6/27/2014 Introduction to Eurocodes

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StructuresIndex
Introduction to Eurocodes
Introduction.....Eurocodes.....Terminology.....UlitimatelimitStates.....ServiceabilitylimitStates.....DesigntoULS.....Symbols.....subscripts.....Actions.....Factorvalues.....Actioncombinations.....
Materialdesignvalues.....Resistancedesignvalue.....Designworkinglife.....Unitmassesofmaterials.....ImposedLoads(occupancy).....ExampleLoadingcalc......
The building st ruct ures pages have been added over t he six mont hs t o Dec. 2012. They are very much work-in-progress and I will be updat ing t hem on a regular basis
over t he next six mont hs.
I nt roduct ion
ThedevelopmentworkontheEurocodeswasinitiatedin1975andalthoughprogresshasbeenveryslowthefullsetofeurocodesandtheassociatedvariousNationalAnnexes,requiredforlocal
codevariations,havenowbeenissuedforuse.ThesecodesrelatetotheconstructionindustryandareproducedbytheEuropeanCommitteeforStandardization(CEN),andreplaceexisting
nationalstandardsin28countries.Thecodesincludetheprinciples,rulesandrecommendedvaluesforultimatelimitdesign.Howeversafety,durabilityandeconomyhavebederogatedto
memberstatesandareincludedinNationalAnnexes.TheEurocodesareprovingtobethemostcomprehensivecodingofstructuralandcivilsdesignintheworld.
ThispageofthewebsiteincludesoutlinenotesintroducingtheEurocodes.Thenotesaresimplysufficienttoprovidedbackgroundinformationforengineers/ studentstostartoffonacourseof
studyoraproject.Referencesandstandardsarelistedwhichshouldbeusedfordetaildesignwork.Linksareprovidedwhichinclude,insomedetail,informationrelevanttotheEurocodes.
Thenotesonthispagespecificallyaddressactionsandtherelatedpartialmargins.Theconstructionmaterialsandtheirrelatedpartialsafetymarginsareaddressedontherelevantlinkedpages.
Eurocodes
Anoutlinelistoftheavailableeurocodes,butnottheirsubsectionsorassociatedstandards,arelistedbelow.
BS EN 1990 Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design
BS EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
BS EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
BS EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
BS EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
BS EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures
BS EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
BS EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design (f oundations)
BS EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures f or earthquake resistance.(seismic design)
BS EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminiumstructures
TerminologyintroducedwiththeEurocodes
Action=Imposedload
EffectofAction=Resultingstress,strain,deflection,rotation
PermanentAction=DeadLoad
VariableAction=LiveLoad
Execution=Constructionprocess
Limitstate=stateatwhichthestructurenolongerfulfilltherelevantdesigncriteria.
Ultimatelimitstate(ULS)=statesassociatedwithcollapseorsimilarstructuralfailure.
ServiceabilityLimitstate(SLS)=statesuchthatthestructureremainsfunctionalforitsintendedusesubjecttoroutineloading.
Ult imat e Limit St at es
TheEurocodesarebasedonultimatelimitstatedesign.TheUltimatelimitstatesaredividedintothefollowingcategories:
EQULossofequilibriumofthestructure.
STRInternalfailureorexcessivedeformationofthestructureorstructuralmember.
GEOFailureduetoexcessivedeformationoftheground.
FATFatiguefailureofthestructureorstructuralmembers.
Theseultimatestatesareconsideredindifferentcombinationsinstructuraldetaildesign.
Ingeotechicaldesignultimatelimitstatesforresistancetouplift(UPL)andseepage((HYD)havealsotobeconsidered.
ThenotesonthiswebsiteonlyrelatetotheSTRultimatelimitstate.
Serviceabilit y Limit St at e
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ServiceabilityLimitstate(SLS)isthedesignstatesuchthatthestructureremainsfunctionalforitsintendedusesubjecttoroutineloading.Thisaffectssuchsituationsasdoors/ windowsfailingto
openduetostructuraldeformation.Itrelatestofactorsothersthanthebuildingstrengththatrendersthebuildingsunusable.Serviceabilitylimitstatedesignofstructuresincludesconsiderationof
durability,overallstability,fireresistance,deflection,crackingandexcessivevibration.Thiswebsiteonlyconsidersthislimitstateinoutline.
Verificationforserviceabilitylimitstatesinthegroundorstructionalsectionorinterfaceshallbesuchthat
E
d
=<C
d
E
d
=Thedesignvalueoftheeffectofactionssuchasinternalforce,momentorvectorialrepresentationofseveralinternalforcesormoments.
C
d
=Nominalvalueorfunctionofcertaindesignpropertiesofmaterials-(relatedtoserviceabilitylimitstate
Ult imat e limit st at e design
Thereareanumberofcriteriaforlimitstatedesignandvariouscategoriesgenerallyneedtobeconsidered.Asabasicexampleoftheprincipleinvolvedwhenconsideringalimitstateofruptureor
excessivedeformationofasectionorconnection(STR)itshallbeverifiedthat:
E
d
R
d
E
d
=Thedesignvalueoftheeffectofactionssuchasinternalforce,momentorvectorialrepresentationofseveralinternalforcesormoments.
R
d
=Thedesignvalueofthecorrespondingresistance.
InsimpleEnglish:thevalueoftheproductorthemaximumexpectedforcesormomentsonasectionandtheassociatedpartialmarginsshouldbelessthanthecharacteristicvalueofthestrengthof
thesectionsdividedbytherelevantmaterialpartialsafetymargins.
NotesontheactionsandtheirassociatedpartialmarginsarefoundonthispageandnotesontheResistancevaluestheassociatedpartialmarginsarefoundonthewebpagesrelatedtothe
constructionmaterials
Select ion of Eurocode symbols relat ed t o act ions
Symbol Definition
C
d
Nominal value or f unction of certain design properties of materials
E
d
The design value of the ef f ect of actions
F
k
Characteristic value of action
F
d
Design value of action
G
k
Characteristic value of permanent action
G
d
Design value of permanent action
Q
k
Characteristic value of variable/imposed action (single value)
R
d
The design value of a component/systemrestistance.

