ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG

1
STUDENTNO NAME
104135576 BHALAJI
103970268 MUNAWAR
104149267 SURESH
Alternative fuels :
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) & Compressed natural gas (CNG)
I.C.ENGINES
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
2
14
Dedicatedfuel,Bifuel,Dualfuel
15
Fuelsystemlayouts
16
Questions
PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
4
Liquidpetroleumgas(LPG)
5
Productionprocess
6
Comparison:Properties
7
Co2Emissioncomparison
8
Advantages,drawbacks
9
Compressednaturalgas(CNG)
10
Productionprocess
11
Comparison:Properties
12
Emissioncomparison
13
Advantages,drawbacks
1
Whyalternativefuels?
2
Whatareallthealternatefuels?
3
Featurescomparison
4
Questions
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
Alternativefuels,alsoknownasnonconventionalfuels,areanymaterialsorsubstancesthatcanbeusedasfuels,other
thanconventionalfuels.
WhyAlternativeFuels?
Asthecost ofconventionalfuelsgoesup,theinterestinotherfuelsourcesincrease
Insomecases,alternativefuelsaremoreenvironmentallyfriendly(Lessemissions)
Alternatefuelsfoundabundance innature.
Mostofthealternatefuelsaresafer.
Somealternativefuelsaremoreenergyefficient.
Somewellknownalternativefuelsusedinautomobilesvehiclesare,
Naturalgas(CNG&LNG)
Propane(LPG)
Ethanol
Methanol
Hydrogen
Biodiesel
Electricity
3
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
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FEATURESCOMPARISON
Gasoline Diesel
CompressedNaturalGas
(CNG)
Propane
(LPG)
ChemicalStructure C4toC12 C8toC25 CH4(8399%),C2He(113%)
C3H8(majority)and
C4Fl10(minority)
FuelMaterial CrudeOil CrudeOil Undergroundreserves
Abyproductofetroleum
refiningornaturalgas
processing
Storagepressure Normal Normal 200bar 6bar
Fueltype Liquid Liquid Compressedgas Liquid
Octanerating 91 97 38 45cetane 130 110
GasolineGallonEquivalent
(GGE)
100%
1gallonofdieselhas
113%oftheenergyof
onegallonofgasoline.
*5.66poundsor126.67cu.ft.of
CNGhas100%oftheenergyof
onegallonofgasoline.
1gallonofpropanehas
73%oftheenergyofone
gallonofgasoline.
EnergyContent(Lower
heatingvalue)
116090Btu/gal(g) 128450Btu/gal(g) 20,268Btu/lb (g) 84,950Btu/gal(g)
Price $3.45/gallon $3.91/gallon $2.09/GGE * $2.96/gallon
*Gasolinegallonequivalent (GGE)orgasolineequivalentgallon(GEG)istheamountofalternativefuelittakestoequaltheenergy
contentofoneliquidgallonofgasoline (1gasolinegallonequivalent(GGE)means5.660poundsofnaturalgas)
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
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Propane,alsocalledLPG,liquefiedpetroleumgas,orLPgas,isawidelyusedhighlyefficient
andcleanburningfuel.
VarietiesofLPGincludeprimarilypropane(C
3
H
8
),butane(C
4
H
10
)and,mostcommonly,
includingbothpropaneandbutaneandisobutane dependingontheseason inwinter
morepropane,insummermorebutane.Propyleneandbutylenes areusuallyalsopresent
insmallconcentration.
Apowerfulodorant(ethanethiol)isaddedsothatleakscanbedetectedeasily.
Cleaner
Propanevehiclescanproducefewerozoneformingemissionsthanvehiclespoweredby
reformulatedgasoline
Economical
Thecostofagasolinegallonequivalentofpropaneisgenerallylessthanthatofgasoline,so
drivingapropanevehiclecansavemoney.
LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)
Theaverage
compositionofLPG
constituents percentage
Nbutane 38.5
Iso butane 37
propane 24.5
C3H8 - Propane
C4H10 - Butane
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
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LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) PRODCTION PROCESS
It is obtained as a byproduct during fractional
distillation of crude petroleum oil or by cracking of
heavy oil. It consists of propane and butane.
It can be readily liquefied under pressure, so it
can be economically stored and transported in
cylinders.
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
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FuelProperties Gasoline Diesel LPG
Formula C4toC12 C8toC12 C3H8
MolecularWeight 100105 200 44.09
Carbon 8588 8487 82
Hydrogen 12.15 1316 18
Oxygen 04 0 0
FreezingPoint,C 40 40to1 187
BoilingPoint,C 27225 188343 42
VapourPressure,kPa 48103 <1 1303
Viscosity,mPas 0.370.44 2.64.1 0.102
LatentHeatof
Vaporisation,kJ/kg
349 233 426
FlashPoint,C 43 74 104
Autoignition
Temperature,C
257 316 457
FlammabilityHigher
Limits,Vol %
7.6 6 9.5
StoichiometricAirFuel
Ratio,Weight
14.7 14.7 15.7
OctaneNumber 88100
4055
(Cetane)
112
LPG PROPERTIES COMPARISON
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
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CO2 EMISSION COMPARISON
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
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LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)
ADVANTAGESOFLPG DRAWBACKSOFLPG
Cost:LPGischeaperthanpetrol(upto50%)
Cost:Theinitialcostforconvertingyourvehicleto
LPGcancostupto$3000.Howevertheaveragecar
canrepaythecostoftheconversioninabout2years
Emission:Itproduceslessexhaustemissionsthan
petrol
Availability:Itisn'thighlyavailable.
