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ANSYS, Inc.
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Release 14.5
October 2012
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9001:2008.
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Table of Contents
1. Using This Manual ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Whats In This Manual ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.2. How To Use This Manual .................................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1. For the Beginner ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2.2. For the Experienced User .......................................................................................................... 1
1.3.Typographical Conventions Used In This Manual ................................................................................ 1
1.4. Mouse Conventions Used In This Manual ........................................................................................... 2
1.5. When To Call Your ANSYS Icepak Support Engineer ............................................................................ 2
2. Finned Heat Sink ..................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2. Prerequisites ..................................................................................................................................... 3
2.3. Problem Description ......................................................................................................................... 3
2.4. Step 1: Create a New Project .............................................................................................................. 4
2.5. Step 2: Build the Model ..................................................................................................................... 5
2.6. Step 3: Generate a Mesh .................................................................................................................. 18
2.7. Step 4: Physical and Numerical Settings ........................................................................................... 23
2.8. Step 5: Save the Model .................................................................................................................... 25
2.9. Step 6: Calculate a Solution ............................................................................................................. 25
2.10. Step 7: Examine the Results ........................................................................................................... 27
2.11. Step 8: Summary ........................................................................................................................... 36
2.12. Step 9: Additional Exercise ............................................................................................................. 36
3. RF Amplifier ........................................................................................................................................... 39
3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 39
3.2. Prerequisites ................................................................................................................................... 39
3.3. Problem Description ....................................................................................................................... 39
3.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ............................................................................................................ 40
3.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................... 41
3.6. Step 3: Create Assemblies ................................................................................................................ 55
3.7. Step 4: Generate a Mesh .................................................................................................................. 57
3.8. Step 5: Physical and Numerical Settings ........................................................................................... 61
3.9. Step 6: Save the Model .................................................................................................................... 63
3.10. Step 7: Calculate a Solution ........................................................................................................... 63
3.11. Step 8: Examine the Results ........................................................................................................... 66
3.12. Step 9: Summary ........................................................................................................................... 74
4. Use of Parameterization to Optimize Fan Location .............................................................................. 75
4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 75
4.2. Prerequisites ................................................................................................................................... 75
4.3. Problem Description ....................................................................................................................... 75
4.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ............................................................................................................ 76
4.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................... 76
4.6. Step 3: Creating Separately Meshed Assemblies ............................................................................... 87
4.7. Step 4: Generate a Mesh .................................................................................................................. 88
4.8. Step 5: Setting up the Multiple Trials ................................................................................................ 89
4.9. Step 6: Creating Monitor Points ....................................................................................................... 91
4.10. Step 7: Physical and Numerical Setting ........................................................................................... 92
4.11. Step 8: Save the Model .................................................................................................................. 93
4.12. Step 9: Calculate a Solution ........................................................................................................... 94
4.13. Step 10: Examine the Results ......................................................................................................... 94
4.14. Step 11: Reports ............................................................................................................................ 98
4.15. Step 12: Summary ......................................................................................................................... 99
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4.16. Step 13: Additional Exercise to Model Higher Altitude Effect ........................................................... 99
5. Cold-Plate Model with Non-Conformal Meshing ................................................................................ 103
5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 103
5.2. Prerequisites ................................................................................................................................. 103
5.3. Problem Description ..................................................................................................................... 103
5.4. Step 1: Create a New Project .......................................................................................................... 103
5.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................. 103
5.6. Step 3: Create a Separately Meshed Assembly ................................................................................ 107
5.7. Step 4: Generate a Mesh ................................................................................................................ 108
5.8. Step 5: Physical and Numerical Settings ......................................................................................... 109
5.9. Step 6: Save the Model .................................................................................................................. 112
5.10. Step 7: Calculate a Solution .......................................................................................................... 112
5.11. Step 8: Examine the Results ......................................................................................................... 112
5.12. Step 9: Summary ......................................................................................................................... 113
5.13. Step 10: Additional Exercise ......................................................................................................... 113
6. Heat-Pipe Modeling and Nested Non-Conformal Meshing ................................................................ 115
6.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 115
6.2. Prerequisites ................................................................................................................................. 115
6.3. Problem Description ..................................................................................................................... 115
6.4. Step 1: Create a New Project .......................................................................................................... 116
6.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................. 117
6.6. Step 3: Create Nested Non-conformal Mesh Using Assemblies ........................................................ 121
6.7. Step 4: Generate a Mesh ................................................................................................................ 123
6.8. Step 5: Physical and Numerical Settings ......................................................................................... 124
6.9. Step 6: Save the Model .................................................................................................................. 125
6.10. Step 7: Calculate a Solution .......................................................................................................... 125
6.11. Step 8: Examine the Results ......................................................................................................... 125
6.12. Step 9: Summary ......................................................................................................................... 128
7. Non-Conformal Mesh .......................................................................................................................... 129
7.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 129
7.2. Prerequisites ................................................................................................................................. 129
7.3. Problem Description ..................................................................................................................... 129
7.4. Step 1: Create a New Project .......................................................................................................... 130
7.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................. 130
7.6. Step 3: Generate a Conformal Mesh ............................................................................................... 132
7.7. Step 4: Physical and Numerical Settings ......................................................................................... 134
7.8. Step 5: Save the Model .................................................................................................................. 134
7.9. Step 6: Calculate a Solution ........................................................................................................... 134
7.10. Step 7: Examine the Results ......................................................................................................... 134
7.11. Step 8: Add an Assembly to the Model ......................................................................................... 136
7.12. Step 9: Generate a Non-conformal Mesh ...................................................................................... 138
7.13. Step 10: Save the Model .............................................................................................................. 139
7.14. Step 11: Calculate a Solution ........................................................................................................ 140
7.15. Step 12: Examine the Results ....................................................................................................... 140
7.16. Step 13: Summary ....................................................................................................................... 140
8. Mesh and Model Enhancement Exercise ............................................................................................. 141
8.1. Objective ...................................................................................................................................... 141
8.2. Prerequisites ................................................................................................................................. 141
8.3. Skills Covered ............................................................................................................................... 141
8.4. Training Method Used ................................................................................................................... 141
8.5. Loading the Model ........................................................................................................................ 141
8.6. A 15 Minute Exploration ................................................................................................................ 141
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8.7. Step-by-Step Approach ................................................................................................................. 142
8.8. Modification 1: Non-Conformal Mesh of the Heat Sink and Components ........................................ 143
8.9. Modification 2: Resolution of Thin Conducting Plate Intersecting Non-Conformal Region ................ 145
8.10. Modification 3: Non-Conformal Mesh for the hi-flux-comps Cluster .............................................. 146
8.11. Modification 4: A Super Assembly... .............................................................................................. 147
8.12. Modification 5: A Simplification Based on Magnitudes of Resistances... ......................................... 149
8.13. Modification 6: A Classic Case for Thin Conducting Plate... ............................................................ 150
8.14. Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 151
9. Loss Coefficient for a Hexa-Grille ........................................................................................................ 153
9.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 153
9.2. Prerequisites ................................................................................................................................. 153
9.3. Problem Description ..................................................................................................................... 153
9.4. Step 1: Create a New Project .......................................................................................................... 154
9.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................. 154
9.6. Step 3: Define Parameters and Trials ............................................................................................... 156
9.7. Step 4: Generate a Mesh ................................................................................................................ 163
9.8. Step 5: Physical and Numerical Settings ......................................................................................... 164
9.9. Step 6: Save the Model .................................................................................................................. 165
9.10. Step 7: Calculate a Solution .......................................................................................................... 165
9.11. Step 8: Examine the Results ......................................................................................................... 165
9.12. Step 9: Summary ......................................................................................................................... 167
10. Inline or Staggered Heat Sink ........................................................................................................... 169
10.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 169
10.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 169
10.3. Problem Description ................................................................................................................... 169
10.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ........................................................................................................ 170
10.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................ 171
10.6. Step 3: Define Design Variables .................................................................................................... 172
10.7. Step 4: Define Parametric Runs and Assign Primary Functions ...................................................... 174
10.8. Step 5: Generate a Mesh .............................................................................................................. 178
10.9. Step 6: Physical and Numerical Settings ....................................................................................... 178
10.10. Step 7: Save the Model .............................................................................................................. 178
10.11. Step 8: Define Monitor Points ..................................................................................................... 178
10.12. Step 9: Calculate a Solution ........................................................................................................ 179
10.13. Step 10: Examine the Results ...................................................................................................... 179
10.14. Step 11: Summary ..................................................................................................................... 185
11. Minimizing Thermal Resistance ........................................................................................................ 187
11.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 187
11.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 187
11.3. Problem Description ................................................................................................................... 187
11.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ........................................................................................................ 188
11.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................ 189
11.6. Step 3: Define Design Variables .................................................................................................... 189
11.7. Step 4: Generate a Mesh .............................................................................................................. 191
11.8. Step 5: Physical and Numerical Settings ....................................................................................... 192
11.9. Step 6: Save the Model ................................................................................................................ 192
11.10. Step 7: Define Primary, Compound, and Objective Functions ....................................................... 192
11.11. Step 8: Calculate a Solution ........................................................................................................ 195
11.12. Step 9: Examine the Results ....................................................................................................... 196
11.13. Step 10: Summary ..................................................................................................................... 197
11.14. Step 11: Additional Exercise ....................................................................................................... 197
12. Radiation Modeling .......................................................................................................................... 199
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12.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 199
12.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 199
12.3. Problem Description ................................................................................................................... 199
12.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ........................................................................................................ 199
12.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................ 199
12.6. Step 3: Generate a Mesh .............................................................................................................. 205
12.7. Step 4: Physical and Numerical Settings ....................................................................................... 207
12.8. Step 5: Solving the Model Without Radiation ................................................................................ 207
12.9. Step 6: Save the Model ................................................................................................................ 210
12.10. Step 7: Calculate a Solution- No Radiation .................................................................................. 211
12.11. Step 8: Surface to Surface (S2S) Radiation Model ........................................................................ 211
12.12. Step 9: Discrete Ordinates (DO) Radiation Model ........................................................................ 212
12.13. Step 10: Ray Tracing Radiation Model ......................................................................................... 212
12.14. Step 11: Examine the Results ...................................................................................................... 213
12.15. Step 12: Summary ..................................................................................................................... 215
13. Transient Simulation ......................................................................................................................... 217
13.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 217
13.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 217
13.3. Problem Description ................................................................................................................... 217
13.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ........................................................................................................ 217
13.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................ 218
13.6. Step 4: Generate a Mesh .............................................................................................................. 222
13.7. Step 5: Physical and Numerical Settings ....................................................................................... 222
13.8. Step 6: Save the Model ................................................................................................................ 223
13.9. Step 7: Calculate a Solution .......................................................................................................... 223
13.10. Step 8: Generate a Summary Report ........................................................................................... 223
13.11. Step 9: Examine the Results ....................................................................................................... 224
13.12. Step 10: Examine Transient Results in CFD Post ........................................................................... 226
13.13. Step 10: Summary ..................................................................................................................... 231
14. Zoom-In Modeling in ANSYS Workbench .......................................................................................... 233
14.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 233
14.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 233
14.3. Problem Description ................................................................................................................... 233
14.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ........................................................................................................ 234
14.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................ 235
14.6. Step 3: Generate a Mesh .............................................................................................................. 236
14.7. Step 4: Physical and Numerical Settings ....................................................................................... 237
14.8. Step 5: Save the Model ................................................................................................................ 238
14.9. Step 6: Calculate a Solution .......................................................................................................... 238
14.10. Step 7: Examine the Results ....................................................................................................... 238
14.11. Step 8: Create a Zoom-In Model ................................................................................................. 241
14.12. Step 9: Edit the Zoom-in Model .................................................................................................. 243
14.13. Step 10: Mesh the Zoom-In Model ............................................................................................. 245
14.14. Step 11: Zoom-In Physical and Numerical Settings ...................................................................... 246
14.15. Step 12: Examine the Zoom-in Results ........................................................................................ 247
14.16. Step 13: Summary ..................................................................................................................... 248
14.17. Step 14: Additional Exercise 1 .................................................................................................... 249
14.18. Step 15: Additional Exercise 2 .................................................................................................... 249
15. IDF Import ......................................................................................................................................... 251
15.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 251
15.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 251
15.3. Problem Description ................................................................................................................... 251
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15.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ........................................................................................................ 251
15.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................ 252
15.6. Step 3: Component Filtration Alternatives .................................................................................... 257
15.7. Step 4: Component Models Alternatives ...................................................................................... 258
15.8. Step 5: Summary ......................................................................................................................... 260
16. Modeling CAD Geometry .................................................................................................................. 261
16.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 261
16.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 261
16.3. Problem Description ................................................................................................................... 261
16.4. Step 1: Creating a New Project ..................................................................................................... 262
16.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................ 263
16.6. Step 3: Generate a Mesh .............................................................................................................. 271
16.7. Step 4: Physical and Numerical Settings ....................................................................................... 275
16.8. Step 5: Save the Model ................................................................................................................ 278
16.9. Step 6: Calculate a Solution .......................................................................................................... 279
16.10. Step 7: Examine the Results ....................................................................................................... 280
16.11. Step 8: Summary ....................................................................................................................... 283
17. Trace Layer Import for Printed Circuit Boards ................................................................................... 285
17.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 285
17.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 285
17.3. Problem Description ................................................................................................................... 286
17.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ........................................................................................................ 286
17.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................ 286
17.6. Conduction Only Model (PCB Without the Components) .............................................................. 295
17.7. Step 1: Generate a Mesh .............................................................................................................. 296
17.8. Step 2: Set Physical and Numerical Values .................................................................................... 296
17.9. Step 3: Save the Model ................................................................................................................ 297
17.10. Step 4: Calculate a Solution ........................................................................................................ 297
17.11. Step 5: Examine the Results ....................................................................................................... 297
17.12. PCB With the Actual Components Under Forced Convection ...................................................... 299
17.13. Step 1: Generate a Mesh ............................................................................................................ 300
17.14. Step 2: Set Physical and Numerical Values .................................................................................. 300
17.15. Step 3: Calculate a Solution ........................................................................................................ 300
17.16. Step 4: Examine the Results ....................................................................................................... 300
17.17. Using the Model Layers Separately Option ................................................................................. 301
17.18. Summary .................................................................................................................................. 302
17.19. Additional Exercise 1 ................................................................................................................. 302
17.20. Additional Exercise 2 ................................................................................................................. 302
18. Joule/Trace Heating .......................................................................................................................... 303
18.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 303
18.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 303
18.3. Problem Description ................................................................................................................... 303
18.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ........................................................................................................ 303
18.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................ 304
18.6. Step 3: Generate a Mesh .............................................................................................................. 309
18.7. Step 4: Physical and Numerical Settings ....................................................................................... 311
18.8. Step 5: Save the Model ................................................................................................................ 311
18.9. Step 6: Calculate a Solution .......................................................................................................... 311
18.10. Step 7: Examine the Results ....................................................................................................... 312
18.11. Step 8: Summary ....................................................................................................................... 315
19. Microelectronics Packages - Compact models .................................................................................. 317
19.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 317
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19.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 317
19.3. Problem Description ................................................................................................................... 317
19.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ........................................................................................................ 318
19.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................ 318
19.6. Step 3: Generate a Mesh .............................................................................................................. 328
19.7. Step 4: Physical and Numerical Settings ....................................................................................... 329
19.8. Step 5: Save the Model ................................................................................................................ 329
19.9. Step 6: Calculate a Solution .......................................................................................................... 329
19.10. Step 7: Examine the Results ....................................................................................................... 331
19.11. Step 8: Summary ....................................................................................................................... 332
19.12. Step 9: Additional Exercise ......................................................................................................... 332
20. Multi-Level Meshing .......................................................................................................................... 333
20.1. Objective .................................................................................................................................... 333
20.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 333
20.3. Skills Covered .............................................................................................................................. 333
20.4. Training Method Used ................................................................................................................. 333
20.5. Loading the Model ...................................................................................................................... 333
20.6. Step-by-Step Approach ............................................................................................................... 333
20.7. Modification 1: Multi-Level Meshing of the Fan_Guide ................................................................. 336
20.8. Modification 2: Multi-Level Mesh of the Sheetmetal_hs_assy.1 ..................................................... 337
20.9. Generate a Mesh ......................................................................................................................... 338
20.10. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 341
21. Characterizing a BGA-package by Utilizing ECAD Files .................................................................... 343
21.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 343
21.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 343
21.3. Problem Description ................................................................................................................... 343
21.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ........................................................................................................ 343
21.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................ 343
21.6. Step 3: Generate a Mesh .............................................................................................................. 348
21.7. Step 4: Physical and Numerical Settings ....................................................................................... 349
21.8. Step 5: Save the Model ................................................................................................................ 350
21.9. Step 6: Calculate a Solution .......................................................................................................... 350
21.10. Step 7: Examine the Results ....................................................................................................... 350
21.11. Step 8: Summary ....................................................................................................................... 352
22. Zero Slack with Non-Conformal Meshing ......................................................................................... 353
22.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 353
22.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 353
22.3. Problem Description ................................................................................................................... 353
22.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ........................................................................................................ 355
22.5. Step 2: Default Units .................................................................................................................... 355
22.6. Step 3: Build the Model ................................................................................................................ 355
22.7. Step 4: Import Traces ................................................................................................................... 355
22.8. Step 5: Add Slack Values .............................................................................................................. 357
22.9. Step 6: Generate Mesh (with Slack Values) .................................................................................... 357
22.10. Step 7: Zero Slack ...................................................................................................................... 358
22.11. Step 8: Generate Mesh (with Zero Slack) ..................................................................................... 359
22.12. Step 9: Physical and Numerical Settings ..................................................................................... 359
22.13. Step 10: Save the Model ............................................................................................................. 360
22.14. Step 11: Calculate a Solution ...................................................................................................... 360
22.15. Step 12: Examine the Results ...................................................................................................... 360
22.16. Step 13: Summary ..................................................................................................................... 360
23. ANSYS Icepak - ANSYS Workbench Integration Tutorial ................................................................... 361
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23.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 361
23.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 361
23.3. Problem Description ................................................................................................................... 361
23.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ........................................................................................................ 362
23.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................ 363
23.6. Step 3: Generate a Mesh .............................................................................................................. 366
23.7. Step 4: Physical and Numerical Settings ....................................................................................... 368
23.8. Step 5: Save the Model ................................................................................................................ 368
23.9. Step 6: Calculate a Solution .......................................................................................................... 368
23.10. Step 7: Examine the Results with CFD-Post ................................................................................. 369
23.11. Step 8: Thermo-Mechanical Structural Analysis ........................................................................... 371
23.12. Step 9: Summary ....................................................................................................................... 372
24. Postprocessing Using ANSYS CFD-Post ............................................................................................ 373
24.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 373
24.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 373
24.3. Problem Description ................................................................................................................... 374
24.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ........................................................................................................ 374
24.5. Step 2: Parametric Trials and Solver Settings ................................................................................. 377
24.6. Step 3: Calculate a Solution .......................................................................................................... 377
24.7. Step 4: Postprocessing Using ANSYS CFD-Post ............................................................................. 378
24.8. Step 5: Comparison Study ............................................................................................................ 401
24.9. Step 6: Summary ......................................................................................................................... 406
25. High Density Datacenter Cooling ..................................................................................................... 407
25.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 407
25.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 407
25.3. Problem Description ................................................................................................................... 407
25.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ........................................................................................................ 408
25.5. Step 2: Set Preferences ................................................................................................................ 409
25.6. Step 3: Build the Model ................................................................................................................ 410
25.7. Step 4: Generate a Mesh .............................................................................................................. 436
25.8. Step 5: Create Monitor Points ....................................................................................................... 437
25.9. Step 6: Physical and Numerical Settings ....................................................................................... 438
25.10. Step 7: Save the Model .............................................................................................................. 439
25.11. Step 8: Calculate a Solution ........................................................................................................ 439
25.12. Step 9: Examine the Results ....................................................................................................... 441
25.13. Step 10: Additional Exercise: Visualize and analyze the results in ANSYS CFD-Post ........................ 448
25.14. Step 11: Summary ..................................................................................................................... 448
26. Design Modeler - Electronics ............................................................................................................ 449
26.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 449
26.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 449
26.3. Problem Description ................................................................................................................... 449
26.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ........................................................................................................ 450
26.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................ 451
26.6. Step 3: Add Shortcuts to the Toolbar ............................................................................................ 452
26.7. Step 4: Edit the Model for ANSYS Icepak ....................................................................................... 453
26.8. Step 5: Opening the Model in ANSYS Icepak ................................................................................. 472
26.9. Step 6: Summary ......................................................................................................................... 474
27. CFD Modeling and Analysis of an Avionics Box ............................................................................... 475
27.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 475
27.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 475
27.3. Create a New ANSYS Icepak Project ............................................................................................. 475
27.4. Create a Support for the Box and Resize Cabinet .......................................................................... 477
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27.5. Set Up the Model for Non-conformal Meshing ............................................................................. 481
27.6. Generate the Mesh ...................................................................................................................... 485
27.7. Power and Material Inputs ........................................................................................................... 488
27.8. Fan Inputs ................................................................................................................................... 488
27.9. Additional Exercises .................................................................................................................... 503
27.10. Setup for Transient Analysis Forced Convection Mode ............................................................. 504
28. Translation of MCAD Geometry to Icepak Native Geometry Using ANSYS DesignModeler ............. 509
28.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 509
28.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 509
28.3. Tutorial Outline ........................................................................................................................... 509
28.4. Part 1: General Topics .................................................................................................................. 509
28.5. ANSYS Workbench Project Schematic .......................................................................................... 510
28.6. DesignModeler ........................................................................................................................... 512
28.7. CAD Model Import ...................................................................................................................... 513
28.8. PART 2: Model Conversion From CAD to Icepak ............................................................................ 514
28.9. ANSYS DesignModeler- Electronics .............................................................................................. 514
28.10. Simplify - Level 0 ....................................................................................................................... 515
28.11. Slice Tool in DM ......................................................................................................................... 518
28.12. Simplify - Level 1 ....................................................................................................................... 521
28.13. Simplify - Level 2 ....................................................................................................................... 524
28.14. Simplification into Icepak Objects Level 3 ................................................................................ 524
28.15. What did we learn in this tutorial? .............................................................................................. 527
29. Translation of System Level MCAD Geometry to Icepak Native Geometry Using ANSYS DesignModeler ................................................................................................................................................... 529
29.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 529
29.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 529
29.3. Tutorial Outline ........................................................................................................................... 529
29.4. Model Description ...................................................................................................................... 529
29.5. Getting Started ANSYS Workbench, Project Schematic ............................................................... 530
29.6. Getting Started - ANSYS DesignModeler ...................................................................................... 531
29.7. Import of CAD Geometry ............................................................................................................ 532
29.8. Initial Model Review .................................................................................................................... 532
29.9. CAD Geometry Information and Repair Utilities ........................................................................... 533
29.10. Suppress Non-Essential Bodies .................................................................................................. 534
29.11. Functionality Based Grouping ................................................................................................... 535
29.12. Simple Shapes vs. Complex Shapes ............................................................................................ 536
29.13. Translation of CAD Bodies to ANSYS Icepak ................................................................................ 538
29.14. Summary .................................................................................................................................. 575
30. MRF Tutorial ...................................................................................................................................... 577
30.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 577
30.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 577
30.3. Opening the Project .................................................................................................................... 578
30.4. Modifying the Geometry ............................................................................................................. 579
30.5. Generating the Mesh ................................................................................................................... 582
30.6. Examine the Mesh ....................................................................................................................... 586
30.7. Solution Settings for MRF Fan Model ........................................................................................... 588
30.8. Post-processing the Results ......................................................................................................... 593
30.9. BONUS SECTION: Comparing MRF to 3D Icepak Fans .................................................................... 594
31. Modeling an Airborne Electronics System at Altitude ...................................................................... 595
31.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 595
31.2. Opening the Project .................................................................................................................... 595
31.3. Adding the Fins ........................................................................................................................... 596
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Tutorials
31.4. Modeling the effects of Altitudes ................................................................................................. 601
31.5. Summary .................................................................................................................................... 608
32. Maxwell to ANSYS Icepak Coupling Tutorial ..................................................................................... 609
32.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 609
32.2. Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................... 609
32.3. Problem Description ................................................................................................................... 609
32.4. Step 1: Create a New Project ........................................................................................................ 609
32.5. Step 2: Build the Model ................................................................................................................ 610
32.6. Step 3: Generate a Mesh .............................................................................................................. 625
32.7. Step 4: Physical and Numerical Settings ....................................................................................... 626
32.8. Step 5: Save the Model ................................................................................................................ 627
32.9. Step 6: Calculate a Solution .......................................................................................................... 627
32.10. Step 7: Examine the Results ....................................................................................................... 628
32.11. Step 8: Summary ....................................................................................................................... 629
Index ........................................................................................................................................................ 631
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xi
xii
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Basic parameters
indicates that the Basic parameters item can be selected from the Problem setup node in the
Model manager window
Pictures of toolbar buttons are also used to indicate the button that will lead you to a specific panel. For
indicates that you will need to click on this button (in this case, to open the Walls panel) in
example,
the toolbar.
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2.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you have little to no experience with ANSYS Icepak and so each step will be
explicitly described.
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2. Click New in the Welcome to Icepak panel to start a new ANSYS Icepak project.
The New project panel appears.
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Note
You can rotate the cabinet around a central point using the left mouse button, or you
can translate it to any point on the screen using the middle mouse button. You can zoom
into and out from the cabinet using the right mouse button. To restore the cabinet to
its default orientation, select Home position in the Orient menu.
Cabinet
Extra
You can also open the Cabinet panel by selecting the Cabinet item in the Model manager
window and then clicking the Edit object button ( ) in the Object modification toolbar.
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xE
0.075
yS
yE
0.25
zS
zE
0.356
Extra
You can also scale the view by clicking the Scale to fit button (
).
Extra
After selecting the object to be edited in the model tree, there are several ways you
can open the Edit panel:
Double-click on the object in the model tree, or
Type Ctrl+e, or
Right-click the object in the model tree and scroll to Edit object, or
Click the Edit button in the object geometry window, or
Click the Edit icon (
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Extra
Blocks allow six-sided control for meshing and thermal specifications, whereas plates allow
for only two-sided control.
a. Click the Create blocks button (
ANSYS Icepak creates a new solid prism block in the center of the cabinet. You need to change
the size of the block.
b. Click the Edit object button (
xE
0.006
yS
yE
0.25
zS
zE
0.356
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ANSYS Icepak creates a free rectangular opening lying in the x-y plane in the center of the cabinet. You need to change the size of the opening.
b. Click the Edit object button (
xE
0.075
yS
yE
0.25
zS
0.006
0.356
zE
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ANSYS Icepak creates a free circular fan lying in the x - y plane in the center of the cabinet. You
need to change the size of the fan and specify its mass flow rate.
b. Click the Edit object (
0.04
yC
0.0475
zC
e. Enter 0.03 for the external radius (Radius), and 0.01 for the internal radius (Int Radius).
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f.
Note
Make sure to update the units to cfm by clicking on the triangle button and selecting
cfm from the drop-down list.
10
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i.
5. Copy the first fan (fan.1) to create the second and third fans (fan.1.1 and fan.1.2).
a. In the graphics display window, select fan.1 using the Shift key and right mouse button.
b. In the object context menu, select Copy and the Copy fan fan.1 panel opens.
c. Enter 2 as the Number of copies.
d. Enable the Translate option and specify a Y offset of 0.0775 m.
