MATERIALS TESTING

TECHNOLOGY
(ASPHALT TESTING)
I. DEFINITION OF ASPHALT
Asphalt is a dark brown to black cementitious material solid or semi-solid in consistency
in which the predominating constituents are bitumen which are found in nature or as residue in
petroleum refining.
II. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ASPHALT
1. Asphaltenes:
- Provides hardness
- Gives color !lack"#ark !rown$
%. &altenes:
a. 'esin - Provides stickiness Adhesiveness$
b. (il - )nfluences viscosity of asphalt and imparts softness
III. USES OF ASPHALT
1. !inder
%. *ater Proofing
+. ,oint and -rack .iller
/. 'oofing
0. Prime -oat
1. Tack -oat
2. 3ndersealing P--P$
4. Pipe -oating
IV. KINDS OF ASPHALT
1. 5atural Asphalt
- 'ock Asphalt
- 6ake asphalt
%. &anufactured Asphalt
a. Asphalt -ement - Penetration Grade /7 to +77
b. !lown Asphalt - Penetration Grade 7 to +7
c. 6i8uid Asphalt:
- -utback Asphalt - blend of solvent and asphalt cement
- 9mulsified Asphalt - A- : *ater : 9mulsifier
;; -utback Asphalt:
'apid -uring '-$ - 5aphtha"Gasoline < Asphalt -ement
&edium -uring &-$ - =erosene : Asphalt -ement
>low -uring >-$ - 'oads (ils
;; 9mulsified Asphalt:
Anionic -$ -ationic :$
'apid >etting '> -'>
&edium >etting &> -&>
>low >etting >>-1? >>-1h ->>-1? ->>-1h
V. CLASSIFCATION OF PAVING ASPHALT
a. Asphalt -ement
b. -utback Asphalt - Asphalt -ement : >olvent
- &edium -uring - Asphalt -ement : =erosene
- 'apid -uring - Asphalt -ement : Gasoline
c. 9mulsified Asphalt - Asphalt -ement : *ater : 9mulsifier
- Anionic - 5egative -harge
- -ationic - Positive -harge
ASPHALT CEMENT OR HOT ASPHALT
- Penetration Grades:
/7-07? 17-27? 40-177? 1%7-107? %77-+77
- -haracteristic:
1. >olid to >emi->olid in consistency
%. (dorless
+. !lack in color
- 3ses: )tem +7+ @ !ituminous >eal -oat
)tem +7/ @ !ituminous >urface Treatment
)tem +70 @ !ituminous Penetration &acadam Pavement
)tem +17 @ !ituminous -oncrete >urface -ourse
- !asic -ementing &aterials
- -onstituent of all other types.
EMULSIFIED ASPHALT
- -haracteristics:
1. 6i8uid at room temperature miAture of asphalt cement : water : emulsifierB usually
17C asphalt? /7C water.
%. Pungent odor
+. -hocolate brown in color
- 3ses:
1. )tem +71 @ !ituminous Prime -oat
%. )tem +7% @ !ituminous Tack -oat
+. )tem +7/ @ !ituminous >urface Treatment
/. )tem +70 @ !ituminous Penetration &acadam Pavement
0. )tem +71 @ !ituminous 'oad &iA >urface -ourse
1. )tem +74 @ !ituminous Plant &iA >urface -ourse? -old-6aid
2. )tem +7D @ !ituminous Plant &iA >tockpile &aintenance &iAture$
- -lassification:
1. Anionic 9mulsifier Asphalt AA>ET( &-1/7$? F5egatively -hargedG
a. 'apid >etting @ '>-1? '>-%
b. &edium >etting @ &>-1? &>-%
c. >low >etting @ >>-1? >>-1h
%. -ationic 9mulsified Asphalt AA>ET( &-%74$? FPositively -hargedG
a. 'apid >etting @ -'>-a? -'>-%
b. &edium >etting @ -&>-1? -&>-%
c. >low >etting @ ->>-1? ->>-1h
CUTBACK ASPHALT
--haracteristics:
a. 6i8uid at room temperature !lend of asphalt cement : petroleum solventB usually 00C of
asphalt cement.
b. -haracteristics smell of petroleum solvents as gasoline and kerosene.
c. !lack in color
- -lassification:
1. >low -uring >-$ @ Asphalt cement : 5on-volatile or slow volatile oils? road oils.
>--27
>--%07
>--477
>--+777
%. &edium -uring &-$ @ Asphalt cement : =erosene
&-- +7
&--27
&--%07
&--477
&--+777
+. 'apid -uring '-$ @ Asphalt cement : Gasoline
ASPHALT/CONCRETE JOINT SEALER/FILLER
1. P'9.('&9#:
S P E C I F I C A T I O N S
AA>ET(
&-++
AA>ET( &-
10+
AA>ET( &-
%1+
-ompression
14D-0121
=pa
7.+/-17+0 &pa 14D-0121 =pa
'ecovery - D7C min.$ 27C min.$
#ensity - -
+7/ kg"mH
min.$
*ater
Absorption
#epends on thickness
%. E(T P(3'9# 96A>T)- TIP9:
AA>ET( &-12+
>pecification$
a. >afe heating temperature -
b. Pour Point -
c. .low 0.7 mm maAimum$
d. Penetration D7 maAimum$
AA>ET( &-10+ @ Preformed >ponge 'ubber and -ork 9Apansion ,oint .illers for
-oncrete Paving and >tructural -onstruction
AA>ET( &-%1+ @ Preformed 9Apansion ,oint .illers for -oncrete Paving and
>tructural -onstruction 5on eAtruding and 'esilient !ituminous Type$
AA>ET( &-++ @ Preformed 9Apansion ,oint filler for -oncrete !ituminous Type$
PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT:
1. -E9&)-A6
%. PEI>)-A6
a. -onsistency @ ranges from a very thin li8uid to a stiff semi-solid state.
b. Temperature >usceptibility @ thermoplastic substance
c. Adhesion @ ability to stick to the aggregates
d. -ohesion @ ability to hold the aggregate particles firmly.
e. #urability @ resistance of asphalt to change in properties due to weathering or
aging.
f. Eardening @ asphalt hardens when heated to higher temperature.
PHYSICAL TEST ON ASPHALT:
1. -onsistency Test
a. Jiscosity Test @ measures the resistance to flow of asphalt
b. Penetration Test @ measures the distance that a standard needle will penetrate a
sample at a given time.
%. Temperature >usceptibility Test
a. >oftening Point Test @ indicates the temperature at which the harder type asphalt
reach an arbitrary degree of softening.
+. 6oss on Eeating @ )t determines the rate of loss of volatile oil of asphalt when
heated and the change in penetration caused by eAcessive heating.
/. #uctility Test @ measures the ability of asphalt to stretch without breaking.
0. .lash Point @ indicates the safe heating temperature of asphalt.
1. >pecific Gravity @ indicates the uniformity of product.
2. >pot Test @ determines if asphalt is overheated during production.
4. >olubility Test @ determine the bitumen content in asphalt that is soluble in
petroleum solvent.
D. #istillation Test @ determines the asphalt content of li8uid asphalt.
17. >ieve Test @ determines presence of larger globules of asphalt in the emulsion.
11. -ement &iAing Test - determines the resistance of the emulsion to breakdown on
the Kob. )t indicates the rate at which the emulsion will break when miAed with
aggregates.
1%. >torage >tability Test @ detects the tendency of the asphalt globules in the emulsion
to settle during storage.
STANDARD PRACTICE FOR SAMPLING BITUMINOUS MATERIALS
(ASTM D-14):
A. >ignificance and 3se:
a. >ampling is as important as testing and precautions shall be taken to obtain representative
samples to show the true nature and condition of the materials.
b. >amples may be taken for the purpose of either to represent as nearly as possible as
sampled or to ascertain the maAimum variation in characteristics which the material possesses.
c. Precautions also include the possibility of contamination because of the numerous types and
grades of bituminous materials.
!. >iLe of >amples:
a. .or routine lab. test:
!itumen @ 16
9mulsion @ /6
-. Types of -ontainers:
a. !itumen"-utback @ wide-mouth can with line screw caps or triple-seal friction-top cans.
b. 9mulsion @ wide-mounted Kars or bottles made of plastic or plastic-lined can.
