Thermodynamics, IC Engine, RAC - Conv - Explan

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1
Test 1 (Conv) : Thermodynamics, IC Engine, RAC
ESE-2014 : Test Series
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Test Series-1 (Conv) : Thermodynamics, IC Engines, RAC
Sol.1 Sol.1 Sol.1 Sol.1 Sol.1 (a) (a) (a) (a) (a)
(i) (i) (i) (i) (i) Cause of irreversibility of a process are:
1. Finite potential gradient causing the
i rreversi bi l i ty l i ke temperature,
pressure, concentration etc.
2. Presence of dissipative effects like
friction in which macroscopic work
dissipates with an increase of internal
energy and then heat.
(ii) (ii) (ii) (ii) (ii) Dissipative effect: Dissipative effect: Dissipative effect: Dissipative effect: Dissipative effect: The transformation
of work into molecular internal energy
either of the system or of the reservoir
through friction, viscosity, inelasticity,
electrical resistance and magnetic
hysteresis. These effects are known as
dissipative effect.
When work produces heat accompanied
by equivalent increase in kinetic or
potential energy of any system, it is said
to be dissipative.
1. 1. 1. 1. 1. (b) (b) (b) (b) (b)
Dwelling
at C 20
T C = 10
HP
w
Q
2
Q
1
T
1
= 273 + 20 = 293 K
Sl Sl Sl Sl Sl. .. .. N NN NNo oo oo.: 060414 .: 060414 .: 060414 .: 060414 .: 060414
T
2
= 273 10 = 263 K
COP
max
=
T
.
T T

1
1 2
293
9 77
30
W
min
=
max
.
.
6
Heat 3 5 10 kJ
COP 9 77 day
In kWh,
W
min
=
.
.

6
3 5 10 kWh 1
9 77 3600 day
= 99.51
kWh
day
Operating cost per day = ` 99.51 8
= ` 796.08
1. 1. 1. 1. 1. (c) (c) (c) (c) (c)
Average brake power for 3 cylinders:
=
NT 2
60000
=
. 2 3 14 1200 110
60000
=13.816 kW
Average ip with 1 cylinder
= 20 13.816 = 6.184 kW
Total indicated power, ip
= 6.184 4 = 24.736 kW
isfc =
bp
bsfc
ip
=
.
20
360
24 736
= 291 grams per kWh
Fuel consumption
=
isfc ip
3600 1000
=
.
/
3
291 24 736
2 10 kg s
3600 1000
2
ESE-2014 : TEST SERIES MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ith
=
f
ip
cv m
=
.

3
24 736
2 10 43000
= 0.2876 or 28.76%
1. 1. 1. 1. 1. (d) (d) (d) (d) (d)
P
V
2 3
4
1
r =
V
V

1
2
21
V
s
= V
1
V
2
= 20V
2
V
3
= 0.05V
s
+ V
2
V
3
= (0.05 20 + 1) V
2
V
V
3
2
= 2 = r
c
=
( )
c
c
r
r
r

, ]
, ]

]
1
1 1
1
1
=
( )
.
.
.
, ]
, ]
]
1 4
0 4
1 2 1
1
1 4 2 1
21
= 0.6536 or 65.36%
1. 1. 1. 1. 1. (e) (e) (e) (e) (e)
= 50% or
v
s
P
. ,
P
0 5
P
atm
= 101 kPa
P
s
= 7.384 kPa
P
v
= 0.5 7.384 = 3.692 kPa
=
v
v
. P
P P
0 622
=
. .
.
0 622 3 692
101 3 692
= 0.23599 kg w.v/kg d.a
= 23.6 grams/ kg dry air
2. 2. 2. 2. 2. (a) (a) (a) (a) (a)
The temperature behaviour of a fluid during
a throttling (h = constant) process is
descri bed by the Joul e-Thomson
coefficient, defined as
J
=
h
T
P
, ]
, ]
]
The Joule-Thomson coefficient is a measure
of the change in temperature with respect
to pressure during a constant enthalpy
process.
J
<
>
0 temperature increases
0 temperature remains constant
0 temperature decreases
The difference in enthalpy between two
neighbouring equilibrium states is
dh = Tds + vdp
2
nd
Tds equation is
Tds = C
p
dT
p
v
T dp
T
, ]
, ]
]
dh =
p
p
v
C dT T dp vdp
T
, ]
+
, ]
]
dh =
p
p
v
C dT T v dp
T
, ]
, ]
, ]
, ]
]
, ]
]
J
=
h
T
p
, ]
, ]
]
=
p p
v
T v
C T
, ]
, ]
, ]
, ]
]
, ]
]
1
For an ideal gas, pv = RT
p
v
T
, ]
, ]
]
=
R v
p T
J
=
p
v
T v
C T
, ]