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11
e. Click Apply.
ANSYS Icepak makes two copies of the original fan, each offset by 0.0775 m in the y direction
from the previous one.
6. Create the first high-power device.
Like the fans, each device is physically identical to the others, except with respect to its location in
the cabinet. To create the set of five devices, you will build a single rectangular planar source as a
template, and then create four copies, each with a specified offset in the y direction.
a. Click the Create sources button (
) to create a source.
ANSYS Icepak creates a free rectangular source in the center of the cabinet. You need to change
the geometry and size of the source and specify its heat source parameters.
Note
For planar objects, select the desired plane first, then enter the coordinates.
12
xE
yS
0.0315
yE
0.0385
zS
0.1805
zE
0.2005
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13
i.
7. Copy the first device (source.1) to create the other four devices (source.1.1, source.1.2, source.1.3, and
source.1.4).
a. In the Model manager window, select the source.1 item under the Model node.
b. Click the Copy object button (
).
c. Follow the same instructions that you used above to copy the fans, using a Y offset of 0.045 m to
create 4 copies.
8. Create the first fin.
Like the fans and devices, each fin is physically identical to the others, except with respect to its
location in the cabinet. To create the array of ten fins, you will build a single rectangular plate as a
template, and then create nine copies, each with a specified offset in the y direction.
a. Click the Create plates button (
) to create a plate.
ANSYS Icepak creates a free rectangular plate in the x-y plane in the center of the cabinet. You
need to change the orientation and size of the plate and specify its thermal parameters.
b. Click the Edit object button (
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xE
0.075
yS
0.0125
yE
zS
f.
0.006
0.05
zE
0.331
g. Under Thermal model, select Conducting thick from the drop-down menu.
h. Set the Thickness to 0.0025 m.
i.
Note
Since the default solid material is extruded aluminum, you need not specify the material explicitly here.
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15
j.
9. Copy the first fin (plate.1) to create the other nine fins (plate.1.1, plate.1.2, ..., plate.1.9).
a. In the Model manager window, select the plate.1 item under the Model node.
b. Click the Copy object button (
).
c. Follow the same instructions that you used above to copy the fans, using a Y offset of 0.025 m to
create 9 copies.
The completed model will look like Figure 2.2: Completed Model for the Finned Heat Sink (p. 17),
which is shown in the Isometric view (available in the Orient menu or by clicking the Isometric
view button (
)).
Note
You can remove the object names by clicking the Display object names button (
16
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).
10. Check the model to be sure that there are no problems (e.g., objects that are too close together to allow
for proper mesh generation).
Model Check model
Note
You can also click the Check model button (
Note
ANSYS Icepak should report in the Message window that 0 problems were found.
11. Check the definition of the modeling objects to ensure that you specified them properly.
View Summary (HTML)
The HTML version of the summary displays in your web browser. The summary displays a list of all
the objects in the model and all the parameters that have been set for each object. You can view
the detailed version of the summary by clicking the appropriate object names or property specifications. If you notice any incorrect specifications, you can return to the appropriate modeling object
panel and change the settings in the same way that you originally entered them.
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17
Extra
For more information on how to refine a mesh locally, refer to Refining the Mesh Locally in
the Icepak User's Guide.
Model Generate mesh
Extra
You can also generate a mesh by clicking the Generate mesh button (
Mesh control panel.
18
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Note
If the Allow minimum gap changes option is unchecked under the Misc tab, ANSYS
Icepak will inform you that your minimum object separation is more than 10% of the
smallest size object in the model . You can stop the meshing process, ignore the
warning, or allow ANSYS Icepak to correct the values.
f.
If this warning appears, click Change value and mesh in the Minimum separation in x and Minimum
separation in y panels to accept the recommended changes to your model and continue generating
the mesh.
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19
Note
The number of elements may vary slightly on different machines.
20
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e. Use the slider bar to move the plane cut through the model. See Figure 2.4: Fine and Coarse Mesh
on the y-z Plane (p. 22) to examine a close-up view of the coarse mesh.
Note
You can change the mesh color using the Surface mesh color and the Plane mesh
color options.
The mesh elements near the fins are too large to sufficiently resolve the problem physics. In the
next step, you will generate a finer mesh.
3. Generate a finer mesh.
a. Click the Settings tab.
b. Under the Global tab, select Normal in the Mesh parameters drop-down list.
ANSYS Icepak updates the panel with the default meshing parameters and Minimum gap values
for a normal" (i.e., finer than coarse) mesh.
4. Click the Generate button in the Mesh control panel to generate the finer mesh.
5. Examine the new mesh.
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21
Note
After deselecting the Display mesh option and closing the Mesh control panel, you
can display the mesh on selected objects by using the context menu in the graphics
display window. To display the context menu, hold down the Shift key and press the
right mouse button anywhere in the graphics window, but not on an object. Select
Display mesh and select the object you want it displayed on.
22
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Basic settings
a. Click the Reset button. Reset calculates the Reynolds and Peclet numbers.
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23
Note
These values are only estimates, based on the current model setup. Actual values may
vary, and may need to be verified, depending on your design.
Basic parameters
24
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Note
Alternatively, you can click the
Note
You can click the Run solution button (
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25
Note
There are no universal metrics for judging convergence, a good indicator is when the
solution no longer changes with more iterations and when the residuals have decreased
to a certain degree. The default criterion is that each residual will be reduced to a value
of less than
except the energy residual, for which the default criterion is
. It
is a good idea to judge convergence not only by examining residuals levels, but also by
monitoring relevant integrated quantities.
ANSYS Icepak begins to calculate a solution for the model, and a separate window opens where the
solver prints the numerical values of the residuals. ANSYS Icepak also opens the Solution residuals
graphics display and control window, where it displays the convergence history for the calculation.
Upon completion of the calculation, your residual plot will look something like Figure 2.6: Residuals (p. 27). You can zoom in the residual plot by using the left mouse.
Note
The actual values of the residuals may differ slightly on different machines, so your plot
may not look exactly the same as Figure 2.6: Residuals (p. 27).
26
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27
Note
The objective of this exercise is to determine whether the air flow and heat transfer associated
with the heat sink (fans and fins) are sufficient to maintain device temperatures below 65C.
You can accomplish this by creating different plane cuts and monitoring the velocity vector
and temperature on it. Plane-cut views allow you to observe the variation in a solution variable
across the surface of a plane.
You will use the Plane cut panel to view the direction and magnitude of velocity across a
horizontal plane.
1. To open the Plane cut panel, select Plane cut in the Post menu.
Extra
You can also open the Plane cut panel by clicking the Plane cut button (
).
2. Display velocity vectors on a plane cut on the fin side of the enclosure.
Post Plane cut
a. In the Name field, enter the name cut-velocity.
b. In the Set position drop-down list, select X plane through center.
Tip
Click the triangle button located next to the Set position text field to open the dropdown list.
28
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Extra
).
f.
Note
You can later open the Inactive folder in the model tree and locate cut_velocity.
cut_velocity can be either deleted or reactivated by dragging it to Trash or to
the Post-processing folder, as well as with the right-click dialog.
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29
g. For Color levels, select Calculated and then select This object from the drop-down list.
h. Click Apply.
ANSYS Icepak computes the color range for the display based on the range of temperatures on
this plane cut.
i.
Click Done to save the new settings, close the panel, and update the graphics display.
The graphics display updates to show the temperature contour plot. The actual values of temperature may slightly differ on different systems. You can use the scroll bar to change the xlocation of the plane cut. In addition, the plane cut can be dragged through the model when
you press the Shift key and hold down the middle mouse button on the plane. Ensure you click
the edge of the plane cut so as to not move any objects.
Figure 2.8: Temperature Contours on the Fin Side of the Enclosure (p. 31) shows that heat conducts
through the fins from the sources in both directions.
30
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j.
ii. In the Plane cut contours panel, select Pressure in the Contours of drop-down list.
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31
f.
32
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Extra
You can also open the Object face panel by clicking the Object face button (
).
In the Object face contours panel, keep the default selection of Temperature in the Contours of
drop-down list.
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33
i.
Click Done to save the new settings, close the panel, and update the graphics display.
The graphics display updates to show the temperature contours on the sources.
j.
Use your right mouse button to zoom in and look more closely at each source.
Figure 2.10: Temperature Contours on the Five Devices (p. 35) shows a view with the temperature
contours on all five sources. The temperature distributions are similar for all sources: warm in
the center and decreasing in temperature toward the edges of the source. Temperature distributions on the top and bottom sources are similar to each other, as are distributions on the two
remaining sources.
Note
To view the temperature contours on an individual source, hold down the Shift key
and drag a box around a source object using the left mouse button. The source object
will show as highlighted in the Model manager window. Right click the source object
to display the context menu and select Create>Object face(s)>Separate. The Object
face panel is displayed for that particular object. Change the settings to match the
ones used above for all source objects and click Create.
34
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g. For Level spacing, select Fixed and set the Number of contour lines to 200.
h. For Color levels, select Calculated and then select This object from the drop down list.
i.
Click Done to save the new settings, close the panel, and update the graphics display.
The graphics display updates to show the temperature contours on the block. Figure 2.11: Temperature Contours on the Backing Plate (p. 36) shows that most of the heat is confined to the
region near the sources. The maximum temperature occurs near the middle three sources.
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35
j.
Note
When you are finished examining the results, you can end the ANSYS Icepak session by
clicking Quit in the File menu.
36
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37
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Chapter 3: RF Amplifier
3.1. Introduction
This tutorial demonstrates how to model an RF Amplifier using ANSYS Icepak.
In this tutorial you will learn how to:
Create a new project.
Create openings, fans, sources, enclosure, PCB, heat sink and walls.
Use non-conformal meshing.
Include effects of gravity and turbulence in the simulation.
Calculate a solution.
Examine contours and vectors on object faces and on cross-sections of the model.
3.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you have little experience with ANSYS Icepak, but that you are generally familiar with the interface. If you are not, please review Sample Session in the Icepak User's Guide.
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39
RF Amplifier
Figure 3.1: Schematic of the RF Amplifier
2. Click New in the Welcome to Icepak panel to start a new ANSYS Icepak project.
The New project panel appears.
40
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3. Specify the name amplifier for your project and click Create.
ANSYS Icepak creates a default cabinet with the dimensions 1 m 1 m 1 m, and displays the
cabinet in the graphics window.
Note
You can rotate the cabinet around a central point using the left mouse button, or you
can translate it to any point on the screen using the middle mouse button. You can zoom
into and out from the cabinet using the right mouse button. To restore the cabinet to
its default orientation, select Home position in the Orient menu.
Cabinet
Select the cabinet in the Model tree and specify the following in the object geometry window:
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41
RF Amplifier
Extra
After selecting the object to be edited in the model tree, there are several ways you can
open the Edit panel:
Double-click on the object in the model tree, or
Type Ctrl+e, or
Right-click the object in the model tree and scroll to Edit object, or
Click the Edit button in the object geometry window, or
Click the Edit object icon (
One side of this cabinet has an opening. Assign Properties on this boundary, in the Properties tab
of the Cabinet object panel (Figure 3.3: The Cabinet Boundary Panel (p. 43)):
a. Change the Max y Wall type to be an Opening.
b. Click Done to accept the inputs and close the panel.
42
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2. Create the Y and Z faces of the amplifier housing as an enclosure using the enclosure object.
Click on the Create enclosures icon (
and dimensions:
Tip
You have to scroll down the list to find this material.
c. Click Done.
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43
RF Amplifier
Figure 3.4: The Enclosure Panel
In the object edit window, name the wall Xmin and change the plane to Y-Z.
Note
While we will use the align tools to place the wall at the desired locations, we could also
specify the dimensions/locations of the wall in the Geometry tab and achieve the same
result. However, the align tools are faster, and thus are the recommended method.
To start the process, left-click Morph Edges icon (
by-step procedure described below:
a. Select the Zmax edge of the wall (Figure 3.5: Schematic Showing Edge Identities for Alignment (p. 45))
by left mouse clicking it in the graphical window. Notice that it turns red to indicate that it has been
selected.
b. Click the middle mouse button to accept this edge.
c. Select the lower Zmax edge of the enclosure (Figure 3.5: Schematic Showing Edge Identities for
Alignment (p. 45)) with the left mouse button. Notice that it turns yellow to indicate that it has been
selected.
44
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d. Click the middle mouse button to accept the transformation. The wall Xmin should have now been
moved and resized. Now the wall should extend to the entire Xmin side of the enclosure.
To specify the remaining wall dimension, stay in the match edge mode and complete the following
steps:
a. Click the Zmin edge of the wall with the left mouse button. Be sure that it (and not the enclosure
edge) is highlighted in red. By repeatedly clicking the left mouse button, ANSYS Icepak cycles through
all possible edges.
b. Click the middle mouse button to accept.
c. Using the left mouse button, click the lower Zmin edge of the enclosure.
d. Click the middle mouse button to accept. The wall should now form the Xmin face of the enclosure.
e. Click the right mouse button to exit the Match edge mode.
The resulting model is shown in Figure 3.6: Geometry with Wall (p. 46) with shading to highlight
new definitions. Shading is available under the Info tab in most panels.
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45
RF Amplifier
Figure 3.6: Geometry with Wall
Double-click on the newly created wall object (Xmin) in the model tree to open the Walls panel.
Now specify the following properties to the wall in the Properties tab.
a. Specify a Wall thickness of 1 mm (0.001 m).
b. Specify the Solid material as Polystyrene-rigid-R12 under Plastics.
c. Specify the External conditions as Heat transfer coefficient and click the Edit button.
The Wall external thermal conditions panel opens.
i.
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iii. Click Done to close the Wall external thermal conditions panel.
iv. Click Done to close Walls panel (Figure 3.7: The Walls Panel (p. 47))
Figure 3.7: The Walls Panel
c. Specify the Trace layer type as Detailed and input the parameters under Trace layer parameters
(make sure that you enter both columns) in the Properties tab as shown in Figure 3.8: The Printed
circuit boards Panel (p. 48). There are four internal layers.
Please notice that the Effective conductivity in plane and normal directions are updated when
you click on the Update button (Figure 3.8: The Printed circuit boards Panel (p. 48)).
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47
RF Amplifier
Figure 3.8: The Printed circuit boards Panel
48
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c. In the Properties tab, specify the Total power as 7 W (Figure 3.9: The Sources Panel (p. 49)) and click
Done.
Figure 3.9: The Sources Panel
d. Create the other devices (sources) object by creating two copies of the device and translating it to
z= 0.055 m. Please follow the steps below for copying the source object.
i.
Right mouse click on the source object and choose the Copy option.
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49
RF Amplifier
Figure 3.10: The Copy source device Panel
e. Similarly, create the other devices (sources) object by copying the sources created in the previous
steps.
i.
Left mouse click and select device, then while holding down the Ctrl key, select device.1,
and device.2. Right mouse click and choose the Copy option.
Note
Following these two copy actions, you should now have 12 sources (Figure 3.11: Geometry with Devices (p. 51)) in a four rows by three columns pattern.
50
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RF Amplifier
b. In the heat sink object panel, select the Geometry tab, and specify a Base height of 0.004 m and an
Overall height of 0.04 m.
c. Specify the properties of the heat sink as shown in Figure 3.12: The Heat sinks Panel (p. 52) below.
Note that we are not changing parameters in the Flow/thermal data, Pressure loss, or Interface
tabs.
Figure 3.12: The Heat sinks Panel
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In the Physical tab, deactivate the Min fan size and enter 80 mm for the Max fan size.
ii. Select the Thermal/flow tab, enable the Min flow rate option and specify a Min flow rate of 80
cfm.
Note
The minimum flow rate used in the search criteria implies the minimum free flow
of the fans.
Note
ANSYS Icepak lists all the fans in its libraries that satisfy these conditions.
c. Select the fan called delta.FFB0812_24EHE in the Name column by clicking on it with the left
mouse button.
d. Click Create to load the fan into the model.
Figure 3.13: Search Fan library Panel
e. Now, we need to specify the location of the fan created in the previous steps. Resize the fan geometry
based on the Figure 3.14: The Fans Panel (p. 54) (note X-Z plane).
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RF Amplifier
Figure 3.14: The Fans Panel
The final geometry should look like Figure 3.15: The Final Geometry (p. 55).
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f.
Check the definition of the modeling objects to ensure that you specified them properly.
View Summary (HTML)
Note
The HTML version of the summary displays in your web browser. The summary displays
a list of all the objects in the model and all the parameters that have been set for
each object. You can view the detailed version of the summary by clicking the appropriate object names or property specifications. If you notice any incorrect specifications,
you can return to the appropriate modeling object panel and change the settings in
the same way that you originally entered them.
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RF Amplifier
1. To create the amplifier assembly:
a. Select the positive X view by either using the icon in the shortcut menu or simply press Shift+X and
then Shift+S to fit to scale the view in the graphics window.
b. While pressing Shift, drag a bounding box around the amplifier using the left mouse button. Release
the mouse button and notice that all of the objects forming the amplifier and heat sink have been
selected in the model tree.
c. Right-click on the highlighted enclosure (Housing) in the model tree and select Create and then Assembly from the list. All of the selected objects have now been added to the assembly.
d. In the Object geometry window, rename the assembly assembly.1" to amplifier and click Apply.
2. Create a new assembly for the fan object:
a. Click on the Create assemblies icon (
b. In the Model tree, use the left mouse button to drag the fan, delta.FFB0812_24EHE, into the
new assembly to add it to this assembly.
c. In the Object geometry window, rename this assembly as fan and click Apply.
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2. Toggle on Mesh separately and then specify the slack values indicated in the following table. Make sure
you remember to add slack values to both assemblies.
Table 3.1: Slack Values for the Amplifier and Fan
Name
Min X
Min Y
Min Z
Max X
Max Y
Max Z
Amplifier
0.02
0.01
0.05
0.01
Fan
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.05
0.01
3. To create the mesh, go to Model Generate Mesh. The Mesh control panel (Figure 3.18: The Mesh
control Panel (p. 59)) appears. The Mesh control panel can also be opened by clicking on the Generate
mesh icon (
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4. As a first step, generate a coarse mesh by choosing Coarse in the Mesh parameters drop-down list in
the Global tab, as shown in Figure 3.18: The Mesh control Panel (p. 59). Click Generate to create a mesh.
Note
If you have unchecked Allow minimum gap changes in the Misc tab, the Minimum
separation warning will appear. This warning message appears when the minimum gap
specified is more than 10% of the smallest sized object in the model. Please select Change
value and mesh if the warning message pops up.
5. To view the mesh, display a plane-cut view through the center of the cabinet, perpendicular to the fins
(y-z plane).
6. To create a plane-cut, follow these steps:
a. Click on the Display tab at the top of the Mesh control panel.
b. Toggle on Display mesh and Cut plane.
c. Under Plane location, set position to X plane through center in the drop-down list.
d. Press Shift+X to orient to the positive X direction and view the newly created plane cut.
e. Move the plane using the slider bar to see different views.
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RF Amplifier
Make sure that the amplifier assembly is expanded and inspect the cells adjacent to the heat sink
fins. Notice that the resolution is coarse (Figure 3.19: Coarse and Fine Mesh (p. 60)), with only a
couple of cells between fins. As flow passes between the fins, boundary layers will grow and their
degree of resolution will dictate the accuracy of the simulation. It is advisable to have at least three
to four cells between fins to adequately resolve the growth of boundary layers. Better resolution is
achieved by refining the mesh.
7. Choose Normal in the Mesh parameters drop-down list in the Settings tab. Click Generate and inspect
the resulting mesh. Note that the number of cells between adjacent fins have increased (Figure 3.19: Coarse
and Fine Mesh (p. 60)), providing better resolution of the boundary layers.
You can display the mesh on selected objects or the cut plane by using the context menu in the
graphics display window. To display the context menu, hold down the Shift key and press the right
mouse button anywhere in the graphics display window. Select Display mesh or Display cut plane
mesh in the context menu and the mesh will be displayed on selected objects or the cut plane will
be displayed.
It is also a good practice to select the Quality tab and review the Face Alignment, Quality, Volume,
and Skewness. The histograms show the figure of merit (Face Alignment, Quality Ratio, Volume or
Skewness) versus number of cells. By clicking on the bars that form the histogram, the particular
cells with that value of quality are displayed in the graphics window.
Figure 3.19: Coarse and Fine Mesh
8. Once you have explored the mesh quality, click Close to dismiss the Mesh control dialog box.
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Basic settings
Note
These values are only estimates, based on the current model setup. Actual values may
vary, and may need to be verified, depending on your design.
Basic parameters
a. In the Basic parameters panel, select Turbulent as the Flow regime and keep the default Zero
equation turbulence model.
b. Turn on the Gravity vector option and make sure that gravity in the y-direction is -9.8 m/
Note
Specifying gravity is important for the natural convection inside the RF amplifier.
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RF Amplifier
Figure 3.20: Basic parameters Panel
3. Return to the Basic settings panel, specify the number of iterations as 300, click Reset and then Accept
again.
4. Set up the temperature limits for all the sources.
Model Power and temperature limits
a. Enter a new value of 60C for Default temperature limit.
b. Click on All to default.
c. Click Apply and then click Accept to close the panel.
Note
The default temperature limit is used during postprocessing to identify components
that exceed their limits or components that are close to this limit. This value is not
used to solve the problem.
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Note
You can click the save button (
Note
It is good practice to monitor the solution progress for certain objects. Dragging the
object in the model tree and placing it in the Points folder can accomplish this.
a. Drag device.2 and cabinet_default_side_maxY into the Points folder.
b. Right mouse click on the cabinet_default_side_maxY in the Points folder.
c. Select Edit and deselect temperature and activate Velocity (Figure 3.21: The Modify point Panel (p. 64)).
d. Click Accept to accept the modifications and to dismiss the per-objects Modify point panel.
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RF Amplifier
Figure 3.21: The Modify point Panel
Note
Alternatively, you can click on the Run solution icon (
toolbar to display the Run solution panel.
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RF Amplifier
Figure 3.23: Monitor Plot
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Note
Ensure that the amplifier and fan assemblies are expanded, so that the fins are visible.
a. Press Shift+Z to orient the view in the positive Z direction.
b. To create an object face, click the Object face icon (
c. In the Object drop down list, specify heatsink.1 as the object and click Accept.
d. Select Show contours and click the Parameters button (adjacent to show contours) to access the
Object face contours edit dialog box.
i.
Select This object in the drop-box adjacent to Calculated to use the object-based range.
Note
You can also create contours on heatsink.1 by selecting this object in the Model
manager window and click the right mouse button to display the context menu. Select
Create>Object face(s)>Separate and the Object face panel will appear. The Object
face panel is displayed for that particular object.
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RF Amplifier
Figure 3.24: Object Face Panel
Note
Using the mouse, rotate the heat sink to examine the surface temperature distribution.
Notice that the location of the devices is clearly discernible on the bottom of the heat
sink. Also note that the devices get progressively hotter in the flow direction (Figure 3.25: Temperature Contours on the Face (p. 69)).
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Note
Notice that face.1 has now appeared in the model tree in the Post processing folder.
Right mouse click on face.1 and note that you can deactivate, edit, and delete it. You
can move face.1 into the Inactive folder to deactivate it. Face.1 can be either deleted
or reactivated by dragging it to Trash or to the Postprocessing folder, as well as with the
right mouse click dialog.
b. Select the Set position as Point and normal and select Show vectors, as shown in the panel below.
Enter PX, PY, and PZ, as well as NX, NY, and NZ according to Figure 3.26: Plane Cut (p. 70).
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RF Amplifier
Figure 3.26: Plane Cut
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Note
Examining the vector plot, we can see that the flow pattern is symmetric, with two large
recirculating zones adjacent to the fan. Zoom into the region directly in front of the fan
and notice that two smaller recirculating zones exist in front of the hub. These local effects
can be important when objects are close to the hub region.
Note
You can move a plane cut through a model by pressing the Shift key, holding down the
middle mouse button on the edge of a vector and dragging the plane cut through the
model in the graphics display window.
4. Create isosurfaces.
a. Click the Isosurface icon (
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RF Amplifier
b. Specify Temperature as the Variable, input a Value of 55C, and select Show contours and click
Parameters. In the Isosurface contours panel, select Smooth for Shading options and This object
in the drop-box adjacent to Calculated. Click Done.
c. Click Update in the Isosurface panel and notice that an isosurface has been placed around all of the
sources, indicating that they have temperatures in excess of 55C (Figure 3.28: Isosurface of Temperature 55C (p. 72)).
Figure 3.28: Isosurface of Temperature 55C
d. Now, change the Variable to Speed and input a Value of 4. Click Update. Notice that the regions
with velocities in excess of 4 m/s are now displayed (Figure 3.29: Isosurface of Speed 4 m/s (p. 73)).
e. Once you have examined the isosurface, delete or deactivate it using one of the previously described
methods.
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Note
Before creating the variation plots, please ensure that the amplifier assembly is expanded, so that the fins are visible. Next, press Shift+Z to orient the view in the positive
Z direction.
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RF Amplifier
postprocessing locations. Notice that ANSYS Icepak has created a line that is colored locally according
to the UY velocity magnitude.
d. Save the xy-plot.
i.
Click the Save button at the bottom of the Variation of UY plot window.
ii. Enter a file name in the resulting Save curve dialog box.
iii. Click Save to save the file in the model folder.
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4.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you have little experience with ANSYS Icepak, but that you are generally familiar with the interface. If you are not, please review Sample Session in the Icepak User's Guide and the
tutorial Finned Heat Sink of this guide as some of the steps that were discussed in these tutorials will
not be repeated here.
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Extra
The previous tutorial showed you how to enter these values in the Cabinet panel.
We will now set the physical properties that will define the fan behavior:
a. Edit the fan object and go to Properties tab.
b. In the Properties tab, retain the selection of Intake for Fan type and select Non-linear in the Fan
flow tab.
c. Enter the characteristic curve by clicking on the Edit button and selecting Text Editor in the dropdown list in the Non-linear curve group box.
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d. First change the units of the volume flow rate and pressure according to the units in Table 4.1: Values
for the Curve Specification Panel (p. 78) and enter the values in pairs with a space between them in
the Curve specification panel.
Table 4.1: Values for the Curve Specification Panel
Volume Flow (CFM)
Pressure (in_water)
0.42
20
0.28
40
0.2
60
0.14
80
0.04
90
0.0
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Select the Edit button again in the Non-linear curve group box and click on Graph Editor in the
drop-down list to view the fan curve (Figure 4.4: The Fan Curve Panel (p. 79) ).
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In the Properties tab, give the fan an Operating RPM of 2000 in the Options tab, located next to
the Swirl tab.
Note
The fan curve defined originally for RPM=4000 will be automatically scaled according
to the fan laws for the new operating RPM=2000. The swirl RPM(4000) can also be
used to compute the swirl factor.
j.
Now the model looks as shown in Figure 4.5: Model with Fan (p. 80).
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Extra
The shading of the fan object can be changed by changing the Shading option under
the Info tab to change the shading of just that object, or by leaving it as default and
changing the default shading option by going to View Default shading to change
the shading of all objects that have default shading selected.
3. Set up a Grille.
a. Click on the Create grille icon ( ) for creating a new grille, set its plane to yz. Then, using the
morph faces option move the grille to the max-X face of the cabinet. Step by step instructions on
how to use the morph faces option is presented in the graphics display window after clicking the
icon ( ) or you can also resize the grille as shown in the panel:
b. We will now define properties for the grill by clicking the Properties tab.
Note
This is a 50% open perforated thin grille.
i.