G
Partial f actor f or permanent action

Q
Partial f actor f or variable action

0
Factor f or combination value of variable action

1
Factor f or f requent value of variable action

2
Factor f or quasi-permanent value of variable action
Combination f actor f or permanent actions
Reduction f actor f or unf avourable permanent actions
Select ion of Subscript s
Subscript Definition
A Accidental
c Concrete
m Mortar
d Design
E Ef f ect of action
f i Fire
k Characteristic
R Resistance
w Shear reinf orcement
y Yield strength
Act ions
Theactionsonastructureorastructuralelementcompriseofpermanentactionswhichareinprincipleunchangingthroughthelifeofthestructureandvariableactionswhicharenotfixed.The
primeexampleofapermanentactionistheweightoftheconstructionmaterials.Examplesofvariableactionsincludewindloading,occupancyloading,storageloading.
Thedesignvalueofapermanentactionordeadloadissimplytheproductoftherelevantpartialmargin(
G
)andtheresultantloadfromthecombinationofallofthestaticloadse.g.structureweight,
weightofinstalledequipment(static)andservices(empty).Wheretheresultsoftheverificationareverysensitivetovariationsofthemagnitudeofapermanentactionfromplacetoplaceina
structure,theunfavourableandfavourablepartsofthisactionshallbeconsideredasindividualactions
Foreachvariableactiontherearefourrepresentativevalues.Theprincipalrepresentativevalueisthecharacteristicimposedloade.gQ
k
.Thiscanbedeterminedstatisticallyor,wherethereis
insufficientdata,anominalvaluemaybeused.Theotherrepresentativevaluesareobtainedbyapplyingtothecharacteristicvaluethefactors
0
,
1
and
2
respectively.Thesedependonthe
typeofimposedload.The"combination"value(
0
Q
k
)ofanactionisintendedtotakeaccountofthereducedprobabilityofthesimultaneousoccurrenceoftwoormorevariableactions.The
"frequent"value(
1
Q
k
)issuchthatitshouldbeexceededonlyforashortperiodoftimeandisusedprimarilyfortheserviceabilitylimitstates(SLS)andalsotheaccidentalultimatelimitstate(ULS).
The"quasi-permanent"value(
2
Q
k
)maybeexceededforaconsiderableperiodoftime;alternativelyitmaybeconsideredasanaverageloadingovertime.Itisusedforthelong-termaffectsat
theSLSandalsoaccidentalandseismicULS.
Thefollowingstepscanbefollowedtodeterminethevalueofthevariableactions:
6/27/2014 Introduction to Eurocodes
http://www.roymech.co.uk/Related/Construction/Eurocodes_intro.html 3/7
Identifythedesignsituation(e.g.persistent,transient,accidental)
Identifyallrealisticactions.
Determinethepartialfactors(seebelow)foreachapplicablecombinationofactions.
Arrangetheactionstoproducethemostcriticalconditions
Actionsmaybeforces(loadsappliedtothestructureortotheground)anddisplacements(oraccelerations)thatareimposedbythegroundonthestructure,orbythestructureontheground.
Actionsmaybepermanent(e.g.self-weightofstructuresorground),variable(e.g.imposedloadsonbuildingfloors)oraccidental(e.g.impactloads).
Designvaluesofactions(F
d
)arecalculatedusingthegeneralequation:
F
d
=
F
.f
rep
where
F
rep
istherepresentativevalueofanaction.ThisisgenerallyequaltothecharacteristicF
k
valueofanpermanentactionortheleadingvariableactionvalue,oritisequalto
the.F
k
ofanimposed(variableaction).

