asillustratedinFig41.11
Fig.41.11MultistageheatpumpanditsdeploymentonGCC
Condensers
Evaporators
Coldstreams
Hotstreams
(a) MultiStageHeatPumps(MSHP)
3 2 1 HeatPumps
3
3
2
2
1
1
T
H
(b) MSHPonprocessGCC
Fig.41.10AdditionofaheatpumptoprocessGCC
(a) Mirrorimagemethod
(b) CombinedGCC
T
T
H
H
Mirror
image
GCCof
heat
pump
Process
GCC
The restrictions on the size of heat pump take place when either the maximum
temperature lift is reached or when the heat pump's mirror image GCC reintersects the
process GCC as shown in Fig.41.12. If this intersection is with the end of the curve (
Fig.41.12(a)) then no further heat pumping is possible, as any further heating by the
condenser prevents cooling of the high temperature streams, and any further cooling by
theevaporatorpreventsheatingofthelowtemperaturestreams.

If the intersection of the heat pump GCC line is with some intermediate portion of the
process GCC as in Fig41.12(b), then this point, D, becomes a new secondary pinch in the
remaining problem. For further heat pumping a heat pump is required across both the
primaryandsecondarypinch,Fig.41.13.Forthistobeeconomicthetotaltemperaturelift
acrossbothheatpumpsmustbelessthan50K.Itissometimespossibleinsuchcases,ifa
unitoperationiscreatingthesecondarypinch,thenoperatingparametersoftheprocess
can be so adjusted that the secondary pinch coincides with the primary pinch and thus
oneheatpumpcanbeusedforbothpinches.
MaximumEconomicLiftforagivenHeatpumpcanbegivenas[7]:
I
A
I
, = {.|C
HPL
+C
HPC
+ C
1
+C
C
-[o
HI
C
HI
-[o
C0I
C
C0I
. ] _
N
1
N
M
E
P
, _
+(HC)
-N
M
(HI)
I
- N
1
N
M
|(HI)
H
-(HI)
I
] ] |(HC)
-N
M
(HI)
I
] ( 41.1u )
T T
T
H
H H
D
Fig.41.12Reintersectionofheatpump
Fig.41.13Twopinchheatpumping
(a)
(b)
Primarypinch
Secondarypinch
Where:
T
A
- temperature at which heat is accepted (K)
T
D
temperature at which heat is delivered (K)
C
HPE
- cost of heat pump evaporator ($ energy
-1
)
C
HPC
cost of heat pump condenser ($ energy
-1
)
C
C
compressor cost ($ energy
-1
)
C
1
capital cost of the remaining process ($ energy
-1
)
C
HI
heater cost ($ energy
-1
)
C
COI
- cooler cost ($ energy
-1
)
HI
o - fraction of heater area that can be reused
COI
o - fraction of cooler area that can be reused
N
T
thermodynamic efficiency
N
M
mechanical efficiency
H hours of operation per year (h yr
-1
)
P payback period (yr
-1
)
Q
D
heat delivered by the heat pump (thermal energy time
-1
)
(MV)
H
marginal value of the level of thermal energy saved by heat pumping ($ energy
-1
)
(MV)
I
marginal value of the waste thermal energy used by the heat pump ($ energy
-1
)
(MC)
D
marginal cost of the electricity or shaft power ($ energy
-1
)
The derivation of Eq.41.40 is hown in Appendix-A

Appendix-A
Derivation of Eq.41.10
HEAT TRANSFER AREA PENELTY DUE TO HEAT PUMPING
Fig.41.14 shows hot and cold composite curves for the process without placement of any
heat pump. However,. Fig.41.15 shows the same process integrated with heat pump.

A
CO
A
1
A
2
A
H
Fig.41.14Hotandcoldcompositecurvebeforeheatpumpintegration
Cold
composite
Hot composite
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

Heat duty
T
min

When the heat pump is placed across the pinch, the hot and cold utility requirement
decreases as it clearly seen from the Fig.41.15, but the total heat transfer area of the process
consists of the heat exchange area that exchange heat from process to process, utility heater
and utility cooler areas.

