Ielts

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The graph and table below give information about water use worldwide and water consumption in
two different countries.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
Country Population Irrigated land Water consumption per person
Brazil 176 million 26,500 km 359 m
Democratic
Republic
of on!o
5"2 million 100 km # m
model answer:
The graph shows how the amount of water used worldwide changed between 1900 and 2000.
Throughout the century the largest !uantity of water was used for agricultural "urposes and this
increased dramatically from about 500 km# to around $000 km# in the year 2000. Water used in the
industrial and domestic sectors also increased but consumption was minimal until mid%century. &rom
1950 onwards industrial use grew steadily to 'ust o(er 1000 km# while domestic use rose more slowly to
only $00 km# both far below the le(els of consumption by agriculture.
The table illustrates the differences in agriculture consumption in some areas of the world by contrasting
the amount of irrigated land in )ra*il +2,500 km#- with that in the ../.0. +100 km1-. This means that a
huge amount of water is used in agriculture in )ra*il and this is reflected in the figures for water
consumption per person2 $59 m# compared with only 3 m# in the 0ongo. With a population of 14, million
the figures for )ra*il indicate how high agriculture water consumption can be in some countries
1
The diagram below shows how a central heating system in a house works.
where relevant.
You should write at least 150 words.
model answer:
This diagram pro(ides an o(er(iew of a domestic central heating system. 5t shows how the tank boiler
and pipes ensure a constant flow of hot waterto both the radiators and the taps.
The cold water enters the house and is stored in a water storage tank in the roof. &rom there 6 flows
down to the boiler located on the ground floor of the house.
The boiler which is fuelled by gas or oil heats up the water as it passes through it. The hot water is then
pumped round the house through a system of pipes and flows into the radiators located in different
rooms. The water circulates through the radiators which ha(e small tubes inside them to help distribute
the heat and this warms each of the rooms. 7ome of the water is directed to the taps to pro(ide hot water
for the house.
8nce the water has been through the pipes and radiators it is returned to the boiler to be re%heated and
circulated round the house again.
Introduction: &irst sentence. 8(er(iew2 7econd sentence.
Key features: 9ntry of cold water into boiler: circulation of hot waterto radiators and taps: return of
waterto boiler.
Supporting information: direction of flow: types of boiler: location of radiators: radiator tubes
Paragraph breaks: The paragraph breaks mark stages in the process.
inkers: and from there then once again /eference words2 it both there which this
2
Topic vocabulary: enters stored roof flows ground floor located passes pumped system circulates
heat directed returned re%heated
ess common vocabulary: ensure fuelled by heats up distribute the heat warms
Structures: ;n appropriate mi< of acti(e and passi(e structures and a range of sentence types are used.
ength: 142 words
The graph below gives information about the preferred leisure activities of !ustralian children.
"rite a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown.
model answer:
The graph shows the preferred leisure scti(ities of ;ustralian children aged 5%1=. ;s might be e<pected it
is clear from the data that sedentary pursuits are far more popular nowadays than acti(e ones.
8f the 10000 children that were inter(iewed all the boys and girls stated that they en'oyed watching T>
or (ideos in their spare time. 5n addition the second most popular acti(ity attracting 30? of boys and
,0? of girls was playing electronic or computer games. While girls rated acti(ities such as art and craft
highly @ 'ust under ,0? stated that they en'oyed these in their spare time @ only $5? of boys opted for
creati(e pastimes. )ike riding on the other hand was almost as popular as electronic games amongst
boys and perhaps surprisingly almost ,0? of girls said that they en'oyed this too. 7kateboarding was
relati(ely less popular amongst both boys and girls although it still attracted $5? of boys and 25? of
girls.
+154 words-
3
The table below provide information on rental charges and salaries in three areas of ondon.
"rite a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
Weekly rents per property (/w) Salaries needed (/year)
Area
$ottin! %ill
Re!ent&' (ark
)ul*am

