Exercise 1.

1 (Introduction to differential equations):

State the order and linearity:
4
3
3
2
2
2
2) 0 (order 3, non-linear)
5) 1 (order 2, non-linear)
7) ( sin ) (cos ) 2 (order 3, lin
d y dy
x y
dx dx
d y dy
dx dx
y y
| |
+ =
|
\
| |
= +
|
\
= ear)

Determine the linearity of the differential equation:
10) ( ) 0
u
udv v uv ue du + + =
If v is the dependent variable:
( ) 0 (1 )
u u
dv dv
u v uv ue u u v ue
du du
+ + = + + =
(linear in v)
If u is the dependent variable:
( ) 0
u
du
u v uv ue
dv
+ + = (non-linear in u)
Verify that the indicated function is a solution of the given DE:
3
3
3 3
3 3 3 3
3 3
13) 6 13 0 ; cos 2
Let: cos 2
3 cos 2 2 sin 2
9 cos 2 6 sin 2 6 sin 2 4 cos 2
5 cos 2 12 sin 2

x
x
x x
x x x x
x x
y y y y e x
y e x
y e x e x
y e x e x e x e x
e x e x
+ = =
=
=
=
=
3 3 3 3 3
substitute , , into the DE:
6 13 0
5 cos 2 12 sin 2 6(3 cos 2 2 sin 2 ) 13( cos 2 ) 0

x x x x x
y y y
y y y
e x e x e x e x e x

+ =
+ =
3
0 0 (verified)
Therefore cos 2 is a solution to the DE: 6 13 0
x
y e x y y y
=
= + =
2
14) tan ; (cos ) ln(sec tan )
Let: (cos ) ln(sec tan )
cos
sin ln(sec tan ) (sec tan sec )
sec tan
sin ln(sec tan ) 1

y y x y x x x
y x x x
x
y x x x x c x
x x
x x x
+ = = +
= +
= + +
+
= +
2
sin
cos ln(sec tan ) (sec tan sec )
sec tan
cos ln(sec tan ) tan
substitute , , into the DE:
tan
cos ln(sec tan ) tan (cos ) ln(sec
x
y x x x x c x
x x
x x x x
y y y
y y x
x x x x x
= + + +
+
= + +

+ =
+ + tan ) tan
tan tan (verified)
Therefore (cos ) ln(sec tan ) is a solution to the DE: tan
x x x
x x
y x x x y y x
+ =
=
= + + =
3 1/2
1/2
3/2
3
3/2
18) 2 cos ; (1 sin )
Let: (1 sin )
1
(1 sin ) ( cos )
2
substitute , into the DE:
2 cos
1
2( (1 sin ) ( cos )) (
2
y y x y x
y x
y x x
y y
y y x
x x

= =
=
=

=
=
1/2 3
3/2 3/2
1/2 3
(1 sin ) ) cos
(1 sin ) cos (1 sin ) cos (verified)
Therefore (1 sin ) is a solution to the DE: 2 cos
x x
x x x x
y x y y x

=
= =
2 2 2
2 2
2
2
20) 2 ( ) 0; 2 1
From: 2 1
differentiate form: 4 2 2 0
4 2( ) 0

xydx x y dy x y y
x y y
xydx x dy ydy
xydx x y dy
+ = + =
+ =
+ =
=
2
2 2 2
( 2) : 2 ( ) 0 (verified)
Therefore 2 1 is a solution to the DE: 2 ( ) 0
xydx x y dy
x y y xydx x y dy
+ =
+ = + =
2 1
19) =( 1)(1 2 ); ln
1
2 1
From: ln ln(2 1) ln( 1)
1
2 1
differentiate wrt to : 1
(2 1) ( 1)

dX X
X X t
dt X
X
t X X t
X
dX dX
t
X dt X dt
| |
=
|

\
| |
= =
|

\
=

2 1
1
(2 1) ( 1)
2( 1) (2 1)
1
(2 1)( 1)
1

(2 1)( 1)
dX
dt X X
dX X X
dt X X
dX
dt X X
(
=
(


(
=
(


(

1
( 1)(2 1) or =( 1)(1 2 ) (verified)
2 1
Therefore ln is a solution to the DE: =( 1)(1 2 )
1
dX dX
X X X X
dt dt
X dX
t X X
X dt
=
(