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4. Set up a wall.
Note
The model includes a 0.01 m thick PCB that touches and covers the entire min-Y floor
of the cabinet. The PCB is exposed to the outside with a known heat flux of 20 W/m2. In
order to take in consideration the heat flux, we will use a wall object to simulate the PCB.
a. Click on the Create walls icon (
parameters for the wall object:
i.
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81
) from the model toolbar so that the wall object covers the entire
5. Create blocks.
In this step, we will create several types of blocks to represent different physics.
Creation of Solid Blocks
Now, we will create four blocks that dissipate 5 W each and have a contact resistance of 0.005
C/W on their bottom faces.
a. Create a new block ( ) , and retain the type as solid and geometry as Prism. Enter the location
values shown in the panel below:
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b. Edit the block and specify the following in the Properties tab:
i.
In the Surface specification group box, click on the Individual sides check box and click Edit
(Figure 4.8: The Individual side specification (p. 83)).
A. Select MinY and toggle on Thermal properties and Resistance.
B. Under Thermal condition, retain the selection of Fixed heat and Total power of 0 W.
C. Select Thermal resistance from the drop-down menu next to Resistance.
D. Set Thermal resistance to 0.005 C/W and click Accept.
E. Click Accept to close the panel.
Figure 4.8: The Individual side specification
ii. In the Thermal specification group box in the Properties tab, retain the selection of default
for Solid Material (you can also select Al-Extruded which is the default).
iii. Set Total Power to 5 W.
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Extra
The previous tutorial showed you how to make a copy of an object.
Figure 4.9: Creation of Solid Blocks
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c. Now make three copies of this network block with an X offset of 0.08 m. This finishes the creation
of the network blocks.
Creation of a Hollow Block
Note
Finally, to cut out a section of the cabinet from the computational domain, we can
create a hollow block. This represents a region that does not affect heat transfer, but
alters the flow patterns.
a. Create a new Block; make sure it is a hollow.
b. In the Geometry tab, create a new Local coord system.
c. Select Create new from the Local coord system: drop-down list.
d. Enter X offset = 0.1, Y offset = 0, Z offset = 0.
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6. Now we will create the detailed heat sink. The heat sink base acts as a heat spreader for all the chips.
a. Click on the Create heat sinks icon (
in the following table:
xz
xS/xE:
0.02/0.34
yS/yE:
0.03/
zS/zE:
0.1/0.23
Base height:
0.01 m
Overall height:
0.06 m
Properties
Type:
Detailed
Flow Direction:
Bonded fin
Fin setup
Fin spec:
Count/thickness
Count:
Thickness:
0.008 m
Flow/thermal data
Fin material:
default
Base material:
Cu-Pure
Interface
Fin bonding:
Effective thickness:
0.0002 m
Solid material:
default
b. Click Update and Done. This completes the model building process. The complete model should
look like that shown in Figure 4.11: Final Model (p. 87).
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0.005 m
Max X
0.015 m
Min Y
0.005 m
Max Y
0.005 m
Min Z
0.005 m
Max Z
0.005 m
Note
Note that for the Heatsink-packages-asy, we have set a bounding box that is 0.005 m bigger
than the assembly at five sides except Max X where the slack is defined higher (0.015 m)
to capture the wake region of the flow.
5. Click Update and Done to complete the bounding box specifications for the assembly.
Following the same procedure above, create one more assembly for the fan object (name it Fanasy). Use the following table to assign the Slack values for the Fan-asy assembly.
Table 4.4: Slack Values for Fan-asy Assembly
Min X
0m
Max X
0.005 m
Min Y
0.002 m
Max Y
0.002 m
Min Z
0.002 m
Max Z
0.002 m
Extra
This warning appears because the Minimum gap (separation) which is like a tolerance
setting for the mesher is larger than 10% of the smallest feature in the model. When
there are objects smaller than the mesher tolerance, those objects will not be meshed
correctly. To avoid this we use the change value and mesh option which modifies the
minimum gap to 10% of the smallest object. This option is used for this particular tutorial
and may not be applicable all the time. As separation setting is a useful tool designed
to avoid unnecessary mesh due to inadvertent misalignments in the model (without
modifying the geometry), we may use other options suitable to the model.
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d. Click Apply.
Note
After the first trial has been completed, ANSYS Icepak has the options of starting the
following trial(s) from the default initial conditions specified in Problem setup panel, or
from the solution(s) of the trial run(s) that have completed.
For this model, next go to the Trials tab and ensure the Restart ID is blank for the 2nd trial as
shown in Figure 4.13: The Parameters and optimization Panel- Trials tab (p. 91). This instructs ANSYS
Icepak to start the 2nd run from the default initial conditions.
2. Click on Reset button and select Values to use the base names for trial naming.
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Basic parameters
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Solution settings
Basic settings
Enter 200 in the Number of iterations field in the Basic settings panel.
Figure 4.16: The Basic settings Panel
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Important
To view the 2nd parametric run, click on the Post menu and select Load solution
ID. Select the solution that corresponds to the second parametric run, i.e., zc = 0.165.
The graphics display window updates automatically.
2. Object face panel to display temperature contours on wall.1 and on all blocks
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Then, select Problem setup Basic Parameters and assign the new air material to the default fluid.
In addition, in the Fan flow section of the Fans Properties tab, all the defined fan curves need to be
modified by multiplying the existing data with the ratio of densities (the density of air at 3000 m / the
density of air at 0 m), which in this case is smaller than 1. Finally, the model is ready to be run to account
for the effects of higher altitude.
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5.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you have reviewed Sample Session in the Icepak User's Guide and Tutorials
Finned Heat Sink and RF Amplifier of this guide.
0.0 m
xE
0.4 m
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0.0 m
yE
0.3 m
zS
0.0 m
zE
0.2 m
Blocks
Create a solid block, block.1, and a fluid block, block.2 with the following specifications. The table
below also gives the geometrical region where block.2 is located to have the material properties of
the fluid.
Table 5.2: block.1 and block.2 Specifications
block.1
xS
0.05 m
xE
0.35 m
Geometry: Prism
yS
0.08 m
yE
0.22 m
zS
0.07 m
zE
0.13 m
block.2
xS
0.06 m
xE
0.34 m
Geometry: Prism
yS
0.09 m
yE
0.21 m
zS
0.08 m
zE
0.12 m
Solid material:
Al-Extruded
Fluid material:
Water (@280K)
Because block.2 is being created after block.1, it will have a higher relative meshing priority.
Note
Because Al-Extruded is set as the Default solid in the Defaults tab of the Basic parameters panel, you can then leave the material selection as default while creating the object
instead of selecting the material each time when an object is being created.
Next, we will create some cylindrical blocks. While editing cylindrical blocks, first select the block
shape as cylinder, then select the desired plane and finally enter the dimensions.
Table 5.3: Cylindrical Block Specifications
Object
xC
yC
zC
Height
Radius
IRadius
Specifications
block.3
0.1
m
0.0
m
0.1
m
0.09 m
0.015 m
0.0 m
Geometry:
Cylinder
Plane: X-Z
block.4
Geometry:
Cylinder
0.3
m
0.0
m
0.1
m
0.09 m
0.015 m
0.0 m
Block type:Solid
Solid material: Al-Extruded
Plane: X-Z
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xC
yC
zC
Height
Radius
IRadius
Specifications
block.5
0.1
m
0.0
m
0.1
m
0.09 m
0.01 m
0.0 m
Geometry:
Cylinder
Plane: X-Z
block.6
0.3
m
0.0
m
0.1
m
0.09 m
0.01 m
0.0 m
Geometry:
Cylinder
Plane: X-Z
Because the fluid blocks, block.5 and block.6, are created after the solid blocks, they will have
higher relative meshing priorities.
Note
An alternative way to build the cylinders would be to create the solid block, block.3, and
then the fluid block, block.5, group these together, and then copy them with an offset of
0.2 in the x direction. Note that the naming of the cylinders will not be consistent with
the tutorial. However, you could rename the objects to their corresponding names in the
tutorial by right mouse clicking each copied object in the Model tree and selecting Rename.
Plates
Table 5.4: Plate Specifications
Object
Specifications
plate.1
xS
0.07 m
xE
0.33 m
Solid material:
Geometry:
Rectangular
yS
0.1 m
yE
0.2 m
Al-Extruded
Plane: X-Y
zS
0.06 m
zE
Power: 200W
plate.2
xS
0.07 m
xE
0.33 m
Solid material:
Geometry:
Rectangular
yS
0.1 m
yE
0.2 m
Al-Extruded
Plane: X-Y
zS
0.13 m
zE
Power: 200W
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105
Note
Note: An alternative way to create plate.2 would be to copy plate.1 with a Z offset of
0.07m.
Openings
The openings at the liquid inflow and outflow regions of the cold-plate are
Table 5.5: Opening Specifications
Object
xC
yC
zC
Radius
opening.1 (outlet
opening)
0.1 m
0m
0.1 m
0.01 m
0.3 m
0m
0.1 m
Specifications
0.01 m
Type: Free
Geometry: Circular
Plane: X-Z
opening.2 (inlet
opening)
Y velocity = 0.2
m/s
Type: Free
Geometry: Circular
Plane: X-Z
Note
You could also have made a copy of outlet opening (opening.1) with an X offset of 0.2
to create inlet opening (opening.2).
The openings at the cabinet boundary for external air natural convection are
Table 5.6: Openings at Cabinet Boundary Specifications
Object
opening.3
xS
0.4 m
xE
Type: Free
yS
0.0 m
yE
0.3 m
Geometry: Rectan- zS
gular
0.2 m
zE
0.0 m
Plane:Y-Z
opening.4
0.0 m
xE
Type: Free
106
xS
yS
0.0 m
yE
0.3 m
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0.2 m
zE
0.0 m
Plane:Y-Z
Note
Instead of creating the openings, opening.3 and opening.4 above, you could have edited
the cabinet and changed the wall type on these two faces to openings.
The final model should appear similar to the drawing shown in Figure 5.1: The cold-plate Model (p. 107).
Figure 5.1: The cold-plate Model
Note
Figure 5.1: The cold-plate Model (p. 107) has changed the opacity, shading and color of
some objects to make the objects easier to see.
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107
0.01 m
Max X
0.01 m
Min Y
0.0 m
Max Y
0.01 m
Min Z
0.01 m
Max Z
0.01 m
The bounding box of the assembly is larger than the original assembly by 0.01 m on five sides. The
slack value for the min Y side of the assembly is set to be 0 m, since the min Y side of the assembly is
at the bottom surface of the cabinet. Click Update and Done to complete editing the separately meshed
assembly.
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Click Generate to mesh the model. Visualize the mesh at plane cuts and surface displays from the
Display tab.
109
Note
For steady state natural convection cases, setting a small initial velocity opposite to the
gravity vector direction is advised as this assists with the initial convergence of the model.
For cases where there is no forced convection, clicking on Reset in the Solution settings
Basic settings menu automatically sets a small initial velocity in the direction opposite
to the gravity vector. This may not be necessary in this model though, because the flow will
be forced through the cold plate. We will have mixed convection (forced + natural) heat
transfer mode.
110
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Select the Basic settings panel from the Solution settings branch of the tree and set the Number of
iterations to 300. Go to Advanced settings and make sure Under-relaxation factors for Pressure,
Momentum, and Temperature are 0.3, 0.7, and 1.0, respectively. Change the Stabilization under Joule
heating potential to BCGSTAB, and select Double for the Precision drop-down list. The recommended
basic settings and advanced solver setup for this model are shown in Figure 5.3: Basic and Advanced
Solver Settings (p. 111).
Add three monitor points to the Points folder, one to monitor the velocity at the center of the opening.1
(outlet opening), and two to monitor the temperature at the center of block.2 and plate.2, respectively.
The easiest way to create them is to select the objects from the Model tree and then drag them to the
Points folder of the tree. ANSYS Icepak will then automatically monitor values at the centers of these
objects. The default setting is to monitor Temperature. To change this, double click on the object under
the Points folder, and choose which variables to monitor at that location.
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111
Specifications/Display Attributes
Description
face.1
Object: all blocks (select the blocks using Object-face view of temperature on all the blocks.
the Ctrl key or the Shift key and the left What is the maximum temperature?
mouse button)
Show contours/Parameters
Contours of: Temperature
Contours options: Solid fill and
Smooth
Color levels: Calculated/Global limits
cut.1
Variable: Speed
Display options: Uniform: 30
Particle options: Keep all the defaults
Style: Dye trace (Width = 1) and
Particles (Radius = 2)
Color levels: Calculated/ This Object
cut.2
Variable: Speed
112
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You can save the postprocessing objects that you just created by clicking Save post objects to file
option in the Post menu. ANSYS Icepak will save these objects under the file named post_objects in
the Icepak project folder.
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113
114
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6.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you have little experience with ANSYS Icepak, but that you are generally familiar with the interface. If you are not, please review Sample Session in the Icepak User's Guide and the
tutorial Finned Heat Sink of this guide. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not be
shown explicitly.
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115
Note
ANSYS Icepak can be started in ANSYS Workbench using the import .tzr feature or it can
be opened as a stand-alone product.
116
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Click on the material name with the right mouse button and select Edit or double click the material
name to open the Edit panel.
Go to the Properties tab and make sure to toggle on Material type to be Solid and set the Conductivity type to be Orthotropic from the drop-down list.
Deselect the Edit check box next to conductivity and create the following materials with orthotropic
conductivity properties using the template in Figure 6.2: Orthotropic Material Properties (p. 118).
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117
Nominal Conductivity
Orthotropic multiplier
material.1
20000
X=1
Y = 0.005
Z = 0.005
material.2
20000
X = 0.005
Y=1
Z = 0.005
material.3
20000
X=1
Y=1
Z = 0.005
The above materials have the so-called orthotropic conductivity, which is not uniform in all three
directions. The effective conductivity in each direction is equal to the nominal conductivity multiplied by the orthotropic multiplier in that direction.
2. After creating these heat pipe materials, we build the heat pipe made of cylindrical blocks and square
joints.
Create five block objects.
Use the values in the following table (be sure to note the geometry)
Table 6.2: Block Specifications
Object
Geometry
xC
yC
zC
Height
Radius
IRadius
Specifications
pipe1
Shape:
Cylinder
0.05
m
0.11
m
0.1 m
0.245
m
0.01 m
0.0 m
Type: Solid
Plane: YZ
pipe2
118
Shape:
Cylinder
Solid material:
material.1
0.325
m
0.365
m
0.1 m
0.267
m
0.01 m
0.0 m
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Type: Solid
Geometry
xC
yC
zC
Height
Radius
IRadius
Plane: YZ
pipe3
Specifications
Solid material:
material.1
Shape:
Cylinder
0.31
m
0.125
m
0.1 m
0.225
m
0.01 m
0.0 m
Plane: XZ
Type: Solid
Solid material:
material.2
Object
Geometry
xS
yS
zS
xE
yE
zE
Specifications
Joint1
Shape:
Prism
0.295
m
0.095
m
0.085
m
0.325
m
0.125 m
0.115 m
Type: Solid
Solid material:
material.3
Joint2
Shape:
Prism
0.295
m
0.35
m
0.085
m
0.325
m
0.38 m
0.115 m
Type: Solid
Solid material:
material.3
Note
You can use the Copy object function to speed up the creation of the remaining objects
after pipe1 and joint1 are created. However, the names will not be the same as the
tutorial. To rename an object, right mouse click the object in the Model tree and click
Rename.
3. Next, we will also build the heat sink using block objects.
Build the base and one pin according to the following
Table 6.3: Base and Pin Specifications
Object
Geometry
xS
yS
zS
xE
yE
zE
Properties
Base
Shape:
Prism
0.42
m
0.35
m
0.05
m
0.592
m
0.38 m
0.15 m
Object
Geometry
xC
yC
zC
Height
Radius
/ Radius 2
Properties
Pin
Shape:
Cylinder,
0.44
m
0.38
m
0.067
m
0.04 m
0.01 m /
0.006 m
0m/0
m
Plane: X-Z
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119
Make two copies of Pin with an offset of 0.033 m in the Z direction (i.e., Number of copies= 2,
Translate with Z offset = 0.033 m).
Highlight the three tapered fins (Pin, Pin.1 and Pin.2), make four copies of this highlighted group with
an offset of 0.033 m in the X direction (i.e., Number of copies = 4, Translate with X offset = 0.033
m).
120
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121
0.005 m
Max X
0.005 m
Min Y
0.005 m
Max Y
0.005 m
Min Z
0.015 m
Max Z
0.005 m
Note
For the Heatsink-asy, we have set a bounding box that is 0.005 m bigger than the
assembly at five sides except Min Z where the slack is defined higher (0.015m) to
capture the wake region of the flow.
Use the following tables to assign slack values for Vent-asy and Fan-asy assemblies, respectively.
Table 6.5: Slack Values for Vent-asy
Min X
0.01 m
Max X
0.01 m
Min Y
0.01 m
Max Y
0.01 m
Min Z
0.01 m
Max Z
0m
0.01 m
Max X
0.01 m
Min Y
0.01 m
Max Y
0.01 m
Min Z
0m
Max Z
0.01 m
2. Put the previously created assemblies into an outer assembly covering all.
a. Highlight all the three assemblies above and click the right mouse button.
b. Select Create assembly.
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0.02 m
Max X
0.02 m
Min Y
0.02 m
Max Y
0.02 m
Min Z
0m
Max Z
0m
2. In the Mesh control panel, specify a global maximum element size of 0.025 m in all three directions
(Max X size = Max Y size = Max Z size = 0.025).
3. Verify that the Coarse option is selected next to Mesh parameters and change the Max size ratio from
10 to 5.
4. Make sure that Mesh assemblies separately button is toggled on.
5. Under the Options tab, set the Init element height to 0.003.
Figure 6.5: Mesh control Panel
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123
124
Basic settings, set the Number of iterations to 200 (Figure 6.7: Basic
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4. Click Accept.
Specifications
Description
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125
face.1
Show contours
Parameters
Contours of: Temperature
Contours options: Solid fill/ Smooth
Color levels: Calculated/ Global limits
cut.1
Plane location:
Set position: Y plane through center
Scroll up to about 0.8
Show vectors
Parameters
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127
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7.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the menu structure in ANSYS Icepak and that you have
solved Sample Session in the Icepak User's Guide and the tutorial Finned Heat Sink. Some steps in the
setup and solution procedure will not be shown explicitly.
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129
Non-Conformal Mesh
Figure 7.1: Problem Specification
0.3 m
xE
0.7 m
yS
0.5 m
yE
0.7 m
zS
0.0 m
zE
1.0 m
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Source
Create a source using the following dimensions:
Object
Specification
source.1
xS = 0.48 m
xE = 0.52 m
Geometry: Rectangular
yS = 0.52 m
yE =
Plane: X-Z
zS = 0.48 m
Total power: 30 W
zE = 0.52 m
Heat sink
Now, create a heat sink with the following geometrical and physical properties.
Tab
Settings
Geometry
Plane: X-Z
Start/end
xS = 0.46 m, xE = 0.54 m
yS = 0.50 m, yE =
zS = 0.40 m, zE = 0.6 m
Base height: 0.02 m
Overall height: 0.1 m
Properties
Type: Detailed
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131
Non-Conformal Mesh
Flow direction: Z
Detailed fin type: Cross cut extrusion
Fin setup/Fin spec: Count/thickness
Count: 8 in Z-dir and 8 in X-dir
Thickness: 0.01 m in Z-dir and 0.004 m in X-dir
Flow/thermal data: default base and pin material
The screen shots of the heatsink panel is shown in Figure 7.3: Heat sink Properties (p. 132).
Figure 7.3: Heat sink Properties
132
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Note
The minimum gap for X, Y, Z might adjust to 10% of the minimum dimension in respective directions. Make a note of the number of elements, the minimum face
alignment and the aspect ratio.
Note
The mesh display plane is an x-z plane cut through the center of the cabinet as shown
in Figure 7.4: Conformal Mesh, Central Y Plane (p. 133). Note the clustered mesh lines extending from the heat sink all the way across the domain in both the x and z directions.
The total number of cells is about 144000.
Figure 7.4: Conformal Mesh, Central Y Plane
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133
Non-Conformal Mesh
3. Turn off the mesh display.
a. Deselect the Display mesh option.
b. Click Close to close the Mesh control panel.
Basic settings
Click Reset in the Basic settings panel. Check the values printed to the Message window. The Reynolds
and Peclet numbers are approximately 12600 and 8900, respectively, so the flow is turbulent.
Basic parameters and choose the Zero
To set up turbulent flow, go to Problem setup
equation turbulence model under the General setup tab. Click Accept to accept the new solver settings.
Go to Solution settings
Basic settings and set the Number of iterations to 300. Go to Advanced settings and specify Under-relaxation factors for Pressure, Momentum, and Temperature
as 0.7, 0.3, and 1.0 respectively.
Define a monitor point by dragging the source object (source.1) into the Points folder. This creates a
monitor point for temperature of the object, which can be used to judge convergence.
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135
Non-Conformal Mesh
Note
Because you are changing the current model, thereby invalidating the post-processing data
that has been loaded from the previous steps, you will need to generate a mesh (a nonconformal mesh) and calculate the solution again which is shown in steps 9 through 11.
1. Create an assembly consisting of the source and the heat sink objects.
a. Click the Create assemblies button ( ) to create a new assembly. This creates an assembly node
in the Model manager window under the Model node.
b. Select the source.1 item under the Model node in the Model manager window, hold down the Ctrl
key, and then select the heatsink.1 item.
c. Hold down the left mouse button, drag both highlighted items into the assembly.1 node of the tree,
then release the left mouse button.
2. Edit the assembly and define its bounding box.
a. Select the assembly.1 node in the Model tree, and then click the Edit object button (
the Assemblies panel.
) to open
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This creates a bounding box region that is 0.05 m larger than the assembly on four sides. Since
Min Y is already at the bottom of the cabinet, no slack value can be provided for it. A larger
slack value of 0.15 m has been provided in the Max Z direction to resolve the wake region. Not
that a smaller Max X and Max Z grid size has been specified within the assembly compared to
the global max grid size. This helps to refine the mesh within the separately meshed assembly.
d. Click Done to set the properties of the assembly and close the panel.
The new model is shown in Figure 7.6: The Source and Heat Sink in a Separately Meshed Assembly (p. 138).
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137
Non-Conformal Mesh
Figure 7.6: The Source and Heat Sink in a Separately Meshed Assembly
Note
Make a note of the number of elements, the minimum face alignment, and the aspect
ratio.
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Non-Conformal Mesh
Note
The monitor point that you already created is automatically used for the new solution.
The solution converges after about 175 iterations. Note, however, that the exact number of iterations
required for convergence may vary on different computers.
140
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8.2. Prerequisites
The trainee should be familiar with:
ANSYS Icepak modeling objects
Basics of meshing
Non-conformal meshing
141
Hint
Start by generating the mesh without any changes. View mesh cut planes at various orientations and locations to identify root causes that result in unnecessary mesh clusters in noncritical regions. Then modify the model in order to tackle the issues you notice.
Note
Ensure the meshing type is Mesher-HD.
Create mesh cut planes in different orientations to identify the root cause for such a high mesh count.
One such cut plane (Z plane through center set position) is shown in Figure 8.1: A Mesh Cut Plane View
of the Given Model When Meshed Without Modifications (p. 143).
Figure 8.1: A Mesh Cut Plane View of the Given Model When Meshed Without Modifications (p. 143) shows
that the high mesh count is due to grid bleeding from the heat sink and the components cooled by it.
Note
What feature in ANSYS Icepak allows you to avoid grid bleeding?
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143
Tip
Shift + left mouse click and draw a window around the group of objects you would like to
assemble.
You can make the mesh and some objects invisible to select the heat sink objects.
You can also select the objects in the Model manager window by left mouse clicking
heatsink.1 and then Shift + left mouse clicking HS_component.
2. We will test two non-conformal assembly options: a regular non-conformal assembly (with slack values)
and a zero slack non-conformal assembly.
Note
It is recommended to use the Case check macro to ensure a thin conducting plate
is not intersecting a non-conformal assembly. In the Macros menu, select Case check>
Automatic Case Check Tool. Click the Apply button for the following options: Assembly intersection check and Thin Conducting Plate and Assembly Intersections.
If there is an intersecting plate, the slack value should be changed to get rid of this
error.
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Note
Zero slack non-conformal assembly resulted in fewer mesh count than the regular nonconformal assembly intersecting thin conducting plate. This limitation will be resolved
in the next step.
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145
146
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147
This method of creating a super assembly containing sub-non-conformal assemblies is called nested nonconformal meshing" or recursive embedded meshing".
Revisiting the Separation Setting
By default, ANSYS Icepaks accepts all minimum gap changes. We shall revisit these changes now.
In the Mesh control panel, set all the Minimum gap settings to 0.0001 m.
In the Misc tab, uncheck Allow minimum gap changes.
Generate the mesh.
The pop-up message as shown in Figure 8.5: Separation Warning (p. 148) will appear.
Figure 8.5: Separation Warning
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149
Note
It is also possible to use a separation distance larger than the recommended 10% value.
Values of up to 50% (of the smallest dimension) may be used in cases where reducing the
mesh count is critical.
You will now get a separation warning about the tabs. We cannot change the geometry of the tabs, so
accept the suggested change in separation settings again.
Here are some suggested qualities of meshes:
The size of the first cells from critical heat dissipating surfaces should be less than 1 mm for a 1st cut
analysis.
View mesh cut plane on the wall of the enclosure object, the PCB and the critical heat generating
components to see if you are fulfilling the above requirement.
Use the Object params control to request mesh refinement near all the important surfaces mentioned
above.
Generate the mesh to see if your request is being honored.
Finally, a comparison...
For comparison purposes, deactivate the Mesh assemblies separately option in the Mesh control
panel and generate the mesh. The difference between the mesh with this check button active and
inactive is the effect of non-conformal meshing.
STOP: Solution and post processing are beyond the scope of this exercise. Please compare the suggested
approach with the approach you were attempting during the initial 15 minute period of this tutorial.
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Conclusion
8.14. Conclusion
A model with room for improvement is provided. Using approximate object choices and meshing
strategies, the model and the mesh were improved. The approach delineated in this exercise can help
reduce significant run time without compromising the physics being modeled.
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151
152
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9.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the menu structure in ANSYS Icepak and that you have
solved or read the tutorial Finned Heat Sink. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not
be shown explicitly.
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153
154
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1. Define a velocity parameter at the inlet opening in terms of the Reynolds number (
Note
The velocity at the inlet opening in terms of the Reynolds number ( ), which is custom, where
arily used in loss-coefficient plots in lieu of velocity, is calculated as =
the kinematic viscosity = 1.5843e-5 kg/m.s, and the hydraulic diameter of the duct Dh
= 9.322e-3 m.
a. Select the inlet opening, cabinet_default_side_minx, in the Model manager window, and then click
the Edit object button ( ) to open the Openings panel.
b. Click the Properties tab.
c. Select X Velocity and set the value to $Re*1.5843e-5/9.322e-3.
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d. Click Done to set the properties of the opening. This opens the Param value panel.
e. Set the Initial value of Re to 10, and click Done to close both the Param value and the Openings
panels.
2. Define six trials according to the different values of the Reynolds number.
Solve Define trials
a. In the Parameters and optimization panel, make sure Parametric trials and All combinations are
enabled in the Setup tab.
b. Click on the Design variables tab, enter the following values for the Reynolds number in the box
next to Discrete values: 10 50 100 500 1000 1750.
