EASWARI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Question Bank: II Yea I! Se"este
ME ##$% & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Pat A Questions
'NIT &() STRESS STRAIN AND DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS
(* W+at ,o -ou "ean .- stess an, stain/
Internal resistance offered by body under external load is called stress. Strain may be
defined as the change in length to the original length.
#* State Hooke0s 1a2.
Within elastic limit, stress is directly proportional to the strain.
e
3* De4ine s+ea stess an, s+ea stain.
Shear stress can be defined as the internal resistance offered by the body under
tangential load. Shear strain is the ratio of angular displacement to the original length.
%* De4ine Poisson0s atio*
It is the ratio of lateral strain to the linear strain.
$* State t+e e1ations+i5 .et2een Youn60s Mo,u1us an, Mo,u1us o4 Ri6i,it-.
E= 2 !"#$%
Where, E= &oungs 'odulus
= 'odulus of rigidity
$ = poisson(s ratio
7* Gi8e t+e e1ations+i5 .et2een Bu1k Mo,u1us an, Youn60s Mo,u1us.
E= )* !"+2$%
Where, E= &oungs 'odulus
*= ,ul- 'odulus
$ = poisson(s ratio
9* De4ine) e1asti: 1i"it
It is the linear limit in .hich body can regain its original si/e and shape after
remo0al of load.
;* De4ine & Youn60s "o,u1us
It is the ratio of stress to the strain.
E= 1 e
<* De4ine Bu1k)"o,u1us
It is the ratio of direct stress to the 0olumetric strain.
*= 1 e0
Where *= ,ul- 'odulus
= 2irect stress
e0= 3olumetric strain
(=* De4ine) 1atea1 stain
It is the ratio of change in length to the original length in the direction perpendicular to the
direction of loading.
((* De4ine) S+ea "o,u1us> "o,u1us o4 i6i,it-
It is the ratio of shear stress1 shear strain.
(#* Wite ,o2n t+e 4o"u1a to :a1:u1ate t+e stain ene6- ? i4 t+e "o"ent 8a1ue is
6i8en
4 = '56 1 2EI
Where ' = ,ending moment
6 = 6ength of the beam
E = &oung( s modulus
I = 'oment of inertia
(3* Wite ,o2n t+e 4o"u1a to :a1:u1ate t+e stain ene6- ? i4 t+e tosion "o"ent
8a1ue is 6i8en
4 = ! 7 56%1! 289%
Where 7 = :pplied 7orsion
6 = 6ength of the beam
8 = Shear modulus or 'odulus of rigidity
9 = ;olar moment of inertia
(%* Wite ,o2n t+e 4o"u1a to :a1:u1ate t+e stain ene6-? i4 t+e a551ie, tension 1oa,
is 6i8en
4 = != ;56%1! 2:E%
Where ; = :pplied tensile load.
6 = 6ength of the member
: = :rea of the member
E = &oung( s modulus.
($* Wite t+e Casti61iano0 s 4ist t+eoe"*
In any beam or truss sub<ected to any load system, the deflection at any point is gi0en by
the partial differential coefficient of the total strain energy stored .ith respect to force
acting at a point.
(7* W+at ae uses o4 Casti61iano0 s 4ist t+eoe"=
7o determine the deflection of complicated structure.
7o determine the deflection of cur0ed beams, springs
'NIT & II : BEAMS & LOADS AND STRESSES
(* De4ine .ea"/
,eam is a hori/ontal member .hich can ta-e lateral load along its length.
#* W+at is "ean .- tans8ese 1oa,in6 on .ea"/
When the loading are done perpendicular to the axis of the beam then it is called
trans0erse loading on beam.
3* W+at ae t+e t-5es o4 .ea"/
i% Simply supported beam
ii% antile0er beam
iii% >0erhanging beam
i0% ontinuous beam
0% ?ixed beam
%* W+at ae t+e t-5es o4 1oa,s on .ea"/
i% ;oint load1 concentrated load
ii% 4niformly 2istributed 6oad
iii% 4niformly 3arying 6oad.
$* De4ine s+ea 4o:e an, .en,in6 "o"ent/
Shear force is the unbalance 0ertical force either right or left of the section of the
beam.
,ending moment is the algebraic sum of the moment either right or left of the section
of beam.
7* De4ine 5oint o4 :onta 41e@ue/ In 2+i:+ .ea" it o::us/
7he point of contra flexure occurs .hen the bending moment changes its sign. 8enerally,
point of contra flexure occurs on o0erhanging beam.
