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IEC 61400-1:2005 (edition 3)

- Experiences
Germanischer Lloyd Industrial Services Kai Freudenreich, Peter Frohbse
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Contents
validity and present status of
IEC 61400-1:2005
acceptance / applications /
challenges for design
assessment
acceptance / applications for
site assessments
questions raised
publications by GL
Ris 13.01.2010 No. 3
Validity of IEC 61400-1:2005
- as known to GL
IEC 61400-1:2005 page 5: This third
edition cancels and replaces the second
edition published in 1999. It constitutes a technical
revision.
IEC secretary statement: IEC 61400-1:2005 is
recommended to be used as soon as published
(instead of IEC 61400-1:1999)
Certification bodies accept both IEC 61400-1:2005 and
IEC 61400-1:1999 - or?
decision is up to the client marked survey required
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Validity of IEC 61400-1:2005
- worldwide
Europe: EN 61400-1:2006 (= IEC 61400-1:2005)
has replaced EN 61400-1:2004, EN 61400-1:2004
is invalid
Netherlands: IEC 61400-1:2005 has replaced
NVN 11400-0:1999 but with exceptions
Denmark: DS/EN 61400-1:2006 has replaced IEC
61400-1:1999 / DS472 but with exceptions
India demands IEC 61400-1:2005 or GL Guideline
IEC 61400-22 demands IEC 61400-1:2005
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Present status of IEC 61400-1:2005
IEC 61400-1:2005 has been published
in 2005-08
voting results on the Amendement
IEC 61400-1/A1 (88/339/CDV)
distributed on 27.11.2009
final IEC 61400-1/A1 to be published
in 2010-02 with minor edititorial
changes
IEC 61400-1:201x to be started in
spring 2010
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Acceptance of IEC 61400-1:2005 for
design assessment
clients seem to be interested but also very reluctant
looks like a lot of effort
heard that loads will increase
intensive discussions necessary on
validity and accceptance
application during assessment (mostly on load
extrapolation and contemporaneous loads)
by far most turbines assessed acc. IEC 61400-1:1999 or
GL Guideline
IEC 61400-1:2005 presently not well accepted
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Applications of IEC 61400-1:2005
Site specific certification (1)
Requests for site specific certification acc. to
IEC61400-1:2005 since 2005 are very rare!
Most request are of discussion type:
Do we need to use IEC61400-1:2005 for site specific
certification?
How do we consider XYZ acc to IEC61400-1:2005?
Site specific certification based on IEC61400-
1:2005 only required if type certification was
performed acc. to IEC61400-1:2005!
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Applications of IEC 61400-1:2005
Site specific certification (2)
Mixing of IEC61400-1:2005 and IEC61400-1:1999 (in
design assessment and site specific calculations
must be avoided as basic idea of standard has
changed
Some turbine manufacturers see external pressure
that site specific certification needs to be done acc.
to IEC61400-1:2005 thus re-certification of the
turbine type acc to IEC61400-1:2005 might be
needed
pressure to shift to new IEC61400-1:2005 comes from
the financiers via the projects and not by the turbine
buyers / turbine market
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Question / Challenges
general difficulty is how to judge a good fit for load
extrapolation
final load level may depend on interpretation
wind bin 1 wind bin 2 wind bin 3
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Load level comparison
1.19 1.15 1.12 1.25 3
1.20 1.03 1.19 1.13 2
1.15 1.03 0.88 1.09 1
edge min edge max flap max
Blade tip
deflection max
Blade root bending moment
GL Test
Turbine
Load / deflection from extrapolation + DLC 1.3 with scaled ETM
as fraction of total IEC 61400-1:1999
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Questions for discussion
load extrapolation:
7.6.2: necessary to run DLC 1.1 until v
out
?
Do bins v
hub
> ~ 16m/s result in overall dimensioning
loads ?
Annex F.3 Data aggregation first and fitting
afterwards: experience with the weighting of different
bins ?
Annex F.4 Convergence criteria: experience with
application ?
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Questions 7.6.2.2 Partial safety factors
for materials where recognized design
codes are not available
for non fail-safe components with possibility of rapid
failure of major wind turbine component

m
1.3 for rupture from exceeding tensile or
compression strength
this approach leads to higher allowable stresses than
for example EN 1563 for cast iron EN-GJS-700-2U:
S
max
= 380 MPa (yield stress) / 1.1 = 345 MPa
(EN 1563)
S
max
= 660 MPa (tensile stress) / 1.3 = 508 MPa
(IEC 61400-1:2005)
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Electromagnetic compatibilty (10.11)
refers to IEC 61000-6-2 (Immunity
for industrial environments)
IEC 61000-6-4 (Emission standard
for industrial environment)
but how to test EMC of a whole turbine?
or test all components individually?
