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#. Land of poetry
$. Tourism industry
%. Paradise or Paradise Lost?
&. A new discovery of the ancient land
'. Want to entertain?
(. If you like winter
). White beaches warm sun
*. Leader ! "
1 #hina was closed to almost all forei$n visitors from "%&% to the mid'"%()s. *ince economic reforms were
implemented in "%(% #hina+s tourism has developed very rapidly. The $overnment has constructed ma,or
hotels increased air travel to #hina and within the country and opened historic sites to tourists. -illions of
visitors travel to #hina for its beautiful landscapes interestin$ and diverse culture and important historical
attractions.
2 With the famous Alps and a wealth of cultural and recreational facilities Austria is one of the world+s top
tourist destinations. *kiin$ is a popular pastime in the re$ion of Tirol in western Austria. The resort villa$e
of *t. #hristoph on the Arlber$ Pass offers skiin$ at an altitude of more than .))) m.
3 *urfers Paradise less than an hour+s drive south of /risbane the capital of 0ueensland is now at the heart of
Australia+s fastest'$rowin$ re$ion in terms of both population and economic development. To some *urfers
Paradise on the 1old #oast a strip of coastline that e2tends southward from /risbane for about "))
kilometres to the 3ew *outh Wales border is the ni$htmare that will overwhelm much of 0ueensland+s
coastal re$ions if present population and tourist development trends continue. To others *urfers Paradise is a
dream about to come true the symbol of a $litterin$ future that will see 0ueensland transformed from
Australia+s poorest state into its richest and most populated one.
+ 4arly in the "%5)s Alaskans reco$ni6ed tourism as a ma,or source of income and tourists discovered Alaska as a
vacationland. 4ach year visitors spend 7 ".5 billion while in Alaska. The development and advertisin$ of national
parks has contributed to a dramatic increase in Alaskan tourism durin$ the past decade. Tourists come in
or$ani6ed $roups on tour ships buses or airplanes8 as motor home caravans8 and as individuals en,oyin$ a
wilderness e2perience. International tourism has also shown a dramatic increase in the "%%)s.
, Las 9e$as bills itself as the :4ntertainment #apital of the World: and tourism $amin$ and entertainment
represent a lar$e portion of the city+s revenue. In addition to its renowned casinos Las 9e$as attracts visitors to
its outdoor shows includin$ simulated volcanic eruptions pirate duels on artificial lakes and laser cannon
displays. Indoor casino shows with world'famous entertainers are also popular. Annual events include the
3ational ;inals <odeo and the Las 9e$as Invitational 1olf Tournament.
- Lake =istrict e2tends about 5) km from north to south and about &) km from east to west. It became
famous when a $roup of /ritish poets >includin$ William Wordsworth *amuel Taylor #olerid$e and
<obert *outhey? made it their home about the be$innin$ of the "%th century8 they were described by
unsympathetic critics as the Lake *chool of poetry. In "%)@ A)& hectares on Bllswater were set apart as a
national park. Lake =istrict 3ational Park now incorporates ..&) sC km of the re$ion. The area is a
popular tourist destination.
. An attractive and varied landscape a rich set of cultural resources and a world'renowned collection of
foods and wines make ;rance a ma,or tourist destination. In .)). ;rance had (( million visitors more
than any other nation in the world. Tourism is a leadin$ industry in ;rance. The ;rench themselves travel
widely in their own country an activity encoura$ed by the mandatory five'week paid vacation received
annually by most workers.
" . A & 5 @ (
$3 1-6 A-G.
A-G . .
Today when 4n$lish is one of the ma,or lan$ua$es in the world it is spoken in many countries either as
the mother ton$ue or as a second lan$ua$e. It is the lan$ua$e of business technolo$y sport and aviation. In
this article I+ll focus on the two mostly commonly used versions of 4n$lish /ritish
and American 4n$lish.
/efore we take a look at some of the differences between the two main types of 4n$lish I+d like to stress 1
DDD and with the on$oin$ internationali6ation of our modern world they could even said to be diminishin$. The
few differences that e2ist between /ritish and American 4n$lish tend rather to enrich communication 2 DDD.
Althou$h not all my /ritish readers mi$ht a$ree I think that the American version of spoken 4n$lish is becomin$
more and more dominant for several reasons. Let me $ive you an e2ample to show you 3 DDD. When you $o to the BE
and switch on the T9 you will see a lot of American shows movies and films + DDD. Thus especially youn$ people
watchin$ T9 will learn a lot of American vocabulary and phrases , DDD. It follows that modern /ritish 4n$lish is much
more likely to be influenced by American 4n$lish than the other way round because when you live in the B* and watch
T9 you rarely will see a /ritish show or film. Another area where B* 4n$lish dominates is international business.
-ost $lobally operatin$ companies are based in the B* and - DDD.
Fowever as with any issue the more you think about it the more variations you will encounter and it would
be impossible to cover them all in one article.