A
CO
A
11
A
12
A
13
A
21
A
22
A
23
A
H
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

heat duty
condenser of heat pump
evaporator of heat pump
Fig.41.15Hotandcoldcompositecurveafterheatpump
integration
W
Q
1
Q
2
Condensertemp.(T
1
)
Evaporatortemp.(T
2
)
From Fig.41.15 it is clear that after the heat pump placement the hot and cold utility
requirement decrease as:
A
CO
> A
CO

A
H
> A
H

For simple system with identical heat transfer coefficient, the minimum heat transfer area
for T
min
between the hot and cold composite curves is given by :
=
=
n
J
J T
A A
1

Where, n is total number of enthalpy intervals
from Fig.41.14 (before heat pump placement)
target heat exchange area A
1
+A
2

target heater area - A
H
target cooler area - A
CO
from Fig.41.15 i.e. after heat pump placement
target heat exchange area A
11
+A
12
+A
13
+A
21
+A
22
+A
23
target heater area A
H
target cooler area A
CO
from the above figures it is clear that
A
H
< A
H
A
CO
< A
CO
And, due to the reduction in the temperature driving force
A
11
+A
12
+A
13
+A
21
+A
22
+A
23
A
1
+A
2
So the total increase in the heat exchange area is
A = (A
11
+A
12
+A
13
+A
21
+A
22
+A
23
)-(

A
1
+A
2
)
A can also be written as
A
HPE
+A
HPC
+A
1

Where-

A
HPE
heat pump evaporator area
A
HPC
heat pump condenser area
A
1
- change in the interchange area of the remainder of the process
Decrease in the heater area A
H
-A
H
Decrease in cooler area A
CO
A
CO
If
HI
o - fraction of heater area that can be reused
COI
o - fraction of cooler area that can be reused
So the net increase in the heat transfer area
( ) ( )

+ +
' ' 1 COI COI COI HI HI HI HPC HPE
A A A A A A A o o

So the net increase in the heat transfer area after the heat pump placement is basically the
combination of heat pump evaporator area, heat pump condenser area, change in the
interchange area of the remainder of the process and the decrease in the amount of hot and
cold utility base on the fraction of heater and cooler area.

DERIVATION OF A GENERAL EQUATION FOR MAXIMUM ECONOMIC LIFT

Equation for the maximum economic lift is:
I
A
I
, = {.|C
HPL
+C
HPC
+ C
1
+C
C
-[o
HI
C
HI
-[o
C0I
C
C0I
. ] _
N
1
N
M
E
P
, _
+(HC)
-N
M
(HI)
I
- N
1
N
M
|(HI)
H
-(HI)
I
] ] |(HC)
-N
M
(HI)
I
] ( 41.1u )

PROOF - consider a heat pump operating in a temperature region bounded by the
temperature of a low and a high level utility (i.e.
UH D A UI
T T T T s s s )with marginal values
(MV)
I
and (MV)
H
respectively.

Assuming the mechanical and thermodynamic efficiencies to be N
M
and N
T
, respectively,
so

(
|
.
|
\
|
=
D
A
M T
D
a
T
T
N N
Q
W 1

(1)
T
UH (MV)
H

T
D
Q
A
Q
D

(MV)
I
W
P

(MC)
D
T
UI
T
A
Fig.41.16 Heat pump in a region bounded by two utility
levels

(
|
.
|
\
|
=
D
A
T
D
P
T
T
N
Q
W 1

Where;
W
a
actual work including the mechanical losses
W
P
work that does not include the mechanical losses
Q
D
heat delivered by the heat pump
T
A
- temperature at which heat is accepted
T
D
temperature at which heat is delivered
On rearranging the equation (2) -