Life :Itisbetterfortheengineanditcanprolong
enginelife
Storage: Thegastanktakesupaconsiderable
amountofspaceinthecarboot
Efficiency:Hasahigheroctaneratingthanpetrol(108
compared to91) hencethethermalefficiencyismore.
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
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Naturalgasisproducedeitherfromgaswellsorinconjunctionwithcrudeoilproduction.
Becauseofthegaseousnatureofthisfuel,itmustbestoredonboardavehicleineithera
compressedgaseousstateorinaliquefiedstate
NaturalGasiscomposedofapproximately97%methane.
NaturalGasiscolorless,odorless,andnontoxic.
Cleaner
Itisconsideredtobethecleanestfossilfuelbecauseitproducesfeweremissionsthanother
fuelswhenburned.
Comparedtogasolineordiesel,NaturalGashastheleastamountofcarbon.NaturalGasis
CH4,DieselC14H30,andGasolineC8H18.
CNGvehiclesproduceapproximately25%lessCO2thangasolineordiesel.
Theyalsoproduceapproximately80%lessnitrogenoxidethangasolineordieseland
approximately90%lessparticulates.
Economical
NaturalGasislessexpensivethangasolineordiesel.
Agasolinegallonequivalent(gge)ofNaturalGasisapprox.$1.50to$2.50.
Adieselgallonequivalent(dge)ofNaturalGasisapprox.$1.75to$2.50.
Safer
NaturalGashasahighignitiontemperatureofapproximately1200FcomparedtoDieselwhich
is494FandGasolinewhichis536F.
NaturalGasislighterthanair,willnotlayontheground,anditdissipateswhenreleased.
COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG)
Theaverage
compositionofCNG
Constituents (%)
Methane 88.5
Ethane 5.5
Propane 3.7
Butane 1.8
Pentane 0.5
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
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NATURAL GAS PRODCTION PROCESS
DRILL RIG
Extraction Separation Processing
Compression Storage
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
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FuelProperties Gasoline Diesel CNG
Formula C4toC12 C8toC12 CH4
MolecularWeight 100105 200 16
Carbon 8588 8487 75
Hydrogen 12.15 1316 25
Oxygen 04 0 0
FreezingPoint,C 40 40to1 182
BoilingPoint,C 27225 188343 162
VapourPressure,kPa 48103 <1 N/A
Viscosity,mPas 0.370.44 2.64.1 0.01
LatentHeatof
Vaporisation,kJ/kg
349 233 510
FlashPoint,C 43 74 188
Autoignition
Temperature,C
257 316 540
FlammabilityHigher
Limits,Vol %
7.6 6 15
StoichiometricAirFuel
Ratio,Weight
14.7 14.7 17.2
OctaneNumber 88100
4055
(Cetane)
120
CNG PROPERTIES COMPARISON
PRICE COMPARISON
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
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An engine running on petrol for 100 km emits 22,000 grams
of CO
2
, for same distance on CNG emits only 16,275 grams of
CO
2
.
CNG is essentially CH
4
with a c.v. of 900 kJ/mol. It burns with
oxygen to produce 1 mole of CO
2
and 2 moles of H
2
O. By
comparison, petrol is essentially C
6
H
6
with a c.v. of 3,300
kJ/mol and this burns to produce 6 moles of CO
2
and 3 moles
of H
2
O.
CNGvehiclelimit40%lessofnitrogenoxide,90%lessof
hydrocarbons,25%lessofCO
2
Pollutants
Emission levels
Petrol driven
vehicle
CNG driven
vehicle
CO
(gm/km)
0.92 0.05
HC (gm/km) 0.36 0.24
CNG EMISSION COMPARISON
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
ADVANTAGESOF CNG DRAWBACKSOFCNG
Cost:Naturalgascostsarelowerthangasoline.Onaverage,natural
gascostsonethirdlessthangasolineatthepump.
HighCost: Thehighcostofimplementingthistechnologyisone
ofthestumblingblocks.Buyinganaturalgasvehiclewillbemore
expensivethanapetroleumcarastheyarenotaspopularand
readilyavailable. OverallcostsofaNGVcomparedtoagasoline
poweredcar.NGVstendtocost$3500to$6000morethan
gasolinepoweredones
Emission:Perunitofenergy,naturalgascontainslesscarbonthanany
otherfossilfuel,andthusproduceslowercarbondioxide(CO2)
emissionspervehiclemiletraveled.