9* W+at is s+ea 4o:e an, .en,in6 "o"ent ,ia6a"/
: graphical representation of 0ariation of shear force along the length of the beam is
called shear force diagram. : graphical representation of 0ariation of bending moment
along the length of the beam is called bending moment diagram.
;* W+at is "ean .- 5ositi8e o sa66in6 BM/
7he bending moment at a section is considered positi0e if it tends to bend the beam to a
cur0ature ha0ing conca0ity.
<* W+at is "ean .- ne6ati8e o +o66in6 BM/
7he bending moment at a section is considered negati0e if it tends to bend the beam to a
cur0ature ha0ing con0exity.
(=* W+en 2i11 .en,in6 "o"ent is "a@i"u"/
When the shear force at a section changes its sign, bending moment at that section
become maximum.
((* W+at is "a@i"u" .en,in6 "o"ent in a si"51- su55ote, .ea" o4 s5an AL0
su.Be:te, to 'DL o4 A20 o8e entie s5an/
'ax. bending moment = . 6
2
1@
(#* Wite t+e assu"5tion in t+e t+eo- o4 si"51e .en,in6/
7he material of the beam is homogeneous and isotropic.
7he 0alue of young(s modulus is same for tension and compression.
7he trans0erse section .hich .ere plane before bending remain plane after
bending
7he radius of cur0ature is large compared to the dimensions of beam.
7he beam initially straight and all longitudinal filaments ha0e common centre of
cur0ature.
(3* Wite t+e t+eo- o4 si"51e .en,in6 eCuation/
When a beam sub<ected to a simple bending, extreme top layer experiences maximum
compression and bottom most layer experiences maximum tension.
'NIT &III: TORSION AND SPRINGS
(* W+at ae t+e assu"5tions "a,e in Tosion eCuation
7he material of the shaft is uniform throughout.
7he t.ist along the shaft is uniform.
7he shaft is uniform circular section throughout.
ross sections of the shaft .hich are plane before t.ist remain plane after t.ist.
#* De4ine 5o1a "o,u1us
It is the ratio of polar moment of inertia to the radius of the shaft.
A=91B
3* Wite t+e 5o1a "o,u1us 4o so1i, s+a4t an, :i:u1a s+a4t*
A= !C1 "D% d
)
d= diameter of the shaft
%* W+- +o11o2 :i:u1a s+a4ts ae 5e4ee, 2+en :o"5ae, to so1i, :i:u1a s+a4ts/
?or same material, torEue, and applied po.er, the material reEuired for hollo. shaft is
lo.er and is preferred.
$* Wite tosiona1 eCuation*
7 fs F
= =
9 B 6
7* De4ine tosiona1 i6i,it-
It is the product of the polar moment of Inertia and modulus of rigidity.

9* W+at is a s5in6/
It is an elastic member .hich can ta-e axial load and t.ist. It absorbs energy due to
resilience.
;* W+at ae t+e 8aious t-5es o4 s5in6s/
". Gelical spring
2. 6eaf spring
). spiral spring
H. ,e0elle spring
<* C1assi4- t+e +e1i:a1 s5in6s*
Gelical springs can be classified as open coil helical spring and closed coil helical spring.
(=* W+at is s5in6 in,e@ DCE/
It is the ratio bet.een 2iameter of the coil to the diameter of the .ire.
= 21d
((* W+at is so1i, 1en6t+/
It is the product of number of turns and the diameter of the .ire.
(#* De4ine s5in6 ate Dsti44nessE*
It is the ratio of the load carried by the spring to the deflection of the spring.
6oad carried by spring
-=
2eflection of the spring
(3* W+at ae t+e ,i44een:es .et2een :1ose, :oi1 F o5en :oi1 +e1i:a1 s5in6s/
C1ose, :oi1 +e1i:a1 s5in6 O5en :oi1 +e1i:a1 s5in6
Gelix angle is negligible Gelix angle is appreciable.
It can be used for tension only It can be used for both tension and
compression
'NIT &I!: BEAM DEFLECTION F COL'MNS
(* W+at ae t+e "et+o,s 4o 4in,in6 out t+e s1o5e an, ,e41e:tion at a se:tion/
i. 2ouble Integration 'ethod
ii. 'oment :rea 'ethod
iii. 'acaulay(s 'ethod
#* E@51ain t+e T+eoe" 4o :onBu6ate .ea" "et+o,/
7he slope and deflection of beams .hose flexural rigidity is not uniform throughout the
length of the beam can be easily obtained by con<ugate beam method. on<ugate beam is
an imaginary beam of length eEual to the original beam but for .hich the load diagram is
the '1EI diagram. 7he slope at any section of the gi0en beam is eEual to the shear force
at the corresponding section of the con<ugate beam. 7he deflection is eEual to the bending
moment at the corresponding section of the con<ugate beam.