1 bed 2 bed 3 bed
375 +#5 73#
325 +50 650
215 390 600

1 bed 2 bed 3 bed
9#,500 127,500 19+,000
#5,500 11#,000 170,500
56,500 102,500 157,500
model answer:
The table shows two sets of related information2 the relati(e cost in pounds of renting a property with
one two or three bedrooms in three different suburbs of Aondon and an indication of the kind of annual
salary you would need to be earning to rent in these areas.
8f the three areas mentioned Botting Cill is the most e<pensi(e with weekly rents starting at D$45 +salary
appro<imately f 100000- and rising to D4$3 per week for a $%bedroom property. To afford this you would
re!uire a salary in the region of D200000 per annum. ;lternati(ely &ulham is the cheapest area shown
with rents ranging from D215 per week for a one bedroom property to D,00 per week for a $%bedroom
property. To rent in this area salaries need to be somewhere between D35000 and D140000 depending
on the number of bedrooms re!uired. &or those able to pay in the middle price range for accommodation
/egentEs "ark might be a more suitable district.
+1,$ words-
4
The diagrams below give information about the #iffel Tower in Paris and an outline pro$ect to
e%tend it underground.
model answer:
The 9iffel Tower is situated close to the 7eine /i(er in "aris. 5t is a metal structure that is 10,$ feet high
and weighs 4=14 tonnes. The tower has been a tourist attraction since 1339 when it was built and there
are 1,,5 steps that can be climbed in order to reach the two (iewing platforms.
There are now plans to build below the foundations of the tower. These plans include the de(elopment of
fi(e underground le(els that will incorporate the towerEs ticket office shopping facilities a cinema and
5
museum and two floors of underground parking.
;lthough details ha(e yet to be finalised the principle is that the fi(e floors will be connected by two
(ertical passenger lifts on either side of the tower. 5n addition the floor immediately below the tower
which is planned to house the ticket office will also consist of a large atrium with a glass ceiling so that
(isitors can look directly up at the tower itself. +1,2 words-
The diagram below gives the information about the &awaiian island chain in the centre of the
Pacific 'cean.
model answer:
The Cawaiian island chain in the centre of the "acific 8cean is appro<imately 2400 km in length. 5t is
formed of (olcanoes and the acti(e ones are at the south%east tip of the archipelago where Cawaii itself
is located.
5t is belie(ed that the chain began to form nearly 30 million years ago. 9ach island started to e(ol(e after
an eruption on the sea floor. &irst a Fhot spotE e<isted on the ocean bed which let out a plume of material
called magma. This magma may originate as deep as 233$km below the ocean bed. Be<t further
eruptions took place which built up the (olcano. 9(entually it emerged abo(e the surface of the ocean.
7ince that time the spume of magma has remained static as the "acific tectonic plate mo(es in a north%
west direction across it at a speed of 4%9cm per year. ;s it mo(es a (olcano forms as it passes o(er the
hotspot and then become inacti(e when it has passed it.
+1,= words-
6
The bar chart below shows the results of a survey conducted by a personnel department at a
ma$or company. The survey was carried out on two groups of workers: those aged from ()*+, and
those aged -.*/,, and shows factors affecting their work performance.
model answer:
The bar chart indicates a sur(ey on two different age groups on the factors contributing to make their en(ironment
pleasant for working.
These factors are di(ided into e<ternal and internal factors. The internal factors are team spirit competent boss
respect from colleagues and 'ob satisfaction. The e<ternal factors are chance for personal de(elopment 'ob security
promotional prospects and money.
8n the internal factors abo(e 50? in both age groups agreed that team spirit competent boss and 'ob satisfaction
are essential to make their en(ironment pleasant. Whereas on the e<ternal factors there are contrasting results. 8n
the chance for personal de(elopment and promotional aspects 30? to 90? of the younger groups were in fa(or
while only less than 50? of the older group thought so. ; similar pattern is also noted on 'ob security. With regards to
money ,9? to 40? on both age group said it is essential.
5n conclusion the internal factors ha(e similar responses from the two age groups while they had dissimilar
responses on the e<ternal factors.
+140 words
This is an answer written by a candidate who achieved a Band 7 score. Here is the examiner's comment:
The information contained in the bar chart has been described accurately and concisely and follows a clear
progression. There is a clear introduction followed by effecti(e comparisons between the age groups and a (alid
7
conclusion. Good formulaic phrases +the bar chart indicates these factors are di(ided- although the candidate uses
the same language to describe the factors in the bar chart and does not attempt to rephrase them in any way.
The graph below compares the number of visits to two new music sites on the web.
model answer:
The graph shows people using new music places on the 5nternet in fifteen days period of time namely
personal choice and trendy pop music.
The o(erall trend shows fluctuation with slight 5ncreased towards the end of the period.
7tarting with Husic 0hoice websites: =0000 poeple went on this new site on first%day. Calf of them
backed out the ne<t day. 5n 0ontrast to this "op "arade net sites were (isited by 120000 music lo(ers on
day one which decreased slightly on the ne<t day thereafter regaining the same fame on $rd day.
;fter $rd day the enthusiasm for both music lines on 5nternet dropped slowly% reaching ma<imum fall of
=0000 on 4th day. Whereas Husic choice gained popularity slightly 5mproo(ing to get the original
strength of $0000 (iewers on screen but was getting still less (isiters than their opponent "op group i.e.
=0000 on day 4.
5n the biegining of the ne<t week both gained remarkable reco(ery after a few fluctuations for 3th and 9th
day ha(ing =0000 and 50000 (isiters respecti(ely reaching to their peaks of one and a half thousand
new (iewers for "op "arade on 11th day showing a contrast of (ery few people (isiting Husic choice for
the same day. Thereafter Husic choice gained popularity on 12th day for ha(ing more than 120000 new
(isiters on web.
5n the end of the period "op sites were (isited by ma<imum (iewers of 130000 whereas sites located to
Husic choice were not e<plored by more than 30000 e<plorers on the last day of the report.
8
+254 words-
9
The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty in
!ustralia in (000.
where relevant.
Gi(e reasons for your answer and include any rele(ant e<amples from your own knowledge or
e<perience.
Family type
Proportion of people from each
household type living in poverty
'in!le a!e, per'on
a!e, couple
'in!le, no c*il,ren
couple, no c*il,ren
'ole parent
couple -it* c*il,ren
all households
6. /5+,0000
+. /+#,0000
19. /359,0000
7. /211,0000
21. /232,0000
12. /933,0000
11% 1!"3#!$$$%
model answer:
The table gi(es a breakdown of the different type of family who were li(ing in po(erty in ;ustralia in 1999.
8n a(erage 11? of all households comprising almost two million people were in this position. Cowe(er
those consisting of only one parent or a single adult had almost doubt this proportion of poor people with
21? and 19? respecti(ely.
0ouples generally tended to be better off with lower po(erty le(els for couples without children +4?- than
those with children +12?-. 5t is noticeable that for both types of household with children a higher than
a(erage proportion were li(ing in po(erty at this time.
8lder people were generally less likely to be poor though once again the trend fa(oured eldery couples
+only =?- rather than single eldery people +,?-.
8(erall the table suggests that households of single adults and those with children were more likely to be
li(ing in po(erty than those consisting of couples.
+15= words
10
The take below gives information about the underground railway systems in si% cities.
where relevant.
&nderground 'ail(ays )ystems
City *ate opened
+ilometres of
route
Passengers per
year
in millions%
,ondon 1#63 39+ 775
Paris 1900 199 1191
-o.yo 1927 155 1927
Washington *C 1976 126 1++
+yoto 19#1 11 +5
,os Angeles 2001 2# 50
model answer:
The table shows the details regarding the underground railway systems in si< cities.
Aondon has the oldest underground railway systems among the si< cities. 5t was opened in the year 13,$
and it is already lye years old. "aris is the second oldest in which it was opened in the year 1900. This
was then followed by the opening of the railway systems in Tokyo Washington .0 and Iyoto. Aos
;ngeles has the newest underground railway system and was only opened in the year 2001. 5n terms of
the si*e of the railway systems Aondon &or certain has the largest underground railway systems. 5t has
$9= kilometres of route in total which is nearly twice as large as the system in "aris. Iyoto in contrast
has the smallest system. 5t only has 11 kilometres of route which is more than $0 times less than that of
Aondon.
5nterestingly Tokyo which only has 155 kilometres of route ser(es the greatest number of passengers
per year at 1924 millions passengers. The system in "aris has the second greatest number of
passengers at 1191 millions passengers per year. The smallest underground railway system Iyoto
ser(es the smallest number of passengers per year as predicted.
5n conclusion the underground railway systems in different cities (ary a lot in the site of the system the
number of passengers ser(ed per year and in the age of the system.
+2$$ words-
This is an answer written by a candidate who achieved a Band 7 score. Here is the examiner's comment:
This answer selects and describes the information well. Iey features are clearly identified while
une<pected differences are highlighted and illustrated. The answer is rele(ant and accurate with a clear
o(er(iew.
5nformation is well%organised using a good range of signals and link words. These are generally accurate
and appropriate although occasional errors occur.
11
The writer successfully uses some less common words. There is a clear awareness of style but there are
occasional inaccuracies and there is some repetition. Grammar is well%controlled and sentences are
(aried and generally accurate with only minor errors.
The charts below show the percentage of their food budget the average family spent on restaurant
meals in different years. The graph shows the number of meals eaten in fast food restaurants and
sit*down restaurants.
e<perience.
model answer:
8(er the past $0 years the a(erage family has dramatically increased the number of meals that they eat
at restaurants. The percentage of the familyEs food budget spent on restaurant meals steadily climbed.
Just 10 percent of the food budget was spent on restaurant meals in 1940 and 15 percent in 1930. That
percentage more than doubled in 1990 to $5 percent and rose again in 2000 to 50 percent.
12
Where families eat their restaurant meals also changed during that $0%year period. 5n 1940 families ate
the same number of meals at fast food and sit%down restaurants. 5n 1930 famKilies ate slightly more
fre!uently at sit%down restaurants. Cowe(er since 1990 fast food restaurants ser(e more meals to the
families than do the sit%down restaurants. Host of the restaurant meals from 2000 were eaten at fast food
restaurants. 5f this pattern continues e(entually the number of meals that families eat at fast food
restaurants could double the number of meals they eat at sit%down restaurants. +1,= words
The map below is of the town of 1arlsdon. ! new supermarket 2S3 is planned for the town. The
map shows two possible sites for the supermarket.
where relevant.
e<perience.
model answer:
The first potential location +71- is outside the town itself and is sited 'ust off the main road to the town of
Cindon lying 12 kms to the north%west. This site is in the countryside and so would be able to
accommodate a lot of car parking. This would make it accessable to shoppers from both Cindon and
13
Garlsdon who could tra(el by car. ;s it is also close to the railway line linking the who towns to 0ransdon
+25 km to the south%east- a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to tra(el by train.
5n contrast the suggested location 72 is right in the town centre which would be good for local
residents. Theorically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the surrounding towns including
)ransdon but as the central area is a no%traffic *one cars would be unable to park and access would be
difficult.
8(erall neither site is appropriate for all the towns but for customers in 0ransdon Cindon and Garlsdon
the out%of%town site +71- would probably offer more ad(antages.
+149 words-
The table below shows 4'5 emissions for different forms of transport in the #uropean 6nion.
The Pie 4hart shows the percentage of #uropean 6nion funds being spent on different forms of
transport.
e<perience.
14
model answer:
The chart shows 082 emissions per passenger kilometre for (ariuos methods of transport in the
9uropean Lnion while the pie chart shows 9uropean Lnion spending on transport. &lying by air produces
by far the greatest 082 emissions appro<imately three times as much as passenger cars which are the
ne<t largest producers. >ery little is spent by the 9L on air tra(el while roads make up more than half of
the 9L transport budget.
Trains produce about three times less 082 emissions per passenger kilometre than passenger cars and
eight times less than air tra(el. Bearly a third of 9L transport funds are spent on railways.
7hips are a clean form of transport and produce about the same amount of 082 per passenger kilometre
as trains do. Cowe(er only 2 percent of 9L funds are spent on ports. ; further one percent is spent on
inland waterways.
0oaches are the cleanest form of transport. 9missions of 082 per passenger kilometre from coaches are
half those of buses. )uses emit less than half as much 082 per passenger kilometre as cars. The
9uropean Lnion spends 10 percent of its transport budget on public transport such as buses and
coaches.+194 words-
15
The table below shows the sales at a small restaurant in a downtown business district.
Summari7e the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.
e<perience.
&ulfilling the Work 9<perience /e!uirement
0redits will be awarded when the final report is submitted.
;pplication
0hoose potential workplaces from appro(ed list and arrange
inter(iews. 7ubmit applications to places of interest.
1ppro2al
When acceptance letter is recei(ed submit it
to professor for appro(al.
3c*e,ule
;rrange schedule to work a minimum of 10
hoursM week o(er 20 weeks.
Report'
0omplete weekly /eport &orm and submit to
professor e(ery &riday.
42aluation
.uring final workweek participate in e(aluation meeting with work
super(isor. 7uper(isor submits 9(aluation &orm.
)inal Report
7ubmit &inal /eport before last week of spring term.
16
model answer:
Gaining work e<perience prior to graduation helps uni(ersity students to succeed in getting their first 'ob.
&or this reason some uni(ersities insist that all students must complete a Work 9<perience /e!uirement.
0ompleting the following si< stages results in the re!uirementsN fulfillment.
The process begins with the ;pplication stage. ; student re(iews an appro(ed list of workplaces and
submits applications to places where he would like to work. Be<t is the ;ppro(al stage. When a student
recei(es an acceptance letter he gi(es it to the professor for appro(al. The third stage 7chedule
re!uires a student to arrange his work schedule. The student should work at least 10 hoursMweek o(er 20
weeks. /eports are ne<t. The student must complete a Weekly /eport &orm and turn it in to the professor
e(ery &riday.
The fifth stage 9(aluation takes place during the final work week. ; student participates in an e(aluation
meeting with his work super(isor who submits an 9(aluation &orm. The last stage re!uires that a student
submit a &inal /eport before the last week of spring semester.
)y following these stages and subse!uently submitting the final report the student recei(es credit from
the uni(ersity.
+192 words
17
The table below shows the sales at a small restaurant in a downtown business district.
Summari7e the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.
e<perience.
Sales: week of 'ctober 8*(+
9on. Tues. "ed. Thurs. :ri. Sat. Sun.
Aunch O2=00 O2=50 O2595 O2$45 O2500 O1950 O1550
.inner O$,2$ O$350 O$==5 O$300 O=$50 O2900 O2=50
model answer:
The sales at this small restaurant during the week of 8ctober 4 to 1$th followed a fairly set pattern from
Honday to &riday and then showed notable shift on the weekend. The lunch and dinner sales during the
week peaked on &riday and then dipper down as the weekend set in.
.uring the week of 8ctober 4%1=th the lunch sales a(eraged at appro<imately O2=00. The highest lunch
sales occurred on &riday and the lowest occurred on 7unday. 7undayEs lunch sales were appro<imately
O1000 less than the a(erage lunch sales during the rest of the week.
.inner sales which generated at least O1000 to O1500 more a day than lunch sales also remained
steady during the week. Just like the lunch sales the dinner sales peak on &riday and dipped down for
the weekend.
9<cluding Wednesday and Thursday the lunch and dinner sales from 8ctober 4%11 rose gradually until
the end of the business week. Hidweek on Wednesday and Thursday the sales were slightly lower than
they were on Tuesday.
;ccording to the sales report this restaurant has a steady lunch and dinner crowd. The most profitable
day during the second week of 8ctober was &riday. 7unday was the least profKitable day with the full
dayEs sales totalingMtotalling less than the &riday dinner sales. These numbers are reflecti(e of a
restaurant that is located in a businessMfinancial district where business hours are Honday through &riday.
+2$= words
18
In ;une (00/, an e%perimental flu vaccine was trialled in a large country town on females only.
where relevant.
e<perience.
19
model answer:
The diagrams show data for a flu epidemic which hit a large country town in 199,. &igure 1 gi(es the
number of persons who died: &igure 2 shows the percentage breakdown of females who recei(ed a new
flu (accine: and &igure $ gi(es the number of cases of flu before and during the epidemic.
5n &igure 1 it can be seen that the flu was responsible for the deaths of 2 females but no males in the
period from Harch to Hay. Cowe(er from June to ;ugust there were = female deaths and 1 male death.
;ccording to the pie chart in &igure 2 only those females most at risk were gi(en the new flu (accine:
23? did not take part in the trial. 8f those females who took part $5? were aged +o(er ,5 years old-:
2=? were babies or children: and 1$? were either hospitalised or recei(ing other medical attention.
&rom &igure $ it is clear that the new (accine had a positi(e effect on the number of new cases of flu
reported in females. There were 'ust o(er 1000 cases reported in Harch climbing rapidly to a peak of
$500 in June. Thereafter the number of cases dropped slowly to about 2300 in ;ugust before le(elling
off at 2500 for the rest of the year. &or males the figures were lower but showed a similar trend
throughout the epidemic.
+2$2 words-
20
The chart below shows estimated world literacy rates by region and by gender for the year 5,,,.
"rite a report for a university lecturer describing the information below.