, ]
]
1
0
2. 2. 2. 2. 2. (b) (b) (b) (b) (b)
(i) (i) (i) (i) (i) Ther mal conver t er s ar e hi gh-
temperature chambers through which
the exhaust gas flows. It is fitted in
exhaust system of engines to reduce
the emission. It promote oxidation of
the CO and HC which remain in the
exhaust.
3
CO O CO +
2 2
1
2
The temperature must be held above
700C for emission reduction to be
effective. Most thermal converters are
essenti al l y an enl arged exhaust
manifold connected to the engine
immediately outside the exhaust ports.
Even though HC and CO emissions can
be reduced by oxi dati on, NO
x
emissions can not be reduced using
thermal converter.
2. 2. 2. 2. 2. (b) (b) (b) (b) (b)
(ii) (ii) (ii) (ii) (ii) Catalytic converters are chambers
mounted in the flow system through
which the exhaust gases pass through.
These chambers contain catalyst
material, which promotes the oxidation
of the emissions contained in the
exhaust flow. Generally, they are called
three-way converters because they are
used to reduce the concentration of CO,
HC and NO
x
in the in the exhaust. The
catalyst materials most used are
Platinum, Palladium and Rhodium.
Palladium and Platinum promote the
oxidation of CO and HC. Rhodium
promotes the reaction of NO
x
.
2. 2. 2. 2. 2. (c) (c) (c) (c) (c)
t
1
t
2
t
P
0
1
P
0
2
F
0
1, 01
t
F
0
2, 02
t
F
0
0
t

P
0
P
0
1
(at 0C) = 2.928 bar
P
0
(at 10C) = 4.146 bar
The required pressure difference or initial
compression of the follow-up spring per unit
area of diaphragm is
f
14
= P P
1
0 0
f
14
= 4.146 2.928 = 1.218 bar
f
14
is the difference in pressure on opposite
sides of the diaphragm or bellows to open
the valve.
The pressure at evaporator inlet, p
evp
(at 30C) = 0.8438 bar
Now the equilibrium pressure of the power
fluid = 1.218 + 0.8438 = 2.0618 bar
Corresponding saturation temperature of
power fluid = 10C
Assuming zero pressure drop in evaporator,
Saturation temperature at the evaporator
outlet, t
0
2
(at 0.8438 bar) = 30C
Effective superheat of the suction gas
= 10 (30) = 20C
3. 3. 3. 3. 3. (a) (a) (a) (a) (a)
(i) Air standard efficiency vs compression
ratio
r
= 1.67
= 1.4
= 1.3
(ii) Relative efficiency vs A/F ratio
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.2
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
A/F ratio
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

r
a
t
i
o
4
(iii) Break thermal efficiency vs load
B
T
E
Load
(iv) Volumetric efficiency vs engine speed
v
Speed
(v) Peak-cycle temperature vs equivalence
ratio
T
= 1.1
3. 3. 3. 3. 3. (b) (b) (b) (b) (b)
pv = RT (1 + Bp + Cp
2
+ .....)
v =
RT
RTB RTCp .....
p
+ + +
P
v R dB
RB RT
T p dT
, ]
+ +
, ]
]
dC
RTp RpC .....
dT
+ + +
P
v RT dB
T RTB RT
T p dT
, ]
+ +
, ]
]
2
dC
RT p RTpC .....
dT
+ + +
2
P
v dB dC
T v RT RT p .....
T dT dT
, ]
+ + +
, ]
]
2 2
P
v dB dC
T V RT RT p .....
T dT dT
, ]
+ +
, ]
]
2 2
p
P
v dB
lim T v RT proved .....( )
T dT
, ] , ]