Click Apply to accept the changes.
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157
Note
Parameters values can also be exported/imported by clicking the Export or Import
button in the Setup tab of the Parameters and optimization panel. Clicking Export
or Import opens a file selection dialog box and overrides any existing data.
158
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c. Click the Trials tab to review the trials. Make sure the Trials across top option at the bottom of the
tab is disabled, and click Reset to select Values instead of Numbered in order to use the base names
as values.
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159
Note
The loss coefficient is obtained by dividing the total pressure differential through the
160
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f.
Click the Close button to accept the settings and close the panel.
4. Set the parametric trials and define primary and compound functions.
Solve Run optimization
a. In the Parameters and optimization panel, click the Setup tab.
b. Verify that the Parametric trials and All combinations options are turned on.
c. Click the Functions tab.
d. Define four primary functions (Pstat_in, Pstat_out, Uave_in, and Uave_out).
Note
These functions represent static pressures and velocities at the inlet and outlet, respectively.
i.
Under Primary functions, click the New button to open the Define primary function panel.
ii. In the Define primary function panel, enter Pstat_in for the Function name.
iii. Select Report summary from the Function type drop-down list and cabinet_default_side_minx
Pressure from the Item drop-down list and retain the selection of Max.
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v. Repeat steps (i) through (iv) for the following three functions:
Function
name
Function type
Item
Max/Mean
Pstat_out
Report summary
cabinet_default_side_maxx
Pressure
Max
Uave_in
Report summary
cabinet_default_side_minx UX
Mean
Uave_out
Report summary
cabinet_default_side_maxx UX
Mean
Important
All function names are case-sensitive.
5. Define five compound functions (Pdyn_in, Pdyn_out, Ptot_in, Ptot_out, and Kfact).
a. Under Compound functions, click the New button to open the Define compound function panel.
b. In the Define compound function panel, enter Pdyn_in for the Function name.
c. Next to Definition enter 0.5*1.1614*$Uave_in*$Uave_in.
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Definition
Pdyn_out
0.5*1.1614*$Uave_out*$Uave_out
Ptot_in
$Pstat_in+$Pdyn_in
Ptot_out
$Pstat_out+$Pdyn_out
Kfact
($Ptot_in-$Ptot_out)/$Pdyn_out
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Note
The mesh display plane is an - plane cut through the center of the cabinet as
shown in Figure 9.3: Mesh on the x-z Plane (p. 164).
3. Deselect the Display mesh option to turn off the mesh display.
4. Click Close to close the Mesh control panel.
Basic parameters
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Basic settings
Advanced settings
Note
button in the Model and solve toolbar to display the
Alternatively, you can click the
Parameters and optimization panel.
2. Make sure Allow fast trials (single .cas file) is unchecked in the Setup tab.
3. Click Run in the Parameters and optimization panel.
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Plot the loss coefficient, Kfact, against the Reynolds number, Re.
1. In the Parametric trials panel, click the Plot button to open the Selection panel.
3. In another Selection panel, which automatically opens up, select Kfact as the y axis variable, and click
Accept.
This displays the plot Kfact vs Re, as shown in Figure 9.4: Kfact vs Re Plot (p. 167)
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Step 9: Summary
Figure 9.4: Kfact vs Re Plot
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167
168
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10.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the menu structure in ANSYS Icepak and that you have
solved or read Tutorial Finned Heat Sink (p. 3). Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will
not be shown explicitly.
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Note
When ANSYS Icepak starts, the Welcome to Icepak panel will open automatically.
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Note
The File selection panel will appear.
4. In the File selection panel, select the packed project file heat-sink2b.tzr and click Open.
Note
The Location for the unpacked project file selection dialog will appear.
5. In the Location for the unpacked project file selection dialog, select a directory where you would like
to place the packed project file, enter a project name in the New project text field, then click Unpack.
Note
You can rotate the cabinet around a central point using the left mouse button, or you can
translate it to any point on the screen using the middle mouse button. You can zoom into
and out from the cabinet using the right mouse button. To restore the cabinet to its default
orientation, select Home position from the Orient menu.
Save the problem to a new project file.
Note
This will allow you to expand on the problem without affecting the original file.
File Save project as
In the Project name text box, enter the name heat-sink-new.
Click Save.
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b. Right-click the Active check box to open the Active parameter panel.
c. Select ON if variable is equal to this objects name.
d. Enter $HeatSink in the Variable text box.
Caution
Note that all function names are case sensitive.
e. Click Accept in the Active parameter panel to accept the changes and close the panel.
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Click Update in the Assemblies panel to open the Param value panel.
g. In the Param value panel, enter Staggered for the Initial value of HeatSink, and click Done to
close the panel.
Note
The word Active in the Assemblies panel became green. Also, note that the Inline
assembly in the Model manager window is moved to the Inactive node.
Note
You will not have to specify the initial value again.
Extra
Alternatively, you can click the
button.
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2. Review trials.
a. Click the Trials tab.
b. Make sure that the Order for Staggered is 1, and for Inline is 2.
c. Select tr_HeatSink_Staggered as the Restart ID for the tr_HeatSink_Inline trial as shown in the
image below.
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176
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c. In the Define primary function panel, enter Tmax next to Function name.
d. In the Value drop-down list, select Maximum temperature of objects.
e. In the Object drop-down list, select the 700_BGA_40X40_5peripheral_p1.50 object in the Package
assembly, and click Accept.
f.
In the Define primary function panel, click Accept to save the changes and close the panel.
g. Click Done in the Parameters and optimization panel to close the panel.
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Basic settings
Advanced settings
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Note
You can click the
2. Click the Setup tab, and make sure that options Parametric trials and All combinations are selected.
Deselect Allow fast trials (single .cas file).
3. Click Run in the Parameters and optimization panel, to start the calculations.
Note
As ANSYS Icepak starts calculating solutions for the model, the Solution residuals window,
displaying convergence history, and the Temperature Point monitors window will open.
Also, the Parametric trials panel will open displaying the function values, as well as
parameters and running times for both trials, as shown in Figure 10.2: The Parametric
trials Panel (p. 179). The Parametric trials can also be opened by selecting Show optimization/param results from the Report menu.
Figure 10.2: The Parametric trials Panel
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Extra
You can also open the Plane cut panel by clicking the
button.
g. Click Done in the Plane cut vectors panel to accept the changes and close the panel.
h. In the Orient menu, select Isometric view.
Note
The graphics window will be updated, as shown in Figure 10.3: Velocity Vectors at the
Exit Region of the Heat Sink (p. 181)
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4. Clip the plane cut to align it with the sides of the heat sink assembly.
a. In the Orient menu, first select Orient positive X, then Scale to fit.
b. In the Plane cut panel (that was already opened), select Enable clipping, then click Max Y in the
orange region under Clip to box.
c. Click the top edge of the assembly in the graphics window.
d. In the Plane cut panel, click Min Z in the orange region under Clip to box.
e. Click the left edge of the assembly in the graphics window.
f.
In the Plane cut panel, click Max Z in the orange region under Clip to box.
Note
The graphics window will be updated, as shown in Figure 10.4: Clipped Plane
Cut (p. 183)
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In the Style group box, keep the default selection of Dye trace and select Particles with Radius 2.
g. In the Color levels group box, select This object from the Calculated drop-down list.
h. Click Done to update the graphics window.
Note
The graphics window will display the particle traces in the forward direction, as shown
in Figure 10.5: Forward Particle Traces (p. 184)
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183
Turn on the Show particle traces option, and click Parameters to open the Plane cut particles
panel.
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In the Style group box, keep the default selection of Dye trace and select Particles with Radius 2.
j.
In the Color levels group box, select This object from the Calculated drop-down list.
k. Click Done in the Plane cut particles and Plane cut panels to close the panels and update the
graphics window.
l.
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11.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the menu structure in ANSYS Icepak and that you have
solved or read the tutorial Finned Heat Sink. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not
be shown explicitly.
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187
188
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Note
You can rotate the cabinet around a central point using the left mouse button, or you can
translate it to any point on the screen using the middle mouse button. You can zoom into
and out from the cabinet using the right mouse button. To restore the cabinet to its default
orientation, select Home position from the Orient menu.
Save the problem to a new project file (this enables you to expand on the problem without affecting
the original file).
File Save project as
1. In the Project name text box, enter the name optimization-new.
2. Click Save.
) to
Important
All function names are case-sensitive.
e. In the Param value panel, enter 12 for the Initial value of finCount, and click Done to close the
panel.
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f.
In the Heat sinks panel, under the Fin setup tab, type $finThick next to Thickness, and press
Enter on the keyboard to open the Param value panel.
g. In the Param value panel, enter 0.762 for the Initial value of finThick, and click Done to close the
panel.
Extra
Alternatively, you can click the
button.
a. Turn on the Optimization option in the Setup tab. Then click on the Design variables tab.
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The design variables that you had defined will be listed in the panel, and their initial values will
be shown in the Base value text box.
b. Select finCount from the list, then enter 2 for the Min value constraint, 18 for the Max value
constraint.
c. Select Allow only multiples, keep the default value of 1, and click Apply.
d. Select finThick from the list, then enter 0.254 for the Min value constraint, 2.032 for the Max
value constraint, and click Apply.
e. Make sure Allow only multiples is only activated for finCount, not finThick.
f.
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Basic parameters
Basic Settings
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ii. In the Define primary function panel, enter bighsrth next to Function name.
iii. In the Function type drop-down list, keep the default selection of Global value.
iv. In the Value drop-down list, select Thermal resistance of heatsink.
v. In the Object drop-down list, select the heatsink_big object under hs_assembly_2, and click
Accept to save the changes and close the panel. .
b. Define the mass function for the large heat sink (bighsms).
i.
Repeat step (a) for the bighsms as the Function name, Global value as the Function type,
Mass of objects as the Value, and heatsink_big as the Object.
c. Define the mass function for the small heat sink (smlhsms).
i.
Repeat step (a) for the smlhsms as the Function name, Global value as the Function type,
Mass of objects as the Value, and heatsink_small as the Object.
ii. In the Define primary function panel, enter mxtmp next to Function name.
iii. In the Function type drop-down list, keep the default selection of Global value.
iv. In the Value drop-down list, keep the default selection of Global maximum temperature.
v. Select Constraint and keep the default selection of Max value.
vi. Enter 70 in the text entry field and click Accept to save the changes and close the panel.
3. Define a compound function.
a. Under Compound functions, click the New button to open the Define compound function panel.
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193
b. In the Define compound function panel, enter totalmass for the Function name.
c. Next to Definition enter $bighsms+$smlhsms.
d. Select Constraint and keep the default selection of Max value.
e. Enter 0.326 in the text entry field and click Accept to save the changes and close the panel.
4. Define an objective function.
a. In the Parameters and optimization panel, select bighsrth from the Objective function drop-down
list.
b. Keep the default selection of Minimize value.
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Note
Alternatively, you can click the
Note
Due to the geometry change based on the fin thickness and fin count, the fast trials
option is not possible in this problem.
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3. Click Run in the Parameters and optimization panel to start the calculations.
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Note
Each iteration takes three trials.
197
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12.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you have worked on Sample Session in the Icepak User's Guide and the tutorials
Finned Heat Sink and RF Amplifier in this guide.
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Radiation Modeling
Figure 12.1: Dimensions of the Cabinet and the Boundary Condition Specifications
2. In the Properties tab of the Cabinet panel, define all the sides of the cabinet as shown above. The min
y and max y sides are defined as openings while all the remaining sides are stationary walls.
3. Click Done to close the Cabinet panel.
4. The printed circuit board (PCB), heat sink base and the fins of the heat sink will be constructed using
the block object in ANSYS Icepak.
5. Create the PCB.
a. First, create a block and rename it as PCB in the Info tab of the Blocks panel.
b. Specify the dimensions of the block in the Geometry tab as shown below in Figure 12.2: Dimensions
of the PCB (p. 201).
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Enter 40, 40, and 0.4 W/m-K for the X, Y, and Z directions, respectively.
In the Properties tab of the Blocks panel, pick material.1 from the Solid material drop-down list.
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Radiation Modeling
7. Create the heat sink base.
a. Create a new block and rename it as hs-base in the Info tab of the Blocks panel.
b. Specify the dimensions of the block in the Geometry tab as shown below in Figure 12.3: Dimensions
of the hs-base (p. 202).
Figure 12.3: Dimensions of the hs-base
202
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c. Leave all the other properties as their default values. Click Done to close the Blocks panel.
d. To complete the creation of the remaining fins we will use a copy procedure.
i.
Right click the hs-fin1.1 object in the Model manager window and select Copy. The Copy block
hs-fin.1.1 panel opens.
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Radiation Modeling
Figure 12.5: Source at the Bottom on the Heat Sink
Tip
Alternatively, you can use the snapping tool from the object geometry area to snap the
source dimensions to those of the min z side of the hs-base block object.
The final model should appear as shown in Figure 12.6: Schematic of the Model (p. 205).
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Radiation Modeling
b. This will refine the mesh within the assembly and also prevent the increase in the overall mesh count
by confining the fine mesh to within the assembly object.
Note
The units depicted in Figure 12.7: Meshing Parameters for assembly.1 (p. 206) are in
mm and m.
Figure 12.7: Meshing Parameters for assembly.1
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You can view the mesh using the Cut plane and Surface options available in the Display tab.
g. Once you have finished viewing the mesh, make sure you uncheck Display mesh in the Display tab,
and click Close to close the Mesh control panel.
Problem setup
Basic parameters.
a. Under the General setup tab(Figure 12.9: Basic Parameters (p. 208))
i.
Make sure that solution for both the Flow and Temperature is switched on.
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Radiation Modeling
ii. Because this is a natural convection problem turn on the Gravity vector option.
iii. Choose Turbulent under the Flow regime group box and use the default option of Zero equation.
iv. Make sure that the Radiation option is turned Off.
Figure 12.9: Basic Parameters
In the Ambient conditions group box, set the Temperature and the Radiation temp to 40C.
Enter a small velocity value for the Y velocity such as 0.01 m/s.
Note
In free convection flow problems, setting a small initial velocity opposite to the
gravity vector direction is suggested.
ii. Retain the defaults for all other settings in the Basic parameters panel.
d. Press Accept to close the Basic parameters panel.
2. Go to
208
Solution settings
Basic settings.
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Solution settings
Advanced settings.
a. In the Advanced solver setup panel specify the Under-relaxation parameters of 0.7 and 0.3 for
Pressure and Momentum, respectively.
b. Select Double from the precision drop-down list at the bottom of the panel (Figure 12.10: Solution
Settings (p. 210)).
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209
Radiation Modeling
Figure 12.10: Solution Settings
c. Keep all other default options in the Advanced solver setup panel.
d. Press Accept to close the Advanced solver setup panel.
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Note
You can check the maximum temperatures of each object by going to Report
Solution overview Create.
Problem setup
Basic parameters.
) to
a. Under Participating objects, select all objects by clicking All and leave all other settings to their
default values.
b. Press Compute to calculate the view factors.
i.
You can display the view factors calculated by clicking each participating object listed under
Display object values.
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Radiation Modeling
Figure 12.11: Enabling Radiation in ANSYS Icepak Model
3. Go to Solve Run solution and start the solver with S2S as the solution ID.
4. Once the solution residuals have converged, make note of the maximum temperature.
Problem setup
Basic parameters.
a. Enable the Discrete ordinates radiation model option in the Radiation group box.
b. Press Accept to close the Radiation panel.
2. Start the solution again with DO as the solution ID.
3. Once the solution residuals have converged, make note of the maximum temperature.
Problem setup
Basic parameters.
a. Enable the Ray tracing radiation model option in the Radiation group box.
b. Press Accept to close the Radiation panel.
2. Start the solution again with Ray as the solution ID.
3. Once the solution residuals have converged, make note of the maximum temperature.
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Radiation Modeling
Figure 12.12: Plane cuts on the z = 20 mm plane for (a) Radiation disabled (b) S2S radiation model
(c) Discrete ordinates radiation model and (d) ray tracing radiation model
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82.45C
Surface to surface
74.97C
Discrete ordinates
76.23C
Ray tracing
75.55C
Note
The actual values may differ slightly on different machines, so your values may not look exactly
the same.
In most models, the use of the surface to surface (view factors) model is strongly recommended. The
discrete ordinates model should be used only for very complex geometries where there are many surfaces
and computation of the view factors can become extremely computationally expensive. This is also true
when there are CAD objects present in the ANSYS Icepak model. The ray tracing model is also for
complex geometries and for objects that have large temperature variations.
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215
216
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13.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you have worked on Sample Session in the Icepak User's Guide and the first
two ANSYS Icepak tutorials of this guide.
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Transient Simulation
Figure 13.1: Setting up the Model as Transient
0.05 m
xE
0.35 m
yS
0.1 m
yE
0.55 m
zS
0.05 m
zE
0.25 m
Open the Cabinet object panel, go to the Properties tab, under Wall type, change Min y and Max
y to Opening. Press Done and then Shift+I for an isometric view.
Plate
Object
Specification
plate.1
xS = 0.1 m
xE = 0.3 m
Solid material:
Geometry:
yS = 0.2 m
yE = 0.4 m
default
Rectangular
zS = 0.12 m
(Al-Extruded)
Plane: X-Y
218
Thermal model:
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Specification
Conducting thick: 10
mm
Blocks
Object
xC
yC
zC
Height
Radius
IRadius
Specification
block.1
0.15 m
0.25 m
0.13 m
0.06 m
0.02m
0.0
Block type:
Geometry:
Solid
Cylinder
Radius2
IRadius2
Solid material:
Plane: X-Y
0.012m
0.0
default
Nonuniform radius
(Al-Extruded)
Make two copies of the tapered fin (block.1), offset by 0.05 m in the X direction (i.e., Number of
copies = 2, and Translate with X offset = 0.05 m). Select all three tapered fins, and make two copies
of this group with an offset of 0.05 m in the Y direction (i.e., Number of copies = 2, and Translate
with Y offset = 0.05 m). Remember to right mouse click on the icon in the Model tree to copy objects.
These tapered cones model a heat sink with tapered cone fins.
Sources
The four sources have a peak power of 100 Watts each with a cycle time of 20 seconds. The variation
, where
Object
and
are constant,
Specification
source.1
xS = 0.12
m
xE = 0.18
m
Geometry: Rectangular
yS = 0.22
m
yE = 0.28
m
Plane: X-Y
zS = 0.12
m
Create a source (source.1) per the specification in the table above. In the Properties tab of the
Sources panel, toggle on Transient, click Edit, and enter 0 for Start time and 20 for End time. To
specify the variation curve, click on Exponential and set a = 0.025 and b = 100. Click Update and
Done, in the Transient power panel, and then the Sources panel.
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219
Transient Simulation
Figure 13.2: Defining Transient Power for the Sources
Now make one copy of source.1 with an offset of 0.1 m in the X-direction. Select source.1 and
source.1.1, then make one copy of these two sources with an offset of 0.1 m in the Y-direction to
complete the construction of the sources.
Basic
To view the time-dependent power specified for the sources, go to Problem setup
parameters. Select the Transient setup tab and click on View (next to Edit parameters) near the
top of this panel. This displays the time variation of the power specified using sources.
220
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A time dependent power profile such as a piecewise linear curve can also be imported/exported by
clicking Save All and Load All in the Transient panel. Clicking Load All will open the Load all curves
file selection dialog box and override any existing data. Select the CSV file containing the curve data
and click Open.
The final model should appear as that shown in Figure 13.4: Schematic of the Model (p. 222).
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221
Transient Simulation
Figure 13.4: Schematic of the Model
Note
The Init element height feature can be used in a relatively simple model as this one.
It is not recommended to be used for complex models as this can create very large
mesh count.
Problem setup
Basic parameters. In the General setup tab, ensure Laminar is set for
Flow regime, and toggle on the default Gravity vector (i.e., X = 0, Y = -9.80665 m/s2, Z = 0). In the
Transient setup tab, give a small initial (global) velocity of 0.001 m/s in the Y direction. Accept the
changes made and exit this window.
222
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Create a point monitor to monitor the temperature change with time by dragging and dropping source.1
into the Points folder in the Model tree.
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223
Transient Simulation
Figure 13.6: Define summary report Panel
Specifications
Description
face.1
Show contours/Parameters
224
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Specifications
Description
In the History plot panel, enter 20 seconds for End time, click the Add point button and select
source.1 for the point. Click the Create button to display the plot shown in Figure 13.7: History
plot (p. 226).
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225
Transient Simulation
Figure 13.7: History plot
226
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Once the results have been loaded into CFD-Post, there are several options to view and analyze a
transient solution.
1. Display time history similar to what is displayed in Icepak.
a. Go to Insert Text
b. Enter the text, Auto Annotation
.
c. In the Definition tab of the Details view, enter Time
.
d. Enable the Embed Auto Annotation option.
e. In the Type drop-down list, select Timestep.
f.
Click Apply.
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227
Transient Simulation
Figure 13.9: Details of Auto Annotation
2. Create a contour.
a. Go to Insert Contour and create a new contour named TemperatureContours.
b. Update the settings for the Geometry tab of the Details view for TemperatureContours as
shown in Figure 13.10: Details of TemperatureContours (p. 229) and click Apply to create the contour
(Figure 13.11: TemperatureContours Display (p. 230).
228
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229
Transient Simulation
Figure 13.11: TemperatureContours Display
230
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Additional options that are available in CFD-Post can be found in Postprocessing Using ANSYS CFDPost.
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231
232
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14.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you have little experience with ANSYS Icepak and ANSYS Workbench, but
that you are generally familiar with the interface. If you are not, please review Sample Session in the
Icepak User's Guide and the tutorial ANSYS Icepak - ANSYS Workbench Integration Tutorial of this guide.
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233
234
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) to display
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235
Note
ANSYS Workbench will close Icepak to save the model, you will need to launch Icepak again
to continue.
2. In the Mesh control panel, make sure Mesher-HD is selected as the Mesh type.
3. Set the Max element size for X, Y, and Z to 0.03 m if not already set.
4. Select the Normal option next to Mesh parameters.
5. In the Local tab, select Edit next to Object params (Figure 14.3: Object Parameters in the Mesh control
Panel (p. 237)). Verify that the individual localized mesh settings for the following objects are:
Object type
Object name
Parameter
Requested Value
Openings
All openings
Y count
10
Plates
All plates
0.003
0.003
Y count
Block
block.3
Note
You can also set mesh parameters by right clicking object in the Model tree and selecting
Edit mesh parameters.
236
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Advanced settings ,
237
2. Go to Problem setup
Basic parameters and make sure the Flow regime is Turbulent and
the turbulence model is Zero equation under the General setup tab. Press Accept to close the panel.
3. Now add two temperature point monitors for plate2.1 and plate2.2 into the Points folder to observe
the progress of the solution at the center of the objects. To do this, highlight both objects in the Model
tree using the Ctrl key and the left mouse button, and then drag objects into the Points folder. The
default setting for a monitor point is temperature so nothing else has to be done.
Note
When gravity is not turned on in the solution, you have the opportunity to reduce solve
time if desired by selecting this option. Since there are no buoyancy effects, there is no
longer a coupling of the Navier-Stokes and energy equations. Thus, you can completely
converge the flow equations and then use that value in the energy equation instead of
solving both on every iteration.
Description
face.1
Object: plate2.2
Show contours/Parameters
238
Specifications
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Specifications
Description
Show particle
traces/Parameters
face.2
Variable: Speed
Display options: Uniform
= 50
Style: Dye trace and
Particles
Plane location:
cut.1
Show vectors
Plane location:
cut.2
Show vectors
face.1 and cut.1 should look similar to Figure 14.4: face.1 (Plate2.2 Temperature) (p. 240) and Figure 14.5: cut.1 (Z-Plane Through Center Velocity) (p. 241).
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239
240
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2. Finally, save all the postprocessing objects created. Go to Post Save post objects to file. Save it
with default file name post_objects to be used in future.
241
Note
The coordinates for each of the zoom-in boundaries can also be specified by clicking the
Select button to the right of the appropriate text entry box and clicking the left mouse
button on the desired point in the graphics display window. You may want to orient your
view depending upon the coordinate being selected to ensure a more accurate selection.
The boundaries of the zoom-in model will be displayed in the graphics window as you
update them.
Figure 14.6: The Zoom-in modeling setup Panel
3. Click on Accept to create the zoom-in model. Since many of the parts in the zoom-in model extend out
of the zoom-in box, a warning message window should appear listing a set of objects that lie outside.
4. In the Objects overlapping dialog box, click the Resize button to resize these parts to fit into the zoomin model. ANSYS Icepak writes out a zoom-in model called IcepakProj.zoom_in. ANSYS Icepak reports
on the operations to construct the model and creates the profiles in the ANSYS Icepak messages window.
242
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243
Value
Info
Name
Chip
Geometry
Specify by
Start / length
yL
0.05 m
zL
-0.05 m
Properties
Power
3.0 W
244
Delete two of the components to form the pattern shown in Figure 14.8: Schematic of the Completed
Zoom-in Model (p. 245).
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0.003 m
0.02 m
0.02 m
The meshing panel should now look like Figure 14.9: Zoom-in Mesh control Panel (p. 246).
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245
4. Generate the mesh and then display and check the mesh quality from the Display tab. Make sure to
uncheck the Display mesh option when you are done.
Solution settings
4. Solve the model by selecting Solve Run solution and by clicking on Start solution under the
General setup tab.
246
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Specifications
Description
face.1
face.2
Variable: Speed
Particle options
Start time: 0; End time:
1
Display options: Uniform = 100
Style: Dye trace and
Particles
Figure 14.10: face.1 and face.2 (p. 248) shows the two object faces at the same time.
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247
248
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2. Delete all the components within the model except all the plates which represents the PCB and the chips
and re-save the model. (This version has all the unnecessary components for the system merge removed.)
3. Save the main model rack as rack-merge-NC using the Rename option in the Icepak Setup cell context
menu.
Note
There will be two projects in the rack-new_files folder, IPK and IPK-1. Select IcepakProj
located at dp0/IPK-1/Icepak.
6. Deactivate the old components residing where the merged components are ( plate.1.2 and plate.2.2).
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249
250
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15.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the menu structure in ANSYS Icepak and that you have
solved or read the tutorial Finned Heat Sink. If you have not, please review Sample Session in the Icepak
User's Guide.
2. Click New in the Welcome to Icepak panel to start a new ANSYS Icepak project.
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IDF Import
The New project panel appears.
3. Specify a name for your project.
a. In the Project name text box, enter the name idf-demo.
b. Click Create.
1. In the IDF import panel, click the Browse button next to the Board file (ascii) field and select the file
(brd_board.emn). Board files have the extension *.emn" or *.brd". Note that the library file
(brd_board.emp) gets loaded automatically (Figure 15.2: IDF import Panel - Load files (p. 253)).
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2. Click Next and go on to the Layout options section (Figure 15.3: IDF import Panel - Layout options (p. 254)).
Import type as Detail
Board plane as XY - this is always detected automatically
Board shape as Rectangular
Board properties - Click Edit button to access the Board properties where you can enter details such
as number of trace layers, coverage and layer thickness etc. Layer properties refer to the average
properties of all internal layers. In this example, examine the defaults, and click Cancel to close the
Board properties panel.
Note
More advanced PCB models are covered in the introductory tutorial, RF Amplifier, and
application tutorial, Trace Layer Import for Printed Circuit Boards (p. 285) located in this
guide.
Drilled holes are for positioning purposes and usually are not thermally important. During the import,
they can be ignored. By default, ANSYS Icepak leaves import drilled holes unchecked under Detailed
options.