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Questions - 13 Commissioning,
operation and maintenance
Requirements in 13.1 and 13.2 are rather general:
Does IEC intend to apply EN 50308 Wind turbines
protective measures Requirements for design,
operation and maintenance ?
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Comments on IEC 61400-1:2005
Site Specific Chapters (1)
Site Specific Environmental Condition
Evaluation and Site Specific Load
Calculation handled in more detail in
chapter 11 (before GL Guideline was the
only reference)
improvement!
No statement on consistency of standards
type certification and site specific
certification
customer / user confusion!
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Challenges on IEC61400-1:2005
Site Specific Chapters (2)
definition of terms have changed: e.g. :
characteristic turbulence reference turbulence
wake model now officially Sten Frandsen Model, but
new / changed wake calculation method not
consistend with the German DIBt and the EN
(application of the trust coefficient)
wake effects should be considered in ultimate loads,
but not with the effective turbulence intensity values
How to consider the influence of wake on extreme
loads?
Ris 13.01.2010 No. 17
Open Issues in IEC61400-1:2005
Site Specific Chapters (1)
terrain complexity definitions are not easy applicable and
the definitions are confusing to the user
most important idea: the site is considered complex if
the wind conditions indicate parameters to be complex
wind conditions are mostly taken from energy assessment:
average wind speed P50 / P90 are at the wrong end of the
statistical distributions
not conservative?! guidance needed!
ambient turbulence intensity are sometimes calculated
based on surface roughness these results deviate from the
measured values
guidance would be helpful!
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Open Issues in IEC61400-1:2005
Site Specific Chapters (2)
ice load case and definition of icing periods and mass
calculation
what if customer wants to run (power produce) under
icing? what is the aerodynamic imbalance / effect of icing?
effective turbulence: the effect of big wind farms or
surrounding wind farms
should be proved by measurements / tests at the
moment this effect seems vague and therewith voluntary in
some cases
assessment of integrity by reference to wind data (chapter
11.9) only refers to basic parameters
difficult as there are other environmental parameters
influencing the load level and interpretation of the influence
on loads is not always easy
Ris 13.01.2010 No. 19
Publications by Germanischer Lloyd
Best Engineering Practise
Journal and Conference papers
Guideline for the Certification of Wind
Turbines by Germanischer Lloyd,
edition 2010
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Best Engineering Practise
intended to be a GL interpretation for the
application of IEC 61400-1:2005
additional guidance for data base generation,
extrapolation and DLC 1.3 ETM
lists alternatives for extrapolation
simplified check for convergence
cooking recipe for contemporaneous loads
lists minimum required documentation
a living document changes possible!
Ris 13.01.2010 No. 21
Papers
effect of load extrapolation on extreme loads comparison
between IEC 61400-1:1999 and IEC 61400-1:2005:
Freudenreich K, Argyriadis K. The new standard IEC
61400-1:2005 and its effect on the load level of wind
turbines. Proceedings of Deutsche Wind Energie
Konferenz, Bremen, 2006.
Freudenreich K, Argyriadis K. The Load Level of Modern
Wind Turbines according to IEC 61400-1. Proceedings of
Special Topics Conference: the Science of Making Torque
from Wind, IOP Publishing Journal of Physics: Conference
Series 75, 2007.
Freudenreich K, Argyriadis K. Wind Turbine Load Level
based on Extrapolation and Simplified Methods. Wind
Energy Vol.11, No.6, pp.589-600, 2008
Ris 13.01.2010 No. 22
GL Guideline - edition 2010 (onshore)
new edition of Guideline for the Certification of Wind
Turbines by Germanischer Lloyd
planned for spring 2010
load case catalogue of GL 2003/2004 remains, but with
improvements, e.g.
non-relevant DLC removed
split DLC into mandatory and optional (site specific)
more guidance for icing, active load reduction ...
loads according to IEC 61400-1:2005 and :1999 also
accepted
new chapter on controller assessment addressing load
relevant control and safety system functions
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Thank you for
your attention!
peter.frohboese@gl-group.com
kai.freudenreich@gl-group.com
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Any questions ?