, ]
, ]
]
]
2
0
i
For Van der Waals gas, to find Boyle
temperature T
B
,
( )
T C
P
pv
p

, ]
, ]
]
0
0
pv =
B C B
RT P P .....
RT
RT
, ]
+ + +
, ]
]
2
2
2
1
( ) pv B
p RT
0
where B (second virial
coefficient) =
a
b
RT
B =
B b a
RT RT
R T

2 2
dB
dT
=
b a
RT R T
+
2 2 3
2
From equation (i),
J
P o
P
RT b a
lim
C
RT R T
j \
+
, (
( ,
2
2 2 3
2
0
b
RT
2
=
a
R T
2 3
2
T
i
=
a
bR
2
(Inversion temperature)
T
i
= 2T
B
Inversion temperature = 2 Boyle
temperature
5
3. 3. 3. 3. 3. (c) (c) (c) (c) (c)
1
p
v
t
t
d
0C
T
emp
S
Reference
state
Enthalpy of moist air,
h = h
a
+ h
v
...(i)
h
a
is enthalpy of dry air
h
v
is enthalpy of water vapour part
h
a
= c
pa
t = 1.005 t ...(ii)
Where specific heat of dry air is 1.005
kJ/kgK and t is the dry bulb temperature
of air in C.
h
v
= c
pw
t
dp
+ (h
fg
)
dp
+ c
pv
(t t
dp
) kJ/kg
= 4.18 t
dp
+ (h
fg
)
dp
+ 1.88 (t t
dp
)
Here,
h
1
= ( ) g pv
C
h c . /
+
0
1 88 kJ kg
c
pw
= Specific heat of liquid water = 4.18
kJ/kgK
t
dp
= Dew point temperature
(h
fg
)
dp
= Latent heat of vaporization at DPT.
c
pv
= Specific heat of superheated vapour
= 1.88 kJ/kgK
h
v
= 2500 + 1.188t ...(iii)
From equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
h = 1.005t + (2500 + 1.88t) kJ/kg of dry air
4. 4. 4. 4. 4. (a) (i) (a) (i) (a) (i) (a) (i) (a) (i)
Tds = dH vdp
ds
2
1
=
p
mc dT
mRdp
T p

2 2
1 1
s
2
s
1
=
p e e
T p
mc log mRlog
T p
j \ j \
, ( , (
( , ( ,
2 2
1 1
for 1 kg of air,
p e e
T p
s s c log Rlog
T p
j \ j \

, ( , (
( , ( ,
2 2
2 1
1 1
Change in availability
=
1

2
= b
1
b
2
= (h
1
T
0
s
1
) (h
2
T
0
s
2
)
=
( )
p p
p T
c T T T R c
p T
j \

, (
( ,
2 2
1 2 0
1 1
in in
= ( ) . 1 005 520 300
e
. log .
j \
, (
( ,
1 573
293 0 287 1 005in
5 793
= 1.005 220 293 (0.3267 0.4619)
= 221.1 + 39.6 = 260.7 kJ/kg
(ii) (ii) (ii) (ii) (ii)
W
max
= Change in availability = 260.7 kJ/kg
(iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii)
Applying S.F.E.E. for turbine,
Q + h
1
= W + h
2
W = (h
1
h
2
) + Q
= 1.005 (520 300) 10
= 211.1 kJ/kg
Irreversibility,
I = W
max
W
= 260.7 211.1
= 49.6 kJ/kg
4. 4. 4. 4. 4. (b) (b) (b) (b) (b)
T
2
= 20C, (p
s
)
20C
= 2.3385 kPa
T
1
= 30C, (p
s
)
30C
= 4.2461 kPa
2
=
s
s
. p . .
p p .