#. Protection and Preservation of >amples:
a. >ample containers shall be new.
b. -are shall be taken to prevent the sample from becoming contaminated.
c. The filled sample container shall not be submerged in solvent. no shall it be wipe with a
solvent saturated cloth.
d. >amples shall not be transferred from one container to another eAcept where re8uired by the
sampling procedure.
e. >amples of emulsions shall be protected from freeLing by correct packaging.
f. )mmediately after filling? sealing and cleaning? the sampling containers shall be properly
marked for identification with a suitable marking pencil on the container itself. 5ot on the lid.
E. S!"#$%&' !( P$!)* +, M!&-,!)(-.*:
a. Thief >ampler &ethod @ sample shall be taken in the top? middle and lower sections at levels
not higher than 1 m from the topB second in the middle third of the rankB and the third in the
bottom third of the tankB but no lower than 1.1 m from the bottom of the tank by lowering a thief
sampler into the material.
b. >ampling Jalve &ethod @ valves shall be located? with easy and safe access provided? on the
side of the tank with the first in the top third of the tank? but no higher than 1 m from the top third
of the tank? but no higher than 1 m from the topB second in the middle third of the tankB and the
third in the bottom third of the tank? but no lower than 1.1 m from the bottom. A minimum of /
liters of the product shall be drawn from each valve and discarded before taking the sample for
test one to / liters shall be drawn from each sample valve for test.
c. Throw-Away -ontainer &ethod @ samples shall be taken at top? middle and lower levels by
lowering into the material a container in a suitable weighted holding device.
d. !ulk >torage Tanks 6i8uid &aterials or &aterials &ade by 6i8uid? by Eeating$ 98uipped with
&echanical Agitators @ when the tank is e8uipped with operating mechanical agitators which? by
observation through the sampling or inspection hatch? are performing ade8uate miAing of the
tank contents? a single sample taken will be satisfactory to use for test purposes.
HANDLING OF BITUMEN:
A. Personal Protective 98uipment @ the main haLard from handling hot bitumen is the burn thus
it is essential to wear clothing which provides ade8uate protection commensurate with the
haLard:
a. heat resistant gloves with close-fitting cuffs.
b. eye and face protection.
c. an all-cotton oversuit with close-fitting cuffs and overlapping at the boots and gloves.
d. heat resistant? non sparkling boots with reinforced toes? close-fitting at the top? head
covering with neck flap over collar.
!. Personal Eygiene @ personnel handling bitumen and bituminous materials should be:
a. provided with and use barrier creams to protect eAposed skin? particularly hands and
fingers.
b. >kin should be thoroughly washed after any contamination and always before going to
the toilet? eating or drinking.
STANDARD TERMINOLOGY BITUMINOUS MATERIALS:
A. !itumen @ a class of black dark-coloured solid? semi-solid? or viscous$ cementitious
substances? natural or manufactured composed principally of high molecular weight
hydrocarbons? of which asphalts? tars? pitches? and asphaltites are typical.
!. Asphalt @ a dark brown to black cementitious material in which the predominating
constituents are bitumens which occur in nature or are obtained in petroleum processing.
-. -ut-!ack-Asphalt @ Petroleum residuum asphalt$ which has been blended with petroleum
distillates.
#. Anionic 9mulsion @ a type of emulsion such that a particular emulsifying agent establishes a
predominance of negative charges on the discontinuous phase.
9. -ationic 9mulsion @ a type of emulsion such that a particular emulsifying agent established a
predominance of positive charges on the discontinuous phase.
.. !ituminous 9mulsion @ a suspension of minute globules of bituminous material in water or in
an a8ueous solution? or a suspension of a minute globules of water or of an a8ueous solution in
a li8uid bituminous material.
G. .luA @ a bituminous material? generally li8uid? used for softening other bituminous materials.
E. Asphalt -ement @ a fluAed or unfluAed asphalt specially prepared as to 8uality and
consistency for direct use in the manufacture of bituminous pavements? and having a
penetration at %0- of between 0 and +77? under a load of 177 g applied for 0 s.
). Asphaltenes @ the high molecular weight hydrocarbon fraction precipitated from asphalt by a
designated paraffinic naphtha solvent at a specified solvent-asphalt ratio.
BITUMINOUS MI/ COMPOSITION:
). AGG'9GAT9 @ D% @ D0C
a. -oarse @ 'et. on >ieve 5o. 4
b. .ine @ Passing 5o. 4 'et. 5o. %77
c. &ineral .iller @ Passing 5o. %77
1. Procedures density? impermeability and stability
%. 9Atends the life of the bitumen
- retarding weathering
- resisting action of water
I"#+.(!&( P.+#*.(%*0 +, A''.*'!(*0:
1. >trength
%. Particle >hape
+. >urface TeAture
/. Absorption and >pecific Gravity
0. Gradation
1. -leanliness
2. Affinity for Asphalt
4. >oundness
)). A>PEA6T @ 0.7 @ 4.7C
a. Grade of Asphalt
b. Muantity of Asphalt in the &iA
MI/ PROPERTIES:
1. >TA!)6)TI @ ability to resist deformation from imposed load.
F!)(+.0 A,,*)(%&' S(!1%$%(2:
- surface teAture
- particle shape
- gradation
- density
- 8uantity and type of asphalt
%. #3'A!)6)TI @ ability to the detrimental effects of air? water? temperature and traffic.
.actors Affecting #urability:
- asphalt content
- gradation
- density
+. .69N)!)6)TI @ ability to bend slightly without cracking and to conform to gradual settlements
and movements of the base and subgrade.
.actors Affecting .leAibility:
- high asphalt content
- gradation open graded$
/. .AT)G39 '9>)>TA5-9 @ ability to withstand repeated fleAing caused by the passage of
wheel loads.
.actors Affecting .atigue 'esistance:
- asphalt content
- gradation
0. >=)# '9>)>TA5-9 @ ability to offer resistance to slipping or skidding.
.actors Affecting >kid 'esistance:
- teAture of aggregate
- proper asphalt content
1. *('=A!)6)TI @ ease with which paving miAture may be placed and compacted.
.actors Affecting *orkability:
- gradation
- properties of aggregate
- consistency of asphalt
- temperature of the miA
2. )&P9'&9A!)6)TI @ prevents the passage of air and water into or through the asphalt
pavement.
.actor Affecting )mpermeability:
- density
TEST ON BITUMINOUS MI/ES:
1. 9NT'A-T)(5 T9>T @ determine the amount of asphalt present in the miA.
%. G'A#)5G T9>T @ determines if the grading of the miA conform with the Kob miA
formula"specifications.
+. #95>)TI (' !3I6= >P9-).)- G'AJ)TI @ used in calculating the unit of the miAture.
/. >TA!)6)TI T9>T @ to determine the effect of asphalt to the miA.
a. &A'>EA66 >TA!)6)TI T9>T @ used in the design of miA.
b. )&&9'>)(5 @ -(&P'9>>)(5 @ to determine the effect of water to the
miA.
BITUMINOUS MI/TURES
1. SIGNIFICANT PROPERTIES:
The essential properties re8uired of bituminous paving miAtures comprises stability?
durability? fleAibility? resistance to skidding and impermeability.
S(!1%$%(2:
)t is defined as resistance to displacement under sustained or repeated loadings.
)t implies resistance to shoving and rutting by the action of vehicular traffic and involves
resistance to shearing stress. The most important factors which influence stability are the
following:
1. Gradation of the &ineral Aggregates:
>tability of the bituminous miAture is directly related to aggregate density? which in turn?
has a direct relationship on gradation or particle-siLe distribution. )n designing a miAture?
aggregates available in a Kob shall be combined in the proportions that result in the maAimum
density.
%. >hape and >urface TeAture of Aggregate Particles:
Aggregates composed of angular and rough-teAtured particles are more
desirable than round and smooth aggregate particles from the standpoint of stability. The
aggregate component contribute internal friction to the shear strength and stability of the
miAture. .rom this point of view? the shape and surface teAture of the aggregate particles are of
primary importance.
+. Eardness of Aggregate Particles:
)f soft and friable aggregate are used? the voids are greatly reduced by rolling
during construction and by subse8uent vehicular traffic? that there will be insufficient space for
the bituminous binder? which results in bleeding and loss of stability.