=
| |
=
|

\

2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
0 1
0 1
0 1
0 0 1
22) 2 1;
From:
( ) ( )
2 2
2
x t x x
x t x x
x t x x
x t x t x x x
x x x
dy
xy y e e dt c e
dx
y e e dt c e
d d
y e e dt c e
dx dx
d
e e dt xe e dt c xe
dx
e e xe

+ = = +
= +
= +
=
=
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1
2 1 2 2
substitute into the DE:
2 1 1 2 2 2 ( ) 1

t x x t x x x
x t x x t x x x
e dt c xe xe e dt c xe
y
dy
xy xe e dt c xe x e e dt c e
dx




=

+ = + + =
2 2 2
0 1
1 1 (verified)
Therefore is a solution to the DE: 2 1
x t x x
dy
y e e dt c e xy
dx

=
= + + =



Exercise 1.2 (Initial Value Problems)
Given
1
1
(1 )
x
y
c e

=
+
is a one-parameter family of solutions of the DE:
2
y y y = , find a
solution of the first-order IVP consisting this DE and the given initial condition:
1
(0)
1
1 1
1) (0) 1/ 3 0, 1/ 3
1
substitute into the general solution
(1 )
1 1

3 (1 )
(1 ) 3 4
1
solution for the IVP is:
(1 4 )
2) ( 1) 2
x
x
y x y
y
c e
c e
c c
y
e
y x

= = =
=
+
=
+
+ = =
=

=
1
1 1
( 1)
1
(1 )
1, 2
1
substitute into the general solution
(1 )
1 1 1
2 1
2 2 (1 )
1
solution for the IVP is:
[1 0.5 ]
x
x
y
y
c e
c e c
e c e
y
e

+
= =
=
+
= + = =
+
=

Given
1 2
cos sin x c t c t = + is a two-parameter family of solutions of the DE: 0 x x + = , find a
solution of the second-order IVP consisting this DE and the given initial conditions:
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
9) ( / 6) 1/ 2, ( / 6) 0
Given: cos sin , sin cos
( / 6) 1/ 2 / 6, 1/ 2
1 1 3 1
cos sin ..... (i)
2 6 6 2 2 2
( / 6) 0 / 6, 0

x x
x c t c t x c t c t
x t x
c c c c
x t x




= =
= + = +
= = =
= + = +
= = =
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 3
0 sin cos 0 ..... (ii)
6 6 2 2
solve (i) and (ii): 3 / 4, 1/ 4
3 1
solution for the IVP is: cos sin
4 4
c c c c
c c
x t t

= + = +
= =
= +

1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
10) ( / 4) 2, ( / 4) 2 2
Given: cos sin , sin cos
( / 4) 2 / 4, 2
1 1
2 cos sin 2 ..... (i)
4 4 2 2
( / 4) 2 2 / 4, 2 2

x x
x c t c t x c t c t
x t x
c c c c
x t x




= =
= + = +
= = =
= + = +
= = =
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 1
2 2 sin cos 2 2 ..... (ii)
4 4 2 2
solve (i) and (ii): 3, 1
solution for the IVP is: 3cos sin
c c c c
c c
x t t

= + = +
= =
=

Given
1 2
x x
y c e c e

= + is a two-parameter family of solutions of the DE: 0 y y = , find a

solution of the second-order IVP consisting this DE and the given initial conditions:
1 2 1 2
1 1
1 2
1 1
1 2
2
1 2
12) (1) 0, (1)
Given: ,
(1) 0 0 ..... (i)
(1) ..... (ii)
1 1
solve (i) and (ii): ,
2 2
sol
x x x x
y y e
y c e c e y c e c e
y c e c e
y e e c e c e
c c e

= =
= + =
= = +
= =
= =
2
1
ution for the IVP is: ( )
2
x x
y e e

=

1 2 1 2
1
1 2
1
1 2
1 2
13) ( 1) 5, ( 1) 5
Given: ,
( 1) 5 5 ..... (i)
( 1) 5 5 ..... (ii)
solve (i) and (ii): 0, 5 /

x x x x
y y
y c e c e y c e c e
y c e c e
y c e c e
c c e

= =
= + =
= = +
= =
= =
(1 )
solution for the IVP is: 5
x
y e
+
=