ADDITIONAL

MATHEMATICS
PROJECT WORK 2014



Name :xxxxxx
.
I/C Number :xxxxxxxxx
Class :xxxx
Teachers Name :xxxx
School :xxxxxx

CONTENT


NO TITLE PAGE
1 Acknowledge
2 Objective
3 Introduction
4 Part 1
5 Part 2
6 Part 3
7 Further Exploration
8 Conclusion
9 Reflection







ACKNOWLEGMENT
First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me the strength and
health to do this project work.
Not forgotten my parents for providing everything, such as money, to buy
anything that are related to this project work and their advise, which is the most
needed for this project. Internet, books, computers and all that. They also
supported me and encouraged me to complete this task so that I will not
procrastinate in doing it.
Then I would like to thank my teacher, Puan Siti Rafidah Bt. Mohd Rejab for
guiding me and my friends throughout this project. We had some difficulties in
doing this task, but she taught us patiently until we knew what to do. She tried
and tried to teach us until we understand what we supposed to do with the
project work.
Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project with me and sharing
our ideas. They were helpful that when we combined and discussed together, we
had this task done.












OBJECTIVES

The aims of carrying out this project work are :

To apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems.

To improve thinking skills.

To promote effective mathematical communication.

To develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in away that increases
students interest and confidence.

To use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas precisely.

To provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective learning.

To develop positive attitude towards mathematics.









INTRODUCTION
Calculus
Calculus is the mathematical study of change, in the same way that geometry is the study of
shape and algebra is the study of operations and their application to solving equations. It has
two major branches, differential calculus (concerning rates of change and slopes of curves),
and integral calculus (concerning accumulation of quantities and the areas under and between
curves); these two branches are related to each other by the fundamental theorem of calculus.
Both branches make use of the fundamental notions of convergence of infinite
sequences and infinite series to a well-defined limit. Generally considered to have been
founded in the 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz, today calculus has
widespread uses in science, engineering and economics and can solve many problems
that algebra alone cannot.

Calculus is a part of modern mathematics education. A course in calculus is a gateway to
other, more advanced courses in mathematics devoted to the study of functions and limits,
broadly called mathematical analysis. Calculus has historically been called "the calculus
of infinitesimals", or "infinitesimal calculus". The word "calculus" comes
from Latin (calculus) and refers to a small stone used for counting. More
generally, calculus (plural calculi) refers to any method or system of calculation guided by
the symbolic manipulation of expressions. Some examples of other well-known calculi
are propositional calculus, calculus of variations, lambda calculus.









Newton kept his discovery to
himself. However, enough was
known of his abilities to effect his
appointment in 1669 as Lucasian
Professor of Mathematics at the
University of Cambridge.
Newton
published a
detailed
exposition of his
fluxional method
in 1704
He generalized the methods that were
being used to draw tangents to curves and
to calculate the area swept by curves, and
he recognized that the two procedures were
inverse operations. By joining them in
what he called the fluxional method,
Newton developed in the autumn of 1666 a
kind of mathematics that is now known as
calculus.
Although
Newton was its
inventor, he did
not introduce
calculus into
European
mathematics.
Achievement of
Issac Newton in
calculus
PART 1

Choose one pioneer of modern calculus that you like and write about his
background history. Hence, present your findings using one or more i-
Think maps.
PART 2
A car travels along a road and its velocity-time function is illustrated in Diagram 1. The
straight line PQ is parallel to the straight line RS.












(a) From the graph, find
(i) the acceleration of the car in the first hour.
v = 60t + 20a =

= 60t +20
When t = 1, = 60 ms
-2

v = 60(1) + 20
= 80
When t = 0,
v = 60(0) + 20
= 20
v = 60t + 20
v = -160t+320
P
Q
R
S
v (km/h)
t (h)
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Diagram 1
(ii) the average speed of the car in the first two hours.

Average speed =



Total distance = Area under the graph










Area of A =

Area of BC =

( )
= 30 = 60

Area of D = 1.0
= 20
Total distance = 30 + 60 + 20
=110

The average speed of the car in the first two hour =

= 55 km/h.