/. &aAimum >iLe of -oarse Aggregate:
Eigher stability is obtained by the use of coarser aggregates. Eowever? with
coarser aggregates? there is a tendency towards increasing harshness and segregation which
results in unattractive surface appearance. The choice of maAimum siLe of aggregate should
depend on the relative importance of high stability versus workability and surface finish.
0. Muantity and -onsistency of !ituminous !inder:
The 8uantity of binder greatly affects stability of the miAture. &ost miAtures have
a critical bitumen content which if eAceed will result in over-lubrication of aggregates? thus
causing instability. The critical bitumen content is about 0 to percent lower than the 8uantity of
binder re8uired to completely fill the voids in the compacted mineral aggregate.
1. #egree of -ompaction:
-ompaction is essential to produce maAimum contact between the bitumen-
coated aggregates for the development of stability in the miAture. The degree of compaction is
principally dependent upon the intensity and type of compactive effort? gradation and particle
shape of aggregate and consistency of binder at the time of compaction.
Tests for >tability:
The following tests have been developed to measure the stability of a bituminous
miAture in the laboratory:
1. &arshall >tability
%. )mmersion @ -ompression
&any kilometer of satisfactory bituminous surface have been designed by use of
these test methods. They are very useful design tools especially when used by engineers
eAperienced in their use.
D-.!1%$%(2:
)t is defined as resistance of desintegration due to the detrimental effects of
traffic? water? air and temperature changes. To be durable? a bituminous pavement must
satisfactorily resist traffic loads during its lifetime.
The significant factors that affect durability includes the following:
1. #ensity of the -ompacted &iAture:
A high-density pavement is highly resistant to the intrusion of water. The siLe of
the pores as well as total voids? are important considerations. A sand miAture with high total
percent voids and small pore siLe may resist the intrusion of water more readily than some
bituminous miAtures having a lower percent of total voids but with larger pore siLe.
A high-density pavement has low air voids. Air or water contact with bituminous
films causes oAidation and hardening of the bitumen. The detrimental effects of the bitumen will
therefore be less in pavement of high density than in a less dense surface.
Eowever? the bituminous pavement should not be voidless? as this will result in
bleeding and instability. )t is common practice in designing bituminous miAtures to limit the
percentage of air voids in the pavement as laid? from 0 to 2 percent.
%. Properties of &ineral Aggregate:
Aggregates vary in their ability to retain the bituminous coating in the presence of
water. Eydrophylic aggregates have affinity for water and should be avoided. The film stripping
and immersion-compression tests have been developed to measure the loss of cohesion as a
result of water action on the compacted bituminous miAture.
Absorption of moisture causes the miAture to swell. A durable pavement should
be able to resist this swelling action.
Aggregates vary with respect to hardness and toughness. >oft aggregates at the
eAposed surface of toughness. >oft aggregates at the eAposed surface of bituminous
pavements may be dislodged under traffic.
+. Properties of !ituminous !inder:
All bituminous road materials harden with age and weathering action. Eowever?
certain materials harden more rapidly than others. The thin-film oven test had been developed
in order to differentiate bituminous materials with respect to hardening characteristics.
Asphalt also differ in their resistance to stripping from aggregates in the presence
of water.
/. Muantity of !ituminous !inder:
)n order to preserve the plastic properties of the pavement? it is a good practice to
use as much bituminous materials in the miAture as possible? consistent with stability
re8uirements. )f the coating in the aggregates is very thin? the pavement easily becomes brittle
and is abraded more readily.
F$*3%1%$%(2:
)t is defined as the ability of the pavement to bend repeatedly without cracking
and to conform to variations of the underlying base. .leAibility is important when the base is
fleAible or compatible. The principal factors which affect fleAibility are:
1. the 8uantity of bituminous binder
%. the 8uantity of mineral filler? and
+. the viscosity and temperature susceptibility of the binder
These factors also affect stability? so that in designing a miAture? there should be
fleAibility without sacrifice of stability.
.leAibility is improved by decreasing the mineral fillerB this reduces surface area
of particles? thus permitting thicker asphalt films. Eowever? this should not be overdone as it
may result in reducing greatly the stability.
S4%5 R*0%0(!&)*:
)t is resistance offered by the pavement to slipping or skidding of the vehicle tires.
>kid resistance is directly affected by the following:
1. 9Acess asphalt at pavement surface immediately after construction or after densification
by traffic or due to change in temperature. To counteract this? sufficient voids should be
provided in the miAture.
%. >urface 'oughness of Aggregate Particles. -ertain types of rocks? as non-porous and
hard limestone and serpentine? tend to become polished under traffic and cause a slick
surface. )t is helpful to incorporate angular silica sand in the miA in such proportions so
that the finish is like sandpaper? instead of having the smooth stones predominate at the
surface. )ncorporation of granitic aggregates in the miA will also help in producing a skid-
resistant surface.
P*."*!1%$%(2:
)t means porosity or perviousness of the miAture. )t is principally dependent on
pore siLe. A dense graded miA prevents water from entering the base through the surface.
6. SAMPLING:
Plant-miAed bituminous miAtures should be sampled in accordance with the
>tandard &ethod of >ampling !ituminous &iAtures? AA>ET( #esignation T 114? eAcept as
hereinafter provided. A sample of not less than 17 kg is taken and placed in sample bags or
other suitable container that would insure against contaminations. )t is submitted to the
laboratory compaction? gradation test on the aggregate. These tests may be performed in the
field if facilities are available. The minimum re8uirement is one sample for every 20 cubic
meters or 1+7 tonnes of miA or fraction thereof.
>ieve analysis of the aggregate remaining after eAtraction shall be made by
AA>ET( &ethod T-+7? &echanical Analysis of 9Atracted Aggregate.
At least one? but not more than three samples of bituminous pavement for
density? composition and thickness determination should be taken for each full dayOs operation.
The sample should eAtend to the full depth of the pavement and should be not less than 107
mm A 107 mm or 177 mm diameter full depth. )f the sample is to be sent to the 'egional"#istrict
6aboratory? it should be carefully wrapped such that it will not be disturbed or broken during
transit? and it should be accompanied by a completely filled up sample card.
The density of bituminous pavements may be determined in the field by weighing
an undisturbed sample of the compacted pavement both in the air and in water.
The #P*E >tandard >pecification 1D44 specifies the density to be obtained in
the finished bituminous pavement a minimum of D7 mass percent of the theoretical maAimum
density or D2 mass percent of the density of a laboratory compacted specimen. 'esults of such
tests performed in the field should be reported in a special sheet.
7. TESTS:
9Atraction:
Asphalt paving miAtures are usually tested to determine whether they conform
with specification re8uirements for asphalt content. The process consists of dissolving the
asphalt in the miAture of known weight in suitable solvent from the aggregate by means of a
'otareA -entrifuge? AA>ET( #esignation T-11/. A newly developed tests for the same
purpose and which is widely used abroad is the 'efluA 9Atractor. )t is said that the latter test
gives the more consistent results. )t is takes longer to make the 'efluA tests but does not
re8uire constant attention. !oth tests remove the asphalt so that a grading test may be run on
the remaining aggregates.
#ensity of -ompacted &iAtures:
The specific gravity or density is an important data in the determination of the
degree of compaction of a newly constructed asphalt pavement. )t is determined by weighing
the compacted sample in air and then in water. The loss in weight is the volume of the
compacted miAture. >pecific gravity is computed from the formula:
!ulk >pecific < *t. of >ample in Air
Gravity *t. of >ample in Air @ *t. of >ample in *ater
Joids in the -ompacted &iAture:
The percent of voids in a compacted miAture is readily determined from its
specific gravity and percentage by weight of both asphalt and mineral aggregate are known.
!efore this can be done? however? it is first necessary to know the specific gravity of the same
miAture if it were free from voids? which known as the theoretical maAimum density. -alculation
are as follows:
Theoretical < 177
&aAimum >pecific C Asphalt : C Aggregate
Gravity >.G. of Asphalt >.G. of Aggregate
Percentage < 177 # @ d$
Joids #
*here:
# < theoretical maAimum specific gravity density
d < bulk specific gravity
3nder conditions of the standard test? it has been found out that swell as little as
1.17 mm 1"11 inch$ indicates a mediocre miAtureB entirely unsuitable miAture from a service
standpoint? swell is as much as 1D.7 mm +"/ inch$.