f
isthepartialfactorforanaction(or
e
,fortheeffectofanaction).
..F
k
=G
k
and
f
=
g
forapermanentaction.
..F
k
=Q
k
and
f
=
q
foranimposedaction.
Theequationfortheeffectofanactionshouldbe
ThegeneralequationfortheEffectofactionsshouldbe
Thepartoftheequationinsidethebracketsrepresentsthecombinationofpermanentandvariableactions
InBSEN1990oneofanumberofequationsforloadcombinationsisequation6,10
Note:Theprestressterm(
P
P)onlyappliestoprestressedconcreteapplications
Thisisaquick,butconservative,methodwhencomparedtothealternativeequations(6.10aand6.10b)whicharealittlemorecomplicated.6.10bisgenerallythegoverningequationintheUK
Note:Againtheprestress(
P
P)termonlyappliestoprestressedconcreteapplications.
=ReductionfactorforunfavourablepermanentactionsG.
Recommended values
Action
0

1

2
Imposedloads
Cat A Domestic residential areas 0,7 0,5 0,3
Cat B Of f ice areas 0,7 0,5 0,3
Cat C congregation areas 0,7 0,7 0,6
Cat D shopping areas 0,7 0,7 0,6
Cat Estorage areas 1,0 0,9 0,8
Cat F traf f ic areas vehicle weight < 30kN 0,7 0,7 0,6
Cat G traf f ic areas vehicle weight < 1600kN 0,7 0,5 0,3
Cat H roof s 0,7 0 0
Snow/ windloads
Sites > 1000mabove sea level 0,7 0,5 0,2
Sites < 1000mabove sea level 0,5 0,2 0
Wind Loads 0,6 0,5 0
Typical Act ion Scenarios.
Itcanalsobeseenthatthepartialsafetyfactorsforactionsdependonanumberofotheraspectsincludingthecategoryoflimitstateaswellastheeffectoftheactiononthedesignsituationunderconsideration.
permanentactions Leadingvariableactions
Accompanyingvariable
6/27/2014 Introduction to Eurocodes
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Persistentandtransient
designsituations
actions
Unfavourable Favourable Unfavourable Favourable
Main(if
any
Others
BS EN 1990(eq 6.10)
G
.
j,sup
G
k,j,sup

Gj,inf
G
k,j,inf

Q,1
Q
k,1
-
Q,i

0,1
Q
k,i
Combinationofpermanentandvariableaction(StrengthlimitStatesSTR)
BS EN 1990(eq 6.10) 1,35G
k
1,0G
k
1,5Q
k.1
0 - -
Combinationofpermanentandvariableactionandaccompanyingvariableaction(StrengthlimitStatesSTR)
BS EN 1990(eq 6.10)
1,35G
k
1,0G
k
1,5Q
k.1 0 - 1,5
0.1
Q
k.1
Combinationofpermanentandvariableactionandaccompanyingvariableaction(EquilibriumlimitStatesEQU)
BS EN 1990(eq 6.10)
1,1 G
k
0,9 G
k
1,5Q
k.1 0 - 1,5
0.1
Q
k.1
Design value of a Mat erial
Thedesignvalueoftheresistanceofamaterialorgroundpropertyisgivenbytheequation
X
d
=.X
k
/
m
where
=ascalefactorcoveringuncertaintly,scaling,conditionsetc.
X
k
=thecharacteristicvalueofamaterial(ground)property

m
=thepartialfactorforthematerialproperty.
Alternativelythescalingfactorcanbeincludedwithinthecharacteristicvalueorinthepartialfactor.Inthiscasetheequationreducesto
X
d
=X
k
/
M
where

M
=thepartialfactorforthematerialpropertyincludingthescalingfactor.
Design Resist ance
Thegeneralequationfortheresistanceofthestructure
where

Rd
=thepartialfactorfortheresistancemodeluncertainty+geometricdeviations.
X
d,i
=designvalueofmaterialproperty
a
d
=thedesignvalueofageometricpropertye.gdepth.
Thiscanbesimplifiedto
where