model answer:
5n this report 5 will describe a bar chart that shows the estimated world illiteracy rates by gender and
region for the year 2000.
&irst 5 will look at male illiteracy for the , areas shown. The lowest rates were in .e(eloped 0ountries
Aatin ;mericaM0aribbean and 9ast ;siaM8ceania with rates of 1? +appro<imately- 10? and 3?
+appro<imately- respecti(ely. The rates for the ne<t three areas were much higher and !uite similar to
each other. 7ub%7aharan ;frica the ;rab 7tates and 7outh ;sia had rates of appro<imately $1? 29?
and $=?.
&emale illiteracy was much higher relati(ely in each area e<cept Aatin ;mericaM0aribbean where it was
only slightly higher. The lowest rates for female illiteracy were again .e(eloped 0ountries Aatin
;mericaM0aribbean and 9ast ;siaM8ceania with rates of appro<imately 2? 12? and 20?. ;gain the
rates for the ne<t three areas were much higher and !uite similar to each other. 7ub%7aharan ;frica the
;rab 7tates and 7outh ;sia had rates of appro<imately =3? 52? and 5,?.
This ends my report.
+1,3 words-
21
The chart shows the number of mobile phones and landlines per (,, people in selected countries.
"rite a report for a university lecturer describing the information given.
model answer:
The graph shows the number of mobile phones and landlines per 100 users for selected countries.
8(erall most of the countries included in the graph ha(e more mobile phones subscribers than landlines.
Host 9uropean countries ha(e high mobile phone use. The biggest users of mobile phones are the
5talians with 33 cell phones per 100 people. &or e<ample 5taly has twice as many mobile phones as
landlines with 33 mobiles per hundred people compared to =5 for landlines. Hobile phone use is low in
0anada with fewer than =0 phones per 100 people. .enmark is also unusual because it has slightly more
landlines than mobile phones.
Cowe(er in some countries the number of landlines is higher than the number of mobile phones. 8ne
e<ample is the L7; where the number of mobiles at 50 per 100 people is much lower than the number
of landlines at almost 40 per hundred. ; similar pattern can be seen in 0anada. The highest number of
landlines in the graph is in .enmark with about 90 per 100 people. 5n contrast the lowest figures for fi<ed
lines are in 5taly and the LI.
5n conclusion it seems that mobile phone use is higher in 9urope than in Borth ;merica.
22
The graphs show enrolment in different colleges in the &igher 4olleges of Technology in (000.
"rite a total of (., * 5,, words about the information in the three graphs.
"rite a report for a university lecturer describing the information given.
23
model answer:
The charts shows student enrolment by gender and le(el in different colleges of the Cigher 0olleges of
Technology colleges in the L;9.
There are clear differences in male and female enrolment. &emales outnumber men in all the colleges
with almost 25? more students in .ubai WomenEs college than in .ubai HenEs. /as ;l%Ihaimah
WomenEs 0ollege has almost 130 students compared to only 100 in the HenEs college.
&emales also outnumber males by le(el with almost double the number of men at Cigher .iploma le(el
+$$0 compared to 131-. 8nly at .iploma le(el does the number of men slightly e<ceed that of women.
8(er half the students are in 0ertificate le(el with less than a !uarter at Cigher .iploma or )achelor
le(el.
5n conclusion most students in the Cigher 0olleges are enrolled at .iploma le(el or below and the
ma'ority of students are women.
+1=$ words-
24
The line graph below shows the number of annual visits to !ustralia by overseas residents. The
table below gives information on the country of origin where the visitors came from. "rite a report
for a university lecturer describing the information given.
BLH)9/ 8& >575T8/7 +million-
1945 2005
S'6T& K'<#!
;!P!=
4&I=!
6S!
><IT!I=
#6<'P#
2.9
$.2
0.$
0.=
0.9
1.1
9.1
12.0
0.3
1.1
2.9
=.5
Total 3.3 $0.=
model answer:
The gi(en line graph illustrates information on the number of o(erseas (isitors tra(eling to ;ustralia in
millions of people. 8(erall one notable trend seems to be that ;ustralia has steadily become more
popular as a destination spot. &or e<ample there were 20 million more (isitors to ;ustralia in 2005 than in
1945. ThatEs a 'ump from 10 million to $0 million in 20 years.
The second table gi(es statistics showing the countries whose residents went to ;ustralia between 1945
and 2005. 5n both years the largest number of (isitors came from Japan followed by 7outh Iorea and
9urope. )ritain the Lnited 7tates and 0hina also had many people tra(eling to ;ustralia in these years.
5n fact the number of people (isiting ;ustralia grew in e(ery one of these countries. &or e<ample in 2005
25
12 million people went there from Japan compared with only $.2 million in 1945.
+1=4 words-
The table below shows the consumer durables 2telephone, refrigerator, etc.3 owned in >ritain from
(085 to (0)+.
on'umer
,urable'
1972 197+ 1976 197# 1979 19#1 19#2 19#3
(ercenta!e
of
*ou'e*ol,'
-it*5