.ilm >tripping:
The stripping test is used for measuring the relative adhesion of bituminous film
to aggregate particles in the presence of moisture. The test is made by first preparing a miAture
of the aggregate and the bitumen proposed to be used with it. The miAture is heated for %/
hours? soaked under water for another %/ hoursB then boiled for 0 minutes. An aggregate is
considered satisfactory if at the end of the test? it is seen by visual inspection that there is no
appreciable amount of uncoated particles.
The type of bitumen used with the aggregate has a considerable effect upon its
resistance to stripping. )f there is stripping in the test? that particular combination of aggregate
and bitumen may be eApected to give unsatisfactory service. The same bituminous material with
a different aggregate or the same aggregate with a different bituminous material might prove to
be satisfactory. Therefore? if local conditions limit a combination of aggregate and bituminous
material to one type? the stripping test is of great value in predicting if that particular combination
is satisfactory or not.
>tability:
1. )mmersion @ -ompression Test:
At least two samples of the miAture are compacted in 177 mm diameter molds
about 177 mm high? and remove from the mold after an application of 12?7/0 kg +2?077 lb$ load
one specimen is soaked in water for four hours a day after obtaining the weight? while the order
is eAposed in the air for the same length of time. !oth specimens are tested in compression
unsupported. The strengths obtained give the wet and dry stability divided by the dry stability.
The test measures the cohesion or viscous resistance of the bituminous material
in a dry or wet miAture. )t shows the effect of water on bituminous miAtures? in terms of stability
values.
%. &arshall Test:
The test is performed by measuring resistance to the application of load on a
circumferential surface of a cylindrical specimen. !esides measuring resistance to
displacement? the flow of the specimen during the test is also measured. A lateral pressure is
applied with Lero normal load which makes the test an opposite of the unconfined compression
test.
The stability value obtained in the &arshall Test measure resistance to
displacement of a compacted bituminous miAture. The flow indeA is obtained by measuring the
diametric distortion re8uired to produce failure.
The recommended &arshall >tability Jalues at 17 - 1/7 .$ are as follows:
a. +/7 kg 207 lb$ for light traffic.
b. 0// kg 1%77 lb$ for medium traffic.
c. 411 kg 1477 lb$ for heavy traffic.
The flow value for all traffic re8uirements for paving miAtures shall not eAceed
11.7 when measured in 7.%0 mm 7.71 inch$ gradation.
4. DESIGN:
#esign of !ituminous Paving &iAtures:
The design of the miAture should be focused on the selection of materials with
prescribed properties? the stability and durability of the surface course in particular? the ease of
miAing? spreading? compaction and finishing of the surface. )t is especially important that the
miAture for the surface course has enough skid resistance? fleAibility and impermeability.
9ngineers concerned with the design and construction of bituminous paving miAtures must have
an understanding of the properties and fundamentals in order to design property the proportions
of aggregate and bituminous binder for a paving proKect.
9ssential >teps in &iA #esign:
1. >election of Muality of Aggregate:
)mportant factors to be considered are shape? surface teAture and preferential wetting
characteristics of the aggregate particles.
%. >election of Gradation of Aggregate:
)mportant factors to be considered are workability of miA? perviousness and surface teAture of
pavement? and overall economy. Generally it is more economical to include a maAimum of
coarse particles? without sacrificing workability.
+. >election of Type and Grade of !ituminous !inders:
)mportant factors to be considered are workability? climatic conditions? aging considerations and
gradation of aggregate.
/. #etermination of -orrect Amount of !ituminous !inder by &arshall or
)mmersion @ -ompression Test.
8. CONTROL OF BITUMINOUS CONSTRUCTION:
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6. P.%"* )+!( 0;!$$ 1* $*,( -&5%0(-.1*5 ,+. 64 ;+-.0.
7. E3)*00 !"+-&( !##$%*5 0;!$$ 1* 1$+((*5 <%(; 0!&5 +. .*"+:*5 !0 5%.*)(*5 12 (;*
E&'%&**..
B!0%0 +, P!2"*&(:
(+&&*
ITEM 76 C BITUMINOUS TACK COAT:
D*0).%#(%+&:
P.*#!.%&' !&5 (.*!(%&' !& *3%0(%&' 1%(-"%&+-0 +. )*"*&( )+&).*(* 0-.,!)* <%(;
1%(-"%&+-0 "!(*.%!$ %& (;* !))+.5!&)* <%(; (;* #$!&0 !&5 0#*)%,%)!(%+&09 #.*#!.!(+.2 (+
(;* )+&0(.-)(%+& +, 1%(-"%&+-0 0-.,!)* )+-.0*.
M!(*.%!$0:
1. R!#%5 C-.%&' (RC) C-(1!)4 +.
6. E"-$0%,%*5 A0#;!$(
E=-%#"*&(:
S!"* !0 %& I(*" 71
A##$%)!(%+&:
1. R!(* +, !##$%)!(%+& 0;!$$ 1* .6 (+ .F $%(*./"E.
B!0%0 +, P!2"*&(:
(+&&*
ITEM 77 C BITUMINOUS SEAL COAT:
D*0).%#(%+&:
A##$%)!(%+& +, 1%(-"%&+-0 "!(*.%!$ <%(; +. <%(;+-( !& !##$%)!(%+& +, !''.*'!(* +& !&
*3%0(%&' 1%(-"%&+-0 0-.,!)* )+-.0* %& !))+.5!&)* <%(; (;* #$!&0 !&5 0#*)%,%)!(%+&0.
M!(*.%!$0:
B-!&(%(%*0 +, M!(*.%!$0 ,+. S*!$ C+!(0
T2#* 1 T2#* 6 T2#* 7
B%(-"%&+-0 "!(*.%!$9 L/"E
C+:*. A''.*'!(*9 4'/"E
.6 C .8
&+&*
.8 C 1.
8. C 1.
.D8 C 1.8
D. C 14.
1. A0#;!$( C*"*&(9 P*&*(.!(%+& G.!5* 16 C 18
6. R!#%5 C-.%&' (RC) +.
7. M*5%-" C-.%&' (MC) C-(1!)4 A0#;!$(
4. C+:*. A''.*'!(*0 ,+. T2#* 6 )+&0%0( +, 0!&5
8. A''.*'!(* ,+. T2#* 7 S*!$ )+!( 0;!$$ 1* ).-0;*5
0(+&*9 ).-0;*5 0$!' +. ).-0;*5 '.!:*$
G. G.!5%&' R*=-%.*"*&(0:
S%*:* D*0%'&!(%+& M!00 P*.)*&( P!00%&'
S(!&5!.5
""
A$(*.&!(*
U.S.
S(!&5!.5
T2#* 6
T2#* 7
G.!5%&' A G.!5%&' B
16.8
H.8
4.F8
6.7G
1.1D
.7
.18
I %&.
J %&.
N+. 4
N+. D
N+. 1G
N+. 8
N+. 1
-
1
D8 C 1
G C 1
-
-
- 1
-
1
D8 C 1
1 C 4
C 1
-8
-
1
D8 C 1
1 C 7
C 1
C 8
-
-
F. A''.*'!(* 0;!$$ ;!:* ! "!00 #*.)*&( +, <*!. &+( *3)**5%&' 4.
D. C.-0;*5 0$!' 0;!$$ ;!:* ! 5*&0%(2 +, &+( $*00 (;!& HG 4'/"K
(G $1/,(K).
A##$%)!(%+&:
1. A##$2 12 "*!&0 +, ! #.*00-.* 5%0(.%1-(+. !( (;* .!(* +, .H C 1.D $%(*.0 ,+. !0#;!$(
)*"*&( !&5 1.8 (+ 7. $%(*.0 ,+. )-(1!)4 !0#;!$( #*. 0=-!.* "*(*..
6. E3)*00 +, 1%(-"%&+-0 "!(*.%!$ ,.+" (;* 0-.,!)* 0;!$$ 1* .*"+:*5 12 ! 0=-**'**.
7. A 0(.%# +, 1 "*(*. 0;!$$ 1* -0*5 !( (;* 1*'%&&%&' !&5 *&5 +, *!); 0#**5 (+ +1(!%&
#.+#*. ?-&)(%+& +, 0#.*!50.