Enable Make all components rectangular under Detailed options to convert all polygonal components
to prisms.
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253
IDF Import
Figure 15.3: IDF import Panel - Layout options
3. Click Next to go to the Component filters section (Figure 15.4: IDF import Panel - Component figures (p. 254)). Components can be filtered either by size and power or by component type. For now, select
Filter by component type and Import all components. The other options will be explained in more
detail at the end of the tutorial.
Figure 15.4: IDF import Panel - Component figures
4. Click Next to go to the Component models section (Figure 15.5: IDF import Panel - Component models (p. 255)).
5. Select Model all components as and keep the default settings. The option Choose specific component
model will be discussed later in the tutorial.
254
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6. Click on Next to go to the Miscellaneous options section (Figure 15.6: IDF import Panel - Miscellaneous
options (p. 256)). Select Append Part Name to Reference Designator under the Naming conventions
group box.
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IDF Import
Figure 15.6: IDF import Panel - Miscellaneous options
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2. If Filter by component type is chosen (Figure 15.9: IDF Import Panel - Component filters: Filter by
component type (p. 258)), the required components can be selected through the Component selection
panel (Figure 15.10: Component selection Panel (p. 258)); otherwise all the components are included. The
Component selection panel contains reference designators for all components.
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257
IDF Import
Figure 15.9: IDF Import Panel - Component filters: Filter by component type
After clicking Choose, you can choose individual components from the panel in the figure below:
Figure 15.10: Component selection Panel
Rjc
(C/W)
Rjb
(C/W)
Figure 15.11: Set Component Property Using File (p. 259) shows a sample file. Objects not present in
the file are imported with data already present in the IDF file, or as solid blocks with no power
specification.
258
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4. Component properties may also be edited manually by selecting the Specify values for individual
component types option. The components to be imported are listed under Selected components. The
component name is composed of the type and name and the number of copies, followed by a more
descriptive part name (Figure 15.12: Manual Selection of Component Models (p. 259)). To manually set
the component property, you can select the component in the Selected components list. Multiple selections can be made with Ctrl + left mouse or Shift + left mouse. Then, you can choose the model type:
Two-resistor (Rjc-Rjb), 3d blocks, or 2d sources, and specify power. For a two-resistor model, Rjc and Rjb
values need to be specified as well. After inputting your specifications, you can click Apply to complete
the modification.
Figure 15.12: Manual Selection of Component Models
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259
IDF Import
260
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16.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you have little experience with ANSYS Icepak, but that you are generally familiar with the interface. If you are not, please review Sample Session in the Icepak User's Guide.
The heat sink used for this sample problem was obtained from the company Alpha, www.alphanovatech.com/cindexe.html#w.
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261
2. Click New in the Welcome to Icepak panel to start a new ANSYS Icepak project.
The New project panel appears.
262
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Note
ANSYS Icepak creates a default cabinet with the dimensions 1 m 1 m 1 m and displays
the cabinet in the graphics window.
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263
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Cabinet
Important
Note that the dimensions are in mm.
Table 16.1: Coordinates for the Cabinet
xS
-100 mm
xE
150 mm
yS
-5 mm
yE
20 mm
zS
-25 mm
zE
25 mm
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265
4. Edit the cabinet properties to specify the Min x and Max x sides as openings.
a. Select Opening from the drop-down menu under Wall type for Min x and Max x.
266
b. Select Edit to display the Openings object panel for Min x and specify the
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velocity to be 5 m/s.
c. Press Done in the Openings object panel and the changes will be applied to the Cabinet object
panel.
5. Create a block at the base of the heat sink.
a. Click the Create blocks button (
ANSYS Icepak creates a new solid prism block in the center of the cabinet. You need to change
the size of the block.
b. Click the Edit object button (
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267
Important
Note that the dimensions are in mm.
Table 16.2: Coordinates for the Block
xS
-30 mm
xE
30 mm
yS
-5 mm
yE
0 mm
zS
-25 mm
zE
25 mm
The block touches the cabinet in the Min y direction, and the heat sink in Max y. The Min z and
Max z sides of the block touch the cabinet.
e. In the Properties tab, select Solid for the Block type if not already selected. Under Thermal specification, keep default as the Solid material. Because the default solid material is extruded aluminum,
you need not specify the material explicitly here.
f.
6. Create a source between the base block and the heat sink.
a. Click the Create sources button (
) to create a source.
b. Edit the source Geometry with the Start/end dimensions given in Table 16.3: Coordinates for the
Source (p. 268).
Important
Note that the dimensions are in mm.
Table 16.3: Coordinates for the Source
Shape
Rectangular
Plane
X-Z
xS
-10 mm
xE
10 mm
yS
yE
zS
10 mm
zE
-10 mm
c. Edit the source Properties and specify a Total power of 50.0 Watts.
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d. Click Done to modify the source property and close the panel.
Note
We will allow heat transfer from the base of the metal block by creating a wall, wall.1 on
the Min y side of the block and the cabinet boundary.
Important
Note that the dimensions are in mm.
Table 16.4: Coordinates for the Wall
Shape
Rectangular
Plane
X-Z
xS
-30 mm
xE
30 mm
yS
-5 mm
yE
zS
-25 mm
zE
25 mm
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269
Select Heat transfer coefficient from the External conditions drop-down list.
v. Press Done in the Wall external thermal conditions panel and then the Walls object panel to
apply the changes close the panels.
The final model should correspond to the one shown in Figure 16.1: Wind Tunnel Model with Heatsink
Modeled as CAD Block (p. 262).
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Important
Note that the dimensions are in mm.
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271
Note
The slacks in the Min Z and Max Z directions are specified by snapping with the
cabinet boundary in the respective directions. Note the use of Max element size in
each direction to control the mesh refinement in the assembly.
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Important
Note that the dimensions are in mm.
Figure 16.5: Meshing Parameters for assembly.2
Note
There is a larger max grid size in this assembly compared to assembly.1.
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273
Important
Note that the dimensions are in mm.
Figure 16.6: Mesh control Panel Inputs
Note
When meshing models containing CAD blocks, you could select Hexa unstructured
or Hexa cartesian for the global Mesh type, but only Mesher-HD should be used to
mesh CAD blocks. Therefore, you must create assemblies with Mesher-HD as the
Mesh type around all the CAD blocks.
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Problem setup
Basic parameters.
a. In the General Setup tab, make sure that both the flow and the temperature fields are switched on.
Note
This is a forced convection problem; therefore the natural convection as well as radiation effects can be ignored.
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275
Note
The problem being dominated by forced convection, a sequential solution of flow
and energy equation shall be used.
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3. Stringent energy convergence criterion is required when the energy equation is solved separately.
Go to
Solution settings
Advanced settings.
a. Make sure that the Under-relaxation parameters for Pressure and Momentum are 0.3 and 0.7 respectively.
b. Input the following for Temperature in the Linear solver group box:
i.
ii. Enter 1e-6 for the Termination criterion and the Residual reduction tolerance.
c. Change Precision to Double.
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277
Note
These settings are used for separate solution of the energy equation
Note
You can click the save project button (
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Note
The actual values of the residuals may differ slightly on different machines, so your
plot may not look exactly the same as Figure 16.11: Residuals (p. 279).
Figure 16.11: Residuals
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279
280
Keep the default selection of Calculated in the Color levels group box and choose This object from
the drop-down list.
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g. Press Done in the Object face contours panel and then in the Object face panel to close the panels
and view the postprocessing object.
This maps the color range to the temperature distribution on the heat sink. The temperature on a
given point can be seen using the surface probe tool.
Figure 16.13: Temperature Distribution on the Heat Sink (p. 282) shows the temperature distribution
on the heat sink.
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2. Right click face.1 in the Model tree and deselect Active to deactivate the postprocessing object.
3. Click the Plane cut button (
a. Select Y plane through center from the Set position drop-down list.
b. Select Show vectors option.
c. Click Create and Done. Zoom in to display more details.
The velocity field around the heat sinks fins, visualized on the central y -plane, is shown in Figure 16.14: Velocity Field Around the Heat Sinks Fins (p. 283).
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Step 8: Summary
Figure 16.14: Velocity Field Around the Heat Sinks Fins
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17.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the menu structure in ANSYS Icepak and that you have
solved or read the tutorial Finned Heat Sink. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not
be shown explicitly.
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285
2. Click New in the Welcome to Icepak panel to start a new ANSYS Icepak project.
The New project panel appears.
3. Specify a name for your project.
a. In the Project name text box, enter the name trace-import.
b. Click Create.
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Note
Because we import the trace information later, we do not need to edit the board properties
at this time.
3. Select Next to see the Component filtering options. Ensure Import all components is selected.
Note
You can filter certain components at this step by their size and power information, i.e.
you can ignore the small components or the ones dissipating low power. We will import
all of the components in this tutorial.
4. Select Next to see the Component models section. Select Model all components as. Keep the default
selection of 3d blocks and the default Cutoff height for modeling components as 3d blocks.
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Note
If you have thin components on your board, they can be modeled as 2D sources. In this
tutorial, we would like to model all the components as rectangular blocks.
5. Click Next to go to the Miscellaneous options section where you can specify the naming and monitor
options. Keep the default options and click Finish to start importing the files. This will take some time
depending on the speed of your machine.
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You have learned how to import board and library files, and in general you can import any IDF file
by using the procedure above.
The next step in building the model is to import the trace files. A pre-built board model named
A11" (see Figure 17.1: A11 Board Layout (p. 290)) will be used to demonstrate the trace file import.
This pre-built model was extracted from the previous board file (A11.brd), a number of small components were removed and a non-conformal assembly was formed.
a. Unpack A11.tzr file to your desktop and name the project A11".
Note
As mentioned earlier, the trace file (.brd, .tcb, .mcm, .anf, or .odb++) can either be
imported during the IDF file import or the trace layout information can be assigned
to the board after importing the IDF file.
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b. Right click BOARD_OUTLINE.1 in the Model manager window and click Edit to display the Blocks
object panel.
To import the trace layout, follow the procedures below.
i.
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In the Geometry tab, select ASCII TCB from the Import ECAD file drop down list (Figure 17.2: Blocks [BOARD_OUTLINE.1] Panel (p. 291)).
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ii. Select A1.tcb from the Trace file panel. This process may take a few minutes depending on the
speed of your computer.
iii. Once the import process is completed, you can edit the layer information in the Board layer and
via information panel (Figure 17.3: Importing Trace Layout and Editing Layer Information (p. 292)).
The number of layers in the board will automatically be imported to ANSYS Icepak and you
will have to enter the thickness of each layer and the material type. In this tutorial, the metal
layers are pure Cu and the dielectric layers are FR-4.
iv. Enter the layer thickness as shown in Table 17.1: Thickness Information on the Board (Layer 1: Top,
Layer 7: Bottom layers) (p. 291).
Table 17.1: Thickness Information on the Board (Layer 1: Top, Layer 7: Bottom layers)
Layer
Thickness (mm)
Layer 1
0.04
Layer 2
0.45364
Layer 3
0.062
Layer 4
0.467
Layer 5
0.055
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Thickness (mm)
Layer 6
0.442
Layer 7
0.045
v. By default, layers are lumped for each sub-grid, therefore, the Model layers separately option
is off. They can also be modeled separately, which will be discussed later when the Model layers
separately option is used.
vi. Via information (e.g., material, plating thickness, filled/un-filled, via diameter etc.) is imported
automatically (Figure 17.4: Vias Information (p. 293)), keep the default settings.
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Note
The background mesh matrix (rows and columns) is used to compute the orthotropic conductivity on the board. The rows represent the division of the board in
the y-direction, the columns represent the division of the board in the x-direction
and the size field determines the divisions of the board and indicates the grid size
in each direction. The values of k, kx, ky, and kz on each cell are determined by
the local trace density and the direction. ANSYS Icepak does not include the trace
geometry in the physical model; however, the locally varying orthotropic conductivity is mapped from the background mesh to the physical model mesh. Once the
trace file is imported and assigned to the board geometry, the trace layers are
associated with the board and are moved (in translation and/or rotation) with the
board object.
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Note
You can view the traces in three different ways, i.e. single color, color by layer,
or color by trace. Each of the trace layers can be viewed separately by switching
the visible option on or off in the layers part of the panel. (Figure 17.5: Displaying
Traces on the Board (p. 294)).
Figure 17.5: Displaying Traces on the Board
x. Select color by trace; the board traces are as shown in Figure 17.6: Trace Layout on the PCB with
the Color by trace Option (p. 295).
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You can view the location of individual trace layers as shown in Figure 17.7: Displaying Trace
Layers (p. 295) by enabling the Display traces in 3D option in the Preferences panel.
Edit Preferences Display
After enabling this option, zoom in and display the positive Y view of your model.
Figure 17.7: Displaying Trace Layers
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Note
The rest of the sides are insulated. The board will be simulated using a conduction-only
model.
Problem setup
Basic parameters.
a. Since this is a conduction only model, toggle off the Flow option in the General setup tab.
b. Make sure Radiation is off and keep all other default values.
c. Press Accept to close the Basic parameters panel.
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Solution settings
Basic settings.
a. Keep the default Number of iterations and set the Convergence criteria for Energy to 1e-12.
b. Click Accept to close the panel.
3. Go to
Solution settings
Advanced settings.
a. Input the following for Temperature in the Linear solver group box:
i.
ii. Enter 1e-6 for both the Termination criterion and Residual reduction tolerance.
b. Select Double for the solver Precision.
c. Press Accept to close the Advanced solver setup panel.
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Note
The spatially varying non-uniform conductivity of the board can also be viewed during post
processing. The conductivities in the three direction K_X, K_Y, and K_Z are available as postprocessing variables with plane cuts and object faces. Figure 17.9: K_X Distribution on the
PCB (mid-plane) (p. 299) plots kx at the board mid-plane by selecting K_X from the Contours
of drop-down list from Plane cut contours panel of the cut.1 object. In the present case,
because we chose not to model the layers separately, there will be no variation of the conductivities in the board-normal direction.
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Note
The Model layers separately option automatically creates contact resistance plates in the
plane of the board at the start and end locations of each metal layer. These dummy plates
have zero thermal resistance and their sole purpose is to ensure proper mesh resolution
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7. Now the model can be meshed again same mesh settings as earlier except for the Minimum gap in the
Z direction should be set to 0.25 mm to account for the contact resistance plates, and solved with the
exact same boundary conditions. The temperature distribution and conductivity profiles on the board
can be viewed again during post processing to examine the effect of modeling the layers separately as
compared to the previous case.
17.18. Summary
In this tutorial, you imported the board layout and trace files. Then you simulated the board using a
conduction only model. Postprocessing this model showed high temperature regions occurring at the
no-trace areas and low temperature regions occurring at areas with a high trace concentration. Then
you simulated the board with the components put back into the model and simulated under forced
convection. Then you simulated the conduction using the Model layers separately option.
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18.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you have completed Tutorial Trace Layer Import for Printed Circuit
Boards (p. 285) of this guide. This same model is used to determine the joule/trace heating capability
in ANSYS Icepak.
Note
When ANSYS Icepak starts, the Welcome to Icepak panel will open automatically.
2. Click Unpack in the Welcome to Icepak panel to start a new ANSYS Icepak project.
Note
The File selection panel will appear.
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Joule/Trace Heating
3. In the File selection panel, select the packed project file joule-heating.tzr and click Open.
Note
The project file can be found in your installation directory at ICEPAK_ROOT/tutorials/joule-heating/joule-heating.tzr.
4. In the Location for the unpacked project panel, select a directory where you would like to place the
packed project file, enter a project name in the New Project text field, and click Unpack.
In the drop-down list under Layers, select INT1_3. The list below Display traces shows available
traces. You can filter the traces to view by setting an Area filter (the default in ANSYS Icepak is
20% of the Largest trace area) and clicking the Filter button. In this example, use an Area filter
of 17890 mm2, as this will only show the significant traces.
Note
The Trace heating panel lists the traces in each layer in order of descending area,
see Figure 18.1: Trace Heating Panel Selection and Options (p. 305).
ii. Before you create a solid trace of Trace 1_1724, you need to modify the Max angle filter and
the Min length filter to ignore the fine details in the trace geometry and reduce the mesh count.
If not already selected, select Trace 1_1724 and set the Max angle filter to 135 and the Min
length filter to 1.0 mm.
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iii. Click on the Create solid trace button. ANSYS Icepak will create a polygonal solid block named
BOARD_OUTLINE.layer-3-trace-1_1724 that contains the trace information. (The actual
name may vary). Click Done to close the Trace heating panel.
Note
You can try reducing the Area filter to 1000 mm2 to check how many traces appear. We are interested in the second largest trace, trace 1_1724.
b. Click Done in the Blocks panel to close the panel and view the model.
2. Select the polygonal trace from the Model tree and open the Blocks panel.
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Joule/Trace Heating
a. In the Geometry tab of the Blocks panel, make sure there are around 60 vertices for the trace, as
shown in Figure 18.2: Polygonal Trace Block (p. 306).
Figure 18.2: Polygonal Trace Block
Make sure that the Solid material is tr_1_1724_sol_mat and then select Edit definition in
the drop-down list.
A. The Materials panel opens.
B. Make sure the Properties tab of the Materials panel looks like Figure 18.3: Trace Materials
Panel Properties Tab (p. 307).
C. Press Done to close the Materials panel.
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ii. In order to activate Joule heating of the trace, press the Edit button for the Joule option. The
Joule heating power panel opens.
A. For the first boundary condition in the Boundary conditions group box, set Side to side1,
Boundary type to current, and specify the Current to 25 Amps.
B. For the second boundary condition, set Side to side42, Boundary type to voltage, and the
Voltage to 0 V.
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Joule/Trace Heating
Figure 18.4: Boundary conditions for the Trace Block
Note
Current conservation needs to be manually inspected by the user.
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Note
The side numbers are estimates as they may be slightly different for each
model.
C. Press Done in the Joule heating power panel and then the Blocks panel to close the panels
and view the model.
In the Meshing tab, select Mesh separately and input the Slack settings, Mesh type, Max element size, and Min gap settings as shown in Figure 18.6: Mesh Settings for the Trace Board (p. 310).
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Joule/Trace Heating
Figure 18.6: Mesh Settings for the Trace Board
Note
Ensure Mesh type is Mesher-HD.
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Problem setup
Basic parameters.
a. Since this is a forced convection problem, ensure that the Flow is toggled on and that Turbulent is
selected under Flow regime. Select Zero equation as the turbulence model.
b. Press Accept to close the panel.
3. Go to
Solution settings
Basic settings.
Solution settings
Advanced settings.
a. Input the following for Temperature in the Linear solver group box:
i.
ii. Enter 1e-6 for both the Termination criterion and Residual reduction tolerance.
b. Make sure the Precision for the solver is Double.
c. Press Accept to close the Advanced solver setup panel.
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Joule/Trace Heating
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2. Now plot the electric potential of the same trace, Figure 18.8: Trace Electric Potential Contours with
Forced Convection (p. 314).
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Joule/Trace Heating
Figure 18.8: Trace Electric Potential Contours with Forced Convection
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Step 8: Summary
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19.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you have worked on Sample Session in the Icepak User's Guide and the first
two ANSYS Icepak tutorials of this guide.
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# of Occurrences in
model
Available information
PCB
Extruded Aluminum
TO-220 Packages
DIP
= 2.5 C/W
Power
(w)
0
1.5
None
0.5
2.0
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# of Occurrences in
model
Available information
Power
(w)
3.5
Note
An ounce of Copper is actually the thickness of 1 ounce/sq.ft of plane copper sheet. Using
copper density this translates to a thickness of 0.035 mm.
Table 19.2: Available Information for 400 PBGA
Feature
Size (mm)
Overall package
26 x 26 x 2.15
Mold compound
0.8
Die/Mold tab
Die
18 x 18 x 0.4
Silicon material
Die/Mold tab
Die Flag
18 x 18 x 0.035
(equivalent)
80.0 (effective)
Die/Mold tab
Die Attach
0.05 mm thick
Not mentioned
Die/Mold tab
Substrate
0.4 mm thick
FR4
Substrate tab
Substrate
traces
0.035 mm thick
Copper
Substrate tab
Vias
Unknown
Not mentioned
Solder Balls
Standard
Solder
20 x 20 count, full
array
Solder tab
Wire Bonds
Not mentioned
Usually Gold
Die/Mold tab
Name
Shape/Type/Plane
PCB
pcb.1
XZ
a. Go to the Properties tab. Enter the PCB thickness of 1.6 mm for Substrate thickness.
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Now, you should see the PCB object overlapping the block called PCB. There is no more need for
this block.
Note
You recreated the PCB object geometry using coordinates of the imported PCB block.
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There are 9 TO-220 device blocks. Select them all at once by drawing a window" with Shift+left
mouse (see Figure 19.4: Window Selecting Multiple Objects for Simultaneous Edit (p. 322)). Press
Shift+I for an isometric view. Simultaneous selection can also be done in the Model manager
window, press the Ctrl key and left mouse click to select objects.
Figure 19.4: Window Selecting Multiple Objects for Simultaneous Edit
ii. You should see all TO-220 devices highlighted in the tree. Please note that only TO-220 objects
should be selected. If you see other objects highlighted (such as the Spreader objects), please
deselect them by holding down the Ctrl key and left mouse clicking them in the tree. You can
simultaneously edit all of the remaining objects at once by clicking your right mouse on any one
of the selected TO-220 objects in the tree.
A. Select Network for the Block type.
B. Keep the default selection of Two Resistor for the Network type.
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Note
Zero resistance means that there would not be any link and the resistance
values are infinite.
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As we did before for the TO_220 objects, select all the DIP objects and simultaneously edit them.
ii. Use default solid material (any material will work because we are not interested in DIP temperature).
A. Input 0.5 W in the Total Power field.
B. Click Done
Note
Dip is the package type for which we have the least information. So we are
left with two options:
Try to get information from supplier.
OR
Perform a tentative simulation with available information. The options are considered along with the following facts:
The DIPs constitute a lower heat flux than the other components in the board.
This is an existing design in which the DIPs have been known to run well below
their specified temperature even at max power.
Based on the above reasoning, it is easier to perform a tentative simulation
with the available power information than to obtain the information from the
supplier. In this context the purpose of the DIP package modeling is to appropriately account for air and PCB heating due to flow over the DIPs. Accurate
prediction of the DIP temperature is not an objective.
Go to the Libraries node by clicking the Library tab in the Model manager window. Then rightclick Libraries and select Search packages.
Note
A package may also be created using either IC package macros or a package object.)
ii. In the Search package library panel enter all known information about the package
(Table 19.1: Available Details for Objects in the Model (p. 319)) as search criteria. Clicking the Search
button should return 1 the closest matching packages from the library. Pick the package that is
1
If search does not return a relevant package, click on the package object icon to create a new package object. After entering the
few known values, you may enter reasonable values or leave the remaining parameters as defaults.
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iii. Go back to the Project tab and edit the newly created package object. Make sure that:
The Package type is QFP.
The Package thickness is 2.0 mm.
The Model type is Compact Conduction Model (CCM).
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Note
CCM is a compact model based on geometric simplifications that still preserve the
original heat transfer pathways of the package. It has been demonstrated 2 that
CCM is fairly accurate and boundary condition independent. Other options under
Model type are:
To model the package in full detail. This option is meant for package level modeling.
Using this in board or system design will unduly complicate the simulation.
To characterize Junction-to-case and Junction-to-board network resistances for a
two resistance compact model. We will be doing this for the PBGA package.
iv. Select the Die/Mold tab. (The Substrate and Solder tabs show blank interface since QFP type
packages do not have solder or substrate). Enter 3.5 W for Power.
v. Use all other defaults under Die/Mold tab. Click Done to close the tab.
vi. The package created is in an arbitrary location. You may use the Align face centers button (
)
to position the base center of the created package object with that of the 232PQFP block. The
dimensions of the package should match the dimensions of the 232PQFP block:
vii. There is no more need for the 232PQFP block. Deactivate it.
viii.There is another 232PQFP" block (232PQFP.1). Create a copy of the first package object and
align with the remaining 232PQFP" block. Then, deactivate the second 232PQFP" block
(232PQFP.1). The dimensions of the second package should be:
Select all the blocks named 400-PBGA and edit all of them simultaneously.
Karimanal, K.V. and Refai-Ahmed, G., Validation of Compact Conduction Models of BGA Under An Expanded Boundary Condition
Set", Proceedings of the ITHERM 2002, May 2002, San Diego, Ca, USA.
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a. Make sure Mesher-HD is selected as the Mesh type and Normal is selected for Mesh parameters.
b. Click Generate to create the mesh.
Figure 19.7: Mesh control panel
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Basic parameters and set the Flow regime to Turbulent in the General
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2. Go to Solve Run solution and enable Sequential solution of flow and energy equations.
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).
Note the higher temperatures in the parts of the PCB under the PQFP packages.
2. Go to Report Network block values. The Message window lists all network block temperatures.
Network junction temperatures can also be obtained from the overview report.
3. The closeness of the PBGAs to each other is a cause for their overheating. How much is the problem
due to the temperature of the air approaching these components?
A picture of the thermal boundary layer over the PBGAs can be seen by taking XY cut plane of temperature contours over the PBGA blocks.
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20.2. Prerequisites
The trainee should be familiar with:
ANSYS Icepak modeling objects
Basics of meshing
Non-conformal meshing
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Multi-Level Meshing
and improve mesh resolution on and around the CAD objects using the multi-level meshing technique.
This procedure starts with a coarse background mesh and resolves fine level features through a series
of successive mesh refinements. It is possible to reduce the mesh count to approximately 500000 and
improve mesh resolution at the same time using this technique along with the uniform mesh parameters
option.
Generate mesh without modifying the model. You will see a mesh count of about 650,000 cells.
Note
The mesh count may differ slightly on different machines.
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Step-by-Step Approach
Figure 20.1: Mesh of Flow Guide Without Multi-Level Meshing
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Multi-Level Meshing
Figure 20.2: Mesh of Sheetmetal_HS Without Multi-Level Meshing
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Multi-Level Meshing
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Generate a Mesh
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Multi-Level Meshing
Figure 20.3: Flow_Guide Mesh
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Conclusion
20.10. Conclusion
Using multi-level meshing, we were able to improve the mesh resolution and instantly transition to
coarser meshes thus reducing the overall mesh count. Hence, this approach significantly reduces run
time while enhancing the accuracy of the simulation.
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341
342
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21.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the menu structure in ANSYS Icepak and that you have
solved or read the tutorial Finned Heat Sink of this guide.
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343
b. In the Packages panel, click the Dimensions tab and select ASCII TCB from the Import ECAD file
drop-down list.
Figure 21.1: The Packages Panel (Dimensions Tab)
344
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Note
block_1.tcb can be found in the installation directory at ICEPAK_ROOT/tutorials/BGA-package/block_1.tcb.
d. Keep the numbers for the layers and vias and click Accept in the Board layer and via information
panel.
Note
If the Objects outside panel is displayed, click the Resize Cabinet button.
Click Done.
g. Click on the Cabinet in the object tree and click the Autoscale button located in the edit window
in the lower right corner of the main menu.
Note
Click the Scale to fit icon (
h. Right click on the package object in the object tree, choose Traces Color by trace to display the
traces.
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345
As can be seen in Figure 21.2: Display of Traces (p. 346), the wirebonds are lumped into polygonal
plates by ANSYS Icepak.
i.
j.