central
*eatin!
39 +3 +# 52 55 59 60 6+
tele2i'ion 93 95 96 96 97 97 97 9#
2i,eo 1#
2acuum
cleaner
#7 #9 92 92 93 9+ 95
refri!erator 73 #1 ## 91 92 93 93 9+
-a'*in!
mac*ine
66 6# 71 75 7+ 7# 79 #0
,i'*-a'*er 3 3 + + 5
telep*one +2 50 5+ 60 67 75 76 77
model answer:
The chart shows that the percentage of )ritish households with a range of consumer durables steadily
increased between 1942 and 193$. The greatest increase was in telephone ownership rising from =2? in
1942 to 44? in 193$. Be<t came centralheating ownership rising from $4? of households in 1942 to
,=? in 193$. The percentage of households with a refrigerator rose 2 1? o(er the same period and of
those with a washing machine by 1=?. Couseholds with (acuum%cleaners. tele(isions and dishwashers
increased by 3? 5? and 2? respecti(ely. 5n 193$. the year of their introduction 13? of households had
a (ideo recorder.
The significant social changes reflected in the statistics are that o(er the period the proportion of )ritish
houses with central heating rose from one to two thuds and of those with a phone from under a half to
o(er three%!uarters. Together with the big increases in the ownership of washing machines and
refrigerators they are e(idence of both rising li(ing standards and the trend to lifestyles based on comfort
and con(enience.
26
The table below shows the figures for imprisonment in five countries between (0+, and (0),.
"rite a report for a university, lecturer describing the information shown below.
model answer:
The table shows that the figures for imprisonment in the fi(e countries mentioned indicate no o(erall
pattern of increase or decrease. 5n fact there is considerable fluctuation from country to country.
5n Great )ritain the numbers in prison ha(e increased steadily from $0 000 in 19$0 to 30000 in 1930. 8n
the other hand in ;ustralia and particularly in Bew Pealand the numbers fell markedly from 19$0 to 19=0.
7ince then they ha(e increased gradually apart from in 1930 when the numbers in prison in Bew Pealand
fell by about $0000 from the 1940 total. 0anada is the only country in which the numbers in prison ha(e
decreased o(er the period 19$0 to 1930 although there ha(e been fluctuations in this trend. The figures
for the Lnited 7tates indicate the greatest number of prisoners compared to the other four countries but
population si*e needs to be taken into account in this analysis. The prison population in the Lnited 7tates
increased rapidly from 1940 to 1930 and this must be a worrying trend.
27
-he graph above sho( information of employment rates across / countries in
1001 and 2$$12
)ummari3e the information by choosing and describe the main idea! and ma.e
comparisons (here appropriate2
6ou '*oul, -rite at lea't 150 -or,'"
model answer:
7*e !rap* '*o-' c*an!e' in emplo8ment rate' in 'i9 countrie' bet-een 1995 an, 2005, for
men an, -omen" :2erall more an, more people of -orkin! a!e are emplo8e,, an, t*ere
*a2e been 'i!nificant impro2ement' for -omen, alt*ou!* t*e8 le! be*in, men in enterin!
t*e -orkforce"
7*e mo't ob2iou' tren, in t*e !rap* i' t*at -omen *a2e lo-er emplo8ment rate' in mo't of
t*e countrie' in t*e !rap*" )or e9ample, in 1u'tralia in 1995, 57 percent of men coul, fin,
-ork or retain a ;ob, but onl8 27 percent of -omen" 7*e ,ifference -a' e2en bi!!er in $e-
<ealan,, -it* 60 percent of -omen" 42en in 3-itzerlan, an, =celan,, ali!*tl8 more men
t*an -omen -ere in t*e ;ob market"
7*e 'econ, bi!!e't tren, in t*e !rap* i' t*e impro2ement in emplo8ment bet-een 1995
an, 2005" =n all countrie' '*o-n, fi!ure' for bot* men an, -omen impro2e," 7*e bi!!e't
c*an!e -a' in t*e >nite, ?in!,om, from 55 percent of men in 1995 to 73 percent o2er t*e
ten 8ear' perio,"
)urt*ermore, t*e increa'e' in emplo8ment rate' for -omen -ere muc* *i!*er in $e-
<ealan," 7*e percenta!e of -orkin! -omen ;umpe, from 25 percent to +2 percent, an, in
t*e >nite, 3tate' from +5 percent to 61 percent o2er t*e ,eca,e"
=n conclu'ion, all t*e countrie' in t*e !rap* '*o-e, at lea't a 12 percent increa'e in
emplo8ment rate' of bot* men an, -omen o2er t*e ten 8eare'" @*ile men *a, relati2el8
*i!*er emplo8ment rate t*rou!*out t*e perio,, more an, more -omen appear to be
enterin! t*e labour market"
28
-he line graph belo( gives information on cinema attendance in the &+2
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information given2
6ou '*oul, -rite at lea't 150 -or,'"
model answer:
7*e !i2en line !rap* illu'trate' information on t*e percenta!e of people -*o -ent to t*e
mo2ie' in t*e >nite, ?in!,om bet-een 1990 an, 2010" 7*e people&' atten,ance i' ,i2i,e,
into four ,ifferent a!e !roup'"
:2erall, 8oun!er people 'eeme, to, an, are pre,icte, to, be more acti2e in mo2ie !oin!
t*an t*eir ol,er counterpart'" %o-e2er, all four a!e !roup' '*o-e, a !ra,ual increa'e in
atten,ance number' ,urin! t*e !i2en perio,, e9cept for a 'li!*t ,rop bet-een 1995 an,
2000"
7o be 'pecific, a lar!er percenta!e of people bet-een t*e a!e' of 2+ an, 3+ -ent to, an,
are e9pecte, to, !o to t*e cinema t*an t*o'e in an8 ot*er a!e !roup" 1ppro9imatel8 51. of
t*e re'pon,ent' from t*i' a!e !roup are e9pecte, to atten, mo2ie' in 2010 compare, -it*
onl8 3#. in 1990" 42en in t*e !roup t*at *a, t*e 'malle't number of mo2ie !oer', t*o'e
bet-een t*e a!e' of ++ an, 5+, t*ere -a' an increa'e of 6. in t*eir atten,ance"
/161 -or,'0
29
-he graph sho(s &nderground )tation Passenger 4umbers in ,ondon2
)ummarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features! and
ma.e comparisons (here relevant2
5ou should (rite at least 11$ (ords2
5ou should spend about 2$ minutes on this tas.2
model answer:
7*e !rap* '*o-' t*e fluctuation in t*e number of people at a Aon,on un,er!roun, 'tation
o2er t*e cour'e of a ,a8"
7*e bu'ie't time of t*e ,a8 i' in t*e mornin!" 7*ere i' a '*arp increa'e bet-een 06500 an,
0#500, -it* +00 people u'in! t*e 'tation at # o&clock" 1fter t*i' t*e number' ,rop Buickl8 to
le'' t*an 200 at 10 o&clock" Bet-een 11 am an, 3 pm t*e number ri'e', -it* a plateau of
;u't un,er 300 people u'in! t*e 'tation"
=n t*e afternoon, number' ,ecline, -it* le'' t*an 100 u'in! t*e 'tation at + pm" 7*ere i'
t*en a rapi, ri'e to a peak of 3#0 at 6pm" 1fter 7 pm, number' fall 'i!nificantl8, -it* onl8 a
'li!*t increa'e a!ain at #pm, tailin! off after 9 pm"
:2erall, t*e !rap* '*o-' t*at t*e 'tation i' mo't cro-,e, in t*e earl8 mornin! an, earl8
e2enin! perio,'"
30
-he graph sho(s Internet &sage in -ai(an by Age 6roup! 100"72$$$2
model answer:
7*e !rap* '*o-' c*an!e' in t*e a!e profile of =nternet u'er' in 7ai-an bet-een 199# an,
2000"
7*e main u'er' of t*e =nternet in 7ai-an are 8oun! a,ult' bet-een 16 an, 30 8ear' ol," =n
199#, t*e8 accounte, for more t*an *alf of all u'er'" =n 1999 t*e number ,roppe, 'li!*tl8
to +5., but e2en in 2000 t*e8 -ere t*e bi!!e't !roup"
7*e 'econ, bi!!e't !roup of u'er' i' a!e, bet-een 31 an, 50" 7*e8 ma,e up +1. in 199#,
fallin! 'li!*tl8 to 37. in 2000" @*en combine, -it* t*e 16C30 a!e !roup, o2er 9+. of
u'er' in 199# -ere bet-een 16 an, 50"
%o-e2er t*i' number i' ,roppin! 'tea,il8 a' more c*il,ren an, ol,er u'er' lo! on" =n 1999,
t*e number of c*il,ren online Bua,ruple, from 2. to #., an, it continue, to increa'e in
2000" 7*ere -ere 'imilar increa'e' for ol,er u'er', ri'in! from +. in 199# to 10. in 2000"
=n 'ummar8, -*ile a,ult' bet-een 16 an, 50 'till repre'ent t*e !reat ma;orit8 of =nternet
u'er' in 7ai-an, t*eir '*are i' ,eclinin! a' more c*il,ren an, ol,er u'er' ;oin t*e -eb"
31
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information belo(2
model answer:
7*e c*art '*o-' male an, female !ra,uate' from t*e %i!*er olle!e' of 7ec*nolo!8
colle!e' in t*e >14"
7*e mo't out'tan,in! feature of t*e !rap* i' female !ra,uate' outnumber male' in all t*e
colle!e'" )or e9ample, in Dubai, t*ere are 30. more -omen !ra,uate' t*an men" 7*ere
are al'o lar!e ,ifference' in 1l 1in an, in Ra' 1l ?*aima*" %o-e2er, t*e number of men an,
-omen i' almo't eBual in t*e colle!e' in 1bu D*abi"
7*ere are al'o bi! ,ifference' in t*e 'ize' of t*e colle!e'" Ra' 1l ?*aima* *a' le'' t*an 300
'tu,ent' alto!et*er, -*ile 1bu D*abi *a' about 600 an, Dubai *a' almo't 1000
=n 'ummar8, -omen outnumber men in all t*e colle!e', an, t*ere are 'i!nificant
,ifference' in t*e 'ize' of t*e colle!e'"
32
-he graph sho(s estimated oil production capacity for several 6ulf countries
bet(een 100$ and 2$1$2
model answer:
7*e !rap* '*o-' :il (ro,uction apacit8 in million' of barrel' per ,a8 for 'electe, Dulf
countrie'" 7*ere are 'e2eral feature' in t*i' !rap*"
7*e mo't 'i!nificant feature i' t*at oil pro,uction -ill increa'e '*arpl8 in almo't all t*e
countrie' '*o-n" ?u-ait an, =raB are bot* e9pecte, to ,ouble t*eir output bet-een 1990
an, 2010, -it* ?u-ait&' pro,uction ri'in! from 1"# million barrel' per ,a8 /bp,0 in 1990 to
3"# in 2010" =ran -ill al'o increa'e it' output b8 a 'li!*tl8 'maller amount" 1fter remainin!
'tea,8 at 2"5 million bp, from 1990 to 2000, t*e >14&' output i' e9pecte, to approac* +"0
million bp, in 2010" :nl8 Eatar&' pro,uction i' pre,icte, to fall, back to 0"# million bp, after
a 'li!*t ri'e in 2000"
%o-e2er, t*e !reate't increa'e -ill be from 3au,i 1rabia" =n 1990, it' output capacit8 at #"5
million bp, e9cee,e, t*e combine, pro,uction of =ran, =raB an, ?u-ait" 7*i' lea, i'
e9pecte, to continue -it* a 75. increa'e in pro,uction to 1+"5 million bp, 2010"
=n 'ummar8, -*ile mo't of t*e countrie' are e9pecte, to '*o- increa'e', 3au,i 1rabia -ill
maintain an, 'tren!t*en it' po'ition a' t*e ma;or pro,ucer"
33
-he chart belo( sho(s information about 8eart Attac.s by Age and 6ender in
&)A2
model answer:
7*e !rap* '*o-' *o- a!e an, !en,er influence t*e freBuenc8 of *eart attack' in t*e >3"
Ae'' t*an 6. of all *eart attack' occur in t*e 29C++ a!e !roup" 7*e number of -omen -*o
'uffer *eart attack' in t*i' !roup i' ne!li!ible C onl8 3000 per 8ear, compare, to 123,000
men"
%o-e2er t*e proportion of men an, -omen -it* *eart attack' ri'e' ,ramaticall8 bet-een
+5 an, 6+, -it* o2er *alf a million per 8ear" :2er +20,000 men a 8ear in t*i' a!e !roup
*a2e *eart attack'" 7*e inci,ence amon!'t -omen increa'e' C -omen *a2e one *eart
attack for e2er8 t*ree men in t*i' a!e !roup"
:2er t*e a!e of 65, t*e number of men 'ufferin! *eart attack' onl8 increa'e' 'li!*tl8"
%o-e2er t*ere i' a *u!e increa'e in t*e number of -omen -it* *eart attack' C t*e8
compri'e o2er +0. of all 2ictim'"
=n conclu'ion, men are more likel8 to be t*e 2ictim' of *eart attack' at all a!e', but -omen
are increa'in!l8 likel8 o2er t*e a!e of 65"
34
-he charts belo( sho( the main reasons for study among students of different
age groups and the amount of support they received from employers2

model answer:
7*e fir't !rap* '*o-' t*at t*ere i' a !ra,ual ,ecrea'e in 'tu,8 for career rea'on' -it* a!e"
$earl8 #0. of 'tu,ent' un,er 26 8ear', 'tu,8 for t*eir career" 7*i' percenta!e !ra,uall8
,ecline' b8 10C20. e2er8 ,eca,e" :nl8 +0. of +0C+98r ol,' an, 1#. of o2er +98r ol,'
'tu,in! for career rea'on' in late a,ult*oo,"
35
on2er'el8, t*e fir't !rap* al'o '*o-' t*at 'tu,8 'temmin! from intere't increa'e' -it*
a!e" 7*ere are onl8 10. of un,er 268r ol,' 'tu,in! out of intere't" 7*e percenta!e
increa'e' 'lo-l8 till t*e be!innin! of t*e fourt* ,eca,e, an, increa'e' ,ramaticall8 in late
a,ult*oo," $earl8 'ame number of +0C+98r ol,' 'tu,8 for career an, intere't" %o-e2er
70. of o2er +98r ol,' 'tu,8 for intere't in compari'on to 1#. 'tu,in! for career rea'on' in
t*at a!e !roup"
7*e 'econ, !rap* '*o-' t*at emplo8er 'upport i' ma9imum /appro9imatel8 60.0 for t*e
un,er 268r 'tu,ent'" =t ,rop' rapi,l8 to 32. up to t*e t*ir, ,eca,e of life, an, t*en
incre'e' in late a,ult*oo, up to about ++." =t i' unclear -*et*er emplo8er 'upport i' onl8
for careerCfocu'e, 'tu,8, but t*e *i!*e't le2el i' for t*o'e 'tu,ent' -*o mainl8 'tu,8 for
career purpo'e'"
This is an answer written by a candidate who achieved a Band 8 score. Here is the
examiners comment:
7*i' an'-er 'ummari'e' t*e ke8 feature' of bot* c*art' an, inte!rate' t*em -ell" lear
tren,' are i,entifie, an, 'upporte, -it* appropriatel8C'electe, fi!ure'" 7*e an'-er coul,
onl8 be impro2e, b8 a,,in! an intro,uction to t*e !eneral topic of t*e c*art'"
7*e information i' -ell or!ani'e,, -it* a clearl8C'i!nalle, pro!re''ion" Ainkin! -or,' are
u'e, accuratel8 an, preci'el8, alt*ou!* t*ere i' occa'ional omi''ion" (ara!rap*in! i' u'e,
-ell initiall8, but lap'e' in t*e later 'ection"
1 2er8 !oo, ran!e of 2ocabular8 i' u'e, to con2e8 t*e information conci'el8 an, accuratel8
-it* onl8 occa'ional inappropriac8" @or,' are u'e, preci'el8 an, t*ere are no error' in
'pellin! or -or, form"
1 -i,e ran!e of 'tructure' i' u'e, an, mo't 'entence' in t*i' an'-er are accurate" 4rror'
are rare an, ,o not affect communication in t*i' an'-er"
36
-he chart belo( sho(s the amount spent on si9 consumer goods in four :uropean
countries2
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information sho(n belo(2