4. I""*5%!(*$2 !,(*. (;* !##$%)!(%+& +, !0#;!$(9 (;* )+:*. !''.*'!(* 0;!$$ !( (;* .!(* +,
!##.+3%"!(*$2 .4 (+ .F "K/"E 12 -0* +, !''.*'!(* 0#.*!5*..
8. A0 0++& !0 (;* )+:*. !''.*'!(* 1**& 0#.*!59 (;* 0-.,!)* 0;!$$ 1* 1.++"*5 $%';($2
<%(; !##.+:*5 #-0; +. 5.!' 1.++" (+ %&0-.* *:*& 5%0(.%1-(%+& !&5 (;*& .+$$*5 <%(; !&
!##.+:*5 #+<*. .+$$*. <*%';%&' &+( $*00 (;!& 8 &+. "+.* (;!& G (+&&*0 (+ ! -&%,+."
0-.,!)*.
M*(;+5 +, M*!0-.*"*&(:
B-!&(%(%*0 +, 1%(-"%&+-0 "!(*.%!$ !&5 )+:*. !''.*'!(*0 0;!$$ 1* "*!0-.*5 12 (;*
(+&&* (().
ITEM 74 C BITUMINOUS SURFACE TREATMENT:
D*0).%#(%+&:
C+&0%0(0 +, *%(;*. ! 0%&'$* !##$%)!(%+& +, 1%(-"%&+-0 "!(*.%!$ ,+$$+<*5 12 ! 0%&'$*
0#.*!5%&' +, !''.*'!(* (0%&'$* 0-.,!)* (.*!("*&() +. (<+ !##$%)!(%+&0 +, 1%(-"%&+-0
"!(*.%!$ *!); ,+$$+<*5 12 ! 0#.*!5%&' +, !''.*'!(* (5+-1$* 0-.,!)* (.*!("*&().
M!(*.%!$0:
1. S#*)%,%) '.!:%(2 +, !''.*'!(*0 0;!$$ 1* 6.G8.
B-!&(%(%*0 +, M!(*.%!$0 !&5 S*=-*&)* +, O#*.!(%+&0 U0%&' C-(-B!)4 A0#;!$( +. A0#;!$(
C*"*&(
A''.*'!(* G.!5%&' !&5
S*=-*&)* +, O#*.!(%+&0
S%&'$* S.T. D+-1$* S.T.
F%.0( C+-.0*:
A##$2 1%(-"%&+-0 "!(*.%!$9 L/"E
S#.*!5 A''.*'!(*:
G.!5%&' A9 K'/"E
G.!5%&' B9 4'/"E
S*)+&5 C+-.0*:
A##$2 1%(-"%&+-0 "!(*.%!$9 K/"E
S#.*!5 A''.*'!(*:
G.!5%&' C9 4'/"E
.F C 1.1 AC
.H C 1.8 MC
11. C 14.
1.G C 6. AC
1.D C 6.7 MC
66. C 6F.
6.7 C 6.F AC
6.D C 7.8 MC
11. C 14.
B-!&(%(%*0 +, M!(*.%!$0 !&5 S*=-*&)* +, O#*.!(%+&0 U0%&' E"-$0%,%*5
A0#;!$(
A''.*'!(* G.!5%&' !&5
S*=-*&)* +, O#*.!(%+&0
S%&'$* S.T. D+-1$* S.T.
F%.0( C+-.0*:
A##$2 1%(-"%&+-0 "!(*.%!$9 L/"E
S#.*!5 A''.*'!(*:
G.!5%&' A9 K'/"E
G.!5%&' B9 4'/"E
S*)+&5 C+-.0*:
A##$2 1%(-"%&+-0 "!(*.%!$9 K/"E
S#.*!5 A''.*'!(*:
G.!5%&' C9 4'/"E
.H C 1.G
11. C 14.
1.4 C 6.
14. C 1H.
6.1 C 7.
8. C D.
%. !ituminous &aterials either:
1. -'>-1 -ationic 'apid >etting$
%. -'>-% -ationic 'apid >etting$
+. '>-1 'apid >etting$
/. '>-% 'apid >etting$
0. A- 1%7 @ 107 Asphalt -ement$
1. &- %07 @ 477 &edium -uring$
+. Aggregates:
Aggregate Grading 'e8uirements
>ieve #esignation &ass Percent Passing
>tandard
mm
Alternate
3.>.
>tandard
Grading A Grading ! Grading -
%0.7
1D.7
1%.0
D.0
/.20
%.+1
1.14
7.+77
1 in.
P in.
Q in.
R in.
5o. /
5o. 4
5o. 11
5o. 07
177
D7 @ 177
%7 - 00
7 @ 10
7 - 0
-
-
-
-
-
177
40 @ 177
17 @ +7
7 @ 17
7 -0
-
-
-
-
177
40 @ 177
17 @ /7
7 @ 17
7 @ 0
/. Aggregate shall have a mass percent of wear not eAceeding /7.
0. )f crushed gravel is used? not less than 07 mass percent of the particles retained in /.20 mm
5o. /$ sieve shall have
at least one fractured face.
1. *hen crushed slag is used? density shall be not less than
D17 kg"mH 17 lb"ftH$.
98uipment:
1. &echanical >preader @ for spreading the aggregates.
%. 98uipment re8uired in )tem +71.
A##$%)!(%+&:
1. Asphaltic material shall be applied to the surface at least twenty for %/$ hours after it has
been prime coated.
%. >praying shall not be done unless the road temperature
has been above %7 - for at least one hour prior to the commencement of spraying
operations and the temperature shall be less than %7 - during the spraying.
+. )mmediately after applying the asphalt material? dry aggregate shall be uniformly and evenly
distributed over the treated surface from an approved aggregate spreader.
/. 5o portion of the sprayed surface shall remain uncovered for a period in eAcess of % minutes.
)mmediately after spreading the aggregate? treated surface shall be rolled with an approved
pneumatic tire roller.
&ethod of &easurement:
!ituminous >urface Treatment will be measured by the tonne t$.
ITEM 78 C BITUMINOUS PENETRATION MACADAM PAVEMENT:
#escription:
-onsist of furnishing and placing one or more course of graded aggregate and one ore more
application of bituminous material followed by a seal coat with cover aggregate constructed on a
prepared base in accordance with this specifications and in conformity with the lines? grades
and typical cross sections shown on plans.
Muantities of &aterials and >e8uence of (perations
Type of Aggregate and >e8uence of (perations
Type of !ituminous &aterial
Asphalt -ement or
'apid -uring '-$
9mulsified Asphalt
.irst 6ayer:
>pread Aggregates:
-oarse Aggregate? kg"mS
-hoker Aggregate? =g"mS
Apply bituminous material? 6"mS
>econd 6ayer:
>pread Aggregate:
=ey Aggregate? kg"mS
Apply bituminous material? 6"mS
Third 6ayer:
>pread Aggregate:
=ey Aggregate? kg"mS
Apply bituminous material? 6"mS
.ourth 6ayer:
>pread Aggregate:
-over Aggregate? kg"mS
Total Muantities:
!ituminous &aterial? 6"mS
Aggregate? kg"mS
D7
-
/.7
1+
1.4
11
1./
4
2.%
1%%
D7
17
0.0
17
+.0
4
%
4
11
1%1
&aterials:
!ituminous &aterial 9ither:
1. Asphalt -ement
%. 'apid -uring '-$
+. -utback Asphalt or 9mulsified Asphalt
Aggregates:
Aggregate Grading 'e8uirements
>ieve #esignation &ass Percent Passing
>tandard mm
Alternate 3.>.
>tandard
-oarse
Aggregate
-hoker
Aggregate
=ey Aggregate -over Aggregate
1+
07
+2.0
%0
1D
1%.0
D.0
/.20
%.+1
1.14
% - Q in.
% in.
1 - Q in.
1 in.
P in.
Q in.
R in.
5o. /
5o. 4
5o. 11
177
D7 @ 177
+0 @ 27
7 @ 10
-
7 @ 0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
177
D7 @ 177
/7 @ 27
7 @ 10
7 @ 0
-
-
-
-
177
D7 @ 177
%7 @ 00
7 @ 10
7 @ 0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
177
40 @ 177
17 @ +7
7 @ 17
7 @ 0
1. The aggregate shall have a mass percent of wear not eAceeding /7.
%. *hen crushed gravel is used must be subKected to five cycles of the sodium sulfate
soundness test? the weighted loss shall not eAceed 1% mass percent.