Create a PCB object and input the following in the Geometry tab:
Plane
X-Y
Specify by
Start / end
xS
-7.03 mm
xE
7.03 mm
yS
-7.03 mm
yE
7.03 mm
zS
-1.2 mm
zE
k. In the Properties tab, set the substrate thickness as 0.8 mm, then enter the following Cu percentages
for the layers:
346
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l.
Click on Update. Note that the thermal conductivity information (plane and normal) for the PCB is
updated.
Frank Incropera and David DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1981.
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347
).
2. In the Mesh control panel, enter 0.5 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.14 mm for the Max element size for x, y, and
z, respectively. Change the Minimum gap values to 0.05 mm, 0.05 mm, and 0.01 mm for x, y and z, re-
348
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Note
Ensure that Mesh type is Mesher-HD.
3. Click Generate.
Figure 21.5: Mesh control Panel
4. Click Close to close the panel once you have created the mesh.
Problem setup
Basic parameters.
Solution settings
Basic settings.
a. Change the Number of iterations to 25 and the Convergence criteria for Energy to 1e-15.
b. Click Accept to close the panel.
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349
Solution settings
Advanced settings.
a. Input the following for Temperature in the Linear solver group box:
i.
ii. Enter 1e-6 for both the Termination criterion and Residual reduction tolerance.
b. In the Precision drop-down list, select Double.
c. Click Accept to save your settings and close the panel.
350
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(21.1)
=
Where
351
(21.2)
352
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22.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you have reviewed Sample Session in the Icepak User's Guide and the tutorials
Finned Heat Sink and RF Amplifier of this guide.
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353
The objective of this exercise is to illustrate the advantage of using the zero slack capability. The model
will be constructed using the default metric unit system.
354
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Note
You need to unzip the tcb file before you can import it.
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355
Note
The Resize Block option is necessary when the board size is not known or an idf file is
not available.
4. Once the import is completed, you can edit the layer information in the Board layer and via information
panel. Enter the layer thickness as shown in the table below.
Layer
Thickness (mm)
Layer 1
0.04
Layer 2
0.45364
Layer 3
0.062
Layer 4
0.467
Layer 5
0.055
Layer 6
0.442
Layer 7
0.045
5. By default, layers are lumped for each sub-grid, therefore, the Model layers separately option is off and
will need to be enabled.
a. Click Accept to close the Board layer and via information panel.
b. Then click Edit next to Trace layers and vias in the Blocks panel to reopen the Board layer and
via information panel.
c. The Model layers separately option can now be enabled.
6. The via information is imported automatically, so keep the default settings.
7. Click Accept to save your settings.
Note
You can view the traces in three different ways, i.e. Single color, Color by trace, or Color
by layer.
The meshing plates are placed at the location of the different layers; they are used to ensure
the mesh resolution is high enough at the different layers.
356
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Note
Non-conformal assemblies are used to reduce mesh count in models and to improve mesh
quality.
1. Set the slack values for the heat sink assembly as shown in the figure below.
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357
Object name
Parameter
Requested
block
pcb
X count
25
Z count
assembly
Heatsink
assembly
Board
assembly
Package
Note
The package is not well resolved and it is divided between the heatsink and board assemblies. Moreover, mesh bleeding from the meshing plates extends beyond the board because of the slack values.
Note
Currently, zero slack assemblies are unable to participate in radiation when a surface coincides
with the assembly interface.
1. Change the slack values for the heat sink assembly as shown in the figure below.
358
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2. In addition, enable Mesh separately in the package and board assemblies (do not change any other
values in these assemblies).
Solution settings
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359
Specifications
Description
cut.1
Show vectors
Object: pcb
face.1
Note the min & max temperatures and the temperature distribution.
Object: pcb
Show contours / Parameters
Contours of : K_X
360
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23.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you have little experience with ANSYS Workbench and so each step will be
explicitly described.
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361
Note
When ANSYS Workbench starts, the Toolbox and Project Schematic are displayed.
362
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Note
A green check mark in the Geometry cell indicates the geometry has been imported
successfully.
2. Double-click the Geometry (A2) cell to open DesignModeler as you need to edit the geometry first before
exporting into ANSYS Icepak.
a. Keep the selection of Meter as the desired length unit and press OK.
b. Click Generate to display the model.
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363
Note
The Electronics menu is shown only if the DesignModeler option Enable Electronics
Options is turned on.
b. In the object edit panel of each of the objects, rename the object (if necessary) in the Info tab and
enter the specifications in Properties tab as shown in Table 23.1: Object Properties (p. 364).
Note
To open the object edit panel, perform a right mouse click on the object and select
Edit. After editing the object, you can press Update to save the changes and click a
different object in the Model tree to go to that object without closing the panel.
Table 23.1: Object Properties
Object
SERIAL_PORT
SERIAL_PORT
default
0.0 Watts
MEMORY1
MEMORY_1
Ceramic_material
5 Watts
MEMORY1.1
MEMORY_2
Ceramic_material
5 Watts
CAPACITOR
CAPACITOR_1
default
0.0 Watts
CAPACITOR.1
CAPACITOR_2
default
0.0 Watts
KB
KB
default
0.0 Watts
HEAT_SINK
HEAT_SINK
default
0.0 Watts
CPU
364
New name
Solid Material
Total Power
CPU
Ceramic_material
20 Watts
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New name
ALHPA_MAIN_PCB
PCB
Solid Material
Custom- PCB solid_material
Total Power
0.0 Watts
Note
Edit the Solid material by selecting a material in the drop down list. To create a
(Custom) material, select Create material in the drop down list and click the Properties tab in the Materials panel and enter the specifications.
c. Resize edit the properties of the default cabinet in the Cabinet panel.
Model
i.
Cabinet
In the Cabinet panel, click the Geometry tab. Under Location, enter the following coordinates:
Table 23.2: Coordinates for the Cabinet
xS = -0.19 m
xE = 0.03 m
yS = 0 m
yE = 0.02848 m
zS = -0.11 m
zE = 0 m
ii. Edit the cabinet properties to specify Min x and Max x sides as openings.
A. In the Properties tab of the Cabinet object panel, select Opening from the drop-down menu
under Wall type for Min x and Max x.
B. Select Edit to display the opening for the Max x object panel.
C. In the Properties tab, specify the x velocity to be 2 m/s. Click Done in the Openings and
Cabinet panels to apply the changes and close the panels.
d. The final model should correspond to the one shown below.
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365
Note
To add objects to an assembly, select one or more objects in the Model manager window
and drag them into the desired assembly node.
366
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Max X = 0.005 m
Min Y = 0.0016 m
Max Y = 0 m
Min Z = 0.001 m
Max Z = 0.005 m
3. Specify the overall mesh controls as shown in the Mesh control panel below.
Model Generate mesh
Note
The Mesh units and Minimum gap values are in mm, and Set uniform mesh params
is checked in the Global tab.
Press Generate to create the mesh. You can check the mesh using the Display and Quality tabs
in the Mesh control panel. Press Close when you are done.
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367
Problem setup
a. In the General setup tab, make sure that both flow and the temperature fields are switched on.
b. Select Turbulent and Zero equation for the Flow regime and turn Off the Radiation.
c. Click Accept to close the panel.
2. Go to Solution settings Basic settings and Solution settings Advanced settings in
the Model manager window and verify that the following values are set for each variable:
Basic settings
No. of iterations = 100
Flow = 0.001
Energy = 1e-7
Advanced settings
Pressure = 0.3
Momentum = 0.7
Note
You can click the save icon (
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4. Once the solution converges, click Done in the Solution residuals window to close it.
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2. Double click the C2 Results cell to launch ANSYS CFD-Post. The model should appear in the display
window.
3. To generate contours, please do the following:
a. Go to Insert Contour or click on the Contour button
Contour 1 and click OK.
Keep the default selection of All Domains in the Domains drop-down list.
ii. Click on the ... button next to Locations to display the Locations Selector dialog box. Highlight
all CPU, PCB and HEAT_SINK objects and click OK to close the panel.
Note
You can select multiple objects by holding down either Shift or Ctrl and selecting
the objects.
ii. Keep the default selection of All Domains in the Domains drop-down list.
iii. Select cabinet_default_side_maxx minx from the Start From drop-down list.
iv. Keep the default selection of Velocity in the Variable drop-down list.
370
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5. When you are done examining the results, close ANSYS CFD-Post and return to ANSYS Workbench.
, hold down the Ctrl key and drag a box around the entire model to select it. Click on
the cell to the right of Geometry and then click Apply. Nine bodies should be selected.
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372
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24.2. Prerequisites
Familiarity with the ANSYS Workbench interface
Familiarity with the ANSYS Icepak interface
Figure 24.1: Quick Reference - CFD Post Interface
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373
To adjust or view the mouse mapping options, go to Edit Options, then Viewer Setup Mouse
Mapping in ANSYS CFD-Post.
374
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c. Rename the ANSYS Icepak component module as Parametric Setup as shown in Figure 24.5: Renaming the ANSYS Icepak Component Module (p. 375). To rename the title, double click on the title
Icepak or click the left mouse button on the down arrow (
the drop down list.
d. As shown in Figure 24.6: Linking the Results (ANSYS CFD-Post) Component to the ANSYS Icepak
Component (p. 376) and Figure 24.7: Final Project Schematic (p. 376), drag and drop a Results (ANSYS
CFD-Post) component module onto the Solution cell of the Parametric Setup to link the ANSYS
Icepak analysis to ANSYS CFD-Post. Rename the Results component module to CFD Post.
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e. Save the project using File/Save (name the project as ice-cfdpost) from the ANSYS Workbench
interface.
2. Import project into ANSYS Icepak
a. Right click the ANSYS Icepak Setup cell and import the packed ANSYS Icepak project file ice-cfdpost.tzr located in the project directory.
Note
ice-cfdpost.tzr can be found at ICEPAK_ROOT /tutorials/CFD-Post/icecfdpost.tzr. You must replace ICEPAK_ROOT by the full path name of the directory
where ANSYS Icepak is installed on your computer system.
376
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377
c. Go to the Details view located on the lower left hand side of the screen (see Figure 24.1: Quick Reference - CFD Post Interface (p. 373)).
Figure 24.9: Details View for BoardANDComponents Surface Group
378
As shown in Figure 24.10: Selection for the BoardANDComponents Surface Group (p. 379), hold
down Shift and the left mouse button to select all but the last eight (cabinet*, fan and grille)
surfaces from the list.
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ii. Click OK to close the Location Selector panel and add the surfaces.
e. Click Apply in the Geometry tab to apply the settings.
3. Create another Surface Group for the cabinet.
a. Go to Insert Location Surface Group and name the group CabinetSurfaces.
Figure 24.11: Listing of Surface Groups under User Locations and Plots
b. As before, open the Location Selector panel, but this time select only the cabinet surfaces, and press
OK.
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c. In the Render tab, apply the settings as shown in Figure 24.13: Rendering Details for the CabinetSurfaces Surface Group (p. 380) and click Apply.
Figure 24.13: Rendering Details for the CabinetSurfaces Surface Group
380
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e. Note that these newly create Surface Groups are listed under User Locations and Plots in the Outline
tab.
4. Plot Contours of Temperature on the Surface Group BoardANDComponents.
a. Change the Units for this postprocessing session.
i.
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iv. Click Apply and then OK to set the units and close the panel.
b. Go to Insert Contour and create a new contour object named TemperatureContours.
c. For the contour TemperatureContours, update the settings for the Geometry tab of the Details
view as shown in Figure 24.16: Geometry Settings for TemperatureContours (p. 383) and click Apply.
382
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Note
TemperatureContours is listed under User Locations and Plots.
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383
384
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7. Plot Thermal Chokepoint, displaying regions of high heat flux on the Surface Group BoardANDComponents.
a. Deselect HeatFluxVectors in the User Locations and Plots node.
b. Go to Insert Contour and create a new Contour object named Chokepoint and click OK.
c. Open the Location Selector panel and select only the ALPHA_MAIN_PCB surfaces. Press OK to close
the Location Selector panel and add the surfaces.
386
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d. Modify the Geometry tab of the Details view as shown in Figure 24.22: Geometry Settings for
Chokepoint (p. 388) and click Apply.
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387
388
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d. Modify the Color tab as shown in Figure 24.25: Color Settings for StreamlinesFans (p. 390) and click
Apply.
Figure 24.25: Color Settings for StreamlinesFans
e. Modify the Symbol tab as shown in Figure 24.26: Symbol Settings for StreamlinesFan (p. 391) and
click Apply.
390
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391
c. Right click the background next to the model in the 3D viewer and select the View from +Y option
under Predefined Camera.
Figure 24.29: View From +Y
392
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h. Click the Options button on the Animation panel to access the Animation Options panel.
i.
Set the Animation Speed to Slower from the drop-down menu by a factor of 20 and click OK.
Figure 24.30: Animation Options Panel
j.
Replay the animation and note that the animation is less choppy compared to the original one.
Deselect the TemperatureContours and StreamlinesFan objects under User Locations and
Plots.
10. Create a Plane object displaying temperature contours and velocity vectors.
a. Go to Insert Location Plane and create a plane named PlaneCut.
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393
c. Deactivate the display of the plane by deselecting PlaneCut and activate the contour display by
selecting TemperatureContours under User Locations and Plots.
d. Double click on TemperatureContours or right click Edit to access the Details view. Update
the details as shown in Figure 24.32: Details for TemperatureContours (p. 394) and click Apply.
Figure 24.32: Details for TemperatureContours
394
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e. Go to the Details view for the PlaneCut (do not activate the display of the PlaneCut) and make
the following modifications:
i.
ii. Use the scroll bar to change the Z location for PlaneCut.
f.
The plane cut can also be traversed across the domain using the animation tools in CFD Post.
i.
Go to Tools Animation and select Quick Animation (default) and highlight the PlaneCut
object.
ii. Using the scroll bar, adjust the number of frames for the animation as shown in Figure 24.34: Quick
Animation Settings (p. 396) and click the
button.
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iii. The animation can be viewed on the screen or can be written out to an animation file by checking
the Save Movie option.
iv. Stop the animation by clicking the
button.
Modify the Details for VelVectors to set the Locations to PlaneCut and click Apply.
j.
As before, use the Details view for the PlaneCut to manually traverse the plane displaying the
vectors across the domain.
k. Deactivate the display of the vectors by deselecting Velvectors under User Locations and Plots.
11. Create an Isosurface of 27C and 3 m/s.
a. Go to Insert Location Isosurface and create an Isosurface name HotSpots.
b. Modify the Details for HotSpots to create an isosurface for 27C (Variable: Temperature, Value:
27C).
c. Similarly, modify the Details to create an isosurface for 3 m/s (Variable: Velocity, Value: 3 m/s).
d. Deactivate the display of the isosurface by deselecting HotSpots under User Locations and Plots.
12. Create a Volume for values above 25C.
a. Go to Insert Location Volume and create a Volume named IsoVolume.
b. Modify the Details for IsoVolume as shown in Figure 24.35: Details of IsoVolume (p. 397) and click
Apply.
396
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c. Deactivate the display of the volume by deselecting IsoVolume under User Locations and Plots.
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c. Deactivate the display of the line by deselecting ForChart under User Locations and Plots.
d. Go to Insert Chart to create a Chart named TemperatureVariation.
e. Modify the Details for TemperatureVariation as follows:
i.
ii. General tab: Set the Title to Temperature Variation along Z axis.
iii. Data Series tab: Set Location to ForChart.
iv. X Axis tab: Set Variable to Z.
v. Y Axis tab: Set Variable to Temperature.
f.
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Note
The chart TemperatureVariation is added under the Report node of the Outline
tree.
14. Create an Expression and Variable that can be used for postprocessing.
a. Switch to the Expressions tab (located next to the Outline tab) and review the list of available expressions.
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Right click in the white space and click New to create a new expression named VelocityRatio.
iv. Create the expression as shown in Figure 24.39: Expression for VelocityRatio (p. 400) and click Apply.
Figure 24.39: Expression for VelocityRatio
Note
Velocity is found under Variables, volumeAve()@ is found under Functions
CFDPost, and default_fluid is found under Locations Other.
400
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Right click the white space and click New to create a new variable named VelRatio.
Note
VelRatio is listed under the User-Defined type of Variables.
c. Contours, Isosurfaces, Vectors, Charts, etc. can now be plotted using this new variable.
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d. Double click the Results cell of Comparison Study to launch a new ANSYS CFD-Post session.
Note
As before, ANSYS CFD-Post automatically reads in the most recent solution set (trial
004).
2. As shown in Figure 24.41: The Load Results Panel (p. 403), go to File Load Results to load an additional solution set. Navigate to the ~ice-cfdpost_files/dp0/IPK/Icepak/IcepakProj folder
to pick trial001.cfd.dat as the second solution set for the comparison study.
402
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b. Rotate, Zoom, or Pan one of the displays and confirm that the other display follows suit.
c. Using the Shortcuts Toolbar, modify the display to a landscape view (switch from
to
4. As before, go to Insert Location Surface Group and create a Surface Group named BoardAndComponents.
Important
The Surface Group in this ANSYS CFD-Post session should include the board and component surfaces from BOTH solution sets. Use the Location Selector to select all but the
last eight surfaces from each list. The easiest way to do this is to select all the objects
from both groups using Shift and the left mouse button, then deselecting the cabinet
objects from both groups using Ctrl and the left mouse button.
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404
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8. Go to Insert Streamline and create a Streamline object named StreamlinesFans and edit the
Details as below:
a. Geometry tab: Select fan1_minx from both solution sets for Start From and set # of Points to 50.
b. Color tab: Set Mode to Variable and select Temperature for Variable.
c. Symbol tab: Select Show Symbols and Show Streams. Set the Interval to 0.005 s.
d. Click Apply.
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405
e. Perform a detailed comparison study using the various features (Isosurface, Plane, Animation etc.)
discussed earlier in this tutorial.
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25.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the menu structure in ANSYS Icepak and that you have
solved or read the tutorial Finned Heat Sink of this guide. Some steps will not be shown explicitly.
Size
Power
Server Cabin- 2 ft x 3 ft x 7
et
ft
3000
W
High Density
2 ft x 3 ft x 7
ft
7000
W
PDU
4 ft x 2 ft x 5
ft
3600
W
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407
Note
You can rotate the cabinet around a central point using the left mouse button, or you
can translate it to any point on the screen using the middle mouse button. You can zoom
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Note
The walls of the cabinet are adiabatic and do not participate in radiation by default.
Radiation will not be considered for this analysis.
).
ANSYS Icepak creates a free rectangular plate in the x-y plane in the center of the cabinet. You
need to change the orientation and size of the plate and its location within the cabinet.
b. In the object geometry window:
i.
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Note
Mass flow rate has units of lbm/s.
f.
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4. Set the per-object meshing parameters for the fans crac_intake and crac_exhaust.
a. Open the Mesh control panel by clicking the Generate mesh button (
).
In the Per-object meshing parameters panel, Ctrl+left click crac_exhaust and crac_intake
to select both objects.
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414
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e. Press Apply and Done to copy the CRAC unit and close the panel.
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f.
).
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Note
The volumetric flow rate input for the recirculation opening is converted by ANSYS
Icepak to a mass flow rate input to the computational stage of the analysis. For this
conversion, ANSYS Icepak uses the density specified for Air in the materials panel as
shown below.
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419
f.
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Press Apply and Done to copy the row of server racks and close the panel.
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i.
11. Create a new group for the high density server racks.
a. Select all the high density server rack objects by Shift+left clicking hdrack and then hdrackopns.10 in the Model manager window.
b. Right click one of the selected objects and go to Create and then Group.
c. In the Create group panel, enter HDRACKs in the Name for new group text field.
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Press Apply and Done to copy the row of high density server racks and close the panel.
Figure 25.14: Two Rows of High Density Server Racks in the Graphics Window
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f.
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14. Set the per-object meshing parameters for all the resistance objects.
a. Open the Mesh control panel by clicking the Generate mesh button (
).
b. In the Local tab, press Edit next to the Object params option.
i.
In the Per-object meshing parameters panel, Shift+left click tile and then tile.10 to select
all the resistance objects.
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In the Copy group panel, check Group name and enter TILEs.
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).
).
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Right click CEILING-RETURN in the Groups node again and select Copy.
g. In the Copy group panel, check Group name and enter CEILING-RETURN.
h. Check Translate and set the X offset to -14 ft.
i.
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Press Apply and Done to copy the row of return grilles and close the panel.
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).
b. Double click the newly created object to open the Grille panel.
c. In the Info tab, enter ceiling-return-crac1 under Name and select CEILING-RETURN from
the Groups drop-down list.
d. In the Geometry tab, set the Plane to X-Z and enter the following dimensions:
g. Right click the vent ceiling-return-crac1 from the Model tree and select Copy.
h. In the Copy group panel, check Group name and enter CEILING-RETURN.
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j.
Press Apply and Done to copy the return grille and close the panel.
21. Set the per-object meshing parameters for the return grilles.
a. Open the Mesh control panel by clicking the Generate mesh button (
).
b. In the Local tab, press Edit next to the Object params option.
i.
In the Per-object meshing parameters panel, Shift+left click ceiling-return and then
ceiling-return.3 to select all the return grilles.
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f.
23. Set the per-object meshing parameters for the grilles pdu_vent_in and pdu_vent_out.
a. Open the Mesh control panel by clicking the Generate mesh button (
).
In the Per-object meshing parameters panel, Ctrl+left click pdu_vent_in and pdu_vent_out
to select both objects.
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).
).
).
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).
).
ii. In the Copy group panel, check Group name and enter CABLETRAYS.
iii. Check Translate and set the X offset to 6 ft.
iv. Press Apply and Done to copy the cabletray and close the panel.
v. Right click CABLETRAYS in the Groups node again and select Copy.
vi. In the Copy group panel, check Group name and enter CABLETRAYS.
vii. Check Translate and set the X offset to 14 ft.
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).
2. In the Mesh control panel, enter 2 ft, 0.5 ft, and 1 ft for the Max element size for x, y, and z, respectively.
Change the Minimum gap values to 1 in, 0.36 in, and 1 in for x, y and z, respectively.
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Note
The units for the Minimum gap values are in inches.
3. Click Generate.
4. Use the Display and Quality tabs to view the mesh and check the mesh quality.
5. Click Close to close the panel once you have finished viewing the mesh.
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Problem setup
Basic parameters.
ii. Select Turbulent and Zero equation for the Flow regime.
iii. Enable the Gravity vector.
b. In the Defaults tab:
i.
Select Mica-Typical from the Insulators section of the Default solid drop-down list.
ii. Select Paint-non-metallic from the Paint section of the Default surface drop-down list.
c. In the Transient setup tab:
i.
Set the initial Y velocity to be 0.5 ft/s (a non-zero initial velocity is recommended for problems
involving natural convection).
Select the Ideal gas law (recommended for problems involving significant temperature differences).
Solution settings
Basic settings.
a. Change the Number of iterations to 1000 and the Convergence criteria for Energy to 1e-6.
b. Click Accept to apply the settings and close the panel.
3. Go to
438
Solution settings
Advanced settings.
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Note
The actual values of the residuals may differ slightly on different machines, so your plots
may not look exactly the same as Figure 25.27: Solution Residuals (p. 440) and Figure 25.28: Temperature Point Monitors (p. 441).
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439
440
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4. Click Done in the Solution residuals and Temperature Point monitors windows to close them.
).
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441
442
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).
e. Check the Loop mode option and click Animate to display a loop of the plane cut traversing from
the min z to the max z side of the datacenter.
f.
Click Interrupt on the progress bar to return to the Plane cut panel.
g. Repeat the above procedure for plane cuts in the Y-Z and X-Z planes by changing the Set position
to X plane through center and Y plane through center respectively.
h. Click Done to close the panel.
3. Display animated contours of temperature on an isosurface.
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443
).
f.
In the Animation group box, enter 90 for Start, 80 for End, and 10 for Steps.
).
444
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Note
ANSYS Icepak will take a few moments to generate the airflow patterns.
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j.
k. View the animated airflow patterns from various angles from the Orient menu.
l.
m. Click Done in the Object face particles and Object face panels to close them.
n. Right click airflow in the Model manager window and make the particle traces inactive by unchecking Active in the context menu.
5. Report the volumetric flow rate distribution at the perforated floor tiles.
a. Go to Report Summary report to open the Define summary report panel.
b. Click New to get a new field to define the Summary report.
c. In the Objects drop-down list, expand the Groups node and select TILEs, and click Accept.
d. Select Volume flow from the Value drop-down list and deselect Comb.
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f.
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25.13. Step 10: Additional Exercise: Visualize and analyze the results in
ANSYS CFD-Post
In addition to using the postprocessing tools contained within ANSYS Icepak, you can also postprocess
using the advanced tools in ANSYS CFD-Post through ANSYS Workbench. See Postprocessing Using
ANSYS CFD-Post for details on how to use the features in ANSYS CFD-Post.
448
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26.2. Prerequisites
Familiarity with the ANSYS Workbench interface
Familiarity with the ANSYS Icepak interface
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449
) and select the Rename option from the drop down list.
450
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2. Go to File Import External Geometry File and select DME.stp and press Open.
Note
DME.stp can be found at ICEPAK_ROOT /tutorials/DME/DME.stp. You must replace
ICEPAK_ROOT by the full path name of the directory where ANSYS Icepak is installed on
your computer system.
3. Click
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451
452
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Note
The Electronics drop down menu in the toolbar contains several options:
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453
Note
We will not have to make modifications to export these bodies into ANSYS Icepak.
b. Go to Electronics Show CAD Bodies. Only bodies with complex geometries not recognized as
ANSYS Icepak will be visible.
454
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Note
These are the bodies we will have to modify in order to export these bodies into
ANSYS Icepak.
c. Go to Electronics Revert View to return to the previous display.
2. Create a Slice for one set of fins.
a. In the Tree Outline, right click Housing and select Hide All Other Bodies.
b. Select
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455
Note
If you cannot select the face, try pressing the Model Faces selection filter ( ).
f.
g. Click the field to the right of Bodies and select the Housing body.
h. Click Apply and then
Note
Make sure that the Bodies selection is the larger section of the housing containing
the fins.
456
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The Parts will become Assemblies in ANSYS Icepak.
a. Press +Y on the Triad (the axes) to get a clear view of the fins.
b. Select Box Select from the Shortcuts toolbar.
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457
e. Right click anywhere in the Model View and select Form New Part.
f.
In the Details view, set the Part name to Fins1 and press enter on the keyboard.
g. Repeat steps a to f for the other set of fins, except name the part Fins2.
5. Create a Housing slice.
a. Select
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d. Click the field to the right of Target Face and select the inner face of bottom of the Housing as
shown in Figure 26.10: HousingSlice1 Selection (p. 459) and press Apply.
Figure 26.10: HousingSlice1 Selection
Click the field to the right of Bodies and select the Housing object in between the fins.
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d. Click the field to the right of Bodies and select the top part of the Housing object in between the
fins.
e. Click Apply and then
f.
You should have ten Housing objects outside of the Fins parts in the Tree Outline.
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461
9. Create a Fan.
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Note
If you cannot view the object correctly, press Zoom to Fit ( ).
b. Go to Electronics Fan.
c. In the Details view, set the Fan name to FanGeom.
d. Click the field to the right of Body To Extract Fan Data, select the entire fan body and press Apply.
e. Click the field to the right of Hub/Casing Faces and select the faces as shown in Figure 26.15: Hub/Casing Faces Selection (p. 463).