0 622 0 622 2 3385
100 2 3385
= 0.0149 kg vap/kg d.a
1
=
( )
pa fg
g f
C T T h
h h
+
1
2 1 2 2
2
h
fg2
= 2454.1 kJ/kg
h
f 2
= 2538.1 2454.1 = 84 kJ/kg
6
h
1
= h
g1
= 2556.2 kJ/kg
1
=
( ) . . .
.
+
1 005 20 30 0 0149 2454 1

2556 2 84
= 0.0107 kg vap/ kg d.a
1
=
. p
p p
1
1
0 622
0.622 p
1
= (100 p
1
) 0.0107
or 0.622 p
1
= 1.07 0.0107 p
1
or 0.6327 p
1
= 1.07
or p
1
= 1.691 kPa
Relative humidity,
=
w
s
p .
p .
1
1
1 691
4 2461
= . 0 39828 or 39.828%
4. 4. 4. 4. 4. (c) (c) (c) (c) (c)
Velocity at throat,
C
2
=
da p
p
C C T
p

, ]
j \
, ]
, ( , ]
( ,
, ]
]
1
2
1
1
2 1
C
2
= 100 m/s, C
da
= 0.84,
C
p
= 1.005 kJ/kg, T
1
= 290 K
.
.
.

1 0 4
0 286
1 4
or
.
p
. p
, ]
j \ j \
, ]
, ( , (
( , ( ,
, ]
]
0 286 2
2
1
100
2 1005 290 1
0 84
or
.
p
.
p
j \

, (
( ,
0 286
2
1
1 0 0243
or
.
p
.
p
j \
, (
( ,
0 286
2
1
0 97568
or
p
. ,p .
p

2
2
1
0 9175 or 0 9175bar
p
a
= p
1
p
2
= 0.0825 bar
p
f
= 0.85 0.0825 = 0.070125 bar
v
1
=
RT
.
p

3 1
5
1
287 290
0 8323m
10
v
2
=
/
p
v
p
j \
, (
( ,
1
1
1
2
=
.
.
.
j \
, (
( ,
0 714
1
0 8323
0 9175
= 0.885 m
3
/kg
Throat area,
A
2
=
a
m v
C
2
2
=
.
.

4 2
6 0 885
8 85 10 m
60 100
A
2
=
/
.
d d
.
j \
, (
( ,
1 2
2
2 2
8 85
or
4 0 785
d
2
= 3.3576 cm
f
m
=
( )
/
f df f f
AC p
1 2
2
( )
/
f
.
A . .
1 2
5
0 4
0 65 2 770 0 070125 10
60
A
f
= 3.121 10
6
m
2
d
f
= 1.994 10
3
m or 1.994 mm
5. 5. 5. 5. 5. (a) (i) (a) (i) (a) (i) (a) (i) (a) (i)
bp =
NT 2
60000
=
. . . 2 3 14 4500 42 0 54 9 81
60000
= 104.8 kW
(ii) (ii) (ii) (ii) (ii)
bmep =
bp
LAnK
60000
=
.
. .

2
104 8 60000
4500
0 08 0 09 8
4 2
= 6.87 10
5
Pa
7
bmep = 6.87 bar
(iii) (iii) (iii) (iii) (iii)
bsfc =
.
. /
.
4 4
60
10
0 252 kg kWh
104 8
(iv) (iv) (iv) (iv) (iv)
bsac = . /
.
6 60
3 435 kg kWh
104 8
(v) (v) (v) (v) (v)
bth
=
f
bp
m cv
=
.
.
104 8
4 4
44000
10 60
= 0.3248 or 32.48%
(vi) (vi) (vi) (vi) (vi)
a
V
=
a
m RT
p
=
. /

3
5
6 287 300
5 166m min
1 10
V
s
= D LnK
2
4
= . .

2
4500
0 09 0 08 8
4 2
= 9.16 m
3
/min
v
=
a
s
V .
V .

5 166
100 100
9 16
= 0.5639 or 56.39%
(vii) (vii) (vii) (vii) (vii)
A/F = .
.