3* W+at ae t+e 5oints to .e 2ot+ 4o :onBu6ate .ea" "et+o,/
7he slope at any section of the gi0en beam is eEual to the shear force at the
corresponding section of the con<ugate beam. 7he deflection is eEual to the bending
moment at the corresponding section of the con<ugate beam.
%* W+at is t+e s1o5e at t+e su55ots o4 a SSB :a-in6 a 5oint 1oa, at t+e :ente*
EI
WL
16
2
=
Where W = ;oint load at the centre, 6 = 6ength of beam, E = &oung(s 'odulus, I =
'oment of Inertia.
$* E@51ain Ma:au1a-0s Met+o,*
'acaulay(s method is used in finding slopes and deflections at any point of a beam. In this
method
i. ,rac-ets are to be integrated as a .hole.
ii. onstants of integration are .ritten after the first term.
iii. 7he section for .hich ,' eEuation is to be .ritten should be ta-en in the last
part of the beam.
7* W+en t+e ,e41e:tion is "a@i"u"? 2+at is t+e 8a1ue o4 t+e s1o5e/
?or maximum deflection the slope
dx
dy
is /ero.
9* State "o+0s t+eoe" in Mo"ent Aea Met+o,*
7he theorem states as,
i. 7he change of slope bet.een any t.o points is eEual to the net area of the ,'
diagram bet.een these points di0ided by EI.
ii. 7he total deflection bet.een any t.o points is eEual to the moment of the area
of ,' diagram bet.een the t.o points about the last point di0ided by EI.
;* W+at is t+e s1o5e o4 a :anti1e8e at t+e 4ee en, 2+en a 5oint 1oa, is at t+e 4ee
en,/
7he slope of a cantile0er at the free end .hen a point load is at the free end is
gi0en by,
EI
WL
2
2
=
<* De4ine: Co1u"n an, stut*
: column is a long 0ertical slender bar or 0ertical member, sub<ected to an axial
compressi0e load and fixed rigidly at both ends.
: strut is a slender bar or a member in any position other than 0ertical, sub<ected to a
compressi0e load and fixed rigidly or hinged or pin <ointed at one or both the ends.
(=* W+at ae t+e t-5es o4 :o1u"n 4ai1ue/
". rushing failureI 7he column .ill reach a stage, .hen it .ill be sub<ected to the ultimate
crushing stress, beyond this the column .ill fail by crushing 7he load corresponding to the
crushing stress is called crushing load. 7his type of failure occurs in short column.
2. ,uc-ling failureI 7his -ind of failure is due to lateral deflection of the column. 7he load
at .hich the column <ust buc-les is called buc-ling load or crippling load or critical load.
7his type of failure occurs in long column.
((* W+at is s1en,eness atio D.u:k1in6 4a:toE/ W+at is its e1e8an:e in :o1u"n/
It is the ratio of effecti0e length of column to the least radius of gyration of the
cross sectional ends of the column.
Slenderness ratio = leff 1 r
leff = effecti0e length of column
r = least radius of gyration
(#* W+at is t+e si6ni4i:an:e o4 s1en,eness atio/
Slenderness ratio is used to differentiate the type of column. Strength of the
column depends upon the slenderness ratio.
(3* W+at ae t+e 4a:tos a44e:t t+e sten6t+ :o1u"n/
". Slenderness ratioI Strength of the column depends upon the slenderness ratio, it is
increased the compressi0e strength of the column decrease as the tendency to buc-le is
increased.
2. End conditionsI Strength of the column depends upon the end conditions also.
(%* Di44eentiate s+ot an, 1on6 :o1u"n
Short olumn 6ong olumn
It is sub<ected to direct compressi0e
stresses.
?ailure occurs purely due to crushing only.
Slenderness ratio is less than @J
It is sub<ected to buc-ling stress only.
only.
?ailure occurs purely due to buc-ing only
Slenderness ratio is more than "2J.
($* W+at ae t+e 1i"itations o4 t+e Eu1e0s 4o"u1a/
". It is not 0alid for mild steel column. 7he slenderness ratio of mild steel column is less
than @J.
2. It does not ta-e the direct stress. ,ut in excess of load it can .ithstand under direct
compression only.
(7* De4ine: ECui8a1ent 1en6t+ o4 t+e :o1u"n*
7he distance bet.een ad<acent points of inflection is called eEui0alent length of the
column. : point of inflection is found at e0ery column end, that is free to rotate and e0ery
point .here there is a change of the axis. ie, there is no moment in the inflection points.