M,i
=
Rd
.
m,i
.
Design Lif e
Theintendeddesignlifeoftheconstructionshouldbeidentifiedattheinitialstageofthedesignprocess
tableofdesignlivesofbuildingsinaccordancewithBSEN1990clause2,3
Designworking
life
category
Indicativedesign
workinglife
(years>
Examples
1 10 Temporary structures
2 10 to 25 Replacable structures e.g. Gantry girders, bearings
3 15 to 30 Agricultural Builidng and similar structures
4 50 Buildings and other common structures
5 100 Monumental structures , bridges, civil engineering structures
Unit Masses of Building Mat erials
Providedtoenableestimatesofdeadloads
Material Specificmass
Asphalt Roof ing 2 layers, 19 mmthick
42 kg / m
2
Bitumen roof ing f elts Mineral surf aced bitumen
3.5 kg / m
2
Blockwork Solid per 25 mmthick stone aggregate ,
55 kg / m
2
Blockwork aerated per 25 mmthick
15 kg / m
2
Blockboard per 25 mmthick 12.5 kg / m.2
12,5 kg / m
2
Brickwork Clay, solid per 25 mmthick
55 kg / m
2
Brickwork mediumdensity Concrete, solid per 25 mmthick
59 kg / m
2
6/27/2014 Introduction to Eurocodes
http://www.roymech.co.uk/Related/Construction/Eurocodes_intro.html 5/7
Cast stone
2250 kg / m
3
Concrete Natural aggregates
2400 kg / m
3
Concrete Lightweight aggregates (structural)
2000- 1600 kg / m
3
Flagstones Concrete, 50 mmthick
120 kg / m
2
Glass f ibre Slab, per 25 mmthick
2.05.0 kg / m
2
Gypsumpanels and partitions Building panels 75 mmthick
44 kg / m
2
Lead Sheet, 2.5 mmthick
30 kg / m
2
Linoleum3 mmthick
6 kg / m
2
Plaster Two coats gypsum, 13 mmthick
22 kg / m
2
Plastics sheeting (corrugated)
4.5 kg / m
2
Plywood per mmthick
0.7 kg / m
2
Reinf orced concrete
2400 kg / m
2
Rendering Cement: sand (1:3), 13 mmthick
30 kg / m
2
Screeding Cement: sand (1:3), 13 mmthick
30 kg / m
2
Slate tiles (depending upon thickness and source)
24 78 kg / m
3
Steel Solid (mild)
7850 kg / m
3
Corrugated roof ing sheets, permmthick
10 kg / m
2
Tarmacadam25 mmthick
60 kg / m
2
Terrazzo 25 mmthick
54 kg / m
2
Tiling, roof Clay
70 kg / m
2
Timber Sof twood
590 kg / m
2
Hardwood
1250 kg / m
2
Water
1000 kg / m
3
Woodwool Slabs, 25 mmthick
15 kg / m
2
Charact erist ic Values of I mposed load (occupancy )
Providedtoenableestimatesofimposedloads
1,ValuesbasedonBSEN1991-1table6,2
CategoriesofLoadedAreas
q
k
(kN/ m
2
)
Q
k
(kN)
Category A Domestic Areas 1,5 to 2,0 2,0 to 3,0
Category C1 Areas with Tables 2,0 to to 3,0 3,0 to 4,0
Category C2 Areas with f ixed seats 3,0 to to 4,0 2,5 to 7,0
Category C3 Areas with f reedomof movement 3,0 to to 5,0 4,0 to 7,0
Category C4 Areas f or physical activities 4,0 to to 5,0 3,5 to 7,0
Category C5 Areas f or large crowds (Arenas) 4,5 to to 7,5 3,5 to 4,5
Category D1 Shopping Areas (retails shops) 4,5 to to 5,0 3,5 to 7,0
Category D2 Shopping Areas (department stores) 4,0 to to 5,0 3,5 to 7,0
OtherValues
CategoriesofLoadedAreas
q
k
(kN/ m
2
)
Q
k
(kN)
Boiler rooms , motor rooms , f an rooms inc. machinery weight 7,5 4,5
Kitchens , laundries. 3,0 4,5
Bedrooms 2,0 1,8
Toilets 2,0 -
Bars 5,0 -
Example Loading Calculat ion
Thefloorasshownbelowhasandoveralldepthof250mmandisdesignedtocarryandimposedloadof2kN/ m
2
plusfloorandceilingfinishesof1kN/ m
2
.