+. *hen crushed slag is used? the uniform density should not be less than 11%7 kg"mH 27 lb"ftH$.
E=-%#"*&(:
Eard or power operated brooms? shovels? rakes self powered bituminous material distributors or
hard or power operated spray pumps? brooms dragging e8uipment and self powered rollers.
C+&5%(%+&%&' E3%0(%&' B!0*:
1. Prime -oat @ shall be applied to the untreated base in accordance with )tem +71.
%. !ituminous Prime -oat @ in case of previous constructed asphalt or cement surface tack
coat.
>preading and -ompacting of Aggregate 6ayers:
1. )n accordance with table shown.
%. 'olling shall progress gradually from the sides to the center? parallel with center line of
the road and overlapping uniformly each preceding rear wheel track by one half the width of
such track and shall continue until the aggregate does not creep or displace ahead of the
rollers.
+. #ry rolling shall be stopped when the surface of the aggregate will support the distributor
and before the voids are closed sufficiently to prevent the free uniform penetration of the
bituminous material.
/. &ass tamper along curbs? headers? walls and places not accessible to the roller$ of not
less than %0 kg and a face of not more than %07 mm by %07 mm.
0. The variation of the aggregate surface layer from the testing edge between any two
contacts with the surface shall not eAceed 17 mm prior to the application of the bituminous
material$.
&ethod of &easurement"Payment:
&easured by tonne t$.
ITEM 7G C BITUMINOUS ROAD MI/ SURFACE COURSE:
#escription:
-onsist of constructing a bituminous road miA surface course on a prepared base in accordance
with specifications and conformity with the line? grades and typical cross sections shown on
plans? or on as established by the 9ngineer.
!ituminous &aterials 9ither:
1. 'apid -uring '-$ -utback
%. &edium -uring &-$-utback
+. 9mulsified Asphalt
Aggregate:
1. 5ew Aggregate @ shall conform with )tem 27+? Aggregate.
%. >alvage Aggregate @ did not pass +2.0 mm 1Q in$ sieve.
Proportioning &iAture:
Preparation of bituminous material on the basis of dry aggregate.
A. /.0 to 2.7 mass percent when cutback asphalt is used.
!. 1.7 to 17.7 mass percent when emulsified asphalt is used.
-. #uring the miAing operation one half to one 7.0 to 1.7$ mass percent of hydrated lime? dry
aggregate basis shall be added to the miAture.
98uipment:
1. >carifying and miAing e8uipment
%. .inishing and compacting e8uipment
+. !ituminous distributor
/. 98uipment for heating bituminous material
!ituminous #istributor @ may apply uniformly on variable widths of surface up to /.0 mS with a
controlled rate of 7.% to 17 liters"mS with allowable variation not to eAceed 7.1 liters"mS.
'oller shall be self propelled steel wheel tandem or + wheel rollers weighing not less than 4
tonnes each and pneumatic rollers having a compacting width of not less than 1?0%7 mm 17 in$
and the gross mass adKustable with the range of +?1/7 to 1?+17 kilometers per meter %77 to
+07 pounds per inch$ of compaction width.
B!0* P.*#!.!(%+&:
1. -ase ) @ 5ew Aggregate
*hen new aggregate is to be used for the road miA surface course? eAisting base shall be
scarified lightly and bladed to uniform grade and cross section based on plans and then be
rolled or watered and rolled as directed by the 9ngineer.
%. -ase % @ >alvage Aggregate
*hen material in the eAisting road surface is to be used for miAing? the surface shall be scarified
lightly and bladed to uniform grade and to the cross section shown on plans.
+. )f the surface moisture of the aggregate is more than % percent of the dry weight of the
aggregate? eAcept when bituminous material is emulsified asphalt? the aggregate shall be turned
by blades or disc harrows or otherwise aerated until moisture content is reduced to % percent or
less.
/. )n lieu of aerating and drying aggregate? the contractor may use an approved additive eAcept
where emulsified asphalt is used which shall satisfactorily blended with bituminous material. The
additive shall permit suitable coating of the wet aggregate and shall present the bituminous
coating from stripping in the presence of water.
&iAing !ituminous &aterial:
After the last application of bituminous material and partial miAing? the entire mass of
bituminous material and aggregate shall be windrowed on the road surface and then miAed? by
blading the miAture from side to side of the road? or by manipulation producing e8uivalent
results? until all aggregate particles are coated with bituminous material and the whole mass has
a uniform color and the miAture is free from fat or lean spots? or balls of uncoated particles.
#uring the miAing operations? care shall be taken to avoid cutting into the underlying course or
contaminating the miAture with earth or other eAtraneous matter. *hen directed? the miAing
process shall be confined to part of the width or area of the road so as to allow to pass.
>hould the miAture show an eAcess? deficiency or uneven distribution of bituminous
material? the condition shall be corrected by the addition of aggregate or bituminous material as
re8uired and remiAing. )f the miAture contains eAcessive amounts of moisture or volatile matter?
it shall be bladed? aerated or otherwise manipulated until the moisture and volatile content are
satisfactory. The spreading of the miA shall not be done when the surface to be covered is in an
unsatisfactory condition. At the end of each dayOs work? or when the work is interrupted by
weather conditions or otherwise? all loose materials shall be bladed into a windrow? whether
miAing is complete or not? and shall be retained in a windrow until operations are resumed.
*hen the miAing operations have been satisfactorily complete? the miAture shall be
formed into a windrow of uniform cross-section.
>preading? -ompacting and .inishing:
1. &aterial shall be spread by a self propelled pneumatic-tire blade graders or a
mechanical spreader of approved type.
%. After spreading? the materials shall be rolled.
+. 'olling shall be parallel to the road centerline and shall commence at the outer edges of
the road? overlapping the shoulders and progressing towards the center? overlapping on
successive passes by at least one half the width of the roller? eAcept superelevated
curves? rolling shall progress from the lower to the upper edge.
/. 9ach pass shall terminate at least D17 mm + ft$ in advance or to the rear of the end of
the preceding pass.
0. 'olling shall be discontinued whenever it begins to produce eAcessive pulveriLing of the
aggregates or displacement of the miAture.
1. *hen the compacted thickness of the road miA surface is to be more than 07 mm %
inches$? the miAture shall be spread from the windrow and compacted in two layer to be
bladed and rolled before the second layer is spread.
Permissible >urface Jariance:
17 mm in + m +.47 inches in 17 ft.$
&ethod of &easurement"Payment:
&easured in tonne t$.
Payment shall be made under:
Pay )tem 5umber #escription 3nit of &easurement
+71
+71 1$
+71 %$
!ituminous 'oad &iA >urface
-ourse
Aggregate for !ituminous 'oad &iA
>urface -ourse
!ituminous &aterial for !ituminous
'oad &iA >urface -ourse
Tonne
Tonne
ITEM 7F C BITUMINOUS PLANT C MI/ SURFACE COURSE C
GENERAL:
#escription:
)ncludes general re8uirements that are applicable to al types of bituminous plant miA
surface course irrespective of gradation of aggregate or kind and amount of bituminous
material.
&aterials:
A. -omposition and Muality of !ituminous &iAture:
1. ,ob &iA .ormula @ bituminous miAture shall be composed of aggregate? mineral filler?
hydrated lime and bituminous material.
%. At least three weeks prior to production? the contrator shall submit in writing a Kob miA
formula for each miAture supported by laboratory test data along with test samples and
viscosity-temperature relationships.
9ach Kob miA formula shall propose definite single values:
1. The percentage of aggregate passing each specified sieve siLe.
%. The percentage of bituminous material to be added.
+. The temperature of the miAture delivered on the road.
/. The kind and percentage of additive to be used.
0. The kind and percentage of mineral filler to be used.
After the Kob miA is established? all miAture furnished for the proKect shall conform thereto within
the following range of tolerances:
Passing 5o. / and larger sieves T 2 percent
Passing 5o. 4 to 5o. 177 sieves inclusive$ T / percent
Passing 5o. %77 sieve T % percent !ituminous &aterial
T 7./ percent Temperature of &iAture T 17 -
The miAture shall have a mass percent air voids with the range of + to 0.