(
|
.
|
\
|
=
D
A
D P T
T
T
Q W N 1
( )
(
=
T
D
A
D
D
T
N
T
T
W Q
Q
N 1
( )
|
.
|
\
|
=
D
D A
D P T
T
T T
Q W N
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
D
D A
D
D
D
D
T
T
T T
W Q
Q
W Q
Q
N 1
( )
(
=
T
D
A
A
D
T
N
T
T
Q
Q
N 1

Expression for
A
Q -
( )
(
=
T
D
A
T
D
A
N
T
T
N
Q
Q 1

Q
A
heat accepted by the heat pump

(3)
(2)
Annual saving at H hours of operation per year for Q
D
units of energy delivered per hour at
T
D
(K) can be expressed as :

Annual saving = value of U
h
saved cost of driver power value of U
I
saved
Where
U
h
high level utility
U
I
low level utility
Annual saving = ( ) ( ) ( ) | |H MC W MV Q MV Q
D a I A H D

(MV)
H
it is the marginal value of the level of thermal energy saved by heat pumping and
can be defined as the total cost avoided in reducing by one unit the amount of that
level of thermal energy being provided under the operating conditions existing at a
given point in time.
(MV)
I
it is the marginal value of the waste thermal energy used by the heat pump, and it
is positive if there is the demand of thermal energy outside the system
(MC)
D
it is the marginal cost of the electricity or shaft power and can be defined as the
total additional cost actually incurred in providing the next additional unit of
electricity or shaft power under the operating conditions existing at a given point in
time.
H hours of operation per year

Put the value of Q
A
and W
a
-

( )
H
M T
D
N MV
N N
HQ

( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
)
`
+
I M D I H M T I M D
D
A
M T
D
MV N MC MV MV N N MV N MC
T
T
N N
HQ
( ) ( )
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|

(

D
T
T
N N
HQ
N
T
T
N
HQ
MV HQ
A
M T
D
T
D
A
T
D
H D
1 1
(4)
(4)
If P is the payback period in years. So based on the total increase in the area, the annual
capital expenditure can be given as
( ) ( ) P C C C C C C
COI COI HI HI C HPC HPE
/ ] [
1
+ + + o o

Where
C
HPE
- cost of heat pump evaporator
C
HPC
cost of heat pump condenser
C
C
compressor cost
C
HI
heater cost
C
COI
- cooler cost

On equating equations of annual saving and annual capital expenditure, we can obtain the
maximum economic lift

( ) ( ) P C C C C C C
COI COI HI HI C HPC HPE
/ ] [
1
+ + + o o
On rearranging the equation we get the equation for maximum economic lift
I
A
I
, = {.|C
HPL
+C
HPC
+ C
1
+C
C
-[o
HI
C
HI
-[o
C0I
C
C0I
. ] _
N
1
N
M
E
P
, _
+(HC)
- N
M
(HI)
I
-N
1
N
M
|(HI)
H
- (HI)
I
] ] |(HC)
- N
M
(HI)
I
] )

=
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
)
`
+
I M D I H M T I M D
D
A
M T
D
MV N MC MV MV N N MV N MC
T
T
N N
HQ
(5)
Illustrative Example ( From Ref.7)
Fig.41.17 illustrates a heat pump operating on a site with two steam levels. It is desired to
find out the minimum economic temperature of heat reception, T
min
for the heat pump
under the following condition :
(a) LP steam can be exported from the process, i.e steam has a positive marginal value.
(b) LP steam cannot be exported from the process, i.e the waste heat from the process
has no demand outside the system and has to be rejected to cooling water.
The data can be given as
Table 41.3 data for maximum economic lift calculation
Electricity price $51.0 MWh
-1
IP steam marginal value $17.0 MWh
-1
heat absorbed
LP steam marginal value $5.0 MWh
-1
heat absorbed
Cooling water cost $4.0 MWh
-1
heat rejected
Capital cost of compressor $400 kW
-1
absorbed heat(installed)
Capital cost of heat pump exchanger $60 kW
-1
Capital cost of LP raising heat exchanger $30 kW
-1
Capital cost of cooling water cooler $12 kW
-1
rejected heat (installed)
Hours of operation 8000 h yr
-1
Simple payback period 2 yr
-1
COP(practical) 0.6 COP(based on working medium
temperature)