CalculatethedesignloadsactingonbeamsB1-C1,B2-C2andB1-C3andcolumnsB1andC1.
Assumingcolumnheightsare3mandthebeamweightsare70kg/ m-runandthecolumnweightsare60kg/ m-run.
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Unitweightsofmaterials
Reinforcedconcrete:
Themassofreinforcedconcreteis2400kg/ m
3
(seeabovetable)forsimplicityassumegravitationalconstantg
n
=10m/ s
2
.
Theunitweightofthereinforcedconcreteis
2400.10=24kN/ m
3
..
Steelbeams:
Theunitmassofbeam70kg/ m-run.
Theunitweightofsteelbeam=
70.10=0,7kN/ m..
Columns:
Theunitmassofcolumn=60kg/ m-run.
Theunitweightofcolumn=
60.10=0,6kN/ m..
Loadingofseparateitems.
Slabpermanent(dead)load=G
k
=(unit-weight.0,25)+finishes)Area=(6+1)Area=7.AreakN,
Slabvariable(imposed)=Q
k
=2.AreakN
SlabdesignloadverticalloadV
d_s
=1,35.G
k
+1,5.Q
k
Beampermanentload(G
k
)=0,7.LengthkN
BeamdesignverticalloadV
d_b
=1,35.G
k
Columnpermanentload(G
k
)=0,6.LengthkN
ColumndesignverticalloadV
d_c
=1,35.G
k
DesignVerticalloadsonbeams....Assumeslabsaresimplysupported
BeamB1-C1
Thisbeamsupportsauniformlydistributedloadresultingfrom6mlongx1,5mwidthofslab+selfweightofbeam
DesignloadonbeamB1-C1=V
d_s
+V
d_b
=1,35.(7.6.1,5)+1,5.(2.6.1,5)+1,35.(0,7.6)=85,05+27+5,67=117,72kN
ThereactionsatB1andC1areequal=117,72/ 2=58,86kN
BeamB2-C2
Thisbeamsupportsauniformlydistributedloadon6mlongx3mwidthofslab+selfweightofbeam
DesignloadonbeamB2-C2=V
d_s
+V
d_b
=1,35.(7.6.3)+1,5.(2.6.3)+1,35.(0,7.6)=170.1+54+5,67=229,77
ThereactionsatB2andC2areequal=229,77/ 2=114,885kN
BeamB1-B3
Thisbeamsupportsauniformlydistributedloadfrom6mlongx1,5mwidthofslab+selfweightofbeam.
ThebeamalsosupportaaconcentratedloadatthecentreresultingfrombeamB2-C3
DesignloadsonbeamB1-B3
=1,35.(7.6.1,5)+1,5.(2.6.1,5)+1,35.(0,7.6)=85,05+27+5,67=117,72kN
+concentratedloadof114,9kNsupportforcefromB2-C2
ThereactionsatB1andB3areequal=(114,9+117,72)/ 2=116,3kN
DesignVerticalloadsonColumns....Assumebeamsaresimplysupported
ColumnB1
ColumnB1supportsthereactionsfrombeamsA1 B1,B1 C1andB1 B3anditsself-weight.
Fromtheabove,thereactionatB1duetobeamB1 C1is58,86kNandfrombeamB1 B3is116,3kN.
BeamA1 B1supportsonlyitsself-weight=1,35.0,7.3=2.835kN.HencereactionatB1duetoA1 B1is2.835/ 2=1.42kN.
Sincethecolumnheightis3m,self-weightofcolumn=1,35.0,6.3=2,43.kN.
DesignloadoncolumnB1=58,86+116,3+2,84+2,43=180,43kN
ColumnC1
ColumnC1supportsthereactionsfrombeamsB1 C1andC1 C3anditsself-weight.
Fromtheabove,thereactionatC1duetobeamB1 C1=58,86kN.
BeamC1 C3supportsthereactionsfromB2 C2(=114,9kN)anditsselfweight(=1,35.0,7.6)=5.67kN.HencethereactionatC1is(114,9+5.67)/ 2=60,28kN.
Sincethecolumnheightis3m,self-weight=1,35.0,6.3=2,43.kN.
DesignloadoncolumnC1=58,86+60,28+2,43=121,57kN
Useful relevant Links
6/27/2014 Introduction to Eurocodes
http://www.roymech.co.uk/Related/Construction/Eurocodes_intro.html 7/7
1. Eurocode2designofconcretestructures...Detailednotes173pagedocument
2. Eurocode2Howtodesignconcretestructures...Detailednotesincludingintroductiontoeurocodes:104pagedocument
3. Eurocode2Workedexamples...Includesexamplesonapplicationofactions:a120pagedocument
4. SteelBuildingDesign:ConciseEurocodes...documentincudingintroductiontoactions:118pagedocument
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