model answer:
7*e c*art '*o-' t*at Britain, amon! t*e four 4uropean countrie' li'te,, *a' 'pent mo't
*ea2il8 on t*e ran!e of con'umer !oo,' inclu,e," =n e2er8 ca'e, Briti'* 'pen,in! i'
con'i,erabl8 *i!*er t*an t*at of ot*er countrie'F onl8 in t*e ca'e of tenni' racBuet' ,oe'
anot*er countr8, =tal8, come clo'e"
=n contra't, Derman8 i' !enerall8 t*e lo-e't 'pen,er" 7*i' =' mo't e2i,ent in p*oto!rap*ic
film, -*ere Derman8 'pen,' muc* le'' t*an Britain" Derman8 onl8 'pen,' more t*an
anot*er countr8, )rance, in t-o ca'e'F tenni' racBuet' an, perfume'"
Gean-*ile, )rance an, =tal8 !enerall8 maintain mi,,le po'ition', a2era!in! appro9imatel8
'imilar 'pen,in! o2erall" 3pecificall8, )rance 'pen,' more on D' an, p*oto!rap*ic film but
le'' on tenni' racBuet' t*an =tal8 ,oe'" =tal8' 'pen,in! on per'onal 'tereo' i' onl8
mar!inall8 !reater t*an t*at of )rance, -*ile 'pen,in! on to8' i' eBual bet-een t*e t-o"
37
=t i' clear from t*e ,ata !i2en t*at t*ere are 'ome 'i!nificant ,ifference' in 'pen,in! *abit'
-it*in 4urope"
-he charts belo( sho( the number of ;apanese tourists travelling abroad bet(een
10"1 and 1001 and Australias share of the ;apanese tourist mar.et2
model answer:
7*i' c*art '*o-' u' t*at Hapane'e touri't' !o abroa, for tra2ellin! in a ,eca,e an,
1u'tralian' '*are of marketin! for Hapane'e touri't'" Bet-een 19#5 an, 1995 Hapane'e
touri't' tra2ellin! abroa, -a' ,ramaticall8 increa'e," =n #5 t*ere -a' about 5 milion'
tra2eller !o abroa," 3ince #5 number of tra2eller -ent up ,ramaticall8 until +0" =t -a'
alomo't t-ice t*en bet-een 90 an, 93 t*e number rimain 'tateable, -*ic* i' about 12
million'" )rom 93 to 95 it ro'e 'li!*tl8" 7*erefore in 1995 t*ere -ere about 15 million'
38
people -ent abroa,"
= am !oin! to -rite about t*e ot*er c*art, -*ic* i' 1u'tralian' '*are of Hapane'e' touri't
market" 7*i' i' al'o bet-een 19#5 an, 1995" 1bout 2 million Hapane'e touri't -ent to
1u'tralia in 19#5" Bet-een #5 an, #9 people -ent t*ere i' increa'e, '*arpl8, -*ic* i'
almo't 3 time' more" =n 1990 it fall number 'li!*tl8 but from 90 to 9+ number i' -ent up"
%o-e2er 9+ to 95 i' not 'o -ent up number of people -*o -ent to 1u'tralia" =t rimain i' t*e
'ame or 'li!*tl8 ,ecrea'e,"
39
-he chart belo( sho(s the amount of money per (ee. spent on fast foods in
<ritain2 -he graph sho(s the trends in consumption of fast foods2
model answer:
7*e c*art '*o-' t*at *i!* income earner' con'ume, con'i,erabl8 more fa't foo,' t*an t*e
ot*er income !roup', 'pen,in! more t*an t-ice a' muc* on *ambur!er' /+3 pence per
per'on per -eek0 t*an on fi'* an, c*ip' or pizza /bot* un,er 20 pence0" 12era!e income
earner' al'o fa2oure, *ambur!er', 'pen,in! 33 pence per per'on per -eek, follo-e, b8 fi'*
an, c*ip' at 2+ pence, t*en pizza at 11 pence" Ao- income earner' appear to 'pen, le''
t*an ot*er income !roup' on fa't foo,', t*ou!* fi'* an, c*ip' remain' t*eir mo't popular
fa't foo,, follo-e, b8 *ambur!er' an, t*en pizza"
)rom t*e !rap* -e can 'ee t*at in 1970, fi'* an, c*ip' -ere t-ice a' popular a' bur!er',
pizza bein! at t*at time t*e lea't popular fa't foo," 7*e con'umption of *ambur!er' an,
40
pizza *a' ri'en 'tea,il8 o2er t*e 20 8ear perio, to 1990 -*ile t*e con'umption of fi'* an,
c*ip' *a' been in ,ecline o2er t*at 'ame perio, -it* a 'li!*t increa'e in popularit8 'ince
19#5"
41
Write a report describing the information in the graph belo(2

model answer:
7*e line !rap* '*o-' e'timate, 'ale' of !ol, in Dubai for 12 mont*' in 2002 in million' of
,ir*am'" 7*ere -ere t-o main 'ea'on' for !ol, 'ale'"
7*e main 'ea'on for 'ale' i' in t*e December to Ga8 perio," 3ale' -ere con'i'tentl8 abo2e
200 million ,ir*am' per mont*, ri'in! '*arpl8 to a peak of 350 million ,ir*am' in Garc*"
%o-e2er, for t*e ne9t four mont*', 'ale' ,ecline, 'tea,il8, reac*in! an annual lo- of 120
million ,ir*am' in Hul8"
=n 1u!u't, t*ere -a' a 'u,,en increa'e" 3ale' almo't ,ouble,, ri'in! from 120 million
,ir*am' in Hul8 to 210 million ,ir*am' in 1u!u't" 7*i' -a' follo-e, b8 a ,rop in 3eptember,
back to t*e Hul8 fi!ure"
)rom 3eptember to :ctober, 'ale' reco2ere,, from 120 to 1#0 million" =n :ctober an,
$o2ember, 'ale' remaine, 'tea,8, an, t*ere -a' a 'mall increa'e in December to 190
million ,ir*am'"
=n conclu'ion, t*e main 'ale' perio, i' in t*e earl8 part of t*e 8ear, 'lumpin! in t*e
'ummer, e9cept for a 'u,,en increa'e in 1u!u't"
42

model answer:
7*e c*art '*o-' 'trikin! c*an!e' in t*e fertilit8 rate of -omen in 'i9 Dulf countrie' I 3au,i
1rabia, t*e >14, :man, Eatar, ?u-ait an, Ba*rain bet-een 1990 an, 2000"
=n t*e ten 8ear perio,, t*ere -a' a ,ecline in t*e number of birt*' per -oman in all
countrie'" 7*e bi!!e't ,ecline' -ere in t-o countrie' -*ic* *a, lo- fertilit8 rate' at t*e
'tart of t*e ,eca,e, Ba*rain an, t*e >14"
)ertilit8 rate' 2ar8 !reatl8 bet-een t*e 'i9 countrie'" :man an, 3au,i 1rabia *a, t*e
*i!*e't rate', -it* o2er 'e2en birt*' per -oman in 1990" 7*i' compare, -it* aroun, +
birt*' per -oman in Ba*rain an, t*e >14, an, ;u't 3"75 in ?u-ait
B8 2000, t*e rate *a, fallen belo- t*ree birt*' per -oman in ?u-ait, Ba*rain an, t*e >14,
-it* a ,rop of o2er 25. in a ,eca,e in t*e >14" %o-e2er, in 3au,i 1rabia an, :man, t*e
rate' fell b8 ;u't 20., from 7"0 to 5"5"
=n 'ummar8, t*ere -ere ma;or ,ecrea'e' in birt* rate' in all countrie', but 'ome countrie'
in t*e re!ion *a2e ,ouble t*e fertilit8 rate of ot*er'"
43

model answer:
7*e !rap* '*o-' c*an!e' in t*e amount of fa't foo, con'ume, in t*e >? bet-een 1970 an,
1990" 3e2eral tren,' are apparent" )ir't, Briton' are eatin! more an, more fa't foo,"
3econ,l8, t*e t8pe of fa't foo, *a' c*an!e,"
=n 1970, t*e mo't popular fa't foo, -a' fi'* an, c*ip'" :2er 300! -ere con'ume, eac*
-eek" B8 1990, *o-e2er, t*i' *a, fallen to ;u't o2er 200! C a 50. ,rop" on'umption of
ot*er fa't foo,' 'uc* a' pizza an, *ambur!er' increa'e,, *o-e2er" 7*e amount of pizza
eaten '*ot up from about 20! a -eek to more t*an 270!, o2ertakin! fi'* an, c*ip' in t*e
late 19#0'" %ambur!er con'umption al'o increa'e,, ri'in! from about #0! in 1970 to almo't
300! in 1990"
1ccompan8in! t*i' c*an!e in t*e c*oice of foo,' -a' an increa'e in t*e amount of fa't foo,
con'ume," =n 1970, Briti'* con'umer' ate about +50! a -eek of fa't foo," =n 1990, on t*e
ot*er *an,, t*i' *a, more t*an ,ouble,, to 1000!"
alternative answer:
7*e !rap* '*o-' t*e amount of fa't foo, eaten bet-een 1970 an, 1990 in !ram' per
per'on per -eek" :2erall, t*e amount of fa't foo, eaten more t*an ,ouble,"
7*e amount of fi'* an, c*ip' eaten ,ecline, 'li!*tl8" =n 1970, t*e con'umption -a' about
300!J-eek" 7*i' fell to 220!J-eek in 1990"
=n contra't, 'ale' of *ambur!er an, pizza rockete," =n 1970, 2er8 little pizza -a' eaten C
le'' t*an 50!J-eek" 7*i' ro'e to 2#0!J-eek b8 1990" =n t*e 'ame perio,, *ambur!er 'ale'
44
'*ot up b8 more t*an 500., from 100!J-eek in 1970 to 500 !ram' in 1990"
=n conclu'ion, alt*ou!* t*ere -a' a bi! increa'e in t*e con'umption of pizza an,
*ambur!er, 'ale' of fi'* an, c*ip' ,ecrea'e,"
45
model answer:
7*e pie c*art' '*o- c*an!e' in 1merican 'pen,in! pattern' bet-een 1966 an, 1996"
)oo, an, car' ma,e up t*e t-o bi!!e't item' of e9pen,iture in bot* 8ear'" 7o!et*er t*e8 compri'e,
o2er *alf of *ou'e*ol, 'pen,in!" )oo, accounte, for ++. of 'pen,in! in 1966, but t*i' ,roppe, b8
t-o t*ir,' to 1+. in 1996" %o-e2er, t*e outla8 on car' ,ouble,, ri'in! from 23. in 1966 to +5. in
1996"
:t*er area' c*an!e, 'i!nificantl8" 3pen,in! on eatin! out ,ouble,, climbin! from 7. to 1+." 7*e
proportion of 'alar8 'pent on computer' increa'e, ,ramaticall8, up from 1. in 1996 to 10. in 1996"
%o-e2er, a' computer e9pen,iture ro'e, t*e percenta!e of outla8 on book' plun!e, from 6. to 1."
3ome area' remaine, relati2el8 unc*an!e," 1merican' 'pent appro9imatel8 t*e 'ame amount of
'alar8 on petrol an, furniture in bot* 8ear'"
46
=n conclu'ion, increa'e, amount' 'pent on car', computer', an, eatin! out -ere ma,e up for b8
,rop' in e9pen,iture on foo, an, book'"
47