Figure 26.15: Hub/Casing Faces Selection
Note
You can select multiple faces by holding down Ctrl and left clicking the objects.
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463
Note
Although it may seem like there was no change, this step creates a fan object in ANSYS
Icepak. To confirm this, you can go to Electronics Show Ice Bodies and check if
the fan is present.
In the Tree Outline, select the Front-Panel part and then Ctrl and left click the Fan object.
ii. Right click the Fan object and select Form New Part.
iii. In the Details view, rename the Front-Panel Part to Front-Panel-Fan.
10. Perform a Simplify operation on the Housing.
a. Show all bodies again by right clicking one of the objects in the Tree Outline and clicking Show All
Bodies
b. Go to Electronics Simplify.
c. In the Details view, set the Simplify name to HousingFrontBack.
d. In the field to the right of Simplification Type, select Level 1.
e. Click the field to the right of Select Bodies and select the front and the rear panels of the Housing
as shown in Figure 26.16: HousingFrontBack Bodies Selection (p. 464).
Figure 26.16: HousingFrontBack Bodies Selection
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11. Perform a Simplify operation on the PWB and the T0220 objects.
a. Select all the Housing, Fin, Panel, Opening, and Fan objects from the bottom of the Tree Outline
by holding down Shift and using the left mouse button.
b. Right click one of the selected objects and select Hide Body to view just the internal components.
c. Go to Electronics Simplify.
d. In the Details view, set the Simplify name to PWB_T0220.
e. In the field to the right of Simplification Type, select Level 1.
f.
Click the field to the right of Select Bodies and select the PWB and all the HS_AF0 and T0220_Case
objects.
i.
Go to the +Z view.
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465
iv. Using this method, only the 13 correct bodies will be selected.
g. Click Apply and
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c. Right click the model and select Form New Part. All the bodies will be added to the part.
d. Name the part T0220_Case1.
e. Repeat steps a to e for the rest of the packages, except naming the parts T0220_Case2,
T0220_Case3, etc.
13. Perform a Simplify on the Coil.
a. Go to Electronics Simplify.
b. In the Details view, set the Simplify name to CoilAssembly.
c. In the field to the right of Simplification Type, select Level 1.
d. Click the field to the right of Select Bodies and select the bodies as shown in Figure 26.19: Coil
Bodies Selection (p. 468). There should be 4 bodies selected.
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e. Click Apply.
f.
g. Click
469
18. Right click a body in the Tree Outline and select Show All Bodies. Your model should look like Figure 26.22: Final Model in ANSYS DesignModeler (p. 471) and your Tree Outline should look like Figure 26.23: Final Tree Outline (p. 472).
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471
Note
Some of your parts and bodies may be in a different order than what is shown in Figure 26.23: Final Tree Outline (p. 472).
19. Check if all the bodies have been converted to ANSYS Icepak objects.
a. Go to Electronics Show CAD Bodies.
b. Confirm that the view contains no bodies. This means all the bodies have been recognized by ANSYS
Icepak.
20. The model is now ready to use in ANSYS Icepak.
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3. Double click the Setup cell (B2) to open the model in ANSYS Icepak.
4. In the model manager window, right click the Model node and select Expand all to view the geometry
inside the assemblies.
5. Notice that the bodies have been successfully transferred into ANSYS Icepak.
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27.2. Prerequisites
Introductory ANSYS Icepak training
Familiarity with the Design Modeler - Electronics tutorial which is located in the Icepak Tutorial Guide
Familiarity with the ANSYS Icepak interface
In the file selection panel, select the packed project file tut26-Icepak.tzr and click Open.
Note
tut26-Icepak.tzr can be found at ICEPAK_ROOT /tutorials/Avionics/tut26-Icepak.zip. You must replace ICEPAK_ROOT by the full path name of the directory where
ANSYS Icepak is installed on your computer system and unzip the file before importing
the tzr file.
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In the location for the unpacked project file selection dialog, select a location where you would like to
create the new Icepak project and click Unpack.
Note that the cabinet extents match the extents of the geometry.
Figure 27.3: Icepak Interface
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From the Model tree, double click block.1 to open the edit panel.
Using the Info tab, rename the block as Support and click Update.
In the Properties tab, set the block type to Hollow as shown below.
Figure 27.4: Block Type
In the Geometry tab, switch to Start/length, update the coordinates for the block as shown below and
click Done.
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477
Note
The zL dimension is in feet.
A warning message (see below) comes up indicating that the support block is outside the cabinet.
Click Resize cabinet to allow the cabinet to resize to include the support block within its extents.
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From the Model tree, double click Cabinet and open the Cabinet edit panel.
In the Geometry tab, modify the cabinet dimensions as shown below and click Update.
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479
Using the Properties tab, set the Wall type for the cabinet sides as shown below and click Done.
Note
This setup will be used for a forced convection and a natural convection (fan failure) based
analysis.
Figure 27.8: Updated Properties Tab for Cabinet
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Right click on the selected items (on the Model tree) and select Create assembly from the menu items
as shown below.
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481
).
Note on the Model tree that the Fan is listed outside the Front-Panel-Fan assembly node.
Using left click, select the Fan from the Model tree and drag it to the Front-Panel-Fan assembly as shown
below.
Figure 27.11: Move the Fan to the Front-Panel-Fan Assembly
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On the Model tree, double click assembly.1 to open the edit panel for assembly.1.
Go to the Meshing tab, modify the Slack settings and Max element size inputs as shown below and
click Done.
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Similarly, modify the slack values for the other assemblies as shown in Table 27.1: Slack Values for Assemblies (p. 484).
Table 27.1: Slack Values for Assemblies
Assemblies/Slack
MAX X
MIN Y
MAX Y
MIN Z
MAX Z
assembly.1
Front-Panel-Fan
Rear-Panel
TO220_Case3
2.23
T0220_Case2
T0220_Case1
T0220_Case4
2.23
T0220_Case5
T0220_Case6
Coil
4.175
Components
4.175
Capacitors
2.271
4.175
BGAHS
4.175
Fins1
484
MIN X
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Note
The Housing assembly is not selected for being meshed separately. This is to avoid any
assembly-assembly intersections.
Note
Some slack values are set to 0 for some assemblies. This is also to avoid any assembly-assembly intersections.
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485
486
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From the Model tree, expand the node for assembly TO_220_Case3.
Note that DIE_AF0 is at the top of the list indicating that it has the least meshing priority.
Shift + select TO_220_Case_0 and TO_220_Case_1 from the Model tree. Drag (using left click) and drop
these over DIE_AF0 as shown below. This will automatically change the respective mesh priority settings
such that DIE_AF0 will now have a higher meshing priority than the TO_220_Case blocks.
Figure 27.16: Modify Mesh Priority for DIE_AF0
Similarly, update the mesh priority settings of the DIE_AF0 blocks for all the TO_220* assemblies.
Go to the Model menu and click Generate mesh and generate the mesh again to confirm that the
warning messages are not repeated.
Note
From the messages printed in the message window, remeshing is limited to the TO_220*
assemblies only.
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487
Material
Power ( W)
DIE_AF0
Ceramic_material
DIE_AF0.1
Ceramic_material
DIE_AF0.2
Ceramic_material
DIE_AF0.3
Ceramic_material
DIE_AF0.4
Ceramic_material
DIE_AF0.5
Ceramic_material
Coil-2
Cu-Brass
Component
Mold_material
Component.1
Mold_material
Component.2
Mold_material
Component.3
Mold_material
Capacitor
Mold_material
Capacitor.1
Mold_material
Capacitor.2
Mold_material
BGA
Ceramic_material
488
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Fan Inputs
Figure 27.17: Fan Curve and Swirl Inputs for the Fan Object
Problem Setup
Modify the General setup tab for the Basic parameters (under the Problem setup node) as shown below.
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489
Set the options for discrete ordinates radiation model as below and click Accept.
Figure 27.19: DO Radiation Settings
490
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Fan Inputs
Go to the Defaults tab and update the Ambient conditions as shown below.
Figure 27.20: Basic parameters/Defaults
Go to the Advanced tab, enable Solar loading and update the options for solar loading as shown below.
Click Accept.
Figure 27.21: Basic parameters/Advanced
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491
Solver Setup
Go to the Solve menu and click Settings Basic. Increase the Number of iterations to 500 and click
Accept.
Retain the defaults for the Parallel and the Advanced settings.
Create a monitor point at the centroid of the BGA. There are two ways to do so.
Strategy 1:
Drag and drop the BGA block from the Model tree/BGAHS assembly node to the Points node (on the
Model tree) as shown below.
Double click the newly created monitor point and accept the default settings.
Figure 27.22: Creating a Point Monitor (Temperature) for the BGA Block -Strategy 1
492
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Fan Inputs
Strategy 2:
From the model tree, as shown below, right click on the BGA block and click Add to Clipboard.
Right click on the Points node (see below) and select Paste from Clipboard.
The BGA point monitor will be added to the Points node.
Figure 27.23: Creating a Point Monitor (Temperature) for the BGA Block -Strategy 2
Similarly, create monitor points for the Openings Rear_Panel_18 and Rear_Panel_4. Modify the corresponding monitor point panels to set up Velocity and Temperature monitoring during the solution process.
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493
494
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Fan Inputs
Figure 27.25: Run Solution
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495
Post-Processing
Temperature contours on PWB and components
Go to the Orient menu and click Orient Negative Z and then click Zoom in in the Orient menu to zoomin on the graphical display on the box.
As shown below, keeping the Shift key pressed, left click and drag to draw a window that includes the
PWB and all the components on the board.
The selection will also include the support block and some of the Housing blocks (cylinder blocks at
the base of the housing).
496
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Fan Inputs
Figure 27.27: Selection for Postprocessing
Right click on the selection on the Model tree and choose Create Object Face(s) Combined to
create contours of temperature (default) on the faces of the selected objects.
Click Done on the Object face panel.
Review the contours display.
Note that the hot spots are located on the capacitors and the components.
The max Y side (West) of the support block is directly exposed to solar radiation. This is confirmed by
the results. This side is warmer than the other sides of the support block.
Right click on face.1 from the Post node (on the Model tree) and turn off Active to deactivate face.1.
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Fan Inputs
Review the contours display
Use the scroll bar on the Plane cut panel and/or the Animate button to traverse the plane cut across the
box.
Update the point and normal settings to visualize the contours in different orientations.
Click Parameters (adjacent to Show contours) to change the variable, color level settings etc.
Figure 27.30: Contours on a Clipped Plane Cut
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499
500
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Fan Inputs
Figure 27.33: Updated Settings for face.2
Use the Animate button to visualize a dynamic 3D representation of the air flow beginning from the fan
and exiting out of the openings on the rear panel.
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501
502
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Additional Exercises
Go to the Solve menu and select Settings Advanced and update the under-relaxation settings for
Pressure and Momentum to 0.7 and 0.3 respectively.
Go to the Solve menu and click Run solution, enter a unique Solution ID and click Start solution.
icepakcfd-tut2600 should not be used for the Solution ID as it has already been used for the forced
convection, steady state simulation setup.
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503
504
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505
Click Accept, Done, and Accept to close the Curve specification, Transient temperature and Basic
parameters panels respectively.
Go to Solve Settings Basic and set the Iterations/timestep to 200.
Go to the Solve menu and click Run solution, enter a unique Solution ID.
As shown below, set the Type to Restart and select the ID for the forced convection, steady state simulation
(icepakcfd-tut2600) with the Full data option.
Having an established flow field from the steady state analysis as a starting point will aid convergence
during the transient simulation.
506
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507
508
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28.2. Prerequisites
Integration of ANSYS Icepak into ANSYS Workbench (Lecture 6 from introductory training course for ANSYS
Icepak).
Quick reference notes - Introduction to ANSYS DesignModeler
509
Note
If there is a plan to do subsequent thermal stress analysis using the temperature field from
Icepak results, features that affect the stress analysis should be retained.
Figure 28.1: Customized Heat Sink with all Detailed Features
510
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Rename the Geometry component module to STEP Import To rename the title, double click on the title
.
Geometry or click the left mouse button on the down arrow and select the Rename option from the dropdown menu (highlighted in Figure 28.4: Rename the Geometry Component (p. 511) below).
Figure 28.4: Rename the Geometry Component
Next, as shown in Figure 28.5: Create the Icepak Component (p. 512), select the Icepak component module
from the toolbox and drop it on cell A2 of the geometry component to establish the link between Geometry
(ANSYS DesignModeler) and ANSYS Icepak.
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511
This completes the schematic representation of the project workflow. The updated project schematic is
shown in Figure 28.6: Updated Project Schematic (p. 512) below.
Figure 28.6: Updated Project Schematic
28.6. DesignModeler
In the project schematic, double click on cell A2 (Geometry) to open DM.
Select Millimeter as the desired length unit and click OK.
Go to Tools Options.
In the Options panel, go to DesignModeler/Toolbars.
Set Slice, Freeze, and Electronics to Yes.
512
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Note
custom-heat_sink-simplified.stp can be found at ICEPAK_ROOT /tutorials/MCAD_heatsink/custom-heat_sink-simplified.zip. You must replace ICEPAK_ROOT by
the full path name of the directory where ANSYS Icepak is installed on your computer
system and unzip the file before importing.
Note
F5 is the keyboard shortcut for Generate.
Figure 28.7: Import Operation
Rotate the model and observe the various geometric features in the imported CAD body.
Note
The Generate model step is needed to implement the last operation performed on the
model. The graphics window displays the changes.
Note the updated status of the individual cells (A2 and B2) on the Workbench project schematic.
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513
Description
Level 0
Level 1
Level 2
Similar to Level 1, except that the resulting block shapes are polygonal extrusions wherever applicable.
Level 3
514
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Simplify - Level 0
Figure 28.9: Accessing DesignModeler Electronics
Go to Electronics Show Ice bodies. The graphics window will go blank. Now, go to Electronics
Show CAD bodies. The graphics window will show the heat sink geometry.
Note
Regular Icepak shapes (rectangular prisms, cylinders, uniform polygons) are recognized as
valid Icepak bodies automatically. The CAD bodies need to be translated to valid Icepak
bodies using the Electronics utility.
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515
Go to Electronics Simplify.
Note that Simplify1 shows up on the tree outline and the Details view is populated with the simplify
form. Go to the Details view.
Click Apply in the Select Bodies row.
Go to the Simplify row, and add the prefix LO_ to the existing name (i.e. LO_Simplify1) and press Enter.
Set the Simplification Type to Level 0 using the pull down menu.
Click
A single block (corresponding to extents of the Heat Sink geometry) should appear in the graphics window.
Figure 28.11: Simplification Type = Level 0
Steps in Workbench
Go to the Workbench project schematic.
Change the title below the Icepak module to Icepak-Simplify-Level0 To do so, double click on the title,
.
or select the Rename option using the drop down menu.
Double click cell B2 (Setup for the Icepak module) to open Icepak.
516
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Simplify - Level 0
Figure 28.12: Updated Project Schematic
Steps in Icepak
Observe that the Icepak model contains one Icepak block (default object type for the DM Electronics
utility).
Figure 28.13: Icepak Interface for Icepak-Simplify-Level0
Steps in Workbench
Go back to the Workbench project schematic. Select the link from STEP Import to Icepak-Simplify-Level0
module. Hit the Delete key on the keyboard to delete the link (accept the warning message that pops
up).
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517
518
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Slice Tool in DM
Figure 28.16: Selection of Slice Surface
Set the Slice Targets field to Selected Bodies (left click the All Bodies box to access the drop-down
menu). Select the yellow bodies field (right box). The selection filter is automatically set to bodies. Select
the heat sink body. Click the Apply button to complete the selection.
Figure 28.17: Details View for Slice Operation
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519
Note
On the tree outline, the icon for a valid Icepak body (left half of heat sink) is similar to the
icon used for the corresponding primitive (block in this case) in Icepak.
Figure 28.19: Show Ice Bodies, Updated Tree Outline and Graphics Window
Next, go to Electronics Show CAD Bodies and confirm that only the right hand side of the heat sink
is visible with this selection.
Figure 28.20: Show CAD Bodies, Updated Tree Outline and Graphics Window
520
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Simplify - Level 1
Figure 28.21: Revert View, Context Menus
As shown in Figure 28.22: Rename the Bodies After the Slice Operation (p. 521), right click on the names
of the bodies and rename the two bodies as CUSTOM-HEAT_SINK-SIMPLIFIED-LEFT and CUSTOMHEAT_SINK-SIMPLIFIED-RIGHT
.
F2 can also be used for renaming the bodies.
Figure 28.22: Rename the Bodies After the Slice Operation
In the next section, we shall use different simplify operations on the child bodies (created as a result of
the Slice operation).
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521
Steps in Workbench:
Go to the Workbench project schematic.
Create a new Icepak component as shown below. Rename the Icepak component to Icepak-Simplify-Level1
and establish a link between STEP Import (A2) and Icepak-Simplify-Level1 (C2).
Figure 28.24: Updated Project Schematic
Steps in Icepak:
Observe the Icepak model.
522
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Simplify - Level 1
Notice that CUSTOM-HEAT_SINK-SIMPLIED-LEFT is automatically translated to a corresponding polygonal
block shape in Icepak.
Recall that Simplify operation is not required for regular Icepak shapes such as prisms, cylinders, uniform
polygons etc.
If the user does not wish to apply the automatically recognized shape, DM can be used to simplify the
CAD geometry as required.
It is a safe practice to use simplification operations for all bodies that must be transferred to Icepak.
The part CUSTOM-HEAT_SINK-SIMPLIED-RIGHT shows up as an Icepak assembly with the same name. Expand
the assembly to view the contents on the model tree and the graphics window as shown in Figure 28.25: Icepak interface for Icepak-Simplify-Level1 (p. 523).
Figure 28.25: Icepak interface for Icepak-Simplify-Level1
Close Icepak.
Steps in Workbench
Go back to the Workbench project schematic. Select the link from STEP Import to Icepak-Simplify-Level1
module. Hit the Delete key in the keyboard to delete the link (accept the warning message that pops
up).
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Steps in Workbench
Go to the Workbench project schematic.
Create a new Icepak component as shown below. Rename the Icepak component to Icepak-SimplifyLevel3 and establish a link between STEP Import (A2) and Icepak-Simplify-Level3 (D2).
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525
Steps in Icepak
Examine the Icepak model.
Notice that the model is identical to the original CAD import.
Check the Icepak geometry information of the only block- note that the shape is set to CAD. This is an
Icepak CAD block.
Note
Since all the sides of this part were planar, the facet quality of very coarse was sufficient.
On the other hand, if the original CAD part contained more complex surfaces, such as bspline, torous, or partial or toroid cylinders, a finer resolution option might be required.
526
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Close Icepak.
Steps in Workbench
Go back to Workbench and save the project using File Save.
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527
528
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29.2. Prerequisites
Introductory training for ANSYS Icepak (lectures discussing ANSYS Workbench and ANSYS DesignModeler)
Tutorial: Translation of MCAD Geometry to Icepak Native Geometry using ANSYS DesignModeler
Tutorial: Converting MCAD to ANSYS Icepak geometry using ANSYS DesignModeler
Familiarity with ANSYS Workbench (WB) and DM interface
Familiarity with conversion of CAD parts into Icepak blocks - DM Electronics Simplification Levels
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529
Translation of System Level MCAD Geometry to Icepak Native Geometry Using ANSYS
DesignModeler
Figure 29.1: Electronics Box Model
Drag a Geometry component module from the Toolbox and drop it on the project schematic window as
shown in Figure 29.3: Create the Geometry Component (p. 531).
530
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Translation of System Level MCAD Geometry to Icepak Native Geometry Using ANSYS
DesignModeler
Figure 29.5: Sample Layout for DM Shortcuts Toolbar
Note
generic-electronic-box.stp can be found at ICEPAK_ROOT /tutorials/MCAD_board/generic-electronic-box.zip. You must replace ICEPAK_ROOT by the full path name
of the directory where ANSYS Icepak is installed on your computer system and unzip the
file before importing.
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Note
As a part of the import operation in DM, all the CAD parts from the original CAD model
are retained in the correct locations as DM Bodies. However, the organization of the
CAD assemblies (irrespective of the import source) cannot be preserved in DM.
Figure 29.7: Tree Outline
Note
The geometry used in this tutorial does not need any repair.
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Translation of System Level MCAD Geometry to Icepak Native Geometry Using ANSYS
DesignModeler
Figure 29.8: Repair and Analysis Tools Utilities in DM
Note
Generally, fasteners are expected to be non-essential for the CFD analysis. However, care
must be taken to include any heat spreading objects. Also, if combined thermo-mechanical
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Translation of System Level MCAD Geometry to Icepak Native Geometry Using ANSYS
DesignModeler
Figure 29.10: Collapsed and Expanded Views for Newly Created Parts
Note
During the creation of parts, in case any objects are missed, create a separate part out of
those and then merge this part with the intended part. While merging multiple parts (can
be a combination of suppressed and unsuppressed parts), use Ctrl + left click to select
the parts that need to be merged, right click on the selection and click Form New Part
to complete the merging of the parts. Rename the newly formed part as appropriate.
This completes the initial review and organization of the CAD model for efficient translation to native
ANSYS Icepak geometry.
Save the project using File Save Project in DM.
536
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537
Translation of System Level MCAD Geometry to Icepak Native Geometry Using ANSYS
DesignModeler
Level 3 Simplify tool is used only for complex shapes (cannot be modeled as Icepak primitive shapes).
The Mesher-HD meshing algorithm must be used for meshing these shapes in Icepak.
Typically, complex shapes require more meshing effort. It is useful to investigate the possibility of approximating a complex shape CAD body by a simple shape, without noticeably affecting the heat
transfer physics.
Figure 29.13: Examples of Complex Shapes from Tutorial Geometry - Sheet Metal Heat Sink for
QFP1 Package and Flow Guide for Fan System
For the sake of clarity, it is useful to display only the part that is currently of interest, and hide all other
parts and bodies.
A Periphery to Center Marching strategy will be employed to progressively target the easily visible CAD
bodies for translation to Icepak native geometry.
T
ranslating
In the Tree Outline, right click on the Chassis part and select Hide All Other Bodies so that only the
Chassis geometry is visible in the graphics display.
538
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Chassis: DM Electronics/Opening
Observe the circular through-hole at the top of the Chassis, and the two grilles made of rectangular
and circular hole patterns on the side walls of the Chassis. These will be represented as free openings
in Icepak.
Go to Electronics Opening.
From the graphical display, select the three Chassis faces as shown below.
Figure 29.16: Opening Operation for Chassis Selection of Candidate Faces
In the Details view for the opening operation, click Apply to accept this selection.
Click Generate.
Observe the new entries at the bottom of the Bodies, Parts node of the Tree Outline. One new surface
body and two new parts are created.
From the Tree Outline, right click on each of these newly created parts and surface body listings to
rename them as shown below.
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Translation of System Level MCAD Geometry to Icepak Native Geometry Using ANSYS
DesignModeler
Figure 29.17: Newly Created Parts and Surface Body
Chassis: DM Electronics/Simplify
Go to Electronics Simplify and click Apply in the Details view to accept this selection.
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Translation of System Level MCAD Geometry to Icepak Native Geometry Using ANSYS
DesignModeler
Also, since the earlier version of the Icepak geometry was meant for understanding purposes only,
at the prompt, do not save the current Icepak geometry (click on Dont Save on the pop-up screen).
Figure 29.22: Replace the Existing Icepak Model
In Icepak, verify that only the Chassis assembly shows up in the Model Tree.
From the Model Tree, expand the Chassis assembly node to view the contents.
Verify (from the Model Tree and from the graphics display) that all the Chassis bodies (surface bodies
and solid bodies) have been correctly translated to corresponding opening and block objects in Icepak.
The isometric view of the Chassis representation in Icepak is shown below.
Figure 29.23: Updated Icepak Graphics Display
Save the Project using the File menu and select Save project in Icepak.
Go to File Close Icepak to close the Icepak interface.
Switch to the WB interface and delete the link between the MCAD and the CFD modules as shown
below.
Doing so preserves the simplified Chassis geometry representation in Icepak for separate analysis.
542
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543
Translation of System Level MCAD Geometry to Icepak Native Geometry Using ANSYS
DesignModeler
Figure 29.26: Unsuppress Motherboard Part and Updated Graphics Display
Motherboard: DM Electronics/Simplify
Draw a box to include all the Motherboard part geometry. As shown below, the selected geometry
will be shaded solid (zero transparency).
Figure 29.28: Use Box Select to Select All the Geometry From the Motherboard Part
Go to Electronics Simplify and click Apply in the Details view to accept this selection.
In the Details view, set the Simplification Type to Level0.
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Go to File menu and select Close Icepak to close the Icepak interface.
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Translation of System Level MCAD Geometry to Icepak Native Geometry Using ANSYS
DesignModeler
Switch to the WB interface and delete the link between the MCAD and the CFD-Motherboard modules.
Drag a new Icepak component from the WB Toolbox and drop on cell A2 of the MCAD module to
create a new DM-Icepak link.
Rename the newly created Icepak module as CFD-QFP1
.
This new link will be used to process the QFP-1 Part in DM for translation to native Icepak geometry.
Save the project using File Save in WB.
Figure 29.31: Updated WB Project Schematic
T
ranslating the QFP-1 Part Geometry
Switch to the DM Interface.
In the Tree Outline, Suppress the Motherboard part and unsuppress the QFP-1 part.
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QFP-1: DM Electronics/Simplify
From the Tree Outline, expand the node corresponding to the QFP-1 part.
Observe that there are two bodies (SM-HEATSINK and QFP-1) listed under this part. Here, SM-HEATSINK
represents the sheet metal heatsink and QFP-1 represents the IC package.
Using Electronics/Simplify - Level 3, simplify the SM-HEATSINK body.
In the Details view for this Simplify operation, set the Facet quality to Fine. Click Generate to
complete the simplify operation.
Using Electronics/Simplify - Level 0, simplify the QFP-1 body. Click Generate to complete the simplify
operation.
Figure 29.33: Updated Tree Outline Listing and Simplified Representation for QFP-1 Part
Using cell D2 (Setup cell for CFD-QFP1 module) from the WB Project Schematic, open Icepak.
Verify that all the bodies from the QFP-1 part in DM have been correctly converted to corresponding
block objects in Icepak.
Double click SM-HEATSINK from the Model Tree to access the edit panel for this block. Go to the Geometry tab and note that the Geometry shape is set to CAD.
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This will always be the case when the level for simplification in DM Electronics/Simplify is set to
Level3.
Click Done to close the edit panel for SM-HEATSINK.
The isometric view of the QFP-1 representation in Icepak is shown below.
Figure 29.34: Updated Icepak Graphics Display
Go to the File menu and select Close Icepak to close the Icepak interface.
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ranslating the CPU-Box Part Geometry
Switch to the DM interface.
In the tree outline, suppress the QFP-1 part and unsuppress the CPU-Box part.
Review the CPU-Box part geometry
From the tree outline, expand the node corresponding to the CPU-Box part.
As shown below, the CPU-Box part consists of four bodies.
Figure 29.36: Updated Tree Outline View and Graphics Display in DM (Iso and +Z views)
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Display one body at a time using the Hide function. Since the bodies contain geometric features that
are important for thermal analysis, it is a good practice to examine them and determine how to
capture the features in the CFD model.
CPU_Socket: Observe that the CPU_Socket contains a cavity in the center. When the CPU is mounted,
the air pocket in this cavity reduces the heat flow from the CPU to the PCB. It is important to capture
the effect of this air pocket. Simplification using Level 1 will not recognize this cavity automatically.