!>r%
7he eEui0alent length of the gi0en column .ith gi0en end conditions, is the length
of an eEui0alent column of the same material and cross section .ith hinged ends , and
ha0ing the 0alue of the crippling load eEual to that of the gi0en column.
(9* W+at is .ea" :o1u"n/ Gi8e e@a"51es*
olumn ha0ing trans0erse load in addition to the axial compressi0e load are termed as
beam column.
Eg I Engine shaft, Wing of an aircraft.
(;* De4ine .u:k1in6 4a:to an, .u:k1in6 1oa,*
,uc-ling factorI It is the ratio bet.een the eEui0alent lengths of the column to the
minimum radius of gyration.
,uc-ling 6oadI 7he maximum limiting load at .hich the column tend to lateral
displacement or tend to buc-le is called buc-ing load or crippling load.
.
'NIT !: ANALYSIS OF STRESSES IN TWO DIMENSIONS
(* W+at is "ean .- 5e4e:t 4a"e/
If a frame is composed of such members, .hich are <ust sufficient to -eep the frame in
eEuilibrium, .hen the frame is supporting the external load, then the frame is -no. as
perfect frame.
#* W+at ae t+e ,i44eent t-5es o4 4a"es/
7he different types of frame areI
K ;erfect frame and
K Imperfect frame.
3* W+at is "ean .- I"5e4e:t 4a"e/
: frame in .hich number of members and number of <oints are not gi0en by n = 2< L ) is
-no. as imperfect frame. 7his means that number of members in an imperfect frame .ill
be either more or less than !2< L )%.
%* W+at is "ean .- ,e4i:ient 4a"e/
If the number of member in a frame are less than !2< +)%, then the frame is -no. as
deficient frame
$* W+at is "ean .- e,un,ant 4a"e/
If the number of member in a frame are more than !2< +)%, then the frame is -no. as
deficient frame
6. W+at ae t+e assu"5tions "a,e in 4in,in6 out t+e 4o:es in a 4a"e/
7he assumptions made in finding out the forces in a frame areI
7he frame is a perfect frame
7he frame carries load at the <oints
:ll the members are pin+<oined.
7. W+at ae t+e ea:tions o4 su55ots o4 a 4a"e/
7he frame are generally supported
(i% on a roller support or
!ii% >n a hinged support.
8. Ho2 2i11 -ou Ana1-sis o4 a 4a"e/
:nalysis of a frame consists of 2eterminations of the reactions at the supports and
2etermination of the forces in the members of the frame
9. W+at ae t+e "et+o,s 4o Ana1-sis t+e 4a"e/
'ethods of <oints,
'ethods of sections, and
8raphical method.
10. Ho2 "et+o, o4 Boints a551ie, to Tusses :a-in6 HoiGonta1 1oa,s*
If a truss carries hori/ontal loads !.ith or .ithout 0ertical loads% hinged at one end
supported on roller at the other end, the support reaction at the roller support .ill be
normal. Whereas the support reaction at the hinged end .ill consist of !i% hori/ontal
reaction and !ii% 0ertical reaction
11. Ho2 "et+o, o4 Boints a551ie, to Tusses :a-in6 in:1ine, 1oa,s*
If a truss carries inclined loads hinged at one end supported on roller at the other end, the
support reaction at the roller support end .ill be normal. Whereas the support reaction at
the hinged end .ill consist of !i% hori/ontal reaction and !ii% 0ertical reaction
12. W+at is "ean .- :o"5essi8e an, tensi1e 4o:e/
7he forces in the member .ill be compressi0e if the member pushes the <oint to .hich it is
connected .hereas the force in the member .ill be tensile if the member pulls the <oint to
.hich it is connected.
13. Ho2 2i11 -ou ,ete"ine t+e 4o:es in a "e".e .- "et+o, o4 Boints/
While determining forces in a member by methods of <oints, the <oint should be selected in
such a .ay that at any time there are only t.o members, in .hich the forces are un-no.n.
14. De4ine t+in :-1in,e/
If the thic-ness of the .all of the cylinder 0essel is less than "1"M to "12J of its internal
diameter, the cylinder 0essel is -no.n as thin cylinder.
($* W+at ae t-5es o4 stess in a t+in :-1in,i:a1 8esse1 su.Be:te, to intena1
5essue/
7hese stresses are tensile and are -no. as
ircumferential stress !or hoop stress % and
6ongitudinal stress.