model answer:
7*e !rap* '*o-' -eekl8 e9pen,iture on fa't foo, in Britain b8 foo, an, income !roup"
7*ere are t-o main tren,'" )ir't, t*e e9pen,iture i' ,irectl8 relate, to income" 3econ,l8,
t*ere are ,ifference' in t*e t8pe' of fa't foo, eaten b8 eac* !roup"
7*e amount of mone8 'pent on fa't foo, i' relate, to income" (eople in t*e *i!*Cincome
!roup 'pent t*e mo't C o2er #5 pence per per'on per -eek" (eople in t*e lo-Cincome !roup
'pent t*e lea't C le'' t*an *alf of -*at t*e *i!*Cincome earner' 'pent"
7*e t8pe of fa't foo, eaten al'o ,epen,' on t*e !roup" %i!*Cincome earner' 'pent 3 time'
more on *ambur!er' t*an people in t*e lo-Cincome !roup" (izza -a' !enerall8 t*e lea't
fa2orite foo," )i'* an, c*ip' -a' t*e mo't popular foo, -it* t*e lo-Cincome !roup but
con'umption -a' fairl8 'imilar amon! all !roup'"
48
"rite a report for a university lecturer describing the information below.
?ou should write at least (., words.
?ou should spend about 5, minutes on this task.
model answer:
The graphs show health and education spending and changes in life e<pectancy and infant mortality in
the L;9. 8(erall as the percentage spent on health and education increases infant mortality and life
e<pectancy impro(e.
Graph 1 shows the percentage of G." spent on health and education between 1935 and 199$. There
were big increases in both areas. Cealth spending stood at about 3? in 1935 but rose to 9? in 1990 and
10? in 199$. 7pending on education was e(en higher. 5t was 10? in 1935 and shot up to 1=? in 1990
and 15? in 199$ a 50? increase in 'ust 3 years.
Graph 2 shows impro(ements in life e<pectancy and infant mortality between 1940 and 1992. Aife
e<pectancy was 'ust ,0 in 1940 but rose to almost 42 in 1992. 5n contrast the number of babies dying
49
dropped dramatically from ,0 per 1000 in 1940 to only 22 in 1992.
5n conclusion people in the L;9 are li(ing longer and healthier li(es because of the go(ernmentEs
spending on education and medical facilities.
50
-he graph belo( sho(s the different modes of transport used to travel to and
from (or. in one :uropean city in 10/$! 10"$ and 2$$$2

model answer:
7*e !rap* '*o-' t*e c*an!in! pattern' in commutin! b8 train, car, tube or bu' for
commuter' in Aon,on in t*e 8ear' 1960, 19#0 an, 2000"
7*e number of people u'in! train' at fir't ro'e from ;u't un,er 20. in 1960 to about 26.
in 19#0, but t*en fell back to about 23. in 2000"
>'e of t*e tube *a' been relati2el8 'table, fallin! from aroun, 27. of commuter' in 1960
to 22. in 19#0, but climbin! back to reac* 25. b8 2000"
:n t*e ot*er *an,, t*e u'e of car' increa'e, 'tea,il8 from ;u't o2er 5. in 1960 to 23. in
19#0, reac*in! almo't +0. b8 2000, -*erea' t*e popularit8 of bu'e' *a' ,ecline, 'ince
1960, fallin! from ;u't un,er 35. in 1960 to 27. in 19#0 an, onl8 15. in 2000"
7*e !rap* in,icate' t*e !ro-in! u'e of car' for commutin! to -ork bet-een 1960 C 2000,
an, t*e corre'pon,in! ,ecline in t*e popularit8 of bu'e' from bein! t*e mo't popular mo,e
of tran'port in 1960 to t*e lea't popular in 2000"
51

model answer:
7*e c*art '*o-' 'trikin! ,ifference' in t*e le2el of computer an, =nternet penetration in t*e
1rab -orl,"
7*e >14 an, ?u-ait are b8 far t*e mo't computerize, countrie', -it* Aebanon a ,i'tant
t*ir," 7*e >14 *a' o2er 150 computer' for e2er8 1000 in*abitant', compare, to ?u-ait&'
130 an, Aebanon&' 60" =n contra't, countrie' 'uc* a' 4!8pt, Gorocco an, 38ria *a2e le''
t*an 20 computer' per 1000 in*abitant'"
7*ere are al'o !reat ,ifference' in =nternet u'e an, a2ailabilit8" 7*e >14 *a' b8 far t*e
*i!*e't proportion of u'er', -it* more t*an oneCt*ir, of it' population u'in! t*e =nternet"
?u-ait an, Aebanon are 'econ, an, t*ir, a!ain, -it* 100 u'er' per t*ou'an, in ?u-ait an,
#0 in Aebanon" =n 'ome countrie' t*e number u'in! t*e =nternet i' ne!li!ible5 3au,i 1rabia
*a' le'' t*an 20 u'er' per t*ou'an,, an, t*ere are fe-er t*an 5 u'er' per t*ou'an, in
38ria"
:ne unu'ual feature of t*e !rap* i' t*at =nternet u'e ,oe' not 'eem to be ,irectl8 relate, to
t*e number of computer'" =n 'e2eral countrie' /t*e >14, Aebanon, Hor,an an, :man0, t*ere
are more =nternet u'er' per t*ou'an, people t*an computer'" %o-e2er, in ot*er countrie',
'uc* a' ?u-ait, 3au,i 1rabia an, 38ria, t*e number of =nternet u'er' i' lo-er t*an t*e
number of computer'"
=n 'ummar8, t*ere are ma;or ,ifference' bet-een computer u'e an, =nternet u'e in t*e
1rab -orl,, but t*e >14 clearl8 lea,' t*e area in bot* number of computer' an, number of
internet u'er' per capita"
52
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the table
belo(2
Allo( yourself 2$ minutes for this tas.2

model answer:
7*e table '*o-' *o- people in ,ifferent a!e !roup' 'pen, t*eir lei'ure time in 3omelan,
o2er t*e cour'e of a 8ear" =t can be clearl8 'een t*at t*e amount of lei'ure time a2ailable
2arie' con'i,erabl8 acro'' t*e a!e !roup' an, t*at people of ,ifferent a!e le2el' *a2e 2er8
,ifferent -a8' of 'pen,in! t*eir lei'ure time"
1ccor,in! to t*e fi!ure', a' people a!e in 3omelan, t*eir 'ocial li2e' re,uce" 7eena!er' an,
people in t*eir t-entie' 'pen, on a2era!e 500 *our' per 8ear on 'ociali'in! an, 350 *our'
of t*at time i' -it* a !roup of more t*an + people" 1lt*ou!* t*e total *our' of 'ociali'in! in
t*eir 30', +0', 50' an, 60' i' fairl8 con'tant /bet-een 300C3500, 'ociali'in! -it* more t*an
+ people ,rop' ,ramaticall8 to 50 *our' in t*e 30' an, +0' a!e !roup' an, onl8 25 from 50
8ear' ol," Droup an, in,i2i,ual e9erci'e follo- a 'imilar pattern"
(eople of all a!e' 'pen, a !oo, part of t*eir lei'ure time on entertainment 'uc* a' 7KJ2i,eo
2ie-in! an, cinema" =n bot* ca'e', teena!er' an, retire, people 'pen, aroun, t-ice a'
muc* time a' t*o'e -*o are at -orkin! a!e" %ome entertainment ran!e' from ;u't o2er a
t*ou'an, *our' for teena!er' an, retire, people an, an a2era!e of 600 *our' for e2er8one
el'e" inema account' for 100 *our' of t*e teena!er' an, retire, peopleL' lei'ure time an,
25C50 *our' for t*e re't"
=n conclu'ion -e can 'ee t*ere i' a 'i!nificant tren, to-ar,' 'olitar8 an, 'maller !roup
acti2itie' a' people !ro- ol,er an, t*at teena!er' an, retire, people 'pen, a lot more time
on entertainment t*an t*o'e of -orkin! a!e ,o"
53
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the t(o
graphs belo(2
model answer:
7*e pie c*art' compare t*e *i!*e't le2el of e,ucation ac*ie2e, b8 -omen in 3omelan,
acro'' t-o 8ear', 19+5 an, 1995" =t can be clearl8 'een t*at -omen recei2e, a muc*
*i!*er le2el of e,ucation in 3omelan, in 1995 t*an t*e8 ,i, in 19+5"
=n 19+5 onl8 30. of -omen complete, t*eir 'econ,ar8 e,ucation an, 1. -ent on to a fir't
,e!ree" $o -omen *a, complete, po'tC!ra,uate 'tu,ie'" 7*i' 'ituation *a, c*an!e,
ra,icall8 b8 1995" =n 1995, 90. of -omen in 3omelan, *a, complete, 'econ,ar8 e,ucation
an, of t*o'e, *alf *a, !ra,uate, from an initial ,e!ree an, 20. *a, !one on to
po't!ra,uate 'tu,ie'" 1t t*e ot*er en, of t*e 'cale -e can 'ee t*at b8 1995 all !irl' -ere
completin! lo-er 'econ,ar8, alt*ou!* 10. en,e, t*eir 'c*oolin! at t*i' point" 7*i' i' in
'tark contra't -it* 19+5 -*en onl8 30. of !irl' complete, primar8 'c*ool, 35. *a, no
'c*oolin! at all an, 35. onl8 complete, t*e t*ir, !ra,e"
54
=n conclu'ion, -e can 'ee t*at in t*e 50 8ear' from 19+5 to 1995 t*ere *a2e been *u!e
po'iti2e ,e2elopment' to t*e e,ucation le2el' of -omen in 3omelan,"
55
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the graphs
belo(2