The miAture shall have a minimum compressive strength of 1./ &pa %77 psi$.
The miAture shall have an indeA of retained strength of not less than 27.
!ituminous &aterials:
>pecified in the !ill of &aterials and >pecial Provisions.
Aggregates:
>hall conform with )tem 27+.
Proportion of &iAture:
Proportion of bituminous material based on total dry aggregate shall be 0.7 to 4.7 mass percent.
Eydrated lime shall be added to the miAture operation of one half to one 7.0 to 1.7$ mass
percent dry aggregate basis 7.02C is for aggregates which are calcareous.
-onstruction 98uipment:
). !ituminous &iAing Plant
A. 'e8uirements for all Plants:
1. Plant >cales @ Accurate to 7.0 percent of the maAimum load.
@ 3se for measuring the weights material delivered.
%. 98uipment for preparation of !ituminous material.
Tanks @ for storage of bituminous materials shall be e8uipped with the proper devices to heat
and hold the material at the re8uired temperature.
+. .eeder for #rier @ a mechanical means to ensure uniformly aggregate feeding into the drier
so that uniform production and temperature will obtained.
/. #rier @ to continuous agitate during heating and drying process for cold type bituminous miA?
e8uipment for mechanical cooling of the prescribed for cold miAtures shall be provided.
0. >creens @ capable of screening all aggregates to specified siLes and proportions and having
normal capacities in eAcess of the full capacity of the miAer.
1. !ins @ storage bin of sufficient capacity to supply the miAer when it is operating at full
capacity.
2. !ituminous -ontrol Gate @ to obtain proper amount of bituminous material in the miA within
specified tolerance.
4. Thermometric 98uipment @ for temperature reading of heated aggregates.
D. #ust -ollector @ to waste or return uniformly all or any part of the material to the hot elevator
collected as directed.
17 Truck >cales @ to weigh bituminous miAture.
11. >afety 'e8uirements @ ade8uate and safe stairway to the miAer platform and sampling
points.
!. 'e8uirements for !atching Plants:
1. *eigh boA or hopper @ to weigh accurately each siLe of aggregate? suspended on scales of
ample siLe to hold a full batch.
%. !ituminous -ontrol @ used to measure the bituminous material with an accuracy of T7.0
percent.
+. &iAer @ to produce a uniform miAture with the Kob miA tolerance.
/. -ontrol &iAing Time @ to control the operation of a complete miAing cycle the dry miAing
period is defined as the interval of the time between the opening of the weigh boA gate and the
start of introduction of bituminous materials. The wet miAing period is the interval of the time
between the start of introduction of bituminous material and the opening of the miAer gate. The
control of timing shall be fleAible and capable of being set at intervals of 0 seconds or less
throughout a total cycle up to + minutes.
-. 'e8uirements for -ontinuous &iAing Plants:
1. Aggregate Proportioning @ accuracy proportion each siLe of aggregate.
%. *eight -alibration of Aggregate .eed.
+. >ynchroniLation of Aggregates .eed and !ituminous .eed.
/. &iAer @ chart shall be provided showing the rate of feed or aggregate per minute for the
aggregate being used.
)). Eauling 98uipment @ for having bituminous miAtures which must be delivered on the road at
the specified temperature.
))). !ituminous Pavers @ spreading and finishing bituminous plat miA material.
)J. 'ollers @ steel and"or pneumatic tire type for compaction of the miAtures to the re8uired
density while stil in workable condition.
P.*#!.!(%+& +, B%(-"%&+-0 M!(*.%!$:
>hall be heated to avoid local overheating and provide a continuous supply of bituminous
material to the miAer at uniform temperature. Asphalt cement kinematic viscosity in the range of
107 @ +77 mmS"s. Asphalt cement shall not be heated above 10D - +%7 .$ at any time after
delivery in the proKect.
Preparation of Aggregate:
- Aggregate shall be heated? fried and delivered to the miAing unit at a temperature within the
range T 12 - T +7. $ of the bitumen.
- &oisture content when introduce to miAing unit must not eAceed one mass percent.
- &oisture content of the miAture from drum dryer plants shall not eAceed three +$ percent of
the output.
&iAing:
#ried aggregates and bituminous material shall be measured or gauged and introduced into the
miAer in the amount specified by the Kob miA formula.
>preading and .inishing:
- The miAture shall be placed at a temperature not less than 172 - %%0 .$ as measured in the
truck Kust prior to dumping into the spreader.
- *hen tar is used? the miAture shall be placed between 11 - and 172 - 107 . and %%0 .$.
- The longitudinal Koint in one layer shall offset that in the layer immediately below approAimately
10 cm 1 inches$B however? the Koint in the top layer shall be at the centerline of the pavement if
the roadway comprises two %$lanes or at lane lines if the roadway is more than two %$ lanes?
unless otherwise? directed.
-ompaction:
- 'olling shall begin at the sides and proceeds longitudinally parallel toward the road centerline?
each trip overlapping Q the roller width? gradually progressing to the crown of the road.
- 'olling shall continue until a mass density of D2 percent has been reached.
- To prevent adhesion of the miAtures to the rollers? the wheel shall be kept properly moistened
with water miAed with very small 8uantities of detergent or other approved material.
>ampling:
1. >amples shall be neatly cut by saw or core drill. >iLe: 107 mm A 107 mm or 177 mm
diameter in full depth.
%. 5ot more than three +$ samples shall betaken for each of full dayOs operation.
+. )f no core samples were taken during the dayOs operation? core samples shall be taken
from the compacted pavement for every 177 6.&. per lane.
/. !arangay 'oads @ no core test for thickness.
0. 0. -ompacted pavement shall have a density not less than D2 mass percent. The
asphalt pavement represented by the cores shall not be accepted if the deficiency in
density is more than %C.
The compacted thickness shall have a thickness tolerances of @ 0mm.
The asphalt pavement represented by the individual core does not be accepted if the
deficiency in the core thickness obtained is more 0 mm.
)f the deficiency in the core thickness is more than 0 mm? additional layer may be
permitted in order to meet the designed thickness? however? the minimum additional
asphalt overlay thickness should be dependent on the minimum thickness capacity of
the asphalt paver but it should not be less than 07 mm % inches$ and that proper
construction procedures are followed.
>urface Tolerance:
The variation of the surface from the testing edge of the straight edge between any two
contacts will the surface shall not eAceed 1 mm.
&ethod of &easurement:
Paid in terms of area mS$
ITEM 7D C COLD ASPHALT PLANT C MI/:
#escription:
-onsist of constructing !ituminous >urface -ourse asphalt -old &iA$ prepared in central
miAing plant? laid cold? on the prepared base in accordance with the lines? grades and typical
cross section shown on the plans.
-omposition and Muality of Asphalt cold &iA ,ob @ &iA .ormula$:
1. >hall be composed of course mineral aggregates? mineral fillers and chemically bonding
bitumen.
%. 9ach Kob miA formula shall composed the following:
a. The percentage of course mineral aggregates passing each specified sieve siLe.
b. The percentage of fine mineral aggregates passing each specified sieve siLe.
c. The percentage of chemically bonding bitumen material to be added.
d. The temperature of the miAture delivered on the prepared base on the road.
e. The kind and percentage of chemical additive to be used.
f. The kind and percentage of mineral filer to be incorporated.
>tability 'e8uirements:
The miAture shall conform the following:
T*0( P.+#*.(2 M%&%"-" M!3%"-"
>tability 5 lb$ at %%.% - 2% .$
Percentage >tability after Jacuum >aturation and
)mmersion
Aggregate -oating Percent$
%%%/ 077$ or 12.2 psi
-
07
-
07
-
!ituminous &aterial 9ither:
1. 6i8uid -utback Asphalt
%. 9mulsified Asphalt
-oarse Aggregates:
-oarse aggregate shall conform to the applicable re8uirements of )tem 27+ or AA>ET(
>pecifications & 2D.
.ine Aggregates:
.ine aggregates shall conform to the applicable re8uirements of )tem 27+.
&ineral .ilers:
)t shall conform to the re8uirements of )tem 27+? &ineral .iller or A>T& #esignation # %/%.