(7* W+at is "ean .- Ci:u"4eentia1 stess Do +oo5 stessE an, Lon6itu,ina1
stess/
7he stress acting along the circumference of the cylinder is called circumferential stress
!or hoop stress% .hereas the stress acting along the length of the cylinder is -no.n as
longitudinal stress.
(9* W+at ae t+e 4o"u1a 4o 4in,in6 :i:u"4eentia1 stess an, 1on6itu,ina1 stess/
ircumferential stress !f"% is gi0en by as f" = p x d 1 2t x Nl and the longitudinal stress !f2%
is gi0en by f2 = p x d 1 2t x Nc
.
(;* W+at ae "a@i"u" s+ea stesses at an- 5oint in a :-1in,e/
'aximum shear stresses at any point in a cylinder, sub<ected to internal fluid pressure is
gi0en by f" Lf2 1 2 = pd 1 @t
(<* W+at ae t+e 4o"u1a 4o 4in,in6 :i:u"4eentia1 stain an, 1on6itu,ina1
stain/
7he circumferential strain !e"% and longitudinal strain !e2% are gi0en by
e" = pd 1 2tE !"+ "12m%, e2 pd 1 2tE !"12 L "1m%
#=* W+at ae t+e 4o"u1a 4o 4in,in6 :+an6e in ,ia"ete? :+an6e in 1en6t+ an,
:+an6e 8o1u"e o4 a :-1in,i:a1 s+e11 su.Be:te, to intena1 41ui, 5essue 5/
Od = pd2 12tE !" L "12m%,
O6 = pd6 12tE !"12 L "1m%,
O3 = pd 12tE !M12 L 21m% x 0olume,
#(* W+at ae t+e 4o"u1a 4o 4in,in6 5in:i5a1 stesses o4 a t+in :-1in,i:a1 s+e11
su.Be:te, to intena1 41ui, 5essue 5 an, a toCue/
'a<or ;rincipal Stress = f" # f2 1 2 # P Q!f" + f2 12%2 # fs 2R
'inor ;rincipal Stress = f" # f2 1 2 +P Q!f" + f2 12%2 # fs 2R
'aximum shear stress = S T'a<or ;rincipal Stress + 'inor ;rincipal StressU
Where f" = ircumferential stress, f2 =6ongitudinal stress, fs=shear stress due to torEue.
ME ##$% & STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Pat B Questions
'NIT &() STRESS STRAIN AND DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS
". : rod of "MJ cm long and diameter 2 cm is sub<ected to an axial pull of 2J -V. If the modulus of
elasticity of the material of the rod is 2x"J
M
V1mm
2
W determine ". Stress 2. 7he strain ). 7he
elongation of the rod
2. 7he extension in a rectangular steel bar of length HJJ mm and thic-ness "Jmm is found to
J.2"mm .7he bar tapers uniformly in .idth from "JJ mm to MJ mm. If E for the bar is 2x"J
M
V1mm
2
,determine the axial load on the bar
). : rod of 2MJ cm long and diameter ).Jcm is sub<ected to an axial pull of )J -V. If the modulus of
elasticity of the material of the rod is 2x"J
M
V1mm2W determine ". Stress 2. 7he strain ). 7he
elongation of the rod
H. ?ind the young(s modulus of a rod of diameter )J mm and of length )JJ mm .hich is sub<ected to a
tensile load of DJ -V and the extension of the red is eEual to J.H mm
M. 7he extension in a rectangular steel bar of length HJJmm and thic-ness )mm is found be
J.2"mm .7he bar tapers uniformly in .idth from 2J mm to DJ mm E for the bar is 2x "J
M
V1mm
2
,determine the axial load on the bar
D. 7he ultimate stress for a hollo. steel column .hich carries an axial load of 2J V is MJJ V1mm
2
.If
the external diameter of the column is 2MJ mm, determine the internal diameter .7a-e the factor of
safety as H.J
X. : steel rod of ) cm diameter is enclosed centrally in a hollo. copper tube of external diameter M cm
and internal diameter H cm. 7he composite bar is then sub<ected to an axial pull of HMJJJ V. If the
length of each bar is eEual to "M cm, determineI i% 7he stresses in the rod and tube, and ii% 6oad
carried by each bar. 7a-e E for steel = 2." x "J
M
V1mm
2
and for copper = "." x "J
M
V1mm
2
.