model answer:
7*e !rap*' compare t*e number of ,eat*' cau'e, b8 'i9 ,i'ea'e' in 3omelan, in 1990 -it* t*e
amount of re'earc* fun,in! allocate, to eac* of t*o'e ,i'ea'e'" =t can be clearl8 'een t*at t*e amount
of re'earc* fun,in! in man8 ca'e' ,i, not correlate -it* t*e 'eriou'ne'' of t*e ,i'ea'e in term' of
number' of ,eat*'"
=n 1990 t*ere -ere aroun, 0"2 million ,eat*' from 1=D3, 0"1 million ,eat*' from lepro'8, 0"3 million
,eat*' from tropical ,i'ea'e', 0"5 million ,eat*' from ,iarr*oea, 0"+ million ,eat*' from malaria an,
1"# million ,eat*' from 7B" 7*e'e fi!ure' can be contra'te, -it* t*e amount of fun,in! allocate, for
eac* ,i'ea'e" =n 1990 1=D3 recei2e, 1#0 million ,ollar' in re'earc* fun,in!, lepro'8 #0 million ,ollar'
in re'earc* fun,in!, tropical ,i'ea'e' 79 million ,ollar' in re'earc* fun,in!, ,iarr*oea 60 million
56
,ollar' in re'earc* fun,in!, malaria 50 million ,ollar' an, 7B 20 million ,ollar' in re'earc* fun,in!"
=n conclu'ion it i' clear t*at fun,in! allocation for ,i'ea'e re'earc* in 3omelan, i' not -*oll8
,etermine, b8 t*e number of ,eat*' for -*ic* eac* ,i'ea'e i' re'pon'ible in a !i2en 8ear"
57
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the graph
belo(2

model answer:
7*e !rap* compare' t*e rate of 'mokin! in men an, -omen in 3omelan, bet-een t*e
8ear' 1960 an, 2000" =t can be clearl8 'een t*at t*e rate of 'mokin! for bot* men an,
-omen i' currentl8 ,eclinin! an, t*at fe-er -omen *a2e 'moke, t*rou!*out t*e perio,"
=n 1960, 600 men in e2er8 1,000 -a' 'mokin!" 7*i' number ,ecrea'e, !ra,uall8 to 500 b8
197+ an, continue, to ,ecrea'e but more 'teepl8 to 250 in 2000" =n contra't, t*e rate of
'mokin! in -omen in 1960 -a' 2er8 lo- at onl8 #0 in e2er8 1,000" B8 196# t*i' increa'e,
to 170, an, increa'e, a!ain but more 'teepl8 to 320 in 1977" 7*e rate of female 'moker'
t*en remaine, 'table at 320 until 19#+ at -*ic* point t*e fi!ure' be!an to ,ecline an, *a,
,roppe, to 200 b8 2000"
=n conclu'ion -e can 'ee t*at t*e rate of 'mokin! in men ,roppe, t*rou!*out t*e -*ole
perio, but -a' al-a8' at a *i!*er le2el t*an t*e female fi!ure'" 7*e rate of 'mokin! in
-omen increa'e, until 1977 but t*en ,ecrea'e, for t*e re't of t*e perio,"
58
-he chart belo( sho(s the amount of leisure time en=oyed by men and (omen of
different employment status2

model answer:
7*e c*art '*o-' t*e number of *our' of lei'ure en;o8e, b8 men an, -omen in a t8pical
-eek in 199#C9, accor,in! to !en,er an, emplo8ment 'tatu'"
1mon! t*o'e emplo8e, fullCtime, men on a2era!e *a, fift8 *our' of lei'ure, -*erea'
-omen *a, appro9imatel8 t*irt8C'e2en *our'" 7*ere -ere no fi!ure' !i2en for male partC
time -orker', but female partCtimer' *a, fort8 *our' of lei'ure time, onl8 'li!*tl8 more t*an
-omen in fullCtime emplo8ment, per*ap' reflectin! t*eir -ork in t*e *ome"
=n t*e unemplo8e, an, retire, cate!orie', lei'ure time '*o-e, an increa'e for bot* 'e9e',
a' mi!*t *a2e been e9pecte," %ere too, men en;o8e, more lei'ure time o2er ei!*t8 *our',
compare, -it* 'e2ent8 *our' for -omen, per*ap' once a!ain reflectin! t*e fact t*at -omen
'pen, more time -orkin! in t*e *ome t*an men"
Aa'tl8, *ou'e-i2e' en;o8e, appro9imatel8 fift8Cfour *our' of lei'ure, on a2era!e" 7*ere
-ere no fi!ure' !i2en for *ou'e*u'ban,'M :2erall, t*e c*art ,emon'trate' t*at in t*e
cate!orie' for -*ic* 'tati'tic' on male lei'ure time -ere a2ailable, men en;o8e, at lea't ten
*our' of e9tra lei'ure time"
59
-he chart belo( sho(s the sleep patterns of people in five different occupations
according to a Canadian study2
Write a report for a university lecturer! describing the information belo(2
6ive possible reasons for the differences2
asleep> a(a.e>
?ccupation )tudent -ruc. *river
Full7time
mother
<usiness
:9ecutive
*octor
6C7 pm
7C# pm
#C9 pm
9C10 pm
10C11 pm
11C12 pm
12C1 am
1C2 am
2C3 am
3C+ am
+C5 am
5C6 am
6C7 am
7C# am
#C9 am
9C10 am
10C11 am
11C12 am
12C1 pm
1C2 pm
2C3 pm
3C+ pm
+C5 pm
5C6 pm
Difference' in 'leep pattern' appear to reflect ,ifference' in in,i2i,ual'& occupation'"
1 ana,ian 'tu,8 *a' pointe, out, for e9ample, t*at 'tu,ent' t8picall8 'leep for a con'ecuti2e #C*our
perio, eac* ni!*t, from 11 p"m" to 7 a"m" 7*i' ma8 be becau'e t*e central acti2it8 in t*eir li2e',
'tu,8, take' place in normal ,a8li!*t *our'" 3imilarl8, bu'ine'' e9ecuti2e' 'leep con'ecuti2e *our',
but per*ap' becau'e t*eir ;ob' are e'peciall8 bu'8 an, 'tre''ful t*e8 'leep for 6 *our' on a2era!e,
!ettin! up aroun, 5 a"m""
B8 contra't, truck ,ri2er', probabl8 becau'e of t*eir nee, to keep t*eir truck' on t*e roa, o2er lon!
perio,', ten, to 'leep in t-o 3C*our block'5 one bet-een 7 an, 10 a"m" an, anot*er from + to 7 p"m"
1not*er occupation a''ociate, -it* broken 'leep 'c*e,ule' i' t*at of ,octor'" 7*e8 ten, to retire to
be, aroun, 1 a"m" an, 'tart t*eir ,a8 at 7 a"m"", but ma8 be -oken up to ,eal -it* emer!encie' in
t*e mi,,le of t*e ni!*t" )inall8, fullCtime mot*er', e'peciall8 t*o'e -it* 8oun! c*il,ren, ten, to 'leep
-*en t*eir babie' ,o" 78picall8, t*e8 -ill 'leep from 10 p"m" an, be a-oken at 1 a"m" to comfort t*eir
babie' for a couple of *our'" 7*e8 t*en !o back to be, to -ake at 6 a"m", but nap for t-o *our' or 'o
in t*e earl8 afternoon"
7*u' t*e influence on one&' 'leep pattern i' -ort*8 of con'i,eration -*en c*oo'in! an occupation"
60
-he diagram belo( sho(s the average hours of unpaid (or. per (ee. done by
people in different categories2 &npaid (or. refers to such activities as childcare
in the home! house(or. and gardening2%
*escribe the information presented belo(! comparing results for men and (omen
in the categories sho(n2 )uggest reasons for (hat you see2