#. hence the influence of American 4n$lish terminolo$y is very stron$
$. why American 4n$lish has a stron$er impact on /ritish 4n$lish than vice versa
%. that has $iven 4n$lish its present standin$ in the world
&. that these differences are somewhat minor
'. which they easily use as their own
(. than slow it down
). which are shown in the ori$inal American version
" . A & 5 @
1!-"1! " 1! "! # $! #
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#/012#34#
#rime was so common in "Gth'century /ritain that e2ecutions were weekly spectacles. ;ood shorta$es
harsh penal laws and the $eneral displacement of people durin$ the early sta$es in the Industrial <evolution
added to its criminal population. Leadin$ social reformers of the day assumed that the best way to eliminate
crime was to remove criminals from society. The /ritish $overnment deported many criminals to /ritish
overseas colonies. Tens of thousands of convicts were sent to the Americas. With the loss of its American
colonies in "(GA /ritain no lon$er had a convenient place to send its criminals.
Australia was portrayed as a remote and unattractive land for 4uropean settlement. Fowever /ritish
merchants and ship owners were lookin$ for new tradin$ opportunities in the 4ast. 3aval strate$ists were
seekin$ fresh supplies of ship timbers and sailcloth.
Australia turned out to be of social and strate$ic value for a nation with risin$ crime rates and commercial
interests in the Pacific and 4ast Asia. In addition nearby 3orfolk Island with its tall pine trees offered a new
supply of wood for ships+ masts and fla2 for rope and sailcloth.
In "(G@ the /ritish $overnment announced its intention to establish a penal settlement at /otany /ay in
Australia. -en women and sometimes even children were sent to Australia. When the time of their sentence
had been served they were permitted either to $o home if they could pay the passa$e or stay in Australia
which was more usual.
Hn -ay "A "(G( #aptain Arthur Phillip of the <oyal 3avy set sail from Portsmouth with the ;irst ;leet.
In addition to their crews numberin$ over &)) seamen the "" ships carried about (G) convicts. Phillip arrived at
/otany /ay on Ianuary "G"(GG. ;indin$ the bay a poor choice he moved north to Port Iackson which he
discovered to be one of the world+s best natural harbors. Fere he be$an the first permanent settlement on
Ianuary .@ now known as Australia =ay. The settlement was named *ydney for /ritain+s home secretary Lord
*ydney who was responsible for the colony. Phillip+s territory covered half of Australia but his human
resources were limited. In particular he lacked the $ardeners skilled carpenters and en$ineers needed to
develop a self'supportin$ colony. Fis ma,or concern until his departure in "(%. was rulin$ virtually sin$le'
handedly over the small penal settlement.
#onditions were tremendously hard for both convicts and their warders. Three ma,or problems confronted
the early $overnorsJ providin$ a sufficient supply of foodstuffs8 developin$ an internal economic system8 and
producin$ e2ports to pay for the colony+s imports from /ritain. Land around *ydney was too sandy for suitable
farmin$ and the colony faced permanent food shorta$es throu$h the "(%)s. 3atural food sources were lar$ely
limited to fish and kan$aroo. Phillip encoura$ed the establishment of farms on the more fertile banks of the
Fawkesbury <iver a few miles northwest of *ydney but floods often spoiled the crops. *tarvation was
prevented only by the arrival of ships bearin$ supplies of $rain from Africa+s
#ape of 1ood Fope.
9itally needed food supplies came mainly from 3orfolk Island nearly "@)) km away which Phillip had
occupied in ;ebruary "(GG. The island later served as a ,ail for the more hardened criminals.
The population both convict and free increased rapidly after the end of the 3apoleonic Wars in "G"5.
There was a $rowin$ tension between convict and free colonists. The released convicts wanted land and
opportunities and ur$ed that they be $iven more ri$hts. They also opposed further convict transportation and
wanted it to be abolished. The free settlers demanded that convicts even after their release should be kept in
reservation and e2cluded from polite society. The end to the tension was put only by the Act of Parliament in
"G.A.
#1, The /ritish $overnment came to the conclusion that the best way of eliminatin$ crime was
"? to e2ecute criminals.
.? to put criminals to prisons.
A? to remove criminals from the country.
&? to introduce harsh penal laws.
#1- Which of the followin$ statements contradicts the te2t?
"? /ritain re$arded Australia as a place of strate$ic value.
.? <isin$ crime rates in Australia made this land unattractive for 4uropeans.
A? /ritain was interested in the Pacific re$ion.
&? The phrase :a nation with risin$ crime rates: refers to 1reat /ritain.
#1. /ritain was ea$er to establish its first settlement in Australia because
"? they did not want to send prisoners to America.
.? America was a lon$ way from /ritain.
A? the place where they sent convicts became independent of /ritain.
&? it was a rich colony.
#18 /ritish criminal population rose due to all those factors e2cept
"? leadin$ social reformers.
.? strict penal laws.
A? food shorta$es.
&? the $eneral displacement of people.
#15 To develop a self'supportin$ colony #aptain Arthur Phillip needed all e2cept
"? en$ineers.
.? $ardeners.
A? soldiers.
&? skilled carpenters.
#20 Hne of ma,or problems confronted the early $overnors was
"? producin$ imports to pay for the colony+s e2ports from /ritain.
.? rulin$ virtually sin$le'handedly over the small penal settlement.
A? developin$ an e2ternal economic system.
&? providin$ a sufficient supply of foodstuffs.
#21 <eleased convicts wanted all e2cept
"? land.
.? ri$hts.
A? further convict transportation.
&? more opportunities.
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