@. 7.o 0ertical rods one of steel and the other of copper are each rigidly fixed at the top and MJ cm
apart. 2iameters and lengths of each rod are 2 cm and H m respecti0ely. : cross bar fixed to the
rods at the lo.er ends carries a load of MJJJ V such that the cross bar remains hori/ontal e0en
after loading. ?ind the stress in each rod and the position of the load on the bar. 7a-e E for steel
= 2." x "J
M
V1mm
2
and for copper = "." x "J
M
V1mm
2
.
Y. : reinforced short concrete column 2MJ mm x 2MJ mm in section is reinforced .ith @ steel bars. 7he
total area of steel bars is 2MJJ mm
2
. 7he column carries a load of )YJ -V. If the modulus of
elasticity for steel is "M times that of concrete, find the stresses in concrete and steel.
"J. 7.o brass rods and one steel rod together support a load as sho.n in fig. belo.. If the stresses in
brass and steel are not to exceed DJ V1mm
2
and "2J V1mm
2
, find the safe load that can be
supported. 7a-e E for steel = 2." x "J
M
V1 mm
2
and for brass = "x"J
M
V1mm
2
. 7he cross sectional
area of steel rod is "MJJ mm
2
and each brass rod is "JJJ mm
2
.
"". : Steel rod 2J mm in diameter passes centrally through a steel tube of 2M mm internal diameter
and )J mm external diameter. 7he tube is @JJ mm long and is closed by rigid .ashers of negligible
thic-ness .hich are fastened by nuts threaded on the rod. 7he nuts are tightened until the
compressi0e load on the tube is 2J-V. alculate the stresses in the tube and the rod. ?ind the
increase in these stresses .hen one nut is tightened by one Euarter of a turn relati0e to the other.
7here are H threads per "J mm. 7a-e E for steel = 2." x "J
M
V1mm
2
.
"2. : steel tube of )J mm external diameter and 2J mm internal diameter encloses a copper rod of
"M mm diameter to .hich it is rigidly <oined at each end. If at a temperature of "J
J
there is no
longitudinal stress, calculate the stresses in the rod and tube .hen the temperature raised to
2JJ
J
. 7a-e E for steel = 2."x"J
M
V1mm
2
and for copper = "." x "J
M
V1mm
2
. 7he 0alue of coefficient
of linear expansion for steel and copper is gi0en as ""x "J
+D
per
J
and "@ x "J
+D
per
J
.
"). : compound tube consist of steel tube "HJ mm internal diameter and "DJ mm external diameter
and an outer brass tube "DJ mm internal diameter and "@J mm external diameter. 7he t.o tubes
are of same length. 7he compound tube carries an axial load of YJJ -V. ?ind the stresses and the
load carried by each tube and the amount it shortens. 6ength of each tube is "HJ mm. 7a-e E for
steel as 2x"J
M
V1mm
2
.
"H. : compound tube consist of steel tube 2HJ mm internal diameter and 2DJ mm external diameter
and an outer brass tube 2DJ mm internal diameter and 2@J mm external diameter. 7he t.o tubes
are of same length. 7he compound tube carries an axial load of @@J -V. ?ind the stresses and the
load carried by each tube and the amount it shortens. 6ength of each tube is "HJ mm. 7a-e E for
steel as 2x"J
M
V1mm
2
.
"M. alculate the strain energy stored in a cantile0er beam of Hm span, carrying a point load "J*V at
free end. 7a-e EI = 2MJJJ -Vm
2
.
"D. ?ind the deflection at the mid span of a simply supported beam carrying a uniformly distributed load
of 2 -V1m o0er the entire span using principle of 0irtual .or-. 7a-e span = M mW EI = 2JJJJ -Vm
2
.
"X. 2eri0e the total extension of circular bar of 0arying cross section under axial load.
"@. 2eri0e the 0olumetric strain of a rectangular bar sub<ected to three mutually perpendicular forces.
P
100cm
70 cm
Brass 1000
mm
2
Steel
1500
mm
2
'NIT & II : BEAMS & LOADS AND STRESSES
". : cantile0er beam of length H m carries point loads of " -V, 2 -V, ) -V at ", 2 and H m from the fixed
end. 2ra. the shear force and ,' diagrams for the cantile0er.
2. : cantile0er of length M m carries a 426 of 2 -V1m length o0er the .hole length and a point load of
H -V at the free end. 2ra. the S? and ,' diagrams for the cantile0er.
). : cantile0er of length D m carries t.o point loads of 2 -V and ) -V at a distance of " m and D m from
the fixed end respecti0ely. In addition to this the beam also carries a 426 of " -V1m o0er a length of
2 m at a distance of ) m from the fixed end. 2ra. the S? and ,' diagram.