A new volume body will be created to explicitly model the cavity.
Figure 29.37: CPU_Socket Body
TIM: Note the small thickness of the TIM between the heat sink base and the CPU case. To avoid
unnecessary mesh refinement due to this small thickness, the TIM will be set up as a contact resistance
plate in Icepak.
Go to Tools Fill and click Apply in the corresponding Details view (see below) to accept the selection.
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On the tree outline, left click to select the newly generate body named Solid and verify that it accurately represents the cavity within the CPU_SOCKET.
Rename the body Solid to Socket Cavity
.
Figure 29.40: Body Representing Cavity in CPU_SOCKET
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Figure 29.42: Updated Graphics Display
Reducing the TIM into a 2D representation (Surface Body in DM and plate in Icepak) will leave a 0.254
mm gap, which must be filled by one of the neighboring objects (HEAT_SINK or CPU).
Hence, placement of the 2D TIM surface body on the CPU body will require extension of the HEAT_SINK
base by 0.254 mm.
The additional 0.254 mm of Aluminum ( HEAT_SINK material) only marginally increases the overall
thermal resistance and hence is an acceptable approximation.
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Note that a new surface body named CPU shows up within the CPU-Box part on the tree outline.
Rename the new surface body as TIM_plate.
Figure 29.45: Updated Tree Outline View
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Set the FD1, Offset field to 0.254 mm.
Click Generate.
Figure 29.46: Use of Solid Extension
CPU-Box: DM - Electronics/Simplify
From the tree outline, keeping the TIM body suppressed, unhide all other bodies from the CPU-Box
part.
Switch to the +Z view.
Using Box Select, select all the CPU-Part bodies from the graphical display.
Go to Electronics Simplify and click Apply to accept the selection.
Set the Simplification Level to Level 1.
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Using cell E2 (Setup cell for CFD-CPU-Box module) from the WB project schematic, open Icepak.
Verify that all the bodies (except the TIM_plate body) from the CPU-Box part in DM have been correctly
converted to corresponding block objects in Icepak.
Note
The TIM_plate surface body is represented as a plate object in Icepak.
The isometric view of the CPU-Box part representation in Icepak is shown below.
The TIM_plate plate object has been highlighted using View Default shading Selected
solid feature in Icepak.
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Figure 29.50: Updated Icepak Graphics Display
Go to the File menu and select Close Icepak to close the Icepak interface.
As before, delete the link between the MCAD and the CFD-CPU-Box modules.
Link a new Icepak module named CFD-Fan-System to MCAD.
Save the project using the File menu, click Save in WB.
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ranslating the Fan-System Part Geometry
Switch to the DM interface
In the tree outline, suppress the CPU-Box part and unsuppress the Fan-system part.
Review the Fan-system part geometry
From the tree outline, expand the node corresponding to the Fan-system part.
Observe that the Fan-system part consists of two bodies - FLOW_GUIDE and NIDEC_D34776 (the fan).
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Figure 29.52: Updated Tree Outline View and Graphics Display in DM (Iso view)
Fan-system: DM - Electronics/Fan
Go to Electronics Fan.
Note that the Selection Filter has automatically switched to Bodies.
Observe the Details view.
On the Shortcuts Toolbar, set the Select Mode to Single Select. Note the change in the cursor display.
For the Body to Extract Fan Data field, select the fan housing geometry from the graphics display
as shown below.
Figure 29.53: Electronics/Fan Selection of Body to Extract Fan Data
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To minimize the mesh, the FLOW-GUIDE body will be represented using zero thickness plate objects
in Icepak.
The planar sides and the top opening will be modeled as simple Icepak shapes.
The expansion has a complex shape which can only be modeled as a CAD plate.
To retain the exact flow volume within the FLOW_GUIDE, the plates will be constructed using inner
faces of the FLOW_GUIDE body.
Go to Electronics Opening.
In the Details view, click Apply to accept the selection.
Click Generate.
Note that a new surface body named FLOW_GUIDE_1 has been created.
From the tree outline, merge this surface body with the Fan-system part.
Figure 29.57: Updated Tree Outline
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Figure 29.60: Updated Tree Outline
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Using the same procedure, create surface bodies using the inner faces of the base sides of the
FLOW_GUIDE body.
Rename the resulting surface bodies as shown below.
Figure 29.63: FLOW_GUIDE Base Sides Newly Created Surface Bodies
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Figure 29.64: Updated Tree Outline and Graphics Display
Using cell F2 (Setup cell for CFD-Fan-System module) from the WB project schematic, open Icepak.
Verify that all the bodies from the Fan-system part in DM have been correctly converted to corresponding fan, opening, plate objects in Icepak.
Note
The Flow_Guide_Non-Uniform-Face plate has a CAD shape.
The isometric view of the Fan-system part representation in Icepak is shown below.
The View Default Shading Solid feature was used to show the solid rendering of the Icepak
geometry.
Figure 29.65: Updated Icepak Graphics Display
Go to the File menu and select Close Icepak to close the Icepak interface.
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As before, delete the link between the MCAD and the CFD-Fan_System modules.
Link a new Icepak module named CFD-Memory to MCAD.
Right click on the white space in the project schematic section and select the Fit option to resize the
project schematic display.
Save the project using File Save in WB.
Figure 29.66: Updated WB Project Schematic
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ranslating the Memory Part Geometry
Switch to the DM interface.
In the tree outline, suppress the Fan-system part and unsuppress the Memory part.
Review the Memory part geometry.
From the tree outline, expand the node corresponding to the Memory part.
As shown below, the Memory part consists of several bodies.
Figure 29.67: Updated Tree Outline View and Graphics Display in DM (Iso and +Z views)
The DIMM_SOCKET-1 surface bodies will not be used in the Icepak setup and hence can be suppressed.
Suppress the four DIMM_SOCKET-1 surface bodies.
Figure 29.68: Updated Tree Outline View
From the tree outline, hide the DIMM_HS4 body and the two DIMM_TIMM bodies.
Use Electronics/Simplify Level 1 to simplify the DIMM body and the two DIMM_SOCKET bodies.
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From the tree outline, merge the newly created parts, as shown below, with the Memory Part.
Figure 29.70: Updated Tree Outline View
Rename the DIMM body as DIMM_PCB and the remaining DIMM parts as DIMM_IC.
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From the tree outline, expand the node corresponding to the memory part.
Using left click, select the two DIMM_TIM bodies.
Right click on the selection and click on Hide All Other Bodies.
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The DIMM_TIMs will be modeled as contact resistance plates in Icepak and hence need to be represented as surface bodies in DM.
Set the Selection Filter to Faces.
Using Ctrl + left click, select the inner faces for the two DIMM_TIM bodies as shown below. The inner
surfaces are in contact with (a) casing tops of all the DIMM_ICs and (b) the opposite side of DIMM_PCB.
The design intent is to model the contact resistances at these locations; therefore it is important to
select the two inner faces for this feature operation.
Figure 29.72: Selection of Inner Faces for DIMM_TIM Bodies
Use the Concept menu and select Surfaces from Faces to create corresponding surface bodies.
Note that two new surface bodies named DIMM_TIMM are now listed within the memory part listing
on the tree outline.
Since the newly created surface bodies are simple shapes, they are automatically recognized as
valid Icepak bodies.
Rename these bodies to DIMM_TIMM_Plate1 and DIMM_TIMM_Plate2 respectively.
Suppress the two original DIMM_TIMM bodies.
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Figure 29.73: Updated Tree Outline and Graphics Display
Level 3
Unhide the DIMM_HS4 body. Now the DIMM_HS4, DIMM_TIM_Plate1 and DIMM_TIM_Plate2 bodies
are visible.
Switch to the +Z view and zoom in as below.
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Note that there is a small gap between the DIMM_TIM_Plate surface bodies and the DIMM_HS4 body.
This gap equals the thickness of the original DIMM_TIM body, which is 0.0776 mm.
This gap can be measured using Analysis Tools/Distance Finder or Analysis Tools/Entity Information.
This gap will be removed by re-creating the heatsink.
Pick any thin edge of the DIMM-HS4 body and find its thickness using Analysis Tools/Entity Information.
It is 0.5 mm thick. Thus the total thickness from the outer surface of DIMM_HS4 to the
DIMM_TIM_Plate (nearest to the selected surface) is 0.5776 mm.
Set the Selection Filter to Faces.
From the graphics display, as shown below, select any outer face of DIMM_HS4.
From the Shortcuts toolbar use the Extended Selection feature (see below) and select Extend to
Limits. This will select all the outer faces of Heat sink.
Go to the Create menu and select Thin/Surface.
In the Details view, set the Selection Type to Faces To keep.
Click Apply in the Details view to accept the face selection.
Make sure that 17 faces are selected.
Set the Direction field to Inward and the Thickness to 0.5776 mm.
Click Generate.
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Figure 29.75: Recreating the Heatsink Geometry
Observe that the gap between the DIMM_HS4 body and the DIMM_TIM_Plate surface bodies is removed.
Using Electronics/Simplify Level 3, simplify the DIMM_HS4 body for a CAD Block representation in
Icepak.
Set the Facet Quality in the Details view to Very Fine for this Simplify operation. Click Generate
to complete the simplify operation.
Using cell G2 (Setup cell for CFD-Memory module) from the WB project schematic, open Icepak.
Verify that all the bodies from the memory part in DM have been correctly converted to corresponding
block, plate objects in Icepak.
Note
The DIMM_HS4 block has a CAD shape.
The isometric view of the memory part representation in Icepak is shown below.
The View Default shading Solid/Wire feature was used to display the solid rendering in
Icepak.
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Go to the File menu and select Close Icepak to close the Icepak interface.
As before, delete the link between the MCAD and the CFD-Memory modules.
Link a new Icepak module named CFD-System to MCAD.
Right click on the white space in the project schematic section and select the Fit option to resize the
project schematic display.
Save the project using File Save in WB.
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Figure 29.77: Updated WB Project Schematic
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Summary
S
ystem Level Setup in Icepak
Switch back to the DM interface.
Unsuppress all but the Fasteners part.
Go to the WB interface.
Using cell H2 (Setup cell for CFD-System module) from the WB project schematic, open Icepak.
Verify that all the bodies from the DM setup have been correctly converted to corresponding block,
plate, fan, opening objects in Icepak.
Figure 29.78: Updated DM Tree Outline, DM Graphics Display, Icepak Graphics Display
Go to the File menu and select Close Icepak to close the Icepak interface.
Save the project using File Save in WB.
The MCAD-Icepak translation for this system level electronics box setup is now complete.
Exit out of WB using File Exit.
29.14. Summary
In this tutorial, the following features/capabilities have been discussed.
Use of ANSYS Workbench project schematic
Import and organization of assembly level CAD models in DM
Use of DM for modification/simplification of imported CAD geometry
Translation of CAD geometry to Icepak primitive objects using DM Electronics
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30.2. Prerequisites
Familiarity with Icepak interface, and having a good understanding of basic problem setup and solution
procedure.
An Icepak 3D fan object may sometimes behave differently from real fan behavior. Typically this is due
to flow features like swirl and centrifugal spread resultant from the spinning fan rotor as well as the
rotor blade geometry. In an Icepak fan based setup, this swirl is estimated and calculated off a 2D annular flow face rather than off the physical surfaces of the blade.
The MRF approach allows for a more accurate representation of the internal geometry of the fan and
therefore results in a better modeling of the flow features. In Icepak MRF simulations, the actual blade
geometry is modeled as a CAD block object and a fluid cylinder rotates into contact with the surfaces
to create a spinning flow.
In this tutorial, you will use a previously built Icepak model of fan blades (Figure 30.1: A 3D Icepak Fan
Object Assembly (p. 578)a) and create the rotating MRF fluid blocks to create flow in the model. You
will learn the proper problem setup and solution settings for an MRF model, as well as a good meshing
technique to insure good results.
As an added bonus, a 3D Icepak fan object assembly (Figure 30.1: A 3D Icepak Fan Object Assembly
(p. 578)b) can be activated and run to see the difference in flow patterns and results.
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Figure 30.1: A 3D Icepak Fan Object Assembly
Note
In Icepak, models can be compressed into a specialized zip file with the extension tzr. This
is called packing a project. The essential files needed to properly re-build the model, including the mesh settings, are saved in this compressed file. A model has been previously
created to reduce the time needed to properly teach the MRF techniques in Icepak and
will be opened out of this packed file.
Download the file MRF_Tutorial.tzr and select this file to unpack. You will then be able to create a project
folder for this tutorial. Choose the location and name the project MRF_Practice
.
Note
MRF_Tutorial.tzr can be found at ICEPAK_ROOT /tutorials/MRF/MRF_Tutorial.tzr.
You must replace ICEPAK_ROOT by the full path name of the directory where ANSYS Icepak
is installed on your computer system.
Once the model has opened, go to the Model node. Perform a right mouse click and select, Expand All
to open all model nodes.
Next, go to the Model menu and select CAD data. Click None under Families to turn off the CAD display.
Set the orientation to the isometric view to display the model geometry as shown below.
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Note
You can activate the assembly by selecting it and then using the Ctrl A shortcut or by
right clicking and selecting Active.
An assembly containing the CAD fan blades (rotors), fan casing blocks, and fan tray cutout blocks should
appear.
Expand the FANS_CAD.1 assembly node on the Model tree to view the fan blade geometry.
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Click on any object inside of the FANS_CAD.1 assembly and create two fluid blocks surrounding the fan
blades and cutting through the casing blocks using the information provided in Table 30.1: Fluid Block
Settings for MRF Setup (p. 580) below.
Table 30.1: Fluid Block Settings for MRF Setup
Name
Shape
Plane
Center
Height
Radius
Type
FluidA
Cylinder
Y-Z
xC:141.3 mm
yC:133.04 mm
zC:130.6 mm
20.0 mm
34.0 mm
Fluid
FluidB
Cylinder
Y-Z
xC:141.3 mm
yC:133.04 mm
zC:56.6 mm
20.0 mm
34.0 mm
Fluid
Note
If your current object selection is not inside of the assembly, the new fluid cylinders would
appear outside and have to be dragged into the assembly. This is saving this extra step.
Another time saver would be to create FluidA and then copy the object. You would just
need to change the name of the copy to FluidB and change the zC location.
As shown in Figure 30.3: Fluid Blocks Surrounding Fan Blade Geometry (p. 581), the fluid cylinder blocks
will be created at the bottom of the assembly list. This is because Icepak will, by default, give the newest
objects the highest meshing priority. The fluid blocks need to have a higher priority than the case blocks
but a LOWER priority than the fan rotor so that the rotor will be fully meshed. To automatically change
the meshing priority, highlight both these fluid cylinders in the Model tree, and drag them above the fan
blades (drop them on top of the upper most blade). The assembly should now look like Figure 30.4: Updated
Model Tree View (p. 581).
Double click on FluidA in the Model tree. Under the Properties tab, select Use rotation for MRF and set
a rotational speed of 6000 as seen in Figure 30.5: MRF Settings (p. 582). Repeat this for FluidB.
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Figure 30.5: MRF Settings
Set the Minimum gap values to 1 mm in all directions and update the dialog to look like Figure 30.6: Global
Mesh Settings (p. 583).
Note
HD meshing starts with a default hexa-unstructured mesh, and progressively uses other
element types (tetrahedral, etc.) in areas where geometric complexity does not allow for
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Note
Proper resolution of CAD objects requires more mesh. Resolving surfaces with curvatures
typically requires more mesh than planar faces.
Figure 30.6: Global Mesh Settings
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option and fill out the slack and max element sizes as shown in Figure 30.7: Non-conformal Mesh Settings
for FANS_CAD.1 Assembly (p. 585).
Note
The positive slack values define the distance off the outermost surfaces of all objects in
the assembly. While ANSYS Icepak v13.0 does allow for zero slack specification, it is recommended to use a positive value in MRF cases to ensure good mesh transition from solid
surfaces into the fluid.
Turn on the Allow multi-level meshing option, and the Set uniform mesh params option.
Note
The Set uniform mesh params option will block off regions around complex geometries
and allow for a better mesh transition.
Click on the Edit button in the Multi-level tab and set the meshing levels as shown in Figure 30.8: Edit
Levels Settings for FANS_CAD.1 Assembly (p. 586).
Note
Multi-level meshing allows the user to control the mesh sizing near the surfaces of CAD
objects without filling the entire non-conformal region with small elements. It is also known
as a hanging node mesh where a cell edge is split into two smaller edges as the mesh
gets closer to the surface. Thus each face is split into four smaller faces, and each cell into
eight smaller cells.
Note
In Figure 30.7: Non-conformal Mesh Settings for FANS_CAD.1 Assembly (p. 585), the max
sizes in all three directions are the largest elements. The levels value set per object is the
number of times that element size will be split in half. For example, with 4 mm being the
largest element, 2 levels would correspond to a refinement of 4/2 = 2 mm for the first split
and 2/2 = 1 mm for the smallest element on that object.
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Figure 30.8: Edit Levels Settings for FANS_CAD.1 Assembly
You are now ready to generate the mesh. Go back to the global settings and click on the Generate button
near the top of the pop-up window. There should be about 742,000 elements in the model.
Note
It is especially important to check the surface meshes of CAD objects. If too large of an
element is being used near the surface, you may see bad elements protruding away from
or into the surface.
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Next, create a plane cut of the mesh through the center of one of the fan rotors on the z axis. The mesh
display should look similar to Figure 30.10: Mesh Display - Cut Plane Through Rotor Center (p. 587) (Switch
off the previous surface display).
Note
To do this properly, hit Shift-x to look at the x axis, select the Cut plane option in the
Display tab under meshing, click on the drop down menu next to Set position, select
Vertical - screen select and click on the center of either fan hub. This will draw a vertical
line through the selected point. Hit Shift-z to look at the plane through that line.
Figure 30.10: Mesh Display - Cut Plane Through Rotor Center
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Go to Solution settings Basic settings under the Model tree and set the Number of iterations to
1000 (adequate for this model).
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Note
When using MRF, the solver typically needs a larger number of iterations to completely
converge. When running the initial solution it is recommended that you set the number
of iterations to something on the order of 2000 or more to see where the convergence
finally occurs. You can lower the number of iterations in subsequent solutions with the
use of solution restart. It is also recommended to lower the convergence criteria to ensure
this convergence.
Figure 30.12: Basic Solution Settings
Point Monitors
When running any simulation you should also include a few temperature and a few velocity monitor
points to ensure that there is complete convergence. In a steady state problem, you can have greater
confidence in the solution convergence, when the monitor values do not change for an extended number
of iterations.
In an MRF problem, there should be multiple velocity point monitors between different blades and located
in the fluid. To do this, go the tree, right click the Points branch and select the Create at location option.
An easy method of creating such points is to first create a plane cut display of the mesh, as shown in
Figure 30.13: Easy Method to Snap Point Monitors to the Mesh Display (p. 590). Specify the monitor point
name and variable in the Create point panel. Finally use the Nearest option to snap the point to a grid
location. The location of point monitors used in this tutorial are presented in Table 30.2: Location of Point
Monitors (p. 589).
Table 30.2: Location of Point Monitors
Point Monitor
Location (X, Y, Z) mm
Monitor
Velocity
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MRF Tutorial
Point Monitor
Location (X, Y, Z) mm
Monitor
Velocity
Velocity
mon_pt_1
Velocity
mon_pt_2
Temperature
mon_pt_3
Temperature
mon_pt_4
Temperature
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MRF Tutorial
Figure 30.15: Temperature Monitors
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MRF Tutorial
Figure 30.18: Contour of Speed at Center of Z with MRF
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31.1. Introduction
There are numerous methods for cooling electronics systems and the choice of technique is generally
a function of the design, application, reliability requirements and power dissipation. For avionic electronics, one common approach is to use ambient air, or chilled air, ducted over the sealed chassis of
the system in a cold wall. Heat from the components conducts through the PCB to the card guides that
are clamped to the chassis and removed via the cold wall.
This technique also removes any risk to the actual electronics arising from dust, moisture etc in the
air flow, and thus increases the operating reliability.
Operating conditions of such equipment vary considerably due to the density variation of air from sea
level to cruising altitude. As the altitude increases, the density decreases, and consequently the mass
flow rates of the fan(s) are also reduced.
In this exercise a cold-wall cooled avionics unit will be modeled and the cooling efficiency evaluated
at both sea level and altitude.
This exercise assumes the user has had already created some models in Icepak, and in particular has
experience in meshing assemblies separately, and also in setting up parametric simulations.
Note
avionics_box.tzr can be found at ICEPAK_ROOT /tutorials/Altitude/avionics_box.tzr. You must replace ICEPAK_ROOT by the full path name of the directory where
ANSYS Icepak is installed on your computer system.
This is the basic cold wall geometry with two parametric runs defined. The first assumes a uniform
loading of 30 W per PCB, giving a total dissipation of 450 W for the cards. This is applied uniformly to
the card edges on both sides of the chassis.
An additional 30 W is applied to the front of the unit opposite the fan to represent any additional load
from additional equipment. The Total power can be viewed in the Power and temperature limit setup
panel as shown below.
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595
Heat can only be conducted out of the unit, so the interior air is not modeled, and replaced by a hollow
block. Recall that within a hollow block no equations are solved, and no mesh is generated, so this
methodology reduces the problem down to a worst case scenario.
It remains to add two heat sinks to represent the fining in the cold walls on the sides of the unit.
596
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597
598
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599
Place each heat sink into its own assembly and choose to mesh each assembly separately and apply
appropriate slack values. Slack values are displayed in Figure 31.6: Heatsink Assembly Slack Val-
600
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Note
The second heat sink could be made by copying the first and then using the alignment tools
to re-position it.
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601
Click on the Advanced tab, enable the Altitude and Update fan curves options. Assign a variable for
altitude of 10 Km (remembering to prefix its name with a $ i.e. $Elevation). Change the units to meters.
,
602
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The Param value panel will appear upon opening the Parameters and optimization panel. Enter
10000 (m) in the text box.
Select the Design variables tab and the Elevation node, next to Discrete values, type 0, separated
by a space before 10000 as shown in Figure 31.9: Assigning Variable for Altitude (p. 604).
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603
Now edit the Fan in the model. At altitude the inlet temperature will be very different from the same
flow rate at sea level. Assign a parameter for the inlet temperature. The temperature parameter should
take the values 20 and -5 C. Apply these settings, and reset the trials. Check that the correct combination
of parameters for sea level, and 10 Km for elevation have been assigned.
604
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Create three functions, one to report the global maximum temperature, and the other two to calculate
the pressure drop across each of the heat sinks.
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605
Function
type
Value
maxTemp
Global value
DP-1
Difference
DP-2
Difference
Finally run the trials and analyze the two simulations to compare results. Generate some particle tracks
from the fan through the system and display the object faces of the two heat sinks. Create a summary
report for both runs for the temperatures of the sources. Combine these into an HTML report.
606
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Deactivate the temperature object face (right click and click on Active) from the Post node on the
Model tree.
Create an object face to display temperature contours on the heat sink objects.
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607
31.5. Summary
In this tutorial, you learned how to model the effects of altitude in ANSYS Icepak.
608
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32.2. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you have little experience with ANSYS Workbench and so each step will be
explicitly described. A Maxwell V16 license is needed to perform this tutorial.
Note
When ANSYS Workbench starts, the Toolbox and Project Schematic are displayed.
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609
610
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611
Go to the Thermal Modifier column for bulk conductivity and select Edit.
In the Edit Thermal Modifier panel,
Set modifier as: if (Temp <=22, 1, 1/(1+0.0039*(Temp-22)))
Press OK.
612
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Press OK to close the View/Edit Material and the Select Definition panels.
In this step, you will enable the temperature feedback
Select the menu item Maxwell 3D>Set Object Temperature.
In the panel enable the option Include Temperature Dependence and Enable Feedback.
Press OK.
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613
614
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Note
After entering the specifications, the Geometry and Setup cells in the Maxwell system
should appear as follows:
Figure 32.5: Maxwell 3D system
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615
Note
To view any errors or warning messages, use the message manager.
616
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617
Select Input>Quantity>OhmicLoss
Select Input>Geometry>Volume>Stock
Select Scalar>
integrate
Select Output>Eval
The Ohmic losses in Stock volume are around 8.73 Watts.
618
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619
Note
After solving, the Maxwell3DDesign1 system should have green check mark in the
Solution cell. If not, select Update from the context menu of the Solution cell.
Suppress Geometry
On the tree outline, right click on the coil_Section1 object and click Suppress Body.
Repeat this same procedure with the dummy object.
Figure 32.6: Suppress Bodies
620
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Click Generate.
Note
The coil object has now been converted into a simple shape and hence is automatically
recognized as a CAD block object in Icepak.
Next, simplify the Stock object using Level 2 for the Simplification Type. See the figure below.
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621
Double click the Icepak Setup cell to open Icepak. You will see that the geometry has been imported.
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623
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The material for the Stock object is Aluminum; therefore keep the selection of default for the Stock
object.
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625
Click Generate to mesh the model. Visualize the mesh at plane cuts and surface displays from the
Display tab.
Solution settings
Solution settings
Advanced settings.
626
Under
Enable the Gravity vector and make sure that gravity in the z-direction is -9.80665 m/
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2. Go to the Solve menu and select Define report. In the Define summary report panel, keep the default
specifications. Select New and select the Stock objects in the Objects drop-down list. For the Value,
select Heat flow. Click Accept. Click Write to display the Report summary data panel shown in Figure 32.16: Report summary data Panel (p. 629).
Figure 32.15: Define summary report Panel
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Step 8: Summary
Figure 32.16: Report summary data Panel
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629
630
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Index
A
Airborne Electronics System, 595
Avionics Box, 475
J
joule heating, 303
B
BGA-package, 169, 343
C
CAD
geometry, 261
import, 263
CFD Post, 373
CFD Post in Workbench, 373
cold-plate, 103, 107
D
Datacenter cooling
high density, 407
Design Modeler
electronics, 449
MCAD Geometry, 509
Dimensions tab, 344
E
Edit object panel, 6
Electronics
Design Modeler, 449
F
finned heat sink, 3, 17
Functions
compound, 192
objective, 192
primary, 192
M
Maxwell to Icepak, 609
MCAD Geometry
Design Modeler, 509
mesh exercise, 141
microelectronics, 317
modeling
model layers separately, 301
radiation, 211
monitor point, 330
mouse conventions, 2
MRF, 577
multi-level meshing, 333, 336
N
non-conformal
assembly, 107
mesh, 129, 136, 138
nested, 121
O
object parameters, 237
obtaining support, 2
optimization run, 196
orthotropic material properties, 118
H
heat pipe, 115, 121
heat sink, 51
finned, 3, 17
inline or staggered, 169
heat transfer coefficient, 348
help
obtaining support, 2
hex-dominant, 274
I
Icepak in Workbench, 361
import
P
param value, 189
parameterization, 75
parametric runs, 174
parametric trials, 157
multiple trials, 89
R
radiation model
discrete ordinates, 199, 212
ray tracing, 212
rf amplifier, 39, 55
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631
Index
S
search fan library, 52
summary report, 134
support
obtaining help, 2
System
Electronics, 595
System Level Geometry
Translation, 529
T
Thermal Resistance, 187
trace heating, 303
trace layer, 285
import, 289, 355
transient simulation, 217
Translation
MCAD Geometry, 529
typographical conventions, 1
W
Workbench
Icepak, 361
Maxwell to Icepak, 609
Z
zero slack, 144, 353, 358
zoom-in modeling, 233, 241
632
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