Proportioning of &iAture:
Proportioning of !ituminous material on the basis of total dry aggregate shall be from /.0 to 2.7
mass percent when cutback asphalt is used and from 1.7 to 17.7 mass percent when emulsified
asphalt is used.
*eather limitations:
>hall be placed only when the specified density can be obtained the miAture shall not be placed
on any wet surface or when weather condition will prevent its proper handling or finishing
asphalt surface miAture shall not be placed when the surface temperature of the base course is
below 17 - 07 .$.
Preparing Are to be Paved:
*hen the compacted subgrade on which the asphalt base is to be placed loosely
bonded? it shall be primed with 7.0 to 1./7 liter"mS or 7.1 to 7.+ gal"ydS of the type and grade
priming material.
)mmediately prior to application of the asphalt tack coat all loose and foreign material
shall be removed by sweeping or by blowing? or both.
-ompacting the &iAture:
1. )nitial rolling with a steel-wheeled tandem or three wheeled roller? vibratory roller? or a
pneumatic tired roller.
%.An application of choker aggregate may be necessary to prevent miA pick by the pneumatic
tired roller.
Acceptance 'e8uirements:
1. #ivide asphalt miAture production into lots? each lot e8ual to the miA produced during one
day. #etermine the target density for each lot by measuring the average density of siA
laboratory prepared specimens representing two randomly chosen subsamples from trucks
delivering miAture to the Kobsite. The target density should be reported as dry density.
%. #etermine compacted density in the field from five randomly located positions in each lot of
the compacted miAture.
+. #ensity samples after a period curing maybe determined by suitable core drilling techni8ue.
/. )t is recommended that the average of five field density determinations made in each lot shall
not be less than D2 percent at the average density of the siA laboratory prepared specimens?
and that no individual determination be lower than D0 percent.
0. The surface of the compacted pavement will be checked longitudinally and transversely for
smoothness with a + m 17 ft$ straightedge. The surface shall not vary more than 0 mm 7.% in$
in a + m 17 ft$ parallel to the centerline and not more than 4 mm 7.+ in$ in a + m 17 ft$ at right
angle to the centerline.
-onstruction 98uipment:
1. Asphalt miAing plant designed to produce a uniform miA within the Kob-miA tolerance.
%. >elf powered pavers that are capable of spreading the miA to the thickness and width
specified? true to the line? grad and crown.
+. >mooth metal haul trucks.
/. Pressure distributor.
0. >teel wheeled? pneumatic-tired? vibratory rollers.
1. Power broom or power blower.
2. Eand tools.
&ethod of &easurement:
!ituminous miAture will be measured by s8uare meter mS$. -onstant unit price for bituminous
plant miA surface course? cold laid.
ITEM 7H C BITUMINOUS PLANT MI/ (STOCKPILE MAINTENANCE
MI/TURE):
#escription:
-onsist of a bituminous stockpile maintenance miAture composed of aggregate? mineral filler?
hydrated lime and bituminous material miAed in a central plant.
!ituminous &aterial:
&- %07 @ for use within short time after stockpiling.
&- 477 @ for immediate use under hot weather or moderate weather conditions or for use within
a short time after stockpiling.
-&> %"%> @ miA can be designed for use within a short time after or for long storage period.
-&> @ cationic emulsified asphalt.
Aggregate:
The course aggregate shall have a mass percent of wear not eAceeding /7.
>lag shall weigh not less than 11%7 kg"mH 27 lb"ftH$.
Grading 'e8uirement
>ieve #esignation &ass Percent Passing
>tandard? mm
1D.7
1%.0
D.0
/.20
%.+1
7.17
7.+7
7.10
7.720
Alternate 3.>. >tandard
P in.
Q in.
R in.
5o./
5o. 4
5o. +7
5o. 07
5o. 177
5o. %77
177
47 @ 177
27 @ D7
07 @ 27
+0 @ 07
14 @ +7
10 @ %0
4 @ 10
/ @ 17
Proportioning of &iAture:
1. The amount of bituminous material to be added will be from / to 17 mass percent of total miA.
%. #uring the miAing operation? one-half to one 7.0 to 1.7$ mass percent of hydrated lime? dry
aggregate basis shall be added to the miAture.
&easurement"Payment:
Pay )tem 5umber #escription 3nit of &easurement
+7D !ituminous Plant-&iA
>tockpile &aintenance
&iAture$
>8uare &eter
ITEM 71 C BITUMINOUS CONCRETE SURFACE COURSE9 HOT C
LAID:
#escription:
-onsists of constructing a bituminous concrete surface course composed of aggregates?
mineral filers and bituminous material miAed in a central plant? constructed and laid hot on the
prepared base in accordance with this specifications and in conformity with lines? grades?
thickness and typical cross section shown on the plans.
&aterials:
-omposition and Muality of !ituminous &iAture
,ob &iA .ormula$
>ame as >ubsection +72.%.1
!ituminous &aterials? 9ither:
1. &edium -uring &-$ -utback Asphalt
%. Asphalt -ement
Aggregates:
>hall conform to the re8uirements of )tem +72.
&ineral .iller:
-onform to the re8uirements of )tem +72? !ituminous Plant &iA >urface -ourse @ General.
Eydrated 6ime:
-onform to the re8uirements of )tem +72.
P.+#+.(%+&%&' M%3(-.*0:
1. The proportion of bituminous material on the basis of total dry aggregate shall be from
0.7 to 4.7 mass percent.
%. (ne half to one 7.0 to 1.7$ mass percent of hydrated lime? dry basis shall be added to
the miAture.
&ethod of &easurement"Payment:
Pay )tem 5umber #escription 3nit of &easurement
+17 !ituminous -oncrete >urface >8uare &eter
-ourse?
Eot - 6aid
ITEM F6 C BITUMINOUS MATERIALS:
1. Asphalt -ements
%. 6i8uid Asphalts
%.1 'apid -uring 6i8uid Asphalts
%.% &edium -uring 6i8uid Asphalts
+. 9mulsified Asphalts
9mulsified Asphalt Anionic$
9mulsified Asphalt -ationic$
Acceptance >amples of !ituminous &aterials:
a. !ituminous materials used in direct application on the road. Acceptance samples shall
be obtained under the supervision of the 9ngineer from the conveyance containing the
bituminous material at the point of delivery. >ingle samples shall be taken of each
separate tank load of bituminous material delivered? at the time of discharged? into
distributors or other conveyances on the proKect.
b. !ituminous materials initially discharged into storage tanks on the proKect. Acceptance
samples shall be obtained from the line between the storage tank and the distributors of
the bituminous miAing plant after each delivery. A single acceptance sample shall be
taken after sufficient period of circulation of such bituminous material has taken place to
insure samples representative of the total materials then in the storage tank.
!ituminous &aterial -ontaining Anti-stripping Additives:
1. (ne 1$ liter 1 8uart$ sealed sample of the bituminous material taken at the time of
loading at the refinery and prior to introduction of the additive? along with a separate 7.0
liter 1 pint$ sample of the anti-stripping additive involved.
Application Temperatures
Type and Grade of &aterial
Application >pray
&in."&aA.$
Temperature 'ange -$ &iA
&in."&aA.$
'T 1-%-%
'T /-0-1
'T 2-4-D
'T 17-11-1%
'T!- 0-1 UUU. +7
&- U..UUUUU +7
'--&- UUUU.. 27
'--&- UUUU.. %07
10.0 @ 0/
%D @ 10.0
10.0 @ 172
2D @ 1%1
10.0 @ /4.D
%1 @ 1%.4
/7.0 @ 40
17 @ 172
10.0 @ 0/
%D @ 10.0
10.0 @ 172
2D @ 1%1
10.0 @ /4.D
10.0 @ /7.0
+% - 14
01.2 @ D+
'--&- UUUU.. 477
'--&- UUUU.. +777
All 9mulsions
Asphalt -ement
All Grades$
2D @ 1%D
171 .2 @ 1/+
17 @ 21
%7/ &aA.
21 @ 172
D+ @ 1%1.2
17 @ 21
As re8uired to achieve viscosity of 20
@ 107 seconds to achieve a
=inematic Jiscosity of 107 @ +77
mmS"s 107 @ +77$ centi-strokes.