Teorya ng Multiple Intelligence

ni Dr. Howard Gardner

1.BISWAL/SPACIAL-taong may talinong ito ay mabilis matuto sa pamamagitan ng paningin at pag-aayos ng mga
ideya.
2.VERBAL/LINGUISTIC-talino sa binibigkas o isinusulat na salita.Kadalasan ang mga taong may taglay na talinong ito
ay mahusay sa pagbasa,pagkukwento at pagmememorya ng mga salita at mga petsa.
3.MATHEMATIKAL/LOHICAL-taong may talinong ito ay mabilis matuto sa pamamagitan ng pangangatwiran at
paglutas ng suliranin o problem solving.
4.PANGKATAWAN-natututo sa pamamagitan ng mga konkretong karanasan o interaksyon sa kapaligiran.
5.PANGMUSIKAL-natututo sa pamamagitan ng pag-uulit,ritmo o musika.
6.INTRA PERSONAL-natututo sa pamamagitan ng damdamin,halaga at pananaw
7.INTER PERSONAL-talino sa interaksyon o pakikipag-ugnayan sa ibang tao.
8.NATURALIST-talino sa pag-uuri at pagpapangkat.Madali niyang makikilala ang mumunti mong kaibahan sa
kahulugan.
9.EXISTENSYAL-pagkakaugnay ng lahat sa paghahanap ng paglalapat at makatotohanang pang-unawa ng mga bagay
o bagong kaalaman sa mundong ating ginagalawan.















How to Convert Binary to Decimal
Conversion of binary to decimal (base-2 to base-10) numbers and back is
an important concept to understand as the binary numbering system forms
the basis for all computer and digital systems. The decimal or denary
counting system uses the Base-of-10 numbering system where each digit in
a number takes on one of ten possible values, called digits, from 0 to 9,
eg. 21310 (Two Hundred and Thirteen).
But as well as having 10 digits ( 0 through 9 ), the decimal numbering
system also has the operations of addition ( + ), subtraction ( ),
multiplication ( ) and division ( ).
In a decimal system each digit has a value ten times greater than its
previous number and this decimal numbering system uses a set of symbols,
b, together with a base, q, to determine the weight of each digit within a
number. For example, the six in sixty has a lower weighting than the six in
six hundred. Then in a binary numbering system we need some way of
converting Decimal to Binary as well as back from Binary to Decimal.
Any numbering system can be summarised by the following relationship:
N = bi q
i


where: N is a real positive number
b is the digit
q is the base value
and integer (i) can be positive, negative or
zero

N = bn q
n
b3 q
3
+ b2 q
2
+ b1 q
1
+ b0 q
0
+ b-1 q
-1
+ b-2 q
-2
etc.
The Decimal Numbering System
In the decimal, base-10 (den) or denary numbering system, each integer
number column has values of units, tens, hundreds, thousands, etc as we
move along the number from right to left. Mathematically these values are
written as 10
0
, 10
1
, 10
2
, 10
3
etc. Then each position to the left of the
decimal point indicates an increased positive power of 10. Likewise, for
fractional numbers the weight of the number becomes more negative as we
move from left to right, 10
-1
, 10
-2
, 10
-3
etc.
So we can see that the decimal numbering system has a base of 10 or
modulo-10 (sometimes called MOD-10) with the position of each digit in
the decimal system indicating the magnitude or weight of that digit as q is
equal to 10 (0 through 9). For example, 20 (twenty) is the same as saying
2 x 10
1
and therefore 400 (four hundred) is the same as saying 4 x 10
2
.
The value of any decimal number will be equal to the sum of its digits
multiplied by their respective weights. For example: N = 616310 (Six
Thousand One Hundred and Sixty Three) in a decimal format is equal to:
6000 + 100 + 60 + 3 = 6163
or it can be written reflecting the weight of each digit as:
( 61000 ) + ( 1100 ) + ( 610 ) + ( 31 ) = 6163
or it can be written in polynomial form as:
( 610
3
) + ( 110
2
) + ( 610
1
) + ( 310
0
) = 6163

Where in this decimal numbering system example, the left most digit is the
most significant digit, or MSD, and the right most digit is the least
significant digit or LSD. In other words, the digit 6 is the MSD since its left
most position carries the most weight, and the number 3 is the LSD as its
right most position carries the least weight.
The Binary Numbering System
The Binary Numbering System is the most fundamental numbering
system in all digital and computer based systems and binary numbers
follow the same set of rules as the decimal numbering system. But unlike
the decimal system which uses powers of ten, the binary numbering system
works on powers of two giving a binary to decimal conversion from base-2
to base-10.
Digital logic and computer systems use just two values or states to
represent a condition, a logic level 1 or a logic level 0, and each 0
and 1 is considered to be a single digit in a Base-of-2 (bi) or binary
numbering system.
In the binary numbering system, a binary number such as 101100101 is
expressed with a string of 1s and 0s with each digit along the string
from right to left having a value twice that of the previous digit. But as it is
a binary digit it can only have a value of either 1 or 0 therefore, q is
equal to 2 (0 or 1) with its position indicating its weight within the string.
As the decimal number is a weighted number, converting from decimal to
binary (base 10 to base 2) will also produce a weighted binary number with
the right-hand most bit being the Least Significant Bit or LSB, and the
left-hand most bit being the Most Significant Bit or MSB, and we can
represent this as:
Representation of a Binary Number
MSB Binary Digit LSB
2
8
2
7
2
6
2
5
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
0