A B
D
C
(1.0 , 80) (1.5 , 80)
(2.0 , 0)
(0 , 20)
0 1.0 1.5 2.0
(b) What is the significance of the position of the graph
(i) above the t-axis
The car move to a destination.
(ii) below the t-axis
The car move opposite ways the destination.

(c) Using two different methods, find the total distance travelled by the car.
Method 1











Based on calculation at 1(a)(ii), the total distance at region A is 110 km.
Total distance travelled at region B = Area of trapezium
=

(1.5 + 0.5) 80
= 80 km

Total distance travelled by the car = 110 + 80
= 190 km.
A
B
(1.0, 80) (1.5 , 80)
(2.5 , 0) (4.0 , 0)
(3.0 , -80) (3.5 , -80)
(2.0 , 0)
(0 , 20)
Method 2











At region A, v = 60t + 20 At region D, equation PQ = v = -160t + 320
a = 60 m
PQ
= -160
s =

m
RS
= -160
= 50 y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
Thus, area = 50 km v 0 = -160(t 2.5)
v = -160t + 400
At region B, v = 80 s =

s =

= -20
= 40 Thus, area = 20 km
Thus, area = 40 km

At region C, v = -160t + 320 At region E, when t = 3.0,
a = -160 v = -160t + 400
s =

= -160(3.0) + 400
= 20 = -80
Thus, area = 20 km s =

= -40
Thus, area = 40 km




v = 80
v = -80
0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
v = 60t +20
v = -160t +320
A B C
D E F
P
Q
R
S
At region F, gradient = m =



= 160
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
v 0 = 160(t 4.0)
v = 160t 640
s =

= -20
Thus, area = 20 km

Total distance travelled = Sum of all areas
= 50 + 40 + 20 + 20 + 40 + 20
= 190 km






(d) Based on the above graph, write an interesting story of the journey in not more
than 100 words.


Ramli was in his journey to join a convoy from Johor to Kelantan. On that day, Ramli
was late and drove his car accelerating from 20 km/h to 80 km/h. After the first hour, Ramli
found his convoys members that are moving together on the highway. He then followed
them with a constant velocity, 80 km/h for half an hour. The group then decided to take a rest
at any R&R, so they reduced their velocity for 30 minutes before they reached there. At that
moment ,realize Ramli that he forgot to bring his wallet so he headed home and decided to
turn back home to take his wallet.

He took the opposite way and drove directly to his home with increasing acceleration
from 0 km/h to 80 km/h. Unfortunately, there was a traffic jam that forces him to drive at a
constant velocity, 80 km/h for 30 minutes. He arrived his homel half and hour later with a
reduced velocity from 80 km/h to 0 km/h.

PART 3
Diagram 2 shows a parabolic satellite disc which is symmetrical at the y axis. Given that
the diameter of the disc is 8 m and the depth is 1 m.







Diagram 2
(a) Find the equation of the curve y = f(x).
y = a(x - p)
2
+ q
Minimum point = (0 , 4)
y = a(x - 0)
2
+ 4
y = ax
2
+ 4
x axis,

= 4 y axis, 4 + 1 = 5
At point = (4 ,5)
5 = a(4)
2
+ 4
5 4 = 16a

= a
f(x) =

x
2
+ 4
y
8 m
1 m
4

0
y = f(x)
x
(b) To find the approximate area under a curve, we can divide the region into
several vertical strips, and then we add up the areas of all the strips.Using a
scientific calculator or any suitable computer software, estimate the area
bounded by the curve y = f(x) at (a), the x axis, x = 0 and x= 4.