H. : cantile0er of length D m carries a gradually 0arying load from /ero at the free end to 2 -V1m at the
fixed end. 2ra. the S? and ,' diagram.
M. : SS, is carrying a 426 of 2 -V1m o0er a length of ) m from the right end. 7he length of the beam is
D m. 2ra. the S? and ,' diagram. :lso find the max. ,ending moment.
D. : SS, of length @ m carries point loads of H -V, "J -V and X -V at a distance of ".M m, 2.M m and
2 m respecti0ely from left end :. 2ra. the S? and ,' diagram.
X. : simply supported beam of length @ m rests on supports D m apart, the right hand end is
o0erhanging by 2 m. 7he beam carries a 426 of "MJJ V1m o0er the entire length. 2ra. the S? and
,' diagram and find the point of contra flexure, if any.
@. : beam of uniform section "J m long carries an 426 of -V1m for the entire length and a
concentrated load of "J -V at right end. 7he beam is freely supported at the left end. ?ind the
position of the second support so that the maximum bending moment in the beam is as minimum as
possible. :lso compute the maximum bending moment.
Y. : beam of si/e "MJ mm .ide, 2MJ mm deep carries a uniformly distributed load of . -V1m o0er
entire span of H m. : concentrated load " -V is acting at a distance of ".2 m from the left support. If
the bending stress at a section ".@ m from the left support is not to exceed ).2M V1mm
2
find the load
..
"J. 7hree plan-s of each MJ x 2JJ mm timber are built up to a symmetrical I section for a beam.
7he maximum shear force o0er the beam is H -V. ;ropose an alternate rectangular section of the
same material so that the maximum shear stress de0eloped is same in both sections. :ssume then
.idth of the section to be 21) of the depth.
'NIT &III: TORSION AND SPRINGS
". 2etermine the diameter of a solid shaft .hich .ill transmit )JJ -V at 2MJ rpm. 7he maximum shear
stress should not exceed )J V1mm
2
and t.ist should not be more than "
J
in a shaft length 2m. 7a-e
modulus of rigidity = "x "J
M
V1mm
2
.
2. : hollo. shaft of diameter ratio )1@ is to transmit )XM -W po.er at "JJ rpm. 7he maximum torEue
being 2JZ greater than the mean. 7he shear stress is not to exceed DJ V1mm
2
. :nd t.ist in a
length of H m not to exceed 2
J
. alculate its external and internal diameters. :ssume = J.@Mx"J
M
V1mm
2
.
). : solid cylindrical shaft is to transmit )JJ -W po.er at "JJ rpm. :% If the shear stress is not to
exceed @J V1mm
2
., find its diameter. ,% What percentage sa0ing in .eight .ould be obtained if this
shaft is replaced by a hollo. one .hose internal diameter eEuals to J.D of the external diameter, the
length, the material and maximum shear stress being same.
H. : circular shaft and a hollo. shaft .hose inside diameter is [ of the outside diameter. :re of same
material, of eEual lengths and are reEuired to transmit the gi0en torEue. ompare the .eights of
these t.o shafts if the maximum shear stress de0eloped in the t.o shafts is eEual.
M. : steel shaft :,2 ha0ing a total length of 2HJJ mm is contributed by three different sections as
follo.s. 7he portion :, is hollo. ha0ing outside and inside diameters @J mm and MJ mm
respecti0ely, , is solid and @J mm diameter. 2 is also solid and XJ mm diameter. If the angle of
t.ist is same for each section, determine the length of each portion and the total angle of t.ist.
'aximum permissible shear stress is MJ 'pa and shear modulus J.@2x"JM ';a
D. It is reEuired to design a closed coiled helical spring .hich shall deflect "mm under an axial load of
"JJ V at a shear stress of YJ ';a. 7he spring is to be made of round .ire ha0ing shear modulus of
J.@x"JM ';a. 7he mean diameter of the coil is "J times that of the coil .ire. ?ind the diameter and
length of the .ire.
X. 7he stiffness of close coiled helical spring is ".M V1mm of compression under a maximum load of DJ
V. 7he maximum shear stress in the .ire of the spring is "2M V1mm
2
. 7he solid length of the spring
!.hen the coils are touching% is MJ mm. ?ind the diameter of coil, diameter of .ire and number of
coils. 7a-e = H.M
@. : closed coil helical spring of mean diameter 2J cm is made of ) cm diameter rod and has "D turns.
: .eight of ) -V is dropped on this spring. ?ind the height by .hich the .eight should be dropped
before stri-ing the spring so that the spring may be compressed by "@ cm. 7a-e = @x"J
H
V1mm
2
.