model answer:
7*e ,ia!ram re2eal' t*at t*e number of *our' per -eek 'pent in unpai, -ork i' uneBuall8
,i'tribute, bet-een men an, -omen"
=n *ou'e*ol,' -*ere t*ere are no c*il,ren, -omen are reporte, to -ork 'ome 30 *our' per
-eek in 'uc* ta'k' a' *ou'e-ork an, !ar,enin!" Gen&' contribution to t*e'e unpai, ;ob'
a2era!e' a con'i,erabl8 lo-er 1# *our'"
@*en c*il,ren enter t*e *ou'e*ol,, *o-e2er, t*e ineBualit8 become' e2en more
pronounce," =n familie' of 1 C 2 c*il,ren, men maintain appro9imatel8 t*e 'ame number of
*our' of unpai, -ork a' in c*il,le'' *ou'e*ol,', but t*e number of *our' -omen -ork in
t*e *ome ri'e' to 52 per -eek, muc* of it, on ,oubt, ,ue to c*il,care re'pon'ibilitie'"
=ntere'tin!l8, -*en t*ere are t*ree or more c*il,ren in t*e *ou'e*ol,, men are foun, to
-ork e2en fe-er *our' aroun, t*e *ou'e t*an before t*e appearance of t*e t*ir, c*il,"
@*erea' -omen&' unpai, *our' ri'e to appro9imatel8 56 per -eek, t*e corre'pon,in! fi!ure
for men, 16, actuall8 repre'ent' a ,ecrea'e"
61
7*e ,ata 'u!!e't t*at t*e increa'e, pre'ence of -omen in t*e pai, -ork force *a' 8et to
lea, to an increa'e, role for men in t*e *ome"
-he table belo( sho(s social and economic indicators for four countries in 100@!
according to &nited 4ations statistics2
*escribe the information sho(n belo( in your o(n (ords2 What implications do
the indicators have for the countriesA
Indicators Canada ;apan Peru Baire
1nnual income per per'on /in N>30 11100 15760 160 130
Aife e9pectanc8 at birt* 76 7# 51 +7
Dail8 calorie 'uppl8 per per'on 3326 2#+6 1927 17+9
1,ult literac8 rate /.0 99 99 6# 3+
model answer:
1 !lance at four in,icator' of economic an, 'ocial con,ition' in four countrie', ana,a,
Hapan, (eru an, <aire, in 199+ reflect' t*e !reat ,ifference' t*at e9i't bet-een -ealt*ier
an, poorer nation'"
7*e table '*o-' t*at Hapan an, ana,a *a, annual income' of N15 760 an, N11 100 per
per'on, re'pecti2el8" 7*e'e fi!ure' -ere o2er-*elmin!l8 !reater t*an t*e corre'pon,in!
fi!ure' of N160 in (eru an, N130 in <aire"
%ealt* in,icator', too, reflecte, o2erall le2el' of affluence in t*e four nation'" Aife
e9pectanc8 at birt*, for e9ample, -a' *i!*er amon! t*e more economicall8 ,e2elope,
countrie'" Hapan reporte, t*e *i!*e't life e9pectanc8, 7#" 7*i' -a' follo-e, b8 ana,a, 76F
(eru, 51F an, <aire, +7F 7*i' 'u!!e't' t*at ric*er 'ocietie' are able to put more mone8 into
*ealt* care t*an poorer one'"
7*e amount of calorie' con'ume, ,ail8 per per'on rou!*l8 follo-e, t*e 'ame rankin!"
ana,ian' eac* con'ume, 'ome 3 326 calorie' per ,a8 -*ile t*e Hapane'e took 2#+6
calorie'" 7*e corre'pon,in! fi!ure' for (eru an, <aire -ere 1927 an, 17+9, re'pecti2el8"
Aiterac8 rate' amon! a,ult', too, -ere *i!*er in -ealt*ier countrie', no ,oubt a reflection of
abilit8 to in2e't in e,ucation" ana,a an, Hapan bot* reporte, literac8 rate' of 99., -*ile
(eru claime, 6#." <aire, t*e lea't economicall8 ,e2elope, of t*e four countrie', *a, a
literac8 rate of 3+."
7*e ,ata appear to confirm t*e often cite, link bet-een national -ealt* an, *ealt* an,
e,ucation 'tan,ar,'"
62
-he diagram belo( sho(s the typical stages of consumer goods manufacturing! including
the process by (hich information is fed bac. to earlier stages to enable ad=ustment2
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the process sho(n2
Go't con'umer !oo,' !o t*rou!* a 'erie' of 'ta!e' before t*e8 emer!e a' fini'*e, pro,uct' rea,8 for
'ale"
Ra- material' an, manufacture, component' compri'e t*e initial p*8'ical input in t*e manufacturin!
proce''" :nce obtaine,, t*e'e are 'tore, for later a''embl8" But a''embl8 fir't ,epen,' upon t*e
pro,uction plannin! 'ta!e, -*ere it i' ,eci,e, *o- an, in -*at Buantitie' t*e 'tore, material' -ill be
proce''e, to create 'ufficient Buantitie' of fini'*e, !oo,'" 7*e pro,uction plannin! 'ta!e it'elf follo-'
t*e reBuirement' of t*e !oo,'& ,e'i!n 'ta!e t*at procee,' from e9ten'i2e re'earc*" 1fter a''embl8,
t*e pro,uct' are in'pecte, an, te'te, to maintain Bualit8 control l 7*o'e unit' t*at pa'' t*e in'pection
an, te'tin! 'ta!e' are t*en packa!e,, ,e'patc*e, an, offere, for 'ale in retail outlet'" 7*e le2el of
'ale', -*ic* i' t*e en, point of t*e manufacturin! proce'', *elp' ,etermine pro,uction plannin!"
1 pro,uct&' ,e'i!n i' not onl8 t*e re'ult of pro,uct re'earc*, but i' al'o influence, b8 te'tin! an,
market re'earc*" =f t*e te'tin! 'ta!e /after a''embl8 an, in'pection0 re2eal' unacceptable problem'
in t*e fini'*e, pro,uct, t*en a,;u'tment' -ill *a2e to be ma,e to t*e pro,uct&' ,e'i!n" 3imilarl8,
market re'earc*, -*ic* e9amine' t*e e9tent an, nature of t*e ,eman, for pro,uct', *a' t*e role of
!ui,in! pro,uct ,e'i!n to 'uit con'umer ,eman,' -*ic* ma8 c*an!e -it* time" Garket re'earc*,
-*ile influence, b8 pro,uct 'ale', al'o 'er2e' to fo'ter future 'ale' b8 ,e2i'in! 'uitable a,2erti'in! for
63
t*e !oo,'"
7*u' t*e realit8 of con'umer !oo,' manufacturin! !oe' -ell be8on, a 'imple linear pro,uction
proce''"
64
#ating sweet foods produces acid in the mouth, which can cause tooth decay. 2&igh acid levels
are measured by low p& values3
@escribe the information below and discuss the implications for dental health.
model answer:
;nyone who has (isited a dentist has been told that eating e<cessi(e amounts of sweets risks harming
the teeth. This is because sweets lower pC le(els in the mouth to dangerous le(els.
When the pC le(el in the mouth is kept abo(e 5.5 acidity is such that teeth are unlikely to be in danger of
decay. 7weet foods howe(er cause pC in the mouth to drop for a time and the longer pC le(els remain
below 5.5 the greater the opportunity for decay to occur.
)y comparing fruit sugar cane sugar and honey which are all common ingredients of sweet foods we
find that cane sugar lowers pC le(els for the longest period thus producing the greatest risk of the three.
;ppro<imately fi(e minutes aftfter consuming cane sugar pC le(els drop to as little as pC $.5. They then
begin to rise slowly but do not rise abo(e pC 5.5 until at least $0 minutes ha(e elapsed. )y contrast fruit
sugar which causes the mouthEs acidity to fall to 'ust abo(e pC = poses a danger for a shorter period2
tooth decay is unlikely 20 minutes after consumption. Coney appears an e(en less risky substance.
Though acidity falls to about pC =.45 within fi(e minutes of consumption it returns to abo(e pC 5.5 in
under fifteen minutes.
The implications then are that people who insist on eating sweet foods should be aware of the
ingredients and that fruit sugar or honey appear preferable to cane sugar.
+2=2 words
65
The graphs below show the numbers of male and female workers in (08. and (00. in several
employment sectors of the republic of :reedonia.
"rite a report for a university teacher describing the information shown.

model answer:
The two decades between 1945 and 1995 brought significant changes in the representation of women in &reedoniaEs
work force according to the graphs.
5n 1945 for e<ample some $00 000 men and 250 000 women worked in the communications sector. Twenty years
later though the number of men remained unchanged the number of women rose to 550 000.
; similar situation was seen in the wholesale and retail trade sector where the number of women rose from about
550 000 in 1945 to almost 300 000 two decades later. The number of men in this sector remained stable o(er the
period at around 400 000.
Women also made gains in both the financeMbanking industries and in the defence%related public sector. Whereas
some 125 000 women worked in finance and banking institutions in 1945 the number increased to =50 000 by 1995.
The number of men grew only marginally from =25 000 to =30 000 o(er the same period. 5n defence the number of
men declined from 225 000 to 200 000 while the number of women rose from 25 000 to o(er 100 000.
Two sectors that retained stable employment numbers for both men and women were manufacturing which had
about $00 000 women and ,50 000 men in both sur(eyed years and the public sector +non%defence- which
employed ,50 000 women and 350 000 men.
66
Thus women appear to ha(e made gains in the &reedonian work force but not at the e<pense of men.
+2=$ words
67
-he graphs belo( sho( the types of music albums purchased by people in <ritain
according to s39 and age2

68
model answer:
7*e t*ree !rap*' pro2i,e an o2er2ie- of t*e t8pe' of mu'ic people purc*a'e in t*e >?" 1t
fir't !lance -e 'ee t*at cla''ical mu'ic i' far le'' popular t*an pop or rock mu'ic"
@*ile 'li!*tl8 more -omen t*an men bu8 pop mu'ic, t*e rock market i' ,ominate, b8 men
-it* 30. bu8in! rock, compare, to 17. of -omen" )rom t*e fir't !rap* -e 'ee t*at
intere't in pop mu'ic i' 'tea,8 from a!e 16 to ++ -it* 20. of t*e population continuin! to
bu8 pop D' after t*e a!e of +5"
7*e intere't in rock mu'ic reac*e' it' peak amon! t*e 25 to 3+ 8ear ol,', t*ou!* it ne2er
'ell' a' -ell a' pop" =ntere't al'o ,rop' off after t*e a!e of 35 -it* an e2en '*arper fall
from a!e +5 on-ar,', a pattern -*ic* i' t*e oppo'ite to t*e cla''ical mu'ic !rap*"
69
-he chart belo( gives information about global sales of games soft(are! C*s and
*C* or video2
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information2

model answer:
7*e c*art '*o-' t*e c*an!e' in t*e 'ale' of 2i,eo material J DKD', !ame' 'oft-are an, D'
aroun, t*e -orl, in billion' of ,ollar' o2er a t*reeC8ear perio," =t can be 'een t*at t*e 'ale'
of 2i,eo' J DKD' an, !ame' 'oft-are *a2e increa'e,, -*ile t*e 'ale' of D' *a2e !one
,o-n 'li!*tl8"
Bet-een 2000 an, 2003, t*e 'ale of 2i,eo' an, DKD' ro'e b8 appro9imatel8 13 billion
,ollar'" =n 2000, ;u't un,er 20 billion ,ollar' -ort* of t*e'e item' -ere 'ol,, but in 2003,
t*i' fi!ure *a, ri'en to a little o2er 30 billion ,ollar'"
7*e 'ale' of !ame' 'oft-are al'o ro'e ,urin! t*i' perio,, but le'' '*arpl8" 3ale' increa'e,
from about 13 billion ,ollar' in 2000 to ;u't un,er 20 billion ,ollar' t*ree 8ear' later" B8
contra't, ,urin! t*e 'ame time perio,, t*e 'ale of D' fell from 35 billion ,ollar' in 2000 to
about 32"5 billion ,ollar' in 2003"
70
-he chart and graph belo( give information about sales and share prices for Coca7
Cola2

model answer:
7*e pie c*art '*o-' t*e -orl,-i,e ,i'tribution of 'ale' of ocaCola in t*e 8ear 2000 an,
t*e !rap* '*o-' t*e c*an!e in '*are price' bet-een 1996 an, 2001"
=n t*e 8ear 2000, ocaCola 'ol, a total of 17"1 billion ca'e' of t*eir fizz8 ,rink pro,uct
-orl,-i,e" 7*e lar!e't con'umer -a' $ort* 1merica, -*ere 30"+ per cent of t*e total
2olume -a' purc*a'e," 7*e 'econ, lar!e't con'umer -a' Aatin 1merica" 4urope an, 1'ia
purc*a'e, 20"5 an, 16"+ per cent of t*e total 2olume re'pecti2el8, -*ile 1frica an, t*e
Gi,,le 4a't remaine, fairl8 'mall con'umer' at 7 per cent of t*e total 2olume of 'ale'"
3ince 1996, '*are price' for ocaCola *a2e fluctuate," =n t*at 8ear, '*are' -ere 2alue, at
appro9imatel8 N35" Bet-een 1996 an, 1997, *o-e2er, price' ro'e 'i!nificantl8 to N70 per
'*are" 7*e8 ,ippe, a little in mi,C1997 an, t*en peake, at N#0 per '*are in mi,C9#" )rom
t*en until 2000 t*eir 2alue fell con'i'tentl8 but t*ere -a' a 'li!*t ri'e in mi,C2000"
71

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