Area of region = (value of x value of y) + [

( )]
Area of region A, y =

x
2
+ 4 Area of region E, y =

(2)
2
+ 4
=

(0)
2
+ 4 = 4.25
= 4 Thus, area = (0.5)(4.25) +

(0.5)(0.14)
Thus, area = (0.5)(4) +

(0.5)(0.02) = 2.17
= 2.00 Area of region F, y =

(2.5)
2
+ 4
Area of region B, y =

(0.5)
2
+ 4 = 4.39
= 4.02 Thus, area = (0.5)(4.39) +

(0.5)(0.17)
Thus, area = (0.5)(4.02) +

(0.5)(0.04) = 2.24
= 2.02 Area of region G, y =

(3)
2
+ 4
Area of region C, y =

(1)
2
+ 4 = 4.56
= 4.06 Thus, area = (0.5)(4.56) +

(0.5)(0.21)
Thus, area = (0.5)(4.06) +

(0.5)(0.08) = 2.33
= 2.05 Area of region H, y =

(3.5)
2
+ 4
Area of region D, y =

(1.5)
2
+ 4 = 4.77
= 4.14 Thus, area = (0.5)(4.77) +

(0.5)(0.23)
Thus, area = (0.5)(4.14) +

(0.5)(0.11) = 2.46
= 2.10
Total area under the curve = Sum of all areas
= 2.00 + 2.02 + 2.05 + 2.10 + 2.17 + 2.24 + 2.33 + 2.46
= 17.37 m
2

y
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
x
4
A B C D E F G H
Diagram 3 (i)
y = f(x)
(i)

(ii)

Area of region = (value of x value of y) [

( )]
Based on the values of y obtained in the calculations at Diagram 3 (i),

Area of region A, = 0.5 4
= 2
Area of region B, =( ) [

()()]
= 2
Area of region C, = ( ) [

()()]
= 2.01
Area of region D, = ( ) [

()()]
= 2.04
Area of region E, = ( ) [

()()]
= 2.09
Area of region F, = ( ) [

()()]
= 2.16
Area of region G, = ( ) [

()()]
= 2.23
Area of region H, = ( ) [

()()]
= 2.34
Total area under the curve = Sum of all areas
= 2 + 2 + 2.01 + 2.04 + 2.09 + 2.16 + 2.23 + 2.34
= 16.87 m
2


Diagram 3 (ii)
y = f(x)

(iii)



Based on the values of y obtained in the calculations at Diagram 3 (i),
Area of region A = 0.5 4
= 2
Area of region B, = ( ) +[

()()]
= 2.02
Area of region C, = ( ) [

()()]
= 2.01
Area of region D, = ( ) +[

()()]
= 2.10
Area of region E, = ( ) [

()()]
= 2.09
Area of region F, = ( ) +[

()()]
= 2.24
Area of region G, = ( ) [

()()]
= 2.23
Area of region H, = ( ) +[

()()]
= 2.34
Total area under the curve = Sum of all areas
= 2 + 2.02 + 2.01 + 2.10 + 2.09 + 2.24 + 2.23 + 2.46
= 17.15 m
2

x
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
A B C D E F G H
y
Diagram 3(iii)
Area of region = ( ) + [

( )]

y = f(x)
(c)(i) Calculate the area under the curve using integration.
Area =

= 17

x
2
(c) (ii) Compare your answer in c (i) with the values obtained in (b). Hence, discuss
which diagram gives the best approximate area.
Based on question (b) Diagram 3 (i), the values obtained is 17.37, in Diagram
3 (ii) is 16.87 while in Diagram 3 (iii) is 17.15. However, when we calculate using
integration method, the values obtained is 17.33.
In a conclusion, the best approximate area among the three diagrams is
Diagram 3 (i) with the values obtained 17.37 which are almost same with the
calculation using integration method.


(iii) Explain how you can improve the value in (c) (ii).
The closer the stripes are located and the more the stripes are, the more
approximate value will be obtained.

(d) Calculate the volume of the disc.
y =

x
2
+ 4
16y = x
2
+ 64
16y 64 = x
2


v =

m
3
FURTHER EXPLORATION

A gold ring in Diagram 4 (a) has the same volume as the solid of revolution obtained when
the shaded region in Diagram 4 (b) is rotated 360 about the x-axis.








Find
(a) the volume of gold needed.
y = 1.2 5x
2

y
2
= (1.2 5x
2
)
2

= 1.44 + 25x
4
12x
2


Volume =

= 1.619

(b) the cost of gold needed for the ring.
(Gold density is 19.3 gcm
-3
. The price of gold can be obtained from the goldsmith)

Density =

19.3 =

mass = 19.3 1.1619
= 31.25g
On 29
th
May 2014, 1g of gold costs RM 155.00
The cost of gold needed for the ring = mass of gold RM 155
= 31.25 RM 155
= RM 4843.75
y
x

0
Diagram 4 (a)
x

y
-0.2 0 0.2
Diagram 4 (b)
f(x)= 1.2 5x
2

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