Speed:Naturalgasvehiclesarenotasfastastheirgasoline
counterparts. limiteddrivingrangeofNGVs,whichistypically
abouthalfthatofagasolinepoweredvehicle.
Availability : Therearehugeamountsofnaturalgasdepositsavailable
mainlyduetothefactthatnaturalgashasnotbeenusedasmuchas
petroleum.Althoughanonrenewableresource,naturalgasdeposits
willnotbedepletedinourlifetime
Storage: Likewithgasolineyouwillneedastoragetankinyourcar
fornaturalgas.Unfortunatelythistankishugeand,asitis
normallyinstalledinyourtrunk,youwillhavebasicallynotrunk
spaceavailableafterwards
CompressionRatio: Naturalgasvehicleengineshaveaveryhigh
compressionratio,burningmostofthefuelandleavingveryfewby
productsbehind.
Efficiency:TheoctaneratingofCNGishigh,hencethethermal
efficiencyismore.
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ADVANTAGES & DRAWBACKS OF CNG
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
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Dedicated fuel, Bi-Fuel, Dual-Fuel ?
Dedicated AdedicatedCNGvehicleisonethatrunsonlyonCNG.Itcanbe
eitheranewvehiclewithaCNGengineorarepower.Ineithercase,theold
fueltankisnormallyremovedandreplacedwithCNGCylinders.Thisisagreat
choiceforvehiclesrunningpredictablerouteswithaccesstocompanyowned
fuelingstations(forexample,Food&BeveragedeliverytrucksandSchool
Buses).
DualFuel Technically,adualfueliscategorizedbytheEPAasamixedfuel
becauseitblendsnaturalgaswithdieselbyinjectingitintotheturbocharger
BUTthereisabigdifference.Thevehiclecanstillrunon100%diesel.That
meansifyourunoutofCNGyoukeeprightongoing,justlikeyoudidinthe
olddays,runningondiesel.Youkeepyourexistingdieseltanksandinstall
additional CNGcylindersthatextendtherange.Dependingonyourload,a
dualfuelsystemwilluseupto50%CNGonaverage.Thisisagreatchoicefor
existingfleetcustomersthatneedrangeandfuelflexibilityanddonotwantto
gothroughtheexpenseofreplacingvehiclesthathavehundredsofthousands
ofmilesremainingintheirlife.
BiFuel Bifuelsystemsarealsocalledswitchablesystemsbecauseyoucan
switchbetweengasolineorCNG.Mostconversionswedoforlightduty(new
orusedtrucks)arebifuelbecausetheygivethecustomerthebestofboth
worlds.YoucanrunonCNGaslongasyouhavefuelinthetankandswitch
overtogasolineifyourunout.Mostmodernbifuelsystemsarefully
automated,switchingtogasolinewhentheyneedtoandthenautomatically
switchingbackoncetheCNGtankisfilled.Bifuelvehiclescomeequippedwith
twofuelgaugesandaswitchtomovefromCNGtogasolineifthedriver
desires.
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
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VEHICLE LAYOUT
DEDICATED CNG FUEL
DEDICATED LPG FUEL
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
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Use of combination fuels
(CNG/LPG+DIESEL/GASOLENE)
Naturalgasistheidealfossilfueltominimizetheexhaustgas
emissionsofmoderndualfueldieselengines.Alsothecostsof
maintenanceandrepairwillbereducedconsiderably.
Inthisprocess,averysmallpercentageofbetween1and10%
liquidheavyfuelordieseloilisinjected.
Duringtheintakestroke,gasisadmittedjustbeforetheinlet
valves.Theliquidfuelignitestheair/gasmixture.
Theadvantageisthattheexhaustgasesarecleanerthanwhen
heavyfueloilordieseloilarecombusted.Gaseousfuelcontains
fewercarbonatomsthanaliquidfuelthereforereducingCO
2
production.Theemissionofsootparticlesandthesulphur
contentaresignificantlyreduced.Contaminationoftheengine
decreases
Dual-Fuel (DF)
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
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Bifuelvehicle
Bifuel vehicles are vehicles with multi fuel engines capable of
running on two fuels.
On internal combustion engines one fuel is gasoline or diesel,
and the other is an alternate fuel such as natural gas (CNG),
LPG, or hydrogen.
The two fuels are stored in separate tanks and the engine runs
on one fuel at a time.
Bifuel vehicles have the capability to switch back and forth
from gasoline or diesel to the other fuel, manually or
automatically.
Normally, standard gasoline vehicles are retrofitted in
specialized shops, which involve installing the gas cylinder in
the trunk and the LPG or CNG injection system and
electronics.
The most common technology and alternate fuel available in
the market for bifuel gasoline cars is Autogas (LPG), followed
by natural gas (CNG), and it is used mainly in Europe. The
Netherlands or the Baltic states have a large number of cars
running with LPG. Italy currently has the largest number of
CNG vehicles, followed by Sweden. They are also used in
South America, where these vehicles are mainly used as
taxicabs in main cities of Brazil and Argentina.
ALTERNATIVE FUELS : CNG AND LPG
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Thank you for your attention.
Questions?