Y. : closed coil helical spring has a stiffness of "J V1mm. Its length .hen fully compressed .ith
ad<acent coils touching each other is HJ cm. i% 2etermine the .ire diameter and mean coil diameter
if their ratio is "1"J. ii% If the gap bet.een any t.o ad<acent coils is J.2 cm, .hat maximum load can
be applied before the spring becomes solid= 7a-e = @.Mx"J
H
V1mm
2
.
'NIT &I!: BEAM DEFLECTION F COL'MNS
". >btained the deflection under the greater load for the beam sho.n in fig using the con<ugate beam
method.
2. : 2m long cantile0er made of steel tube of section "MJ mm external diameter and "J mm thic- is
loaded as sho. in fig If E=2JJ -V1m
2
calculate !"% 7he 0alue of W so that the maximum bending
stress is "MJ 'V1m !2% 7he maximum deflection for the loading
). : simply supported beam of length H m carries t.o point loads ) -V each at a distance of " m from
each end. E = 2x"J
M
V1mm
2
.I = "J@ mm
H
. 4sing con<ugate beam method determine slope at each
end and deflection under each load.
H. : cantile0er beam Hm span carries a point load of "J -V at free end. ?ind the deflection and
rotation at midLspan using principle of 0irtual .or-. EI = 2M,JJJ -Vm
2
M. : simply supported beam of "J m span carries a uniformly distributed load of " -V1m o0er the entire
span. 4sing astigliano(s theorem, find the slope at the ends. EI = )J,JJJ -Vm
2
.
'NIT !: ANALYSIS OF STRESSES IN TWO DIMENSIONS
". :t a point in a strained material, the principal stresses are "JJ V1mm
2
!7% and HJ V1mm
2
!%
2etermine the direction and magnitude in a plane inclined at DJJ to the axis of ma<or principal
stress. What is the maximum intensity of shear stress in the material at the point
2. : thin cylindrical shell ) m long has "m internal diameter and "M mm metal thic-ness. alculate the
circumferential and longitudinal stresses induced and also the change in the dimensions of the
shell, if it is sub<ected to an internal pressure of ".M V1mm
2
7a-e E = 2x"J
M
V1mm
2
and poison(s
ratio =J.). :lso calculate change in 0olume.
). : closed cylindrical 0essel made of steel plates H mm thic- .ith plane ends, carries fluid under
pressure of ) V1mm
2
7he diameter of the cylinder is 2M cm and length is XM cm. alculate the
longitudinal and hoop stresses in the cylinder .all and determine the change in diameter, length
and 3olume of the cylinder. 7a-e E =2."x"J
M
V1mm
2
and "1m = J.2@D.
H. : rectangular bloc- of material is sub<ected to a tensile stress of ""J V1mm
2
on one plane and a
tensile stress of HX V1mm
2
on the plane at right angle to the former plane and a tensile stress of
HX V1mm
2
on the plane at right angle to the former. Each of the abo0e stress is accompanied by a
shear stress of D) V1mm
2
?ind !i% 7he direction and magnitude of each of the principal stress
!ii% 'agnitude of greatest shear stress
M. :t a point in a strained material, the principal stresses are"JJ V1mm
2
!7% and HJ V1mm
2
!%.
2etermine the resultant stress in magnitude and direction in a plane inclined at DJ
J
to the axis of
ma<or principal stress. What is the maximum intensity of shear stress in the material at the point=
D. : rectangular bloc- of material is sub<ected to a tensile stress of 2"J V1mm
2
on one plane and a
tensile stress of 2@ V1mm
2
on the plane at right angle to the former. ;lane and a tensile stress
of 2@ V1mm
2
on the plane at right angle to the former. Each of the abo0e stress is accompanied by
a shear stress of M) V1mm
2
?ind !i% 7he direction and magnitude of each of the principal stress
!ii% 'agnitude of greatest shear stress
X. : closed cylindrical 0essel made of steel plates M mm thic- .ith plane ends, carries fluid under
pressure of D V1mm
2
. 7he diameter of the cylinder is )M cm and length is @M cm. alculate the
longitudinal and hoop stresses in the cylinder .all and determine the change in diameter, length
and 3olume of the cylinder. 7a-e E =2."x"J
M
V1mm
2
and "1m = J.2@D.
@. :t a point in a strained material, the principal stresses are 2JJ V1mm
2
!7% and DJ V1mm
2
!%
2etermine the direction and magnitude in a plane inclined at DJ
J
to the axis of ma<or principal stress.
What is the maximum intensity of shear stress in the material at the point=