6
13 64
0 44
5. 5. 5. 5. 5. (b) (b) (b) (b) (b)
Human comfort is defined as the state of mind
that expresses satisfaction with the
surrounding environment. Factors that
determine human comfort include: temperature
of the surrounding environment, humidity of
the air, air motion in addition to air purity.
Factor affecti ng opti mum effecti ve Factor affecti ng opti mum effecti ve Factor affecti ng opti mum effecti ve Factor affecti ng opti mum effecti ve Factor affecti ng opti mum effecti ve
temperature temperature temperature temperature temperature
1. Climatic and seasonal differences
2. Clothing
3. Age and sex
4. Duration of stay
5. Kind of activity
6. Density of occupants
Poi nt consi dered f or cool i ng l oad Poi nt consi dered f or cool i ng l oad Poi nt consi dered f or cool i ng l oad Poi nt consi dered f or cool i ng l oad Poi nt consi dered f or cool i ng l oad
estimation and heating load estimation estimation and heating load estimation estimation and heating load estimation estimation and heating load estimation estimation and heating load estimation
1. Heat flowing into or going out from the
building by conduction through exterior
walls, floors, ceilings, doors etc.
2. Heat gi ven off by l i ghts, motor,
machinery, cooking operations etc.
3. Heat received from solar radiation.
4. Heat liberated by the occupants.
5. Heat gain from the fan work.
6. Heat gain due to moisture in the outside air.
7. Heat gain due to condensation of
moisture from any process such as
cooking foods which takes place within
the conditioned space.
6. 6. 6. 6. 6. (a) (a) (a) (a) (a)
Pressure loss due to friction for the circular
duct:
p
fc
=
a c
c c
f L P Q
A A
j \ j \
, ( , (
( , ( ,
2
2
=
( )
a c
c
f L Q P
A
, ]
, ]
, ]
]
2
3
2
Pressure loss due to friction for the
rectangular duct:
p
fR
=
a R
c R
fL P Q
A A
j \ j \
, ( , (
( , ( ,
2
2
=
( )
a R
R
fL Q P
A
, ]
, ]
, ]
]
2
3
2
As per given condition,
P
fc
= P
fR
c
c
P
A
3
=
R
R
P
A
3
8
D
D
j \
, (
( ,
3
2
4
=
( ) a b
a b
+
3 3
2
or
a b
D a b
+
2 5 3 3
32
or
( )
a b
D
a b
+
3 3
5
2
32
D =
/
a b
.
a b
j \
, (
+
( ,
1 5
3 3
1 265
6. 6. 6. 6. 6. (b) (b) (b) (b) (b)
C.V
Q kJ = 9
1
W kJ = 135
2
v
1
= 0.37 m
3
/kg, p
1
= 600 kPa
v
1
= 16 m/s, z
1
= 32 m
v
2
= 0.37 m
3
/kg, p
2
= 600 kPa
v
2
= 16 m/s, z
2
= 0
Writing S.F.E.E. for the above control
volume:
v dQ
u pv z g
dm
+ + + +
2
1
1 1 1 1
2
=
z
v dW
u p v z g
dm
+ + + +
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
u
1
u
2
= ( )
v v
p v p v
j \
+ +
, (
( ,
2 2
2 1
2 2 1 1
2
( )
dW dQ
z z g
dm dm
+
2 1
x
= ( ) . .
j \
+
, (
( ,
2 2
270 16
100 0 62 600 0 37
2 1000
+ (0 32) 9.81 + 135 + 9
= 160 + 36.32 0.314 + 144
= 20.006 kJ/kg
Specific internal energy decreases by
20 kJ/kg.
6. 6. 6. 6. 6. (c) (c) (c) (c) (c)
T
r
= 1.3
Z = 0.7
Z
0.7
2
P
r
Given
P
r
= 2, T
r
= 1.3, z = 0.7
c
p
p
= 2 or p = 2 2.73 = 5.46 MPa

c
T
T
= . T 1 3 or = 1.3 44.5 = 57.85 K
pv = zRT
v =
. . .
. .

3
0 7 8 3143 57 85
20 183 5 46 10
= 3.05 10
3
m
3
/kg
v
r
=
c
v
v
=
. .
.
.
3
2
3 05 10 20 183
1 48
4 16 10

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Classroom Study Course (CSC)

Postal Study Course (PSC)

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