HP
LP STEAM
HP STEAM
473K
PROCESS SINK 463K
PROCESS SOURCE
10K
Q
D
-W
P
Q
D
W
P
393K
Figure 41.17 Maximum economic lift
Case(a) data from the table 41.3
(MC)
d
= 51.0$MWh
-1
(MV)
h
= 17.0$MWh
-1

(MV)
I
= 5.0$MWh
-1

N
T
= 0.6
N
M
= 1.0
H = 8000h yr
-1

T
D
= 473K
C
1
= 0
P = 2 yr
C
HPE
= C
HPC
= 60*10
3
(Q
D
/N
T
)[(T
A
/T
D
)-(1-N
T
)]
C
CO
= 30*10
3
(Q
D
/N
T
)[(T
A
/T
D
)-(1-N
T
)]
C
C
= 400*10
3
(Q
D
/N
T
)[1-(T
A
/T
D
)]
For a heat pump operating in a temperature region bounded by the temperatures of a low
and a high level utility with marginal values (MV)
I
and (MV)
h
, the general equation for the
maximum economic lift can be given as -
I
A
I
, = {.|C
HPL
+C
HPC
+ C
1
+C
C
-[o
HI
C
HI
-[o
C0I
C
C0I
. ] _
N
1
N
M
E
P
, _
+(HC)
- N
M
(HI)
I
-N
1
N
M
|(HI)
H
- (HI)
I
] ] |(HC)
- N
M
(HI)
I
]

By putting all the values in the above equation and taking = 1, we get
T
A
= T
MIN
= 445.32K
Case(b) cooling water cost = $4.0 MWh
-1
heat rejected (MV)
I
= -4.0$MWh
-1
capital cost of cooling water cooler = $12kW
-1
rejected heat (installed), so-
C
CO
= 12*10
3
(Q
D
/N
T
)[(T
A
/T
D
)-(1-N
T
)]
So, by putting these values in the above equation we get
T
A
= T
MIN
= 417.68K

References
1. http://www.heatpumpcentre.org/en/aboutheatpumps/howheatpumpsachieveene
rgysavings/Sidor/default.aspx
2. PongsidSrikhirin,SathaAphornratanaandSupachartChungpaibulpatana,A
reviewofabsorptionrefrigerationtechnologies,RenewableandSustainableEnergy
Reviews,5(2001)343372
3. XiaoFengandThoreBerntssont,CriticalCopForAnEconomicallyFeasible
IndustrialHeatPumpApplication,AppliedThermalEngineeringVol.17,No.I.pp.
93101,1997
4. RobinSmith,ChemicalProcessDesign,McGrawHill,1995.
5. B.Lynhoffetal.,ProcessIntegrationfortheEfficientUseofEnergy,Institutionof
ChemicalEngineers,1983.
6. R.BENSTEADandF.W.SHARMAN,(1990),HEATPUMPSANDPINCH
TECHNOLOGY,HeatRecoverySystems&CliP,10,4,387398.
7. SaidasM.Ranade,(1988),Newinsightsonoptimalintegrationofheatpumpsin
industrialsites,HeatRecoverySystems&ClIPVol.8,No.3,255263.
8. ChiITuan,YiLungYeh,ChiJenChen,TingChienChen,(2011)Performance
assessmentwithPinchtechnologyandintegratedheatpumpsforvaporized
concentrationprocessing,JournaloftheTaiwanInstituteofChemical
Engineers.
9. K.J.Chua*,S.K.Chou,W.M.Yang,Advancesinheatpumpsystems:Areview,
AppliedEnergy87(2010)36113624

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IntegrationofHeatPump Module06 Lectrure41

IntegrationofHeatPump Module06 Lectrure41

Hence, the heat pump as a low temperature lift (T

IntegrationofHeatPump Module06 Lectrure41

IntegrationofHeatPump Module06 Lectrure41

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