256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
We saw above that in the decimal number system, the weight of each digit
to the left increases by a factor of 10. In the binary number system, the
weight of each digit increases by a factor of 2 as shown. Then the first
digit has a weight of 1 ( 2
0
), the second digit has a weight of 2 ( 2
1
), the
third a weight of 4 ( 2
2
), the fourth a weight of 8 ( 2
3
) and so on.
So for example, converting a Binary to Decimal number would be:
Decimal Digit Value 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary Digit Value 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1

By adding together ALL the decimal number values from right to left at the
positions that are represented by a 1 gives
us: (256) + (64) + (32) + (4) + (1) = 35710 or three hundred and fifty seven
as a decimal number.
Then, we can convert binary to decimal by finding the decimal equivalent
of the binary array of digits 1011001012 and expanding the binary digits
into a series with a base of 2 giving an equivalent of 35710 in decimal or
denary.
. This divide-by-2 method will also work for conversion to other number
bases.
Then we can see that the main characteristics of a Binary Numbering
System is that each binary digit or bit has a value of either 1 or 0
with each bit having a weight or value double that of its previous bit
starting from the lowest or least significant bit (LSB) and this is called the
sum-of-weights method.
So we can convert a decimal number into a binary number either by using
the sum-of-weights method or by using the repeated division-by-2 method,
and convert binary to decimal by finding its sum-of-weights.
Binary Number Names & Prefixes
Binary numbers can be added together and subtracted just like decimal
numbers with the result being combined into one of several size ranges
depending upon the number of bits being used. Binary numbers come in
three basic forms a bit, a byte and a word, where a bit is a single binary
digit, a byte is eight binary digits, and a word is 16 binary digits.
The classification of individual bits into larger groups are generally
referred to by the following more common names of:
Number of Binary Digits (bits) Common Name
1 Bit
4 Nibble
8 Byte
16 Word
32 Double Word
64 Quad Word
Also, when converting from Binary to Decimal or even from Decimal to
Binary, we need to be careful that we do not mix up the two sets of
numbers. For example, if we write the digits 10 on the page it could mean
the number ten if we assume it to be a decimal number, or it could
equally be a 1 and a 0 together in binary, which is equal to the number
two in the weighted decimal format from above.
One way to overcome this problem when converting binary to decimal
numbers and to identify whether the digits or numbers being used are
decimal or binary is to write a small number called a subscript after the
last digit to show the base of the number system being used.
So for example, if we were using a binary number string we would add the
subscript 2 to denote a base-2 number so the number would be written as
102. Likewise, if it was a standard decimal number we would add the
subscript 10 to denote a base-10 number so the number would be written
as 1010.
Today, as micro-controller or microprocessor systems become increasingly
larger, the individual binary digits (bits) are now grouped together into 8s
to form a single BYTE with most computer hardware such as hard drives
and memory modules commonly indicate their size in Megabytes or even
Gigabytes.
Number of Bytes Common Name
1,024 (2
10
) kilobyte (kb)
1,048,576 (2
20
) Megabyte (Mb)
1,073,741,824 (2
30
) Gigabyte (Gb)
a very long number! (2
40
) Terabyte (Tb)
Binary to Decimal Summary
A BIT is the abbreviated term derived from BInary digiT
A Binary system has only two states, Logic 0 and Logic 1
giving a base of 2
A Decimal system uses 10 different digits, 0 to 9 giving it a
base of 10
A Binary number is a weighted number whos weighted value
increases from right to left
The weight of a binary digit doubles from right to left
A decimal number can be converted to a binary number by
using the sum-of-weights method or the repeated division-by-2
method
When we convert numbers from binary to decimal, or decimal
to binary, subscripts are used to avoid errors
Converting binary to decimal (base-2 to base-10) or decimal to Binary
Numbers (base10 to base-2) can be done in a number of different ways as
shown above. When converting decimal numbers to binary numbers it is
important to remember which is the least significant bit (LSB), and which
is the most significant bit (MSB).
In the next tutorial about Binary Logic we will look at converting binary
numbers into Hexadecimal Numbers and vice versa and show that binary
numbers can be represented by letters as well as numbers.
binary number system
A method of representing numbers that has 2 as
its base and uses only the digits 0 and 1. Each
successive digit represents a power of 2. For
example, 10011 represents (1 2
4
) + (0 2
3
) + (0
2
2
) + (1 2
1
) + (1 2
0
), or 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1,
or 19.
The decimal numeral system (also called base ten or occasionally denary)
has ten as its base. It is the numerical base most widely used by modern
civilizations.
[1][2]

Decimal notation often refers to a base-10 positional notation such as the
Hindu-Arabic numeral system; however, it can also be used more generally
to refer to non-positional systems such as Roman or Chinese numerals
which are also based on powers of ten.
Decimals also refer to decimal fractions, either separately or in contrast to
vulgar fractions. In this context, a decimal is a tenth part, and decimals
become a series of nested tenths. There was a notation in use like 'tenth-
metre', meaning the tenth decimal of the metre, currently an Angstrom. The
contrast here is between decimals and vulgar fractions, and decimal
divisions and other divisions of measures, like the inch. It is possible to
follow a decimal expansion with a vulgar fraction; this is done with the
recent divisions of the troy ounce, which has three places of decimals,